Abstract: A system receives, based on processing of an inspected frame of an inspected image generated by collecting signals indicative of a pattern on an article, at least one candidate defect location in the inspected frame. The system defines a candidate patch within the inspected frame. The candidate patch is associated with the candidate defect location. The system identifies at least one similar patch in the inspected frame using a predefined similarity criterion and determines whether a defect exists at the candidate defect location based on a comparison of at least a portion of the candidate patch with at least a corresponding portion of the at least one similar patch.

Abstract: A system receives, based on processing of an inspected frame of an inspected image generated by collecting signals indicative of a pattern on an article, at least one candidate defect location in the inspected frame. The system defines a candidate patch within the inspected frame. The candidate patch is associated with the candidate defect location. The system identifies at least one similar patch in the inspected frame using a predefined similarity criterion and determines whether a defect exists at the candidate defect location based on a comparison of at least a portion of the candidate patch with at least a corresponding portion of the at least one similar patch.

Abstract: In a system packing multiple PDUs on a single physical burst and using OFDM or OFDMA, a synchronization method comprising: a. performing an initial lock; b. processing each new header information, verifying if checksum OK, and if OK—remain in (b), system is in locked state; c. activating new header seeker, to enable running window processor to compare the expected checksum with the last byte as tentative checksum; d. declaring Tentative lock, when detecting a checksum correspondence; e. declaring Final lock, when two or more consecutive successful detections of headers, at their expected locations based on prior detections, then Goto (b).

Abstract: In this application, an algorithm for decoding multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) transmission for communication systems is provided; the algorithm combines sphere decoding (SD) and zero forcing (ZF) techniques to provide near optimal low complexity and high performance constant time modified sphere decoding algorithm; the algorithm was designed especially for large number of transmit antennas, that allows efficient implementation in hardware—this is done by limiting the number of overall SD iterations; moreover, matrices with high condition number are more likely to undergo SD.

Abstract: A communications system comprising at least one Base Station BS, one or more Satellites and Mobile Stations MS connected therebetween, and wherein the mobile station includes means to calculate Doppler frequency shifts. In a preferred embodiment, the mobile station includes means to measure clock mismatch frequency.

Abstract: A preamble code usable in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the physical layer (PHY), selected for improved PAPR in a 1024, 512 or 128 FFT OFDMA mode. Tables 2 to 7 detail code sequences having improved PAPR performance. The disclosed codes may be used in cellular wireless.

Abstract: A method for providing a personalized bidirectional channel in broadcasting systems. In cellular broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: allocating a first group of subcarriers to broadcast transmission and a second group of subcarriers to personalized channels; reducing interference in the broadcast transmission by using equalizer; and reducing interference in the personalized channels by using controlled allocation of subcarriers in the second group to each subscriber. In OFDM broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: transmitting OFDM transmission from the base-station to the subscriber units; transmitting from the subscriber units to the base-station signals that are orthogonal to signals transmitted from the base-station; and receiving the orthogonal signals at the base-station.

Abstract: In a unidirectional or broadcasting communication system using OFDM transmission from a base station to subscriber units, a device for achieving a bi-directional channel comprising: A. a transmitter in the subscriber units for transmitting signals that are orthogonal to signals transmitted from the base station and are also orthogonal to signals from other subscriber units; B. a receiver in the base station for receiving and processing together signals from a plurality of subscriber units; C. a controller for allocating to each subscriber unit several carriers that are separated from each other (not adjacent to each other).

Abstract: A system for allocating subcarriers to subscribers, comprising a subcarriers allocation controller, connected to a subcarrier modulation unit in a transmitter and to a subcarrier demodulation unit in a receiver for setting a group of subcarriers to be used therein. The transmitter and the receiver are part of the transceiver and subcarriers allocation is made according to a Reed-Solomon code. In a multicarrier system, a method for allocating subcarriers to subscribers, comprising: A. keep a table of R-S codes for frequency group allocation to base stations; B. assign one set of subcarriers based on R-S codes to a base station; C. assign other sets of subcarriers based on R-S codes to other base stations in such a way that adjacent base stations have different R-S codes.

Abstract: In this application, an algorithm for decoding multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) transmission for communication systems is provided; the algorithm combines sphere decoding (SD) and zero forcing (ZF) techniques to provide near optimal low complexity and high performance constant time modified sphere decoding algorithm; this algorithm was designed especially for large number of transmit antennas, that allows efficient implementation in hardware—this is done by limiting the number of overall SD iterations; moreover, we make sure that matrices with high condition number are more likely to undergo SD.

Abstract: Selecting an optimal ECINR mode in a digital communication system, by constructing an offline relevant modes database having a list of transmission-reception methods for possible MIMO configurations, and mobility characterization, gathering online channel state and capabilities information, retrieving parameters from the relevant modes database, based on the gathered data/information for creating a concurrent list, excluding some MIMO modes off the list, for which the available channel matrix is insufficient, the modes left at the end of this step being “currently relevant modes’, calculating post processing per tome physical CINR (PCINR) for each of the currently relevant modes found, calculating ECINR for each of the currently relevant modes using the PCINR, choosing the optimal MIMO mode and MCS combination, which is the parameters' combination with highest throughput, which provide the best ECINR under QoS requirements.

Abstract: A method for computing ECINR in communication systems, by calculating or measuring instantaneously CINR (yi) or per-tone CINR value for each channel and/or bandwidth and/or signal of interest, selecting ? and ? parameters according to MCS and/or FEC block size used, calculating ECINR by using the CINR ((yi) or per-tone CINR values and the ? and ? parameters with a generalized EESM formula, and providing a communication system with the updated ?eff which is the ECINR value.

Abstract: An OFDM communication channel using both frequency and time diversity (FIG. 1). The OFDM communication channel is used for wireless networks. It further includes a system for performing an ordinary OFDM such as DVB-H/T, and using lower coding rate techniques and interleaving for achieving extra time diversity, frequency diversity, hybrid frequency time diversity or further frequency, time and space diversity.

Abstract: A communications system comprising at least one Base Station BS, one or more Satellites and Mobile Stations MS connected therebetween, and wherein the mobile station includes means to calculate Doppler frequency shifts. In a preferred embodiment, the mobile station includes means to measure clock mismatch frequency.

Abstract: A cellular network including means for sensing the presence of Microphones and Broadcastings and for adjusting resources usage for not interfering the transmissions of the Microphones and Broadcastings. A cellular network including means for sensing the presence of Microphones and Broadcastings and for adjusting resources usage for not interfering with the transmissions of the Microphones and Broadcastings over a certain level.

Abstract: In a MIMO communication system, a method for mode selection comprising: a. measuring communication variables including SNR, Correlation, Interference and Mobility; b. automatic change of mode, according to predefined criteria and responsive to the measured communication variables. The modes from which the selection is made include Spatial Multiplexing, Beamforming, Space-Time Coding and Beamforming.

Abstract: A method for providing a personalized bidirectional channel in broadcasting systems. In cellular broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: allocating a first group of subcarriers to broadcast transmission and a second group of subcarriers to personalized channels; reducing interference in the broadcast transmission by using equalizer; and reducing interference in the personalized channels by using controlled allocation of subcarriers in the second group to each subscriber. In OFDM broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: transmitting OFDM transmission from the base-station to the subscriber units; transmitting from the subscriber units to the base-station signals that are orthogonal to signals transmitted from the base-station; and receiving the orthogonal signals at the base-station.

Abstract: A preamble code usable in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the physical layer (PHY), selected for improved PAPR in a 1024, 512 or 128 FFT OFDMA mode. Tables 2 to 7 detail code sequences having improved PAPR performance. The disclosed codes may be used in cellular wireless.

Abstract: In a wireless broadband system comprising a base transmitting to a plurality of subscribers, means for achieving an interactive bi-directional system comprising transmitter means in the subscriber system for transmitting signals which are orthogonal to the signals transmitted from other users arriving at the base station. A method for achieving an interactive bi-directional system comprising the steps of: A. using a subscriber transmitter with an upstream physical layer based on the use of a combination of Time Division Multiple Access and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; B. dividing the upstream into a number of “time slots” as defined by the MAC layer; C. controlling, in the MAC layer, the assignment of subchannels and time slots by bandwidth on demand and Data Rate on demand.

Abstract: A method for providing a personalized bidirectional channel in broadcasting systems. In cellular broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: allocating a first group of subcarriers to broadcast transmission and a second group of subcarriers to personalized channels; reducing interference in the broadcast transmission by using equalizer; and reducing interference in the personalized channels by using controlled allocation of subcarriers in the second group to each subscriber. In OFDM broadcasting system the method contains the steps of: transmitting OFDM transmission from the base-station to the subscriber units; transmitting from the subscriber units to the base-station signals that are orthogonal to signals transmitted from the base-station; and receiving the orthogonal signals at the base-station.