Abstract: An embodiment provides a method for modifying a carbon region on a boron-doped diamond electrode surface, comprising: placing a boron-doped diamond electrode surface in an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises an ionic treatment solution; applying a voltage difference across the boron-doped diamond electrode surface; and modifying a carbon region on an area of the boron-doped diamond electrode surface, wherein the modifying is responsive to application of the voltage while the boron-doped diamond electrode surface is in the aqueous solution, wherein the modification continues until a desired signal of the carbon region is reached. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a method for modifying a carbon region on a boron-doped diamond electrode surface, comprising: placing a boron-doped diamond electrode surface in an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises an ionic treatment solution; applying a voltage difference across the boron-doped diamond electrode surface; and modifying a carbon region on an area of the boron-doped diamond electrode surface, wherein the modifying is responsive to application of the voltage while the boron-doped diamond electrode surface is in the aqueous solution, wherein the modification continues until a desired signal of the carbon region is reached. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a device for measuring pH in an aqueous sample, including: a primary electrode comprising a boron doped diamond-based electrode and a primary carbon region comprising a pH sensitive sp2 carbon region, wherein the primary carbon region comprises a portion of the surface area of a face of the primary electrode; a secondary electrode comprising a boron doped diamond-based electrode and a secondary carbon region, wherein the secondary carbon region comprises a portion of the surface area of a face of the secondary electrode, the portion of the surface area of a face of the secondary electrode being less than the portion of the surface area of a face of the primary electrode; at least one reference electrode; at least one auxiliary electrode; and a memory storing instructions executable by a processor to identify a pH of an aqueous sample by measuring an electrical potential between the at least one reference electrode and at least one of: the primary electrode and the secondary electrode.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a method for modifying a carbon region on a boron-doped diamond electrode surface, comprising: placing a boron-doped diamond electrode surface in an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises an ionic treatment solution; applying a voltage difference across the boron-doped diamond electrode surface; and modifying a carbon region on an area of the boron-doped diamond electrode surface, wherein the modifying is responsive to application of the voltage while the boron-doped diamond electrode surface is in the aqueous solution, wherein the modification continues until a desired signal of the carbon region is reached. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a method for manufacturing a pH electrode with a carbon region, including: determining at least one pulse overlap modification for a laser pulse used when machining the carbon region; selecting a pattern for machining the carbon region; and machining a sp2 carbon region having the at least one pulse overlap modification and in the selected pattern by pulsing a laser onto a BDD electrode surface in the selected pattern with the at least one pulse overlap modification. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a device for measuring pH in an aqueous sample, including: at least one measurement electrode comprising a first carbon region, wherein the carbon region comprises a single pH sensitive carbon region, wherein the single pH sensitive carbon region of the measurement electrode is a sp2 carbon region of a boron doped diamond-based pH electrode; at least one reference electrode; at least one auxiliary electrode; and a memory storing instructions executable by a processor to identify a pH of an aqueous sample by measuring an electrical potential between the at least one measurement electrode and the at least one reference electrode. Other aspects are described and claimed.