Abstract: An electrical system comprising a battery system and a control system is disclosed. The battery system may comprise a first switching device, a first battery electrically coupled in series with the first switching device, a second battery electrically coupled in parallel with the first switching device and the first battery when the first switching device is in a closed position, and a second switching device coupled in series with a load. The control system may be configured to perform diagnostics on the battery system.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to lead-acid batteries and the manufacture of lead-acid batteries containing acid pump devices to promote the circulation of electrolyte within the battery and/or battery cells to reduce acid stratification and improve battery performance. In various embodiments, battery cell components are assembled within an acid pump assembly that encloses the battery cell components on at least the bottom and ends. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the acid pumps may be integrally molded with or secured to various parts of the battery housing including the cover, side walls, and cell walls. In various embodiments; space for the acid pumps is created by varying the shape of the battery housing (e.g., the side walls or cell walls) and/or by modifying the shape, size, and or position of one or more of the battery electrodes or separators.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to lead-acid batteries and the manufacture of lead-acid batteries containing acid pump devices to promote the circulation of electrolyte within the battery and/or battery cells to reduce acid stratification and improve battery performance. In various embodiments, battery cell components are assembled within an acid pump assembly that encloses the battery cell components on at least the bottom and ends. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the acid pumps may be integrally molded with or secured to various parts of the battery housing including the cover, side walls, and cell walls. In various embodiments; space for the acid pumps is created by varying the shape of the battery housing (e.g., the side walls or cell walls) and/or by modifying the shape, size, and or position of one or more of the battery electrodes or separators.