Abstract: The present specification relates to accelerating electrically charged particles. Gas is introduced into a vacuum chamber through at least one nozzle which opens into said vacuum chamber. Focusing an ionizing beam into the gas generates a plasma having a spatial distribution determined by the duration and manner of focusing the ionizing beam's laser pulses. Linearly polarized electromagnetic pulses of a wavelength at least ten times the wavelength of the ionizing beam's laser pulses tear electrons off the plasma, wherein said electromagnetic pulses include at most five optical cycles. The tearing-off of electrons is performed along a straight line defined by the resulting electric field strength of the electromagnetic pulses and simultaneously with the tearing-off of electrons, the positively charged particles of the remaining plasma with a net positive total charge are accelerated through exposure to Coulomb electrostatic forces.

Abstract: The present specification relates to accelerating electrically charged particles. Gas is introduced into a vacuum chamber through at least one nozzle which opens into said vacuum chamber. Focusing an ionizing beam into the gas generates a plasma having a spatial distribution determined by the duration and manner of focusing the ionizing beam's laser pulses. Linearly polarized electromagnetic pulses of a wavelength at least ten times the wavelength of the ionizing beam's laser pulses tear electrons off the plasma, wherein said electromagnetic pulses include at most five optical cycles. The tearing-off of electrons is performed along a straight line defined by the resulting electric field strength of the electromagnetic pulses and simultaneously with the tearing-off of electrons, the positively charged particles of the remaining plasma with a net positive total charge are accelerated through exposure to Coulomb electrostatic forces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement to generate a coherent electromagnetic radiation containing at most a few optical cycles in the extreme ultraviolet/vacuum ultraviolet domain. The inventive method comprises the steps of providing an electron package (15) of relativistic velocity; modulating said electron package (15) with high intensity laser light (17) in an undulator (20) having an undulator period smaller than the undulator period (?u) satisfying the resonance condition, producing thereby an electron package formed of electron microbunches; and passing the electron package (15) of electron microbunches leaving said undulator (20) through a static magnetic field, and generating thereby a coherent electromagnetic radiation, wherein said static magnetic field is generated in conformity with the coherent electromagnetic radiation to be achieved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement to generate a coherent electromagnetic radiation containing at most a few optical cycles in the extreme ultraviolet/vacuum ultraviolet domain. The inventive method comprises the steps of providing an electron package (15) of relativistic velocity; modulating said electron package (15) with high intensity laser light (17) in an undulator (20) having an undulator period smaller than the undulator period (?u) satisfying the resonance condition, producing thereby an electron package formed of electron microbunches; and passing the electron package (15) of electron microbunches leaving said undulator (20) through a static magnetic field, and generating thereby a coherent electromagnetic radiation, wherein said static magnetic field is generated in conformity with the coherent electromagnetic radiation to be achieved.