Abstract: A connected optical waveguide structure comprises n four-port optical couplers, where n is greater than one; and n waveguide loops, each loop having a corresponding perimeter; wherein each of the n perimeters is different from each of the other n?1 perimeters. In one embodiment, for any pair of the n loops, the ratio of the larger perimeter to the smaller perimeter is greater than five halves (5/2).

Abstract: A fiber-optic transmitter comprises a transmitter optical port, an optical circulator, a semiconductor optical amplifier, and a two-port modulation-averaging structure. The optical circulator has at least three ports, a first one of the three circulator ports being optically coupled to the transmitter optical port. The semiconductor optical amplifier has an input optical port, an output optical port, and an electrical input port. The two-port modulation-averaging structure is optically coupled between the input optical port and a third one of the three circulator ports.

Abstract: A connected optical waveguide structure comprises n four-port optical couplers, where n is greater than one; and n waveguide loops, each loop having a corresponding perimeter; wherein each of the n perimeters is different from each of the other n?1 perimeters. In one embodiment, for any pair of the n loops, the ratio of the larger perimeter to the smaller perimeter is greater than five halves (5/2).

Abstract: A fiber-optic transmitter comprises a transmitter optical port, an optical circulator, a semiconductor optical amplifier, and a two-port modulation-averaging structure. The optical circulator has at least three ports, a first one of the three circulator ports being optically coupled to the transmitter optical port. The semiconductor optical amplifier has an input optical port, an output optical port, and an electrical input port. The two-port modulation-averaging structure is optically coupled between the input optical port and a third one of the three circulator ports.

Abstract: An array reflector comprising a waveguide and a high reflectivity mirror is disclosed. The waveguide has an input end and a reflective end. The high reflectivity mirror is disposed at the reflective end. The array reflector also includes n?1 mirrors arrayed along the length of the waveguide, wherein n is an integer greater than two.

Abstract: An array reflector comprising a waveguide and a high reflectivity mirror is disclosed. The waveguide has an input end and a reflective end. The high reflectivity mirror is disposed at the reflective end. The array reflector also includes n?1 mirrors arrayed along the length of the waveguide, wherein n is an integer greater than two.

Abstract: An antenna arrangement includes a number of first radiating elements radiating in a first frequency band and a number of second radiating elements radiating in a second frequency band. The first and the second radiating elements are arranged in different planes. The second radiating elements are arranged in relation to the first radiating elements in such a way that each second radiating element partly overlaps the corresponding first radiating element. Each radiating element has at least one resonant dimension and the resonant dimension of the first radiating element is approximately twice the resonant dimension of the second radiating elements and the second radiating elements radiate at a frequency, or in a frequency band, which is approximately twice that of the first radiating element(s).