Wireless communication in a robotic surgical system
A telesurgical manipulator comprises an insertion axis mechanism including a base link and a carriage link movable relative to the base link. The carriage link receives a surgical instrument for movement relative to the base link. The base and carriage links are configured for telescoping motion with an extended configuration in which a portion of the carriage link extends beyond the base link. The manipulator also includes an instrument interface included in the carriage link coupled to the surgical instrument via a sterile adaptor that secures a sterile drape to the instrument interface. The sterile drape permits communication between the surgical instrument and the carriage link while maintaining a sterile barrier. The manipulator comprises a communication device on the insertion axis mechanism that wireles sly communicates with the surgical instrument with the sterile drape disposed therebetween and that wirelessly provides power to the surgical instrument with the sterile drape disposed therebetween.
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This application is continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/967,499 filed Dec. 31, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,672,922, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,915 filed Dec. 20, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,955,322 which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/752,755, filed Dec. 20, 2005, the full disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,578 filed Dec. 20, 2006, entitled “Cable Tensioning A Robotic Surgical System”, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,800 filed Dec. 20, 2006, entitled “Telescopic Insertion Axis Of A Robotic Surgical System”, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/556,484, filed Nov. 3, 2006, entitled “Indicator For Tool State and Communication In A Multi-Arm Robotic Telesurgery”, and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,695 filed Dec. 20, 2006, entitled “Instrument Interface In A Robotic Surgical System”, the full disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates generally to robotic surgical systems and, more particularly, to an apparatus, system, and method for wireless communication and power supply in a robotic surgical system.
BACKGROUNDMinimally invasive robotic surgical or telesurgical systems have been developed to increase a surgeon's dexterity and to avoid some of the limitations on traditional minimally invasive techniques. In telesurgery, the surgeon uses some form of remote control, e.g., a servomechanism or the like, to manipulate surgical instrument movements, rather than directly holding and moving the instruments by hand. In telesurgery systems, the surgeon can be provided with an image of the surgical site at the surgical workstation. While viewing a two or three dimensional image of the surgical site on a display, the surgeon performs the surgical procedures on the patient by manipulating master control devices, which in turn control motion of the servomechanically operated instruments.
In robotically assisted surgery, the surgeon typically operates a master controller to control the motion of surgical instruments at the surgical site from a location that may be remote from the patient (e.g., across the operating room, in a different room, or a completely different building from the patient). The master controller usually includes one or more hand input devices, such as hand-held wrist gimbals, joysticks, exoskeletal gloves or the like, which are operatively coupled to the surgical instruments that are releasably coupled to a patient side surgical manipulator (“the slave”). The master controller controls the instruments' position, orientation, and articulation at the surgical site. The slave is an electro-mechanical assembly that includes a plurality of arms, joints, linkages, servo-motors, etc, that are connected together to support and control the surgical instruments. In a surgical procedure, the surgical instruments (including an endoscope) may be introduced directly into an open surgical site or more typically through trocar sleeves into a body cavity. Depending on a surgical procedure, there are available a variety of surgical instruments, such as tissue graspers, needle drivers, electrosurgical cautery probes, etc., to perform various functions for the surgeon, e.g., holding or driving a needle, suturing, grasping a blood vessel, or dissecting, cauterizing or coagulating tissue.
A surgical manipulator assembly may be said to be divided into three main components that include a non-sterile drive and control component, a sterilizable end effector or surgical tool/instrument, and an intermediate connector component. The intermediate connector component includes mechanical elements for coupling the surgical tool with the drive and control component, and for transferring motion from the drive component to the surgical tool. Electrical cables, such as flexible flat cables, have been previously used to provide power, ground, and/or data signals between the components of the surgical system. Prior telerobotic surgical systems with such electrical cables are described for example in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,800 filed Dec. 20, 2006, entitled “Telescopic Insertion Axis Of A Robotic Surgical System”, the complete disclosure of which has been previously incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. However, issues related to small clearances, electrical noise, mechanical fatigue, and mechanical hazards can possibly lead to malfunction and decreased system robustness. Furthermore, power and data transactions for electrical circuits must cross a sterile barrier (e.g., a membrane or film) that separates the sterile field containing surgical activity from the non-sterile mechanisms of the surgical robot.
What is needed, therefore, are improved apparatus and methods for providing electrical signals and/or power through a sterile barrier in a telerobotic surgical system to surgical instruments in the sterile field.
SUMMARYThe present invention provides an advantageous apparatus, system, and method for wireless communication and power supply in a telerobotic surgical system.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a robotic manipulator is provided, comprising a base link operably coupled to a distal end of a manipulator arm, and a carriage link movably coupled to the base link. The carriage link includes a communication device that wirelessly communicates with a removable surgical instrument through a sterile drape.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a robotic surgical system is provided, the system comprising an insertion axis of a robotic manipulator, including a base link operably coupled to a distal end of a manipulator arm, and a carriage link movably coupled to the base link, the carriage link including a printed circuit assembly and a link communication device. The system further includes a sterile drape over the insertion axis, and a removable surgical instrument that wirelessly communicates with the link communication device through the sterile drape.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method of wireless communication in a robotic surgical system is provided, the method comprising providing a carriage link of a robotic manipulator including a link communication device, positioning a sterile drape over the robotic manipulator, mounting a removable surgical instrument on the carriage link, and passing data wirelessly through the sterile drape between the link communication device and the surgical instrument.
Advantageously, the present invention allows a user to repeatedly and operably install and remove surgical instruments on the system while maintaining a sterile barrier between the patient in the sterile surgical field and the non-sterile portions of the robotic system. Furthermore, separation of the robotic surgical system's electrical circuits provides additional barrier to leakage currents.
The scope of the invention is defined by the claims, which are incorporated into this section by reference. A more complete understanding of embodiments of the present invention will be afforded to those skilled in the art, as well as a realization of additional advantages thereof, by a consideration of the following detailed description of one or more embodiments. Reference will be made to the appended sheets of drawings that will first be described briefly.
Embodiments of the present invention and their advantages are best understood by referring to the detailed description that follows. It should be appreciated that like reference numerals are used to identify like elements illustrated in one or more of the figures. It should also be appreciated that the figures may not be necessarily drawn to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe present invention provides a system, apparatus, and method for wireless communication in a telerobotic surgical system for performing robotically-assisted surgical procedures on a patient, particularly including neurosurgical procedures and endoscopic procedures, such as laparoscopy, arthroscopy, thoracoscopy and the like. The apparatus and method of the present invention is particularly useful as part of a telerobotic surgical system that allows the surgeon to manipulate the surgical instruments through a servomechanism at a location remote from the patient. One example of a robotic surgical system is the da Vinci® S™ surgical system available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. A User's Guide for the da Vinci® S™ surgical system is available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. and is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
Processor 4 will typically include data processing hardware and software, with the software typically comprising machine-readable code. The machine-readable code will embody software programming instructions to implement some or all of the methods described herein. While processor 4 is shown as a single block in the simplified schematic of
In one example, manipulator system 6 includes at least four robotic manipulator assemblies. Three linkages 7 (mounted at the sides of the cart in this example) support and position manipulators 8 with linkages 7 in general supporting a base of the manipulators 8 at a fixed location during at least a portion of the surgical procedure. Manipulators 8 move surgical tools 5 for robotic manipulation of tissues. One additional linkage 9 (mounted at the center of the cart in this example) supports and positions manipulator 10 which controls the motion of an endoscope/camera probe 11 to capture an image (preferably stereoscopic) of the internal surgical site. The fixable portion of positioning linkages 7, 9 of the patient-side system is sometimes referred to herein as a “set-up arm”.
In one example, the image of the internal surgical site is shown to operator O by a stereoscopic display 12 in surgeon's console 3. The internal surgical site is simultaneously shown to assistant A by an assistance display 14.
Assistant A assists in pre-positioning manipulator assemblies 8 and 10 relative to patient P using set-up linkage arms 7, 9; in swapping tools 5 from one or more of the surgical manipulators for alternative surgical tools or instruments 5′; in operating related non-robotic medical instruments and equipment; in manually moving a manipulator assembly so that the associated tool accesses the internal surgical site through a different aperture, and the like.
In general terms, the linkages 7, 9 are used primarily during set-up of patient-side system 6, and typically remain in a fixed configuration during at least a portion of a surgical procedure. Manipulators 8, 10 each comprise a driven linkage which is actively articulated under the direction of surgeon's console 3. Although one or more of the joints of the set-up arm may optionally be driven and robotically controlled, at least some of the set-up arm joints may be configured for manual positioning by assistant A.
Some of the manipulators include a telescopic insertion axis 100 (
For convenience, a manipulator such as manipulator 8 that is supporting a surgical tool used to manipulate tissues is sometimes referred to as a patient-side manipulator (PSM), while a manipulator 10 which controls an image capture or data acquisition device such as endoscope 11 may be referred to as an endoscope-camera manipulator (ECM). The manipulators may optionally actuate, maneuver and control a wide variety of instruments or tools, image capture devices, and the like which are useful for surgery.
Instruments 5 and endoscope 11 may be manually positioned when setting up for a surgical procedure, when reconfiguring the manipulator system 6 for a different phase of a surgical procedure, when removing and replacing an instrument with an alternate instrument 5′, and the like. During such manual reconfiguring of the manipulator assembly by assistant A, the manipulator assembly may be placed in a different mode than is used during master/slave telesurgery, with the manually repositionable mode sometimes being referred to as a clutch mode. The manipulator assembly may change between the tissue manipulation mode and the clutch mode in response to an input such as pushing a button or switch on manipulator 8 (e.g., a clutch button/switch 103 in
As can be seen in
The surgical tool may include a variety of articulated end effectors, such as jaws, scissors, graspers, needle holders, micro-dissectors, staple appliers, tackers, suction irrigation tools, and clip appliers, that may be driven by wire links, eccentric cams, push-rods, or other mechanisms. In addition, the surgical tool may comprise a non-articulated instrument, such as cutting blades, probes, irrigators, catheters or suction devices. Alternatively, the surgical tool may comprise an electrosurgical probe for ablating, resecting, cutting or coagulating tissue. Examples of applicable adaptors, tools or instruments, and accessories are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,331,181, 6,491,701, and 6,770,081, the full disclosures of which (including disclosures incorporated by reference therein) are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. Applicable surgical instruments are also commercially available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Base link 102 is operably coupled to a distal end of arm 50, and in one example has an accessory clamp 108 attached to a distal end of base link 102. An accessory 110, such as a cannula, may be mounted onto accessory clamp 108. An example of applicable accessory clamps and accessories are disclosed in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/240,087, filed Sep. 30, 2005, the full disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. An example of applicable sterile adaptors and instrument housings are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/314,040, filed Dec. 20, 2005 and in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/395,418, filed Mar. 31, 2006, the full disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
Carriage link 106 includes an instrument interface 101 for operably coupling to a sterile adaptor 109, which in turn is operably coupled to a housing 24 of an instrument 5, and controls the depth of the instrument inside a patient. In one embodiment, the sterile adaptor 109 may be part of a drape that may be draped over the robotic surgical system, and in particular the manipulator system, to establish a sterile barrier between the non-sterile PSM arms and the sterile field of the surgical procedure. An example of an applicable drape and adaptor is disclosed in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/240,113 filed Sep. 30, 2005 and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/314,040 filed Dec. 20, 2005, the full disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
Idler link 104 is movably coupled between base link 102 and carriage link 106 to allow the links 102, 104, and 106 to move relative to one another along a lengthwise axis (e.g., axis C) in a telescoping fashion.
Motion along axes A through G in manipulator 8, as shown in
The drive assembly may further include a plurality of drive motors coupled to the arm for rotation therewith. Yaw and pitch motors control the motion of the arm about the A axis and the B axis (
Prior robotic surgical systems have used electrical wire harnesses to provide power, ground, and/or data signals between the components of the surgical system. However, routing electrical cables or wire harnesses through the manipulator, in particular the insertion axis, may be disadvantageous for various reasons, including but not limited to insufficient space for the number of wires required, the bending required of the cable over its lifetime causing damage to the cable, surrounding parts of the robot being required to be enlarged to accommodate cables, and the cable not being sufficiently packaged out of the working area of the robot thereby causing disruption of the workflow and/or exposure of the cable to damage.
Referring now to
In this embodiment, main PCA/transceiver 202 is located outside of insertion axis 100, in one example within a link of arm 50, and is operably coupled to other control electronics of the robotic surgical system. Remote PCA/transceiver 204 is located within insertion axis 100, in one example being within carriage link 106, and is operably coupled to interface 101 for receiving the sterile adaptor and the surgical instrument. In another example, remote PCA/transceiver 204 may be operably coupled to indicator 20. It is noted that the PCAs/transceivers 202 and 204 may be positioned in various locations of the surgical system, including a location external to the manipulator system, for allowing the wireless communication of data, and that multiple sets of main and remote PCAs/transceivers may also be used throughout the surgical system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Main PCA/transceiver 202 and remote PCA/transceiver 204 may support various wireless communication protocols, including but not limited to Bluetooth, IrDA, HomeRF, IEEE 802.11, DECT, and Wireless Telemetry. Data transmitted between remote PCA/transceiver 204 and main PCA/transceiver 202 may include information about the instrument (e.g., instrument identification, connection status to the sterile adaptor via a Hall Effect sensor, etc.), the sterile adaptor (e.g., connection status to the carriage link interface, etc.), and the state of the system (e.g., tissue manipulation mode, clutch mode, cannula presence, etc., that control for such things as LED color and blinking frequency of indicator 20). Thus, in one example, electrical signals may be communicated to and from a surgical tool, a sterile adaptor, LEDs, a clutch button, and Hall Effect sensors. Other examples of data that may be communicated are described in the User's Guide for the da Vinci® S™ surgical system available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc.
Referring now to FIGS. BA and BB, block diagrams of a main PCA 202 and a remote PCA 204, respectively, are illustrated showing inputs and outputs of the PCAs. In one embodiment, the remote PCA may have inputs and outputs for providing power and/or communicating with LEDs, Hall effect sensors, a sterile adaptor, an instrument, and a user interface button (e.g., for a clutch operation). The remote PCA may also include an input for receiving power and an input/output for communicating with a main PCA (e.g., processor 4 of
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, various means for providing power to the remote PCA/transceiver 204 are disclosed. In one example, a battery 206 is operably coupled to remote PCA/transceiver 204. For the case of low power consumption, a small disposable battery may be used to power the remote PCA/transceiver 204. Field service personnel may preemptively change this battery a few times a year. For higher power consumption cases, such as for providing power to LEDs of the insertion axis indicators 20 (
In another example for providing power to the remote PCA/transceiver, a wire 210 may be routed to the remote PCA 204 to provide power from a power source 208 external to the insertion axis, thereby eliminating many of the wires between the two PCAs/transceivers.
In yet another example for providing power, sliding wiper contacts may be used between the base link 102 and idler link 104, and between the idler link 104 and the carriage link 106.
As noted above, in one embodiment a drape may be draped over the robotic surgical system, and in particular the manipulator system, to establish a sterile and electrically-isolating barrier between the non-sterile PSM arms and the sterile field of the surgical procedure, as illustrated in
A sterile drape is thus provided for draping portions of a telerobotic surgical system to maintain a sterile and electrically-isolating barrier between the sterile surgical field and the non-sterile robotic system. Accordingly, means and methods for transferring data and/or providing power across a sterile barrier to/from removable surgical instruments are desirable. Previously, disposable or re-usable sterilizable instrument adaptors/interfaces with electrical contacts have been employed. The present invention improves on the interface by the elimination of extra interfaces, the elimination of extra parts, and the increased reliability of a non-contact interface as compared to electrical contacts.
In accordance with the present invention, apparatus, systems, and methods for passing signals and/or power through the sterile barrier between a surgical instrument and the robotic system are provided. Referring now to
Advantageously, optically transferred data can be sent in the presence of ambient light interference when baseline and thresholds are adjusted accordingly at rates between the higher data rate and the lower rate of change of ambient light. Alternately in embodiments where ambient light is blocked, this adjustment technique is not required.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, power transfer across sterile barrier 300 without electrical contact may be provided by AC magnetic coupling of separated primary and secondary transformer parts 406 and 410. This transformer can be the same as the transformer noted above with respect to
Concentration of magnetic field lines is advantageous to reduce emissions and susceptibility to stray magnetic fields as well as to increase the efficiency of power and data transfer. In some cases, a concentration of magnetic field lines may be used to increase the specificity of the data and power coupling. Such a concentration can be achieved through the use of magnetically permeable cores, including ferrite, powdered iron, and amorphous metallic materials. Common shapes available for this purpose include pot cores, E cores, and U cores.
In one example, primary transformer part 406 is wound with wire or printed circuit traces, and secondary transformer part 410 is operably coupled to switching power circuits, for example having a bridge rectifier 412 and a capacitor 414, used to provide isolated power. Applicable switching circuits include but are not limited to forward converters, flyback converters, and other isolated converters.
Advantageously, the present invention allows a user to repeatedly and operably install and remove surgical instruments on the system while maintaining a sterile barrier between the patient in the sterile surgical field and the non-sterile portions of the robotic system. Furthermore, separation of the electrical circuits of the robotic surgical system provides a barrier to leakage currents that might otherwise cause electrical harm to patients and/or medical staff. Accurate data transmission between the system and the instrument is made possible even in the presence of high electromagnetic noise caused by energy tools commonly used in surgery by the mentioned techniques of magnetic field concentration.
Embodiments described above illustrate but do not limit the invention. It should also be understood that numerous modifications and variations are possible in accordance with the principles of the present invention. For example, numerous PCAs and respective wireless communication devices placed in various system locations is within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the system is not limited to four robotic manipulator assemblies, but may include two or more in other examples. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is defined only by the following claims.
Claims
1. A telesurgical manipulator, comprising:
- an insertion axis mechanism including a base link and a carriage link movable relative to the base link, the carriage link adapted to releasably mount a surgical instrument for movement relative to the base link, wherein the base and carriage links are configured for telescoping motion and have an extended configuration in which a portion of the carriage link extends beyond the base link;
- an instrument interface included in the carriage link and operably couplable to the surgical instrument via a sterile adaptor that secures a sterile drape to the instrument interface, the sterile drape permitting communication between the surgical instrument and the carriage link while maintaining a sterile barrier therebetween; and
- a communication device disposed on the insertion axis mechanism that wirelessly communicates with the surgical instrument with the sterile drape disposed therebetween and that wirelessly provides power to the surgical instrument with the sterile drape disposed therebetween.
2. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device includes a primary transformer part that provides the power to the surgical instrument via a secondary transformer part included in the surgical instrument with the sterile drape disposed therebetween.
3. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device receives data selected from the group consisting of instrument identification and an instrument state.
4. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device further comprises a printed circuit assembly for transmitting data selected from the group consisting of a system state, a sterile adaptor state, LED control, a clutch button state, and a Hall-effect sensor state.
5. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the base link is operably coupled to a distal end of a manipulator arm; and wherein the carriage link further includes a manipulator clutch button.
6. The manipulator of claim 5, further comprising an idler link movably coupled between the base link and the carriage link.
7. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device carried by the carriage link wirelessly communicates with a wireless transceiver disposed in a manipulator arm rotatably coupled to the insertion axis mechanism.
8. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device is carried by the carriage link.
9. The manipulator of claim 1, wherein the communication device includes a differential driver coupled to a coil to transmit data to the surgical instrument via a magnetic coupling, and wherein the surgical instrument includes a pair of differential sensors to receive the data via the magnetic coupling.
10. A telesurgical manipulator system, comprising:
- an insertion axis mechanism of a robotic manipulator, including: a base link operably coupled to a distal end of a manipulator arm; a carriage link movable relative to the base link; and a link communication device disposed on the insertion axis mechanism, wherein the base and carriage links are configured for telescoping motion and have an extended configuration in which a portion of the carriage link extends beyond the base link; and
- a surgical instrument that wirelessly communicates with the link communication device such that operational commands are received from the link communication device, wherein the surgical instrument is releasably mountable to the carriage link for movement relative to the base link, wherein the surgical instrument includes an instrument data transmitter for communication with the link communication device with a sterile barrier disposed therebetween, and wherein the link communication device is further configured for providing power to the surgical instrument with the sterile barrier disposed therebetween.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the instrument data transmitter includes an instrument optical data transmitter.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the instrument optical data transmitter includes a light transmitter.
13. The system of claim 10, wherein the surgical instrument includes an optical sensor that receives data from a light transmitter of the link communication device.
14. The system of claim 10, further comprising the sterile barrier, the sterile barrier including a sterile drape and a sterile adaptor that secures the sterile drape to the carriage link, wherein the surgical instrument is releasably mountable to the carriage link via the sterile adaptor, the sterile barrier permitting communication between the surgical instrument and the carriage link while disposed therebetween.
15. The system of claim 10, wherein the link communication device includes a primary transformer part that provides the power to the surgical instrument and the surgical instrument includes a secondary transformer part to receive the power from the link communication device with the sterile barrier disposed therebetween.
16. The system of claim 10, wherein the link communication device receives data from the surgical instrument selected from the group consisting of an instrument identification and an instrument state.
17. The system of claim 10, wherein the link communication device further comprises a printed circuit assembly for transmitting data selected from the group consisting of a system state, a sterile adaptor state, LED control, a clutch button state, and a Hall-effect sensor state.
18. The system of claim 10, wherein the surgical instrument has an end effector selected from the group consisting of jaws, scissors, graspers, needle holders, micro-dissectors, staple appliers, tackers, suction irrigation tools, clip appliers, cutting blades, cautery probes, irrigators, catheters, and suction devices.
19. The system of claim 10, further comprising a wireless transceiver disposed in the manipulator arm, wherein the link communication device is further configured to communicate wirelessly with the wireless transceiver disposed in the manipulator arm.
20. The system of claim 10, wherein the link communication device is carried by the carriage link.
21. A telesurgical manipulator system, comprising:
- an insertion axis mechanism of a robotic manipulator, including: a base link operably coupled to a distal end of a manipulator arm; a carriage link movable relative to the base link; a first wireless transceiver and a second wireless transceiver disposed on the insertion axis mechanism, the first wireless transceiver being configured to communicate wirelessly with a third wireless transceiver disposed in the manipulator arm, the second wireless transceiver being disposed on the carriage link; and
- a surgical instrument having a fourth wireless transceiver configured to communicate wirelessly with the second wireless transceiver, wherein the surgical instrument is releasably mountable to the carriage link for movement relative to the base link, and wherein the carriage link is configured to provide power wirelessly to the surgical instrument mounted to the carriage link with a sterile drape disposed therebetween.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the insertion axis mechanism of the robotic manipulator further includes a battery that provides power to the first and second wireless transceivers, and wherein:
- wireless communication between the first transceiver and the third transceiver is performed via a first wireless medium, and
- wireless communication between the second transceiver and the fourth transceiver is performed via a second wireless medium, the second wireless medium being different than the first wireless medium.
23. The system of claim 21, wherein the first wireless transceiver and the second wireless transceiver are carried by the carriage link.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 4, 2014
Date of Patent: Jul 9, 2019
Patent Publication Number: 20140171965
Assignee: INTUITIVE SURGICAL OPERATIONS, INC. (Sunnyvale, CA)
Inventors: Alan Loh (Los Altos, CA), Roman L. Devengenzo (Santa Clara, CA)
Primary Examiner: Niketa I Patel
Assistant Examiner: Vynn V Huh
Application Number: 14/172,557
International Classification: A61B 34/00 (20160101); A61B 34/30 (20160101); A61B 34/37 (20160101); A61B 46/23 (20160101); A61B 1/00 (20060101); B25J 9/10 (20060101); A61B 90/00 (20160101); A61B 17/00 (20060101); G16H 40/63 (20180101); G06F 19/00 (20180101);
