Steerable endoscope and improved method of insertion
A system for advancing an instrument along an arbitrary path includes a flexible and steerable instrument and an electronic memory configured to store a three-dimensional model of the path, the three-dimension model being generated based on signals from the instrument as it traverses along the path. The system further includes an electronic motion controller logically coupled to the electronic memory, wherein the electronic motion controller is configured to automatically control the instrument to traverse the path based on the three dimensional model.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/148,322, filed Jan. 6, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/535,979, filed Jun. 28, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,641,602), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/129,093, filed May 13, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,226,546), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/229,189, filed Aug. 26, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,907), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/790,204, filed Feb. 20, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,203), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/194,140, filed Apr. 3, 2000, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates generally to endoscopes and endoscopic medical procedures. More particularly, it relates to a method and apparatus to facilitate insertion of a flexible endoscope along a tortuous path, such as for colonoscopic examination and treatment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAn endoscope is a medical instrument for visualizing the interior of a patient's body. Endoscopes can be used for a variety of different diagnostic and interventional procedures, including colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, laparoscopy and video endoscopy.
Colonoscopy is a medical procedure in which a flexible endoscope, or colonoscope, is inserted into a patient's colon for diagnostic examination and/or surgical treatment of the colon. A standard colonoscope is typically 135-185 mm in length and 12-13 mm in diameter, and includes a fiberoptic imaging bundle, illumination fibers and one or two instrument channels that may also be used for insufflation or irrigation. The colonoscope is inserted via the patient's anus and is advanced through the colon, allowing direct visual examination of the colon, the ileocecal valve and portions of the terminal ileum. Insertion of the colonoscope is complicated by the fact that the colon represents a tortuous and convoluted path. Considerable manipulation of the colonoscope is often necessary to advance the colonoscope through the colon, making the procedure more difficult and time consuming and adding to the potential for complications, such as intestinal perforation. Steerable colonoscopes have been devised to facilitate selection of the correct path through the curves of the colon. However, as the colonoscope is inserted farther and farther into the colon, it becomes more difficult to advance the colonoscope along the selected path. At each turn, the wall of the colon must maintain the curve in the colonoscope. The colonoscope rubs against the mucosal surface of the colon along the outside of each turn. Friction and slack in the colonoscope build up at each turn, making it more and more difficult to advance and withdraw the colonoscope. In addition, the force against the wall of the colon increases with the buildup of friction. In cases of extreme tortuosity, it may become impossible to advance the colonoscope all of the way through the colon.
Steerable endoscopes, catheters and insertion devices for medical examination or treatment of internal body structures are described in the following U.S. patents, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,753,223; 5,337,732; 5,662,587; 4,543,090; 5,383,852; 5,487,757 and 5,337,733.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn keeping with the foregoing discussion, the present invention takes the form of a steerable endoscope for negotiating tortuous paths through a patient's body. The steerable endoscope can be used for a variety of different diagnostic and interventional procedures, including colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, laparoscopy and video endoscopy. The steerable endoscope is particularly well suited for negotiating the tortuous curves encountered when performing a colonoscopy procedure.
The steerable endoscope has an elongated body with a manually or selectively steerable distal portion and an automatically controlled proximal portion. The selectively steerable distal portion can be selectively steered or bent up to a full 180 degree bend in any direction. A fiberoptic imaging bundle and one or more illumination fibers extend through the body from the proximal end to the distal end. Alternatively, the endoscope can be configured as a video endoscope with a miniaturized video camera, such as a CCD camera, which transmits images to a video monitor by a transmission cable or by wireless transmission. Optionally, the endoscope may include one or two instrument channels that may also be used for insufflation or irrigation.
A proximal handle attached to the elongate body includes an ocular for direct viewing and/or for connection to a video camera, a connection to an illumination source and one or more luer lock fittings that are connected to the instrument channels. The handle is connected to a steering control for selectively steering or bending the selectively steerable distal portion in the desired direction and to an electronic motion controller for controlling the automatically controlled proximal portion of the endoscope. An axial motion transducer is provided to measure the axial motion of the endoscope body as it is advanced and withdrawn. Optionally, the endoscope may include a motor or linear actuator for automatically advancing and withdrawing the endoscope.
The method of the present invention involves inserting the distal end of the endoscope body into a patient, either through a natural orifice or through an incision, and steering the selectively steerable distal portion to select a desired path. When the endoscope body is advanced, the electronic motion controller operates the automatically controlled proximal portion of the body to assume the selected curve of the selectively steerable distal portion. This process is repeated by selecting another desired path with the selectively steerable distal portion and advancing the endoscope body again. As the endoscope body is further advanced, the selected curves propagate proximally along the endoscope body. Similarly, when the endoscope body is withdrawn proximally, the selected curves propagate distally along the endoscope body. This creates a sort of serpentine motion in the endoscope body that allows it to negotiate tortuous curves along a desired path through or around and between organs within the body.
The method can be used for performing colonoscopy or other endoscopic procedures, such as bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, laparoscopy and video endoscopy. In addition, the apparatus and methods of the present invention can be used for inserting other types of instruments, such as surgical instruments, catheters or introducers, along a desired path within the body.
A proximal handle 120 is attached to the proximal end 110 of the elongate body 102. The handle 120 includes an ocular 124 connected to the fiberoptic imaging bundle 112 for direct viewing and/or for connection to a video camera 126. The handle 120 is connected to an illumination source 128 by an illumination cable 134 that is connected to or continuous with the illumination fibers 114. A first luer lock fitting, 130 and a second luer lock fitting 132 on the handle 120 are connected, to the instrument channels 116, 118.
The handle 120 is connected to an electronic motion controller 140 by way of a controller cable 136. A steering control 122 is connected to the electronic motion controller 140 by way of a second cable 13 M. The steering control 122 allows the user to selectively steer or bend the selectively steerable distal portion 104 of the body 102 in the desired direction. The steering control 122 may be a joystick controller as shown, or other known steering control mechanism. The electronic motion controller 140 controls the motion of the automatically controlled proximal portion 106 of the body 102. The electronic motion controller 140 may be implemented using a motion control program running on a microcomputer or using an application-specific motion controller. Alternatively, the electronic motion controller 140 may be implemented using a neural network controller.
An axial motion transducer 150 is provided to measure the axial motion of the endoscope body 102 as it is advanced and withdrawn. The axial motion transducer 150 can be made in many possible configurations. By way of example, the axial motion transducer 150 in
The endoscope 100 may be manually advanced or withdrawn by the user by grasping the body 102 distal to the axial motion transducer 150. Alternatively, the first roller 156 and/or second roller 158 may be connected to a motor 162 for automatically advancing and withdrawing the body 102 of the endoscope 100.
In the selectively steerable distal portion 104 of the endoscope body 102, the linear actuators that control the a, b, c and d axis measurements of each section are selectively controlled by the user through the steering control 122. Thus, by appropriate control of the a, b, c and d axis measurements, the selectively steerable distal portion 104 of the endoscope body 102 can be selectively steered or bent up to a full 180 degrees in any direction.
In the automatically controlled proximal portion 106, however, the a, b, c and d axis measurements of each section are automatically controlled by the electronic motion controller 140, which uses a curve propagation method to control the shape of the endoscope body 102. To explain how the curve propagation method operates,
In
Similarly, when the endoscope body 102 is withdrawn proximally, each time the endoscope body 102 is moved proximally by one unit, each section in the automatically controlled proximal portion 106 is signaled to assume the shape of the section that previously occupied the space that it is now in. The S-shaped curve propagates distally along the length of the automatically controlled proximal portion 106 of the endoscope body 102, and the S-shaped curve appears to be fixed in space, as the endoscope body 102 withdraws proximally.
Whenever the endoscope body 102 is advanced or withdrawn, the axial motion transducer 150 detects the change in position and the electronic motion controller 140 propagates the selected curves proximally or distally along the automatically controlled proximal portion 106 of the endoscope body 102 to maintain the curves in a spatially fixed position. This allows the endoscope body 102 to move through tortuous curves without putting unnecessary force on the wall of the colon C.
Whether operated in manual mode or automatic mode, once the desired curve has been selected with the selectively steerable distal portion 104, the endoscope body 102 is advanced distally and the selected curve is propagated proximally along the automatically controlled proximal portion 106 of the endoscope body 102 by the electronic motion controller 140, as described above. The curve remains fixed in space while the endoscope body 102 is advanced distally through the sigmoid colon S. In a particularly tortuous colon, the selectively steerable distal portion 104 may have to be steered through multiple curves to traverse the sigmoid colon S.
As illustrated in
If, at any time, the user decides that the path taken by the endoscope body 102 needs to be revised or corrected, the endoscope 100 may be withdrawn proximally and the electronic motion controller 140 commanded to erase the previously selected curve. This can be done manually using keyboard commands or voice commands or automatically by programming the electronic motion controller 140 to go into a revise mode when the endoscope body 102 is withdrawn a certain distance. The revised or corrected curve is selected using the selectively steerable distal portion 104, and the endoscope body 102 is advanced as described before.
The endoscope body 102 is advanced through the descending colon D until it reaches the left (splenic) flexure FI of the colon. Here, in many cases, the endoscope body 102 must negotiate an almost 180 degree hairpin turn. As before, the desired curve is selected using the selectively steerable distal portion 104, and the endoscope body 102 is advanced distally through the transverse colon T, as shown in
In one preferred method according to the present invention, the electronic motion controller 140 includes an electronic memory in which is created a three-dimensional mathematical model of the patient's colon or other anatomy through which the endoscope body 102 is maneuvered. The three-dimensional model can be annotated by the operator to record the location of anatomical landmarks, lesions, polyps, biopsy samples and other features of interest. The three-dimensional model of the patient's anatomy can be used to facilitate reinsertion of the endoscope body 102 in subsequent procedures. In addition, the annotations can be used to quickly find the location of the features of interest. For example, the three-dimensional model can be annotated with the location where a biopsy sample was taken during an exploratory endoscopy. The site of the biopsy sample can be reliably located again in follow-up procedures to track the progress of a potential disease process and/or to perform a therapeutic procedure at the site.
In one particularly preferred variation of this method, the electronic motion controller 140 can be programmed, based on the three-dimensional model in the electronic memory, so that the endoscope body 102 will automatically assume the proper shape to follow the desired path as it is advanced through the patient's anatomy. In embodiments of the steerable endoscope 100 that are configured for automatically advancing and withdrawing the endoscope body 102, as described above in connection with
Imaging software would allow the three-dimensional model of the patient's anatomy obtained using the steerable endoscope 100 to be viewed on a computer monitor or the like. This would facilitate comparisons between the three dimensional model and images obtained with other imaging modalities, for example fluoroscopy, radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT scan), electron beam tomography or virtual colonoscopy. Conversely, images from these other imaging modalities can be used to map out an approximate path or trajectory to facilitate insertion of the endoscope body 102. In addition, images from other imaging modalities can be used to facilitate locating suspected lesions with the steerable endoscope 100. For example, images obtained using a barium-contrast radiograph of the colon can be used to map out an approximate path to facilitate insertion of the endoscope body 102 into the patient's colon. The location and depth of any suspected lesions seen on the radiograph can be noted so that the endoscope body 102 can be quickly and reliably guided to the vicinity of the lesion.
Imaging modalities that provide three-dimensional information, such as biplanar fluoroscopy, CT or MRI, can be used to program the electronic motion controller 140 so that the endoscope body 102 will automatically assume the proper shape to follow the desired path as it is advanced through the patient's anatomy. In embodiments of the steerable endoscope 100 that are configured for automatically advancing and withdrawing the endoscope body 102, the endoscope body 102 can be commanded to advance automatically though the patient's anatomy along the desired path as determined by the three-dimensional information. Similarly, the endoscope body 102 can be commanded to advance automatically to the site of a suspected lesion or other point of interest noted on the images.
Although the endoscope of the present invention has been described for use as a colonoscope, the endoscope can be configured for a number of other medical and industrial applications. In addition, the present invention can also be configured as a catheter, cannula, surgical instrument or introducer sheath that uses the principles of the invention for navigating through tortuous body channels.
In a variation of the method that is particularly applicable to laparoscopy or thoracoscopy procedures, the steerable endoscope 100 can be selectively maneuvered along a desired path around and between organs in a patient's body cavity. The distal end 108 of the endoscope 100 is inserted into the patient's body cavity through a natural opening, through a surgical incision or through a surgical cannula or introducer. The selectively steerable distal portion 104 can be used to explore and examine the patient's body cavity and to select a path around and between the patient's organs. The electronic motion controller 140 can be used to control the automatic controlled proximal portion 106 of the endoscope body 102 to follow the selected path and, if necessary, to return to a desired location using the three-dimensional model in the electronic memory of the electronic motion controller 140.
While the present invention has been described herein with respect to the exemplary embodiments and the best mode for practicing the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that man modifications, improvements and subcombinations of the various embodiments, adaptations and variations can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
Claims
1. A system for advancing an instrument along an arbitrary path, comprising:
- a flexible and steerable instrument, the instrument including a distal portion configured to be selectively steered to assume a selected three-dimensional curve during advancement along an arbitrary path; and
- an electronic motion controller operably coupled to the instrument to receive signals from the instrument representing a three-dimensional model of the three-dimensional curve, the electronic motion controller comprising electronic memory configured to store the three-dimensional model based on the signals received from the instrument as the instrument traverses along the path and assumes the selected three-dimensional curve.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic motion controller is programmed to control a proximal portion of the instrument to assume a shape based on the three-dimensional model.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the electronic motion controller is programmed to control the proximal portion of the instrument to propagate the selected three-dimensional curve along the proximal portion of the instrument while the instrument is advanced distally along the path.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the electronic motion controller is further programmed to control the proximal portion of the instrument to propagate the selected three-dimensional curve along the proximal portion of the instrument while the instrument is withdrawn proximally along the path.
5. The system of claim 2, wherein the proximal portion of the instrument includes a plurality of segments, wherein adjacent segments of the plurality of segments are pivotally coupled to each other.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the distal portion of the instrument includes a plurality of segments, wherein adjacent segments of the plurality of segments are pivotally coupled to each other.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
- an axial motion transducer in communication with the electronic motion controller, the axial motion transducer being configured to transmit a signal to the electronic motion controller, the signal being indicative of an axial position of the instrument.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the electronic motion controller is programmed to control the instrument based on the signal indicative of the axial position of the instrument received from the axial motion transducer as the instrument is advanced distally along the path.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the path is in a patient's anatomy, and wherein the electronic memory is further configured to store an annotation in the three-dimensional model, the annotation being a location of a feature of interest along the path.
10. The system of claim 9, the electronic motion controller being programmed to control advancement of the instrument distally along the path in the patient's anatomy to return to the location of the feature of interest according to the annotation in the three-dimensional model.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the electronic motion controller is further configured to:
- selectively steer the distal portion of the instrument along the path in the patient's anatomy to return the instrument to the location of the feature of interest; and
- control a shape of the instrument during steering based on the stored three-dimensional model.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the feature of interest is chosen from at least one of an anatomical landmark, a lesion, a polyp, and a location from which a biopsy sample was taken.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic motion controller is further programmed to control a shape of the instrument to propagate the selected three-dimensional curve along the instrument such that the selected three-dimensional curve remains approximately fixed in space as the instrument is advanced distally or withdrawn proximally.
14. The system of claim 1, wherein the path is within at least a part of a patient's colon.
15. The system of claim 1, wherein the instrument is a colonoscope.
16. The system of claim 1, further comprising a motor configured to withdraw the instrument and advance the instrument along the path.
17. A system for controlling movement of a steerable instrument along a path, comprising:
- a flexible and steerable instrument having a proximal portion comprising a plurality of interconnected segments, each segment being coupled with a respective actuator of a plurality of actuators; and
- an electronic motion controller logically coupled to an electronic memory, wherein the electronic motion controller is configured to: selectively steer a distal portion of the instrument in one or both of two steering directions orthogonal to one another and to an advancement direction of the instrument to assume a selected three-dimensional curve during advancement of the instrument along an arbitrary path, generate a three-dimensional model of the selected three-dimensional curve in the electronic memory based on information related to positions of segments of the instrument along a length of the instrument received during advancement of the instrument along the arbitrary path, control at least the proximal portion of the instrument by controlling the actuators to linearly assume the selected three-dimensional curve of the distal portion in an infinitely variable motion while the instrument is advanced distally along the arbitrary path, and propagate a measured length of at least one side of the distal portion from the selected three-dimensional curve to at least one side of the proximal portion while advancing the instrument distally along the arbitrary path.
18. The system of claim 17, further comprising:
- an axial motion transducer configured to detect an axial position of the instrument, the axial position being detected based on the measured length of the at least one side of the distal portion from the selected three-dimensional curve,
- wherein the axial motion transducer is in signal communication with the electronic motion controller to provide the detected axial position to the electronic motion controller.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the electronic motion controller is configured to propagate the selected three-dimensional curve along the instrument such that the selected three-dimensional curve is fixed relative to a point of reference while advancing the instrument distally.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the point of reference is located at a distance from the arbitrary path.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Aug 24, 2015
Date of Patent: Jan 19, 2021
Patent Publication Number: 20150359414
Assignee: INTUITIVE SURGICAL OPERATIONS, INC. (Sunnyvale, CA)
Inventor: Amir Belson (Sunnyvale, CA)
Primary Examiner: Matthew J Kasztejna
Application Number: 14/833,921
International Classification: A61B 1/005 (20060101); A61B 1/008 (20060101); A61B 1/31 (20060101); A61B 5/06 (20060101); A61B 1/00 (20060101); A61B 34/00 (20160101); A61B 34/30 (20160101);