Energy exchange system for conditioning air in an enclosed structure
An energy exchange system that includes a supply air flow path, an exhaust air flow path, an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths, and a supply conditioning unit disposed within the supply air flow path. The supply conditioning unit may be downstream from the energy recovery device.
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The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/449,598 filed Apr. 18, 2012, entitled “Energy Exchange System for Conditioning Air in an Enclosed Structure,” which, in turn, claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/530,810 filed Sep. 2, 2011, entitled “Energy Exchange System for Conditioning Air in an Enclosed Structure,” and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/584,617 filed Jan. 9, 2012, entitled “Energy Exchange System for Conditioning Air in an Enclosed Structure,” all of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe subject matter described herein relates generally to an energy exchange system for conditioning air in an enclosed structure, and more particularly, to an energy exchange system having at least one energy recovery device and a moisture control loop, which may circulate a liquid desiccant, for example.
Enclosed structures, such as occupied buildings, factories and animal barns, generally include a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for conditioning ventilated and/or recirculated air in the structure. The HVAC system includes a supply air flow path and a return and/or exhaust air flow path. The supply air flow path receives air, for example outside or ambient air, re-circulated air, or outside or ambient air mixed with re-circulated air, and channels and distributes the air into the enclosed structure. The air is conditioned by the HVAC system to provide a desired temperature and humidity of supply air discharged into the enclosed structure. The exhaust air flow path discharges air back to the environment outside the structure, or ambient air conditions outside the structure. Without energy recovery, conditioning the supply air typically requires a significant amount of auxiliary energy. This is especially true in environments having extreme outside or ambient air conditions that are much different than the required supply air temperature and humidity. Accordingly, energy exchange or recovery systems are typically used to recover energy from the exhaust air flow path. Energy recovered from air in the exhaust flow path is utilized to reduce the energy required to condition the supply air.
Conventional energy exchange systems may utilize energy recovery devices (for example, energy wheels and permeable plate exchangers) or heat exchange devices (for example, heat wheels, plate exchangers, heat-pipe exchangers and run-around heat exchangers) positioned in both the supply air flow path and the exhaust air flow path. Liquid-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchangers (LAMEEs) are fluidly coupled so that a desiccant liquid flows between the LAMEEs in a run-around loop, similar to run-around heat exchangers that typically use aqueous glycol as a coupling fluid. When the only auxiliary energy used for such a loop is for desiccant liquid circulation pumps and external air-flow fans, the run-around system is referred to as a passive run-around membrane energy exchange (RAMEE) system, otherwise it is an active RAMEE system with controlled auxiliary heat and/or water inputs or extractions.
For the passive RAMEE system with one or more LAMEEs in each of the exhaust and supply air ducts, energy in the form of heat and water vapor is transferred between the LAMEEs in the supply and exhaust ducts, which is interpreted as the transfer of sensible (heat) and latent (moisture) energy between the exhaust air and the supply air. For example, the exhaust air LAMEE may recover heat and moisture from the exhaust air to transfer the heat and moisture to the supply air during winter conditions to heat and humidify the supply air. Conversely, during summer conditions, the supply air LAMEE may transfer heat and moisture from the supply air to the exhaust air to cool and dehumidify the supply air.
A Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) is an example of an HVAC system that typically does not return conditioned air back to the supply stream, but typically conditions ambient air to desired supply air conditions through a combination of heating, cooling, dehumidification, and/or humidification. A typical DOAS may include a vapor compression system or a liquid desiccant system. When the ambient air is hot and humid, the vapor compression system cools the supply air down to its dewpoint in order to dehumidify the air, which typically overcools the air. This process is inefficient because the air typically is reheated before it is supplied.
On the other hand, a liquid desiccant system does not overcool the supply air. However, traditional liquid desiccant systems typically require significantly more energy to condition the air. Moreover, a liquid desiccant system is generally a direct contact system, which is susceptible to transporting aerosolized desiccant downstream, where it may damage HVAC equipment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONCertain embodiments provide an energy exchange system that includes a supply air flow path, an exhaust air flow path, an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths, and a supply conditioning unit disposed within the supply air flow path. The supply conditioning unit may be downstream from the energy recovery device. The system may also include a regenerator disposed within the exhaust air flow path, and a liquid handling device in fluid communication with the supply conditioning unit and the regenerator. The regenerator may be configured to be operated during off-hours to regenerate a desiccant circulated by the liquid handling device. The liquid handling device may contain and circulate one or more of liquid desiccant, water, glycol.
The liquid handling device may include a liquid source. A concentration of liquid within the liquid handling device may be configured to be adjusted through the liquid source.
The liquid handling device may include a moisture transfer loop in fluid communication with a supply loop and a regenerator loop.
The liquid handling device may include a first heat exchanger in a supply fluid path, a second heat exchanger in an exhaust fluid path, and a conditioner, such as a heat exchange device, that circulates heat transfer fluid between the first and second heat exchangers.
The system may also include at least one more conditioner downstream or upstream of the first and second heat exchangers.
The system may also include a moisture transfer loop in fluid communication with a supply loop and a regenerator loop. The moisture transfer loop may include a desiccant supply conduit and a desiccant return conduit. At least portions of the desiccant supply conduit and the desiccant return conduit may contact one another in a manner that facilitates thermal energy transfer therebetween. The desiccant supply conduit may be formed concentric within, or concentric to, the desiccant return conduit. The desiccant supply conduit may be arranged co-radial with the desiccant return conduit with flow occurring in opposite directions through the desiccant supply and return conduits.
The supply conditioning unit may include a liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE).
The system may also include a return air duct that fluidly connects the supply air flow path and the exhaust air flow path. The return air duct may connect to the supply air flow path downstream from the supply conditioning unit.
The system may also include at least one post-conditioner disposed in one or both of the supply air flow path or the return air duct.
The system may also include a pre-conditioner disposed downstream of the energy recovery device and upstream of the supply conditioning unit in the supply air flow path. The system may also include a pre-conditioner disposed downstream of the energy recovery device and the regenerator in the exhaust air flow path.
The system may also include a remote conditioner.
In an embodiment, the supply air flow path and the exhaust air flow path may be connected to a plurality of zone conditioners. The plurality of zone conditioners may include the supply conditioning unit. That is, the supply conditioning unit may be one of the plurality of zone conditioners.
The system may also include at least one control unit that monitors and controls operation of the system. The at least one control unit may operate the system to selectively control one or both of humidity or temperature.
Certain embodiments provide an energy exchange system that includes a supply air flow path, an exhaust air flow path, a supply conditioning unit disposed within the supply air flow path, a regenerator disposed within the exhaust air flow path, and a liquid handling device in fluid communication with the supply conditioning unit and the regenerator. The liquid handling device may include a moisture transfer loop. The liquid handling device may include first and second heat exchangers in fluid communication with a first heat exchange fluid conditioner.
Certain embodiments provide an energy exchange system that includes a supply air flow path, an exhaust air flow path, an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths, a supply liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) disposed within the supply air flow path, wherein the supply LAMEE is downstream from the energy recovery device, an exhaust liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) disposed within the exhaust air flow path, and a liquid handling device in fluid communication with the supply LAMEE and the exhaust LAMEE. The liquid handling device may include a moisture transfer loop in fluid communication with a supply loop and a regenerator loop.
Certain embodiments provide a method of conditioning air comprising introducing outside air as supply air into a supply air flow path, pre-conditioning the supply air with an energy recovery device, and fully-conditioning the supply air with a supply conditioning unit that is downstream from the energy recovery device.
The method may also include regenerating desiccant contained within a liquid handling device with a regenerator disposed within the exhaust air flow path.
The method may also include circulating the desiccant through a moisture transfer loop that is in fluid communication with a supply loop and a regenerator loop.
The method may also include adjusting a concentration of liquid within the liquid handling device.
The method may also include shunting a portion of the exhaust air from the exhaust air flow path to the supply air flow path through a return air duct.
The method may also include directing the portion of the exhaust air to at least one post-conditioner disposed in one or both of the supply air flow path or the return air duct.
The method may also include monitoring and controlling operation with a control unit. The method may also include selectively controlling one or both of humidity or temperature with the control unit.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of certain embodiments will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural of said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly stated. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising” or “having” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular property may include additional such elements not having that property.
Airflow passes from the inlet 104 through the supply flow path 106 where the air first encounters a process side or portion of the energy recovery device 112. As explained in more detail below, the energy recovery device 112 uses exhaust air to pre-condition the supply air within the flow path 106, thereby decreasing the amount of work that the supply LAMEE 114 performs to fully condition the supply air. For example, during a winter mode operation, the energy recovery device 112 may pre-condition the inlet air 108 within the supply flow path 106 by adding heat and moisture. In a summer mode operation, the energy recovery device 112 may pre-condition the air 108 by removing heat and moisture from the air. An additional energy recovery device (not shown) may be positioned downstream from the supply LAMEE 114, and upstream from the enclosed structure 102. Additionally, while the energy recovery device 112 is shown upstream of the supply LAMEE 114 within the supply flow path 106, the energy recovery device 112 may, alternatively, be positioned downstream of the supply LAMEE 114 and upstream of the enclosed structure 102.
After the supply air passes through the energy recovery device 112 in the supply flow path 106, the supply air, which at this point has been pre-conditioned, encounters the supply LAMEE 114. The supply LAMEE 114 then further or fully conditions the pre-conditioned air in the supply flow path 106 to generate a change in air temperature and humidity toward a desired supply state that is desired for supply air discharged into the enclosed structure 102. For example, during a winter mode operation, the supply LAMEE 114 may further condition the pre-conditioned air by adding heat and moisture to the pre-conditioned air in the supply flow path 106. In a summer mode operation, the supply LAMEE 114 may condition the pre-conditioned air by removing heat and moisture from the air in the supply flow path 106. Because the energy recovery device 112 has pre-conditioned the air before the air encounters the supply LAMEE 114, the supply LAMEE 114 does not have to work as hard to fully condition the air. The supply LAMEE 114 partially conditions the air in the supply flow path 106 by changing the temperature and moisture content by only a portion of the range between outside air temperature and moisture conditions and supply air discharge temperature and moisture conditions. The fully-conditioned supply air 116 then has the desired temperature and humidity for air that is supplied to the enclosed structure 102.
Exhaust or return air 118 from the enclosed structure 102 is channeled out of the enclosed structure 102, such as by way of exhaust fan 120 or fan array within an exhaust flow path 122. As shown, the exhaust fan 120 is located upstream of the energy recovery device 112 within the exhaust flow path 122. However, the exhaust fan 120 may be downstream of the energy recovery device 112 within the exhaust flow path 122. Additionally, the exhaust fan 120 may be located downstream of an exhaust LAMEE or regenerator 124 within the exhaust flow path 122. The regenerator 124 operates as a desiccant regenerator for desiccant that flows through the supply LAMEE 114. Optionally, the exhaust fan 120 may be downstream of the energy recovery device 112, but upstream of the regenerator 124 within the exhaust flow path 122.
Before encountering the regenerator 124, the exhaust air 118 first passes through a regeneration side or portion of the energy recovery device 112. The energy recovery device 112 is regenerated by the exhaust air 118 before pre-conditioning the supply air 108 within the supply flow path 106. After passing through the energy recovery device 112, the exhaust air 118 passes through the regenerator 124. Alternatively, however, the regenerator 124 may be located upstream of the energy recovery device 112 along the exhaust flow path 122.
A liquid handling device 126 may be connected between the supply LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124. The liquid handling device 126 may be a liquid desiccant handling device (DHD). The liquid handling device 126 is configured to circulate a liquid, such as a liquid desiccant, between the supply LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124 and to manage energy transfer therebetween.
The liquid handling device 126 sends and receives liquid, such as a desiccant, to and from the supply LAMEE 114 through outlet and inlet lines 128 and 130, respectively. The lines 128 and 130 may be pipes, conduits, or other such structures configured to convey liquid. Additionally, the liquid handling device 126 also sends and receives liquid, such as a desiccant, to and from the regenerator 124 through outlet and inlet lines 132 and 134, respectively. Similar to the lines 128 and 130, the lines 132 and 134 may be pipes, conduits, or other such structure configured to convey liquid.
The liquid handling device 126 may heat or cool the desiccant through a variety of systems, devices, and the like, such as chilled water tubes, waste heat, solar devices, combustion chambers, cogeneration, and the like. The concentration of the desiccant within the liquid handling device 126 may be controlled by diluting it with water and/or cycling it to a regenerator or exhaust LAMEE, such as the regenerator 124.
The desiccant fluid repeatedly flows between the supply LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124 to transfer heat and moisture between the supply LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124. As the desiccant fluid flows between the supply LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124, the desiccant transfers heat and moisture between the supply air 108 and the return air 118.
The liquid source 138 may be a device that may add and/or remove external water and/or desiccant to and from the liquid handling device 126. The liquid source 138 may be in fluid communication with the outlet and inlet lines 132 and 134, respectively. Optionally, the liquid source 138 may be in fluid communication with one or both of the outlet and inlet lines 128 and 130, respectively.
After passing into the liquid handling device 126 from the supply LAMEE 114, the desiccant then passes into a heat exchanger 140, which brings the desiccant into close contact with the heat transfer fluid, such as a refrigerant, water, glycol, or the like, in order to facilitate heat transfer therebetween. The heat transfer fluid is supplied to the heat exchanger 140 through the conditioner 136, such as a heat transfer device. The temperature of the desiccant changes as it passes through the heat exchanger 140. After passing through the heat exchanger 140, the desiccant then passes to the regenerator 124 by way of the outlet line 132.
Desiccant coming from the regenerator 124 passes into the liquid handling device 126 through the inlet line 134. The desiccant is then channeled into a heat exchanger 142, which also brings the desiccant into close contact with the heat transfer fluid, such as refrigerant, water, glycol, or the like, in order to facilitate heat transfer therebetween. As such, the temperature of the desiccant passing through the heat exchanger 142 changes before it passes into the outlet line 128, and into the supply LAMEE 114.
As shown, the liquid handling device 126 may be fluidly connected to one or more peripheral conditioners 144 that are located in air flow paths. The peripheral conditioners 144 may utilize liquid desiccant and may connect to lines 128 and 130 through pipes, conduits, or the like. Alternatively, the peripheral conditioners 144 may use heat transfer fluid from the conditioner 136, such as a heat transfer device, that flows through connective pipes or conduits.
The liquid handling device 126 may also include additional conditioners 144 and 146. The conditioners 144 and 146 may circulate the heat transfer fluid between the conditioner 136 to points before and after the heat exchangers 140 and 142. The conditioner 144 may circulate the heat transfer fluid proximate the inlet line 130 upstream of the heat exchanger 140. Additionally, the conditioner 144 may circulate the heat transfer fluid proximate the outlet line 128 downstream of the heat exchanger 142. In both instances, the conditioner 144 adds another level of heat transfer before and after the main conditioner 136. Similarly, the conditioner 146 may circulate the heat transfer fluid proximate the outlet line 132 downstream of the heat exchanger 140. Additionally, the conditioner 146 may circulate the heat transfer fluid proximate the inlet line 134 upstream of the heat exchanger 142. In both instances, the conditioner 146 adds another level of heat transfer before and after the main conditioner 136.
The conditioner 136, such as a heat transfer device, and the conditioners 144 and 146 may be contained within the liquid handling device 126. Optionally, the conditioner 136 and conditioners 144 and 146, or portions thereof, may be external to the liquid handling device 126. The conditioner 136, for example, may include a compressor, reversing valve, throttling valve, and piping, which, when combined with the heat exchangers 140 and 142 and charged with a refrigerant acts as a heat pump. Alternatively, the liquid handling device 126 may include a chilled water source from internal or external sources (for example, an internal chiller, solar adsorption chiller, geothermal source, or the like), and a hot water source from an external source, such as a boiler, combustion cycle device, solar energy, waster heat, geothermal source, or the like.
As shown in
The amount of desiccant flowing through the moisture transfer loop 148 may be a small fraction of the desiccant flowing through the supply loop 147 and the regenerator loop 149. The desiccant flow rate in the moisture transfer loop 148 may be as great or greater, however, as the flow rate of desiccant through the supply and regenerator loops 147 and 149, respectively. The moisture transfer loop 148 enables desiccant and/or water to be transferred between the supply loop 147 and the regenerator loop 149. The heat exchanger 150 may be used to regulate the heat transfer between the supply loop 147 and the regenerator loop 149, thereby improving the efficiency of the system. Alternatively, the heat exchanger 150 may not be included in the moisture transfer loop 148.
Referring to
Referring to
Additionally, if the liquid handling device 126 contains storage devices, such as reservoirs, the regenerator 124 may be operated during off hours to regenerate the desiccant. During off-hour operations, the conditioner 136, such as a heat transfer device, provides cooling or heating, depending on demands, to the regenerator loop 164, for example, through the heat exchanger 142. In embodiments in which the conditioner 136 includes a compressor and the heat transfer fluid is a refrigerant, a heat exchanger that is external to the system, such as a scavenger coil, may be used to transfer heat with the environment.
An enthalpy wheel is a rotary air-to-air heat exchanger. As shown, supply air within the supply air path 106 passes in a direction counter-flow to the exhaust air within exhaust air path 119. For example, the supply air may flow through the lower half of the wheel, while the exhaust air flows through the upper half of the wheel. The wheel may be formed of a heat-conducting material with an optional desiccant coating.
In general, the wheel may be filled with an air permeable material resulting in a large surface area. The surface area is the medium for sensible energy transfer. As the wheel rotates between the supply and exhaust air flow paths 106 and 122, respectively, the wheel picks up heat energy from the hotter air stream and releases it into the colder air stream. Enthalpy exchange may be accomplished through the use of desiccants on an outer surface, and/or in an air permeable material, of the wheel. Desiccants transfer moisture through the process of adsorption, which is driven by the difference in the partial pressure of vapor within the opposing air streams.
Additionally, the rotational speed of the wheel also changes the amount of heat and moisture transferred. A slowly-turning desiccant coated wheel primarily transfers moisture. A faster turning desiccant coated wheel provides for both heat and moisture transfer.
Optionally, the energy recovery device 112 may be a sensible wheel, a plate exchanger, a heat pipe, a run-around apparatus, a refrigeration loop having a condenser and evaporator, a chilled water coil, or the like.
Alternatively, the energy recovery device 112 may be a flat plate exchanger. A flat plate exchanger is generally a fixed plate that has no moving parts. The exchanger may include alternating layers of plates that are separated and sealed. Because the plates are generally solid and non-permeable, only sensible energy is transferred. Optionally, the plates may be made from a selectively permeable material that allows for both sensible and latent energy transfer.
Also, the energy recovery device 112 may be a heat exchanger, such as shown and described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/910,464 entitled “Heat Exchanger for an Equipment Rack,” filed Oct. 22, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Alternatively, the energy recovery device 112 may be a run-around loop or coil. A run-around loop or coil includes two or more multi-row finned tube coils connected to each other by a pumped pipework circuit. The pipework is charged with a heat exchange fluid, typically water or glycol, which picks up heat from the exhaust air coil and transfers the heat to the supply air coil before returning again. Thus, heat from an exhaust air stream is transferred through multi-row finned tube coils or pipework coil to the circulating fluid, and then from the fluid through the multi-row finned tube pipework or pipework coil to the supply air stream.
Also, alternatively, the energy recovery device 112 may be a heat pipe. A heat pipe includes a sealed pipe or tube made of a material with a high thermal conductivity such as copper or aluminum at both hot and cold ends. A vacuum pump is used to remove all air from the empty heat pipe, and then the pipe is filled with a fraction of a percent by volume of coolant, such as water, ethanol, etc. Heat pipes contain no mechanical moving parts. Heat pipes employ evaporative cooling to transfer thermal energy from one point to another by the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid or coolant.
Referring again, to
If, however, the supply air is cold and dry, the temperature and/or humidity of the supply air will be raised as it encounters the energy recovery device 112. As such, in winter conditions, the energy recovery device 112 warms and/or moisturizes the supply air.
A similar process occurs as the exhaust air encounters the energy recovery device 112 in the exhaust flow path 122. The sensible and/or latent energy transferred to the energy recovery device 112 in the exhaust flow path 122 is then used to pre-condition the air within the supply flow path 106. Overall, the energy recovery device 112 pre-conditions the supply air in the supply flow path 106 before it encounters the supply LAMEE 114, and alters the exhaust air in the flow path 122 before it encounters the regenerator 124. In this manner, the LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124 do not use as much energy as they normally would if the energy recovery device 112 was not in place. Therefore, the LAMEE 114 and the regenerator 124 run more efficiently.
As noted above, however, the supply LAMEE 114 may be upstream of the energy recovery device 112 within the supply flow path 106. Similarly, the regenerator 124 may be upstream of the energy recovery device 112 within the exhaust flow path 122, or in a separate airstream (such as a scavenger or ambient airstream).
After passing through the energy recovery device 112 in the supply flow path 106, the pre-conditioned air next encounters the supply LAMEE 114, which fully conditions the supply air to the desired conditions.
An air inlet 622 is positioned at the air inlet end 606. An air outlet 624 is positioned at the air outlet end 608. Sides 626 extend between the air inlet 622 and the air outlet 624. Each panel in the LAMEE 600 has a semi-permeable membrane length 664, as shown in
An energy exchange cavity 630 extends through the housing of the LAMEE 600. The energy exchange cavity 630 extends from the air inlet end 606 to the air outlet end 608. An air stream 632 is received in the air inlet 622 and flows through the energy exchange cavity 630. The air stream 632 is discharged from the energy exchange cavity 630 at the air outlet 624. The energy exchange cavity 630 includes a plurality of panels 634. Each liquid flow panel forms a liquid desiccant channel 676 that is confined by the semi-permeable membranes 678 on either side and is configured to carry desiccant 641 therethrough. The semi-permeable membranes 678 are arranged in parallel to form air channels 636 with an average flow channel width of 637 and liquid desiccant channels 676 with an average flow channel width of 677. The air stream 632 travels through the air channels 636 between the semi-permeable membranes 678. The desiccant 641 in each desiccant channel 676 exchanges heat and moisture with the air stream 632 in the air channels 636 through the semi-permeable membranes 678.
A desiccant inlet reservoir 638 is positioned on the stepped-up bottom 618. The desiccant inlet reservoir 638 extends a length 639 of the LAMEE body 604. The desiccant inlet reservoir 638 extends a length 639 that is configured to meet a predetermined performance of the LAMEE 600.
The liquid desiccant inlet reservoir 338 is configured to receive desiccant 341 from the liquid handling device 126, shown in
In the illustrated embodiment, the LAMEE 600 includes one liquid desiccant outlet reservoir 646 and one liquid desiccant inlet reservoir 638. Alternatively, the LAMEE 600 may include liquid desiccant outlet reservoirs 646 and liquid desiccant inlet reservoirs 638 on the top and bottom of each end of a LAMEE 600.
The energy exchange cavity 630 has a height 662, a length 664, and a width 666. The height 662 is defined between the top and bottom of the energy exchange cavity 630. The width 666 is defined between the insulation side walls of the energy exchange cavity 630. The length 664 is defined between the air inlet 622 and the air outlet 624 of the energy exchange cavity 630. Each energy exchange panel 634 extends the height 662 and length 664 of the energy exchange cavity 630. The panels 634 are spaced along the width 666 of the energy exchange cavity 630.
For a counter/cross flow LAMEE, the liquid desiccant flow inlet 634 of the desiccant inlet reservoir 638 is in flow communication with the energy exchange cavity 630 at the air outlet end 608 of the LAMEE 600. The liquid desiccant outlet 652 of the desiccant outlet reservoir 646 is in flow communication with the energy exchange cavity 630 at the air inlet end 606 of the LAMEE 600. The desiccant inlet reservoir 638 and the desiccant outlet reservoir 646 are in fluid communication with the liquid channel 676. The panels 634 define a non-linear liquid desiccant flow path 668 between the desiccant inlet reservoir 638 and the desiccant outlet reservoir 646. The flow path 668 illustrates one embodiment of a counter/cross flow path with respect to the direction of the air stream 632. In one embodiment, a desiccant flow direction through the desiccant channels 676 is controlled so that lower density desiccant flows separately from higher density desiccant.
The LAMEE 600 is further described in PCT application No. PCT/US11/41397 entitled “Liquid-To-Air Membrane Energy Exchanger,” filed Jun. 22, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Referring again to
Liquid desiccant within the supply LAMEE 114 passes out of the LAMEE 114 into inlet line 130. At this point, the temperature and water content of the liquid desiccant have both changed, as latent and sensible energy has been transferred from the pre-conditioned air to the liquid desiccant. The pre-conditioned air has now become fully-conditioned and passes out of the LAMEE 114 toward the enclosed structure 102.
The desiccant then passes through the inlet line 130 toward the liquid transfer device 126, such as shown and described in any of
The moisture transfer loop 1128 may include a supply inlet 1162 in fluid communication with the inlet line 130 (shown in
Referring again to
As the conditioned desiccant enters the regenerator 124, latent and sensible energy from the desiccant within the LAMEE 124 is exchanged with the exhaust air passing through the LAMEE 124. The desiccant then absorbs or desorbs energy, depending on the temperature and humidity of the exhaust air within the exhaust flow path 122, and passes into an outlet of the LAMEE 124. In a similar fashion as described above with respect to the moisture transfer loop 1128, a portion of the desiccant from the LAMEE 124 enters the moisture transfer loop 148, 166, or 1128 and tends to equilibrate with the supply desiccant.
As noted, in an embodiment, only a portion of the desiccant from the supply LAMEE 114 and a portion of the desiccant from the regenerator 124 enters the moisture transfer loop 148, 166, or 1128. However, the bulk of the desiccant passes directly into the heat exchangers 140 or 142 that are connected to the conditioner 136, such as a heat transfer device, as discussed with respect to
Additionally, the moisture transfer loop is configured to transfer moisture between the supply and regenerator loops. As an example, during dehumidification, desiccant passing through the supply LAMEE 114 is diluted (decreased in concentration), while the desiccant passing through the regenerator 124 is concentrated. If the supply and regenerator loops are not connected, their concentrations continuously change until they are in equilibrium with their respective airstream and no longer exchange moisture. Connecting the two loops together with the moisture transfer loop allows some of the dilute desiccant from the supply loop to be replaced with some concentrated desiccant from the regenerator loop, and vice versa. The transfer maintains the desired desiccant concentration in the two loops. Also, the mass flow rate of salt between the two loops is equal, thereby resulting in a net moisture transfer from the supply loop to the regenerator loop (in the case of winter) due to the two loops being at different concentrations.
Table 1 shows exemplary temperatures and humidities of air at various points within the system 100 as shown in
As shown in Table 1, the temperature and humidity of the supply air at point A is higher than the pre-conditioned air at point B, which is immediately downstream of the energy recovery device 112. Similarly, the fully-conditioned air at point C, just downstream from the supply LAMEE 114, exhibits a lower temperature and lower humidity relative to the pre-conditioned air at point B.
Next, the exhaust air at point D in the flow path 122 exhibits a lower temperature and lower humidity relative to the air at point E, just downstream of the energy recovery device 112. This is due to the fact that latent and sensible energy transferred from the supply air in the flow path 1106 to the energy recovery device 112 is then transferred to the exhaust air in the flow path 122. As such, the heat and humidity of the energy recovery device 112 is lowered, and the energy recovery device 112 is then equipped to receive additional sensible and latent energy from the supply air within the flow path 106.
Additionally, the temperature and humidity of the exhaust air within the flow path 122 is higher at point F, than at point E. This is because desiccant within the regenerator 124 having relatively high sensible and latent energy transfers a portion of those energies to the exhaust air, which is then vented to the atmosphere, while the desiccant is cooled and dried, and sent back to the liquid handling device 126.
If, however, winter conditions existed in which the incoming supply air was to be heated and humidified, the data would exhibit the opposite trend. That is, at point A, the air temperature would be cooler and drier than at point C, for example. Further, the temperature and humidity at point D would be warmer and more humid than at point F.
Table 2 shows exemplary desiccant solution conditions of air at various points within the liquid handling device 126 (during summer conditions for 2000 cfm) as shown in
As shown above, at point 1 in the liquid handling device 126 shown in
Also, the temperature of the desiccant at point 4, just prior to it entering the regenerator 124 is higher than the temperature of the desiccant at point 5, after the desiccant passes out of the LAMEE 124 into the inlet line 134. However, the temperature of the desiccant at point 6, where it intermingles with desiccant from the supply LAMEE 114 that has passed out of the moisture transfer loop 148, is slightly less than at point 5.
Again, though, if winter conditions existed, the data trend would essentially be the opposite.
Similarly, with respect to
Also, the temperature of the desiccant at point 4, just prior to it entering the regenerator 124 is higher than the temperature of the desiccant at point 5, after the desiccant passes out of the LAMEE 124 into the inlet line 134. However, the temperature of the desiccant at point 6, where it intermingles with portion of the desiccant from the supply LAMEE 114 that has passed out of the moisture transfer loop 148, is slightly less than at point 5.
Again, though, if winter conditions existed, the data trend would essentially be the opposite.
Table 3 below shows the energy transfer between various points in the system 100 (during summer conditions for 2000 cfm):
Again, though, if winter instead of summer, the data trend would essentially be the opposite.
It has been found that the system 100 may achieve combined efficiency (CEF) values that exceed 20, which is significantly higher than conventional energy exchange configurations that typically have CEF values ranging from 12-15. Additionally, it has been found that when the liquid handling device 126 includes a heat pump (such as shown in
Referring to
Referring again to
The post-conditioner 1702 is connected to the liquid handling device 1722 through desiccant supply and return conduits. As such, the liquid handling device 1722 circulates desiccant or another heat transfer fluid to the post-conditioner 1702. Accordingly, the post conditioner 1702 provides supplemental cooling or heating and/or humidification or dehumidification (depending on the time of year and the type of working fluid in the conditioner). In this manner, supply air that enters the supply flow path 1704 at the inlet 1702 is first pre-conditioned by the energy recovery device 1707, then fully conditioned by the supply LAMEE 1708, and then further conditioned by the post-conditioner 1702.
The post-conditioner 1702 may be a heat exchanger, such as a liquid-to-gas coiled heat exchanger, or an energy exchanger, such as a LAMEE. The liquid handling device 1722 circulates either a desiccant or a heat transfer fluid to the post-conditioner 1702. In one embodiment, the liquid handling device 1722 supplies desiccant directly to the post-conditioner 1702 from either a supply loop a regenerator loop.
Additionally, a supply post-conditioner 1915 may be positioned downstream from the energy recovery device 1907, but upstream from the supply LAMEE 1908 in the supply flow path 1904. Further, an exhaust post-conditioner 1925 may be positioned downstream from the energy recovery device 1907, but upstream from the regenerator 1920 in the exhaust air flow path 1919. The post-conditioners 1915 and 1925 are fluidly connected by pipes or conduits to the liquid handling device 1922. The post-conditioners 1915 and 1925 provide another level of conditioning that reduces the work load of the supply and exhaust LAMEEs 1908 and 1920. The post-conditioners 1915 and 1925 provide sensible conditioning, but may also be able to provide latent conditioning.
Alternatively, the supply post-conditioner 1915 may be positioned upstream from the energy recovery device 1907. Also, the exhaust post-conditioner 1925 may be positioned upstream from the energy recovery device 1907. The post-conditioners 1915 and 1925 may be fluidly connected to the liquid handling device 1922 in a variety of ways.
Optionally, the system 1900 may not include the energy recovery device 1907. Also, alternatively, the system 1900 may not include the post-conditioners 1915 and/or 1925.
The energy recovery system 2121 is in fluid communication with a supply air line 2128, which, in turn, branches off to each of the zone conditioners 2122, 2124, and 2126. The zone conditioners 2122, 2124, and 2126 are each, in turn, connected to return line 2130 that is in fluid communication with an exhaust flow path of the energy recovery system 2121. Accordingly, the system 2100 is configured to condition air within multiple zones or rooms.
The zone conditioners 2122, 2124, and 2126 are each fluidly connected to the liquid handling device 2122 through pipes or conduits 2105 that transport desiccant solution, refrigerant, water, glycol, or the like.
The computing device 2202 may be remotely located from the system 2200, and may include a portable computer, a PDA, a cell phone, and the like. Optionally, the computing device 2202 may be a thermostat, humidistat, or the like, having a control unit that includes a processing unit. The computing device includes a processing unit, such as a central processing unit (CPU) that may include a microprocessor, a micro-controller, or equivalent control circuitry, designed specifically to control the system 2200. The CPU may include RAM or ROM memory, logic and timing circuitry, state machine circuitry, and I/O circuitry to interface with the system 2200.
The system 2200 may be operated such that the energy recovery device and the LAMEEs are operated simultaneously to provide both desired temperature and humidity to the enclosed space. Optionally, the computing device 2202 may be operated to selectively switch between the energy recovery device and the LAMEEs and/or other components to control either temperature or humidity independent of one another.
As explained above, embodiments provide an energy exchange system that includes one or both of an energy recovery device upstream of a conditioning unit, such as a LAMEE, and/or a liquid handling device that may include a moisture transfer loop.
As explained above, the energy recovery device uses exhaust air to pre-condition the supply air, thereby decreasing the amount of work that a LAMEE, for example, has to do to fully condition the supply air. The LAMEE further contributes to the efficiency of the system because the LAMEE does not over-cool the air during dehumidification. The membrane in the LAMEE separates the air from the desiccant, thereby preventing the transport of the desiccant in the air and resulting damage.
It should be noted that the LAMEEs and energy recovery devices shown and described are exemplary only and various other LAMEEs and recovery devices may be used with respect to the embodiments.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the various embodiments of the invention without departing from their scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the various embodiments of the invention, the embodiments are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the various embodiments of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void of further structure.
This written description uses examples to disclose the various embodiments of the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various embodiments of the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the various embodiments of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if the examples have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if the examples include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
Claims
1. An energy exchange system comprising:
- a supply air flow path;
- an exhaust air flow path;
- an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths;
- a supply liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) disposed within the supply air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible energy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the supply LAMEE, wherein the supply LAMEE is downstream from the energy recovery device;
- an exhaust LAMEE disposed within the exhaust air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible energy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the exhaust LAMEE; and
- a liquid handling device that receives liquid desiccant from the supply LAMEE and the exhaust LAMEE, the liquid handling device comprising:
- a first heat exchanger that receives and modulates a temperature of liquid desiccant received from the supply LAMEE;
- a second heat exchanger that receives and modulates a temperature of liquid desiccant received from the exhaust LAMEE; and
- a conditioner connected to and circulating a heat transfer fluid between the first and second heat exchangers.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the liquid handling device comprises a moisture transfer loop in fluid communication with a supply loop connected to the supply LAMEE and a regenerator loop connected to the exhaust LAME.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the moisture transfer loop comprises a desiccant supply conduit connected to the supply loop to receive liquid desiccant from the supply LAMEE and a desiccant return conduit connected to the regenerator loop to receive liquid desiccant from the exhaust LAMEE, wherein at least portions of the desiccant supply conduit and the desiccant return conduit contact one another in a manner that facilitates heat transfer between the desiccant received from the supply LAMEE and the desiccant received from the exhaust LAMEE.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a return air duct that fluidly connects the supply air flow path and the exhaust air flow path, wherein the return air duct connects to the supply air flow path downstream from the supply conditioning unit.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a post-conditioner disposed downstream of the energy recovery device and upstream of the supply LAMEE in the supply air flow path.
6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a remote conditioner connected to the liquid handling device to provide local sensible and latent conditioning directly to an interior space of a building.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one control unit that monitors and controls operation of the system, wherein the at least one control unit operates the system to selectively control one or both of humidity or temperature.
8. An energy exchange system comprising:
- a supply air flow path;
- an exhaust air flow path;
- a supply liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) disposed within the supply air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible energy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the supply LAMEE;
- an exhaust LAMEE disposed within the exhaust air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible enemy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the exhaust LAMEE;
- a liquid handling device in fluid communication with the supply LAMEE and the exhaust LAMEE, wherein the liquid handling device comprises a moisture transfer loop, and wherein the moisture transfer loop comprises a desiccant supply conduit that receives liquid desiccant from the supply LAMEE and a desiccant return conduit that receives liquid desiccant from the exhaust LAMEE, wherein at least portions of the desiccant supply conduit and the desiccant return conduit contact one another in a manner that facilitates heat transfer between the desiccant received from the supply LAMEE and the desiccant received from the exhaust LAMEE.
9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a remote conditioner connected to the liquid handling device to provide local sensible and latent conditioning directly to an interior space of a building.
10. An energy exchange system comprising:
- a supply air flow path;
- an exhaust air flow path;
- an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths;
- a supply liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) disposed within the supply air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible energy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the supply LAMEE, wherein the supply conditioning unit is downstream from the energy recovery device;
- an exhaust LAMEE disposed within the exhaust air flow path and configured to exchange at least one of latent and sensible energy between a liquid desiccant and air separated by a semi-permeable membrane within the exhaust LAMEE; and
- a liquid handling device in fluid communication with the supply LAMEE and the exhaust LAMEE, the liquid handling device comprising:
- a first heat exchanger in a supply fluid path connected to the supply LAMEE;
- a second heat exchanger in an exhaust fluid path connected to the exhaust LAMEE;
- a conditioner connected to and circulating a heat transfer fluid between the first and second heat exchangers; and
- a moisture transfer loop in fluid communication with the supply fluid path and the exhaust fluid path and configured to exchange heat between liquid desiccant from the supply LAMEE and liquid desiccant from the exhaust LAMEE.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the moisture transfer loop comprises:
- a desiccant supply conduit that receives liquid desiccant from the supply LAMEE and a desiccant return conduit that receives liquid desiccant from the exhaust LAMEE, wherein at least portions of the desiccant supply conduit and the desiccant return conduit contact one another in a manner that facilitates heat transfer between the desiccant from the supply LAMEE and the desiccant from the exhaust LAMEE.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Jun 17, 2016
Date of Patent: Feb 23, 2021
Patent Publication Number: 20160290666
Assignee: Nortek Air Solutions Canada, Inc. (Saskatoon)
Inventors: Ken Coutu (Saskatoon), Howard Brian Hemingson (Saskatoon), Manfred Gerber (Saskatoon)
Primary Examiner: Travis C Ruby
Application Number: 15/185,180