Transparent waveguide display for tiling a display having plural optical powers using overlapping and offset FOV tiles
One embodiment provides an apparatus for displaying an image comprising: a first optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate light in a first direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the first optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract the light from the first substrate along the first direction; and a second optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate the light in a second direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the second optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract light from the second substrate along the second direction; wherein the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises an SBG in a passive mode.
Latest Digilens Inc. Patents:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/943,590, filed Apr. 2, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/044,676, filed Oct. 2, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/796,632, filed Nov. 16, 2012, and 61/849,853, filed Feb. 4, 2013, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
There is a need for a compact transparent data display capable of displaying image content ranging from symbols and alphanumeric arrays to high-resolution pixelated images. Examples of transparent displays include HMDs, HUDs, HDDs and others. One important factor in each case is that the display should be highly transparent and the displayed image content should be clearly visible when superimposed over a bright background scene. The display should provide full color with an enhanced color gamut for optimal data visibility and impact—although monochrome will suffice in many applications. One important factor for Helmet Mounted Displays is that the display should be easy to attach to standard helmets or replicas thereof designed for training. The eye relief and pupil should be big enough to avoid image loss during head movement even for demanding military and sports activities. The image generator should be compact, solid state and have low power consumption. In automotive applications the ergonomic demands are equally challenging and aesthetic considerations make yet further demands on the form factor of the display, which ideally should be capable of being hidden within a dashboard when not in use. There is a growing need for more compact, cheaper and more efficient designs in many other application areas. The inventors note the growing demand for HUDs in airliners and small aircraft. Car manufactures are also looking to provide HUDs and HDDs in their future models. The systems described herein may be applicable to a helmet mounted head worn display for use in Augmented Immersive Team Training (AITT), essentially a live simulated training system for observer training that augments or replaces indirect fires and aircraft sorties needed to certify or sustain observer skills.
The above goals are not achieved by current technology. Current designs only manage to deliver see-through, adequate pupils, eye relief and field of view and high brightness simultaneously at the expense of cumbersome form factors. In many helmet-mounted display designs, weight is distributed in the worst possible place, in front of the eye. The most common approach to providing see-through displays relies on reflective or diffractive visors illuminated by off axis light. Microdisplays, which provide high-resolution image generators in tiny flat panels, do not necessarily help with miniaturization because the need for very high magnifications inevitably results in large diameter optics. The ideal transparent display is one that: firstly, preserves situational awareness by offering a panoramic see-through view with high transparency; and secondly, provides high-resolution, wide-field-of-view imagery. Such a system should also be unobtrusive; that is, compact, light-weight, and comfortable, where comfort comes from having a generous exit pupil and eye motion box/exit pupil (>15 mm), adequate eye relief (>25 mm), ergonomic center of mass, focus at infinity, and compatibility with protective head gear. Current and future conventional refractive optics cannot satisfy this suite of demands. Other important discriminators include: full color capability, field of view, pixel resolution, see-throughness (transparency), luminance, dynamic grayscale and power consumption levels. Even after years of highly competitive development, head-mounted displays based on refractive optics exhibit limited fields of view and are not adequately compact, light-weight, or comfortable.
Displays based on waveguide technology substrate guided displays have demonstrated the capability of meeting many of these basic demands. The concept has been around for well over a decade. Of particular relevance is a U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,842 awarded to Kaiser Optical Systems Inc. in 1999 which teaches how light can be coupled into a waveguide by employing a diffractive element at the input and coupled out of the same waveguide by employing a second diffractive element at the output. According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,842, the light incident on the waveguide needs to be collimated in order to maintain its image content as it propagates along the waveguide. That is, the light must be collimated before it enters the waveguide. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways and is not a concern here. With this design approach, light leaving the waveguide will be naturally collimated, which is the condition needed to make the imagery appear focused at infinity. Light propagates along a waveguide only over a limited range of internal angles. Light propagating parallel to the surface will (by definition) travel along the waveguide without bouncing. Light not propagating parallel to the surface will travel along the waveguide bouncing back and forth between the surfaces, provided the angle of incidence with respect to the surface normal is greater than some critical angle. For BK-7 glass, this critical angle is approximately 42 degrees. This can be lowered slightly by using a reflective coating (but this unfortunately diminishes the see-through performance of the substrate) or by using a higher-index material. Regardless, the range of internal angles over which light will propagate along the waveguide does not vary significantly. Thus, for glass, the maximum range of internal angles is <50 degrees. This translates into a range of angles exiting the waveguide (i.e., angles in air) smaller than 40 degrees and generally less, when other design factors are taken into account. To date, Substrate Guided Optics (SGO) technology has not gained wide-spread acceptance. This is largely due to the fact that waveguide optics can be used to expand the exit pupil but they cannot be used to expand the field of view or improve the digital resolution. That is, the underlying physics, which constrains the range of internal angles that can undergo TIR within the waveguide, limits the achievable field of view with waveguide optics to at most 40° and the achievable digital resolution to that of the associated imager. Nevertheless, the lure of a compact, light-weight HMD based on waveguide optics continues to inspire interest. One way to create a much larger field of view is to parse it into a set of smaller fields of view (each compatible with the optical limitations of the waveguide) and to time sequentially display them rapidly enough that the eye perceives them as a unified wide-angle display. One way to do this is with holographic elements that can be sequentially switched on and off very rapidly such as a Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG).
The optical design benefits of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are well known including unique and efficient form factors and the ability to encode complex optical functions such as optical power and diffusion into thin layers. Bragg gratings (also commonly termed volume phase grating or holograms), which offer the highest diffraction efficiencies, have been widely used in devices such as Head Up Displays (HUDs). An important class of Bragg grating devices is known as a Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG). An SBG is a diffractive device formed by recording a volume phase grating, or hologram, in a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) mixture. Typically, SBG devices are fabricated by first placing a thin film of a mixture of photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystal material between parallel glass plates or substrates. Techniques for making and filling glass cells are well known in the liquid crystal display industry. One or both glass substrates support electrodes, typically transparent indium tin oxide films, for applying an electric field across the PDLC layer. Other types of transparent conductive coating may also be used. A volume phase grating is then recorded by illuminating the liquid material with two mutually coherent laser beams, which interfere to form the desired grating structure. During the recording process, the monomers polymerize and the holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLC) mixture undergoes a phase separation, creating regions densely populated by liquid crystal micro-droplets, interspersed with regions of clear polymer. The alternating liquid crystal-rich and liquid crystal-depleted regions form the fringe planes of the grating. The resulting volume phase grating can exhibit very high diffraction efficiency, which may be controlled by the magnitude of the electric field applied across the PDLC layer. When an electric field is applied to the hologram (e.g., a suitably optimized hologram) via transparent electrodes, the natural orientation of the LC droplets is changed causing the refractive index modulation of the fringes to reduce and the hologram diffraction efficiency to drop to very low levels. Note that the diffraction efficiency of the device can be adjusted, by means of the applied voltage, over a continuous range from near 100% efficiency with no voltage applied to almost zero efficiency with a sufficiently high voltage applied. SBGs may be used to provide transmission or reflection gratings for free space applications. SBGs may be implemented as waveguide devices in which the HPDLC forms either the waveguide core or an evanescently coupled layer in proximity to the waveguide. In one particular configuration to be referred to here as Substrate Guided Optics (SGO), the parallel glass plates used to form the HPDLC cell provide a total internal reflection (TIR) light guiding structure. Light is “coupled” out of the SBG when the switchable grating diffracts the light at an angle beyond the TIR condition. SGOs are currently of interest in a range of display and sensor applications. Although much of the earlier work on HPDLC has been directed at reflection holograms, transmission devices are proving to be much more versatile as optical system building blocks.
Typically, the HPDLC used in SBGs comprise liquid crystal (LC), monomers, photoinitiator dyes, and coinitiators. The mixture frequently includes a surfactant. The patent and scientific literature contains many examples of material systems and processes that may be used to fabricate SBGs. Two fundamental patents are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,157 by Sutherland, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,452 by Tanaka et al. Both filings describe monomer and liquid crystal material combinations suitable for fabricating SBG devices.
One of the known attributes of transmission SBGs is that the LC molecules tend to align normal to the grating fringe planes. The effect of the LC molecule alignment is that transmission SBGs efficiently diffract P polarized light (i.e., light with the polarization vector in the plane of incidence), but have nearly zero diffraction efficiency for S polarized light (i.e., light with the polarization vector normal to the plane of incidence. Transmission SBGs may not be used at near-grazing incidence as the diffraction efficiency of any grating for P polarization falls to zero when the included angle between the incident and reflected light is small. A glass light guide in air will propagate light by total internal reflection if the internal incidence angle is greater than about 42 degrees. Thus the invention may be implemented using transmission SBGs if the internal incidence angles are in the range of 42 to about 70 degrees, in which case the light extracted from the light guide by the gratings will be predominantly p-polarized. Normally SBGs diffract when no voltage is applied and are switching into their optically passive state when a voltage is applied at other times. However SBGs can be designed to operate in reverse mode such that they diffract when a voltage is applied and remain optically passive at all other times. Methods for fabricating reverse mode SBGs are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/573,066 with filing date 24 Aug. 2012 by the present inventors entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES. The same reference also discloses how SBGs may be fabricated using flexible plastic substrates to provide the benefits of improved ruggedness, reduce weight and safety in near eye applications.
In a prior filing the inventors have disclosed a waveguide (SGO) display that produces a large field of view by parsing it into a set of smaller fields of view (each compatible with the optical limitations of the waveguide) and to time sequentially display them so fast that the eye perceives them as a unified image. This process is sometimes referred to as field of view tiling. One way to do this is with holographic elements that can be sequentially switched on and off very rapidly. In an earlier PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2010/000835, with International Filing date 26 Apr. 2010, by the present inventors entitled COMPACT HOLOGRAPHIC EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, the inventors have shown how multiple SBGs can be stacked together in the same waveguide and activated in rapid succession to time-sequentially tile a high-resolution, ultra-wide-field of view. Moreover, each subfield of view has the full digital resolution of the associated imager, allowing the formation of images that approach or even exceed the visual acuity limit of the human eye. While the tiling disclosed in this earlier filing overcomes the twin deficiencies of standard guided-wave architectures: limited field of view and limited pixel resolution, it has limitations when it is necessary to tile vertically and horizontally over large fields of view. For monochrome displays with modest FOV and expansion in only one direction, tiling can be accomplished by simply stacking the grating planes. However, when the field of view is expanded in both directions and color is added, the number of layers needed with this approach quickly becomes impractical. Each subfield of view is limited by the diffraction efficiency and angular bandwidth of the SBG. SBG grating devices typically have angular bandwidths in air of approximately ±5° (subject to material properties, index modulation beam geometry and thickness). The inventors have found that larger angles can be achieved in practice by using thinner SBGs typically, smaller than 3 microns. The increased bandwidth resulting from thinner SBGs will result in lower peak diffraction efficiency. Therefore it is usually necessary to increase the refractive index modulation. One way to avoid the need for separate RGB SBGs is to use multiplexed SBGs, in which the illumination is provided from opposite ends of the light guide as R and B/G illumination, compromising the color gamut somewhat. However, multiplexed gratings raise issues of fabrication complexity and cross talk.
An elegant solution to the tiling problem disclosed in United States Provisional patent with a filing date of 25 Apr. 2012 by the present inventors entitled WIDE ANGLE COLOR HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY, is to compress the stack by interlacing or tessellating the SBGs, as opposed to simply stacking the gratings. The display disclosed in Application No. 61/687,436 comprises two elements: firstly, a multilayer waveguide device comprises layers of tessellated SBG arrays referred to as the DigiLens and, secondly, an optical system for providing input image data from one or more microdisplays referred to as an Input Image Node (IIN) which, in addition to the microdisplays, contains laser illumination modules, collimation and relay optics waveguide links and grating devices. The same terminology will be retained for the purposes of describing the present invention. In very basic terms the DigiLens provides the eyepiece while the IIN provides a compact image generation module that will typically be located above or to the side of the DigiLens according to the ergonomic constraints of the application. In Application No. 61/687,436, all SBG elements sharing a given prescription are activated simultaneously such that they diffract collimated wave guided image light into a predetermined FOV tile. The number of images that can be tiled is only limited by the input display refresh rate. The SBG elements would typically be a few millimeters in size. While this approach achieves significant economy in terms of layers, it suffers from the problems of illumination ripple owing to tessellated grating pattern used in the DigiLens), scatter from electrodes, and general optical and electrical complexity.
The motivation behind the present disclosure is to reduce the need for tessellating the DigiLens. A further problem of the prior art is that coupling the IIN output image into the waveguides is very inefficient, thus resulting in thick waveguides. A more efficient way of sampling the input image field is needed overcome this problem.
SUMMARYIn view of the foregoing, the Inventors have recognized and appreciated the advantages of a display and more particularly to a transparent display that combines Substrate Guided Optics (SGO) and Switchable Bragg Gratings (SBGs).
Accordingly, provided in one aspect of some embodiments is an apparatus for displaying an image, the apparatus comprising: a first optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate light in a first direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the first optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract the light from the first substrate along the first direction; and a second optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate the light in a second direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the second optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract light from the second substrate along the second direction. The at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates may comprise an SBG in a passive mode.
In one embodiment, the at least one waveguide of at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises a plurality of grating laminas, at least two of the plurality having the same surface grating frequency.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises non-switching Bragg grating recorded in a HPDLC material in at least one of forward and reverse modes. While the grating lamina may be an SBG in some instances, it need not be. Other types of suitable materials may also be used.
In one embodiment, the first and second optical substrates comprise an SBG in a passive mode.
In one embodiment, at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises a plurality of waveguide layers, and each of the pluralities of waveguide layers is configured to propagate at least one of red, green, blue, blue/green mixed light, and one of a multiplicity of sub Field of Views (FOVs). In one instance, at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises a plurality of waveguide layers, and when the plurality comprises three waveguide layers, the three waveguide layers are configured to propagate red, green, and blue light. Alternatively, when the plurality comprises two waveguide layers, the three waveguide layers are configured to propagate red light and mixed blue and green light.
In one embodiment, the at least one waveguide layer of the at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises holograms with superimposed different color prescriptions.
In one embodiment, the at least one waveguide layer in at least one of the first and second optical substrates is lossy.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates has a thickness that is less than about 3 microns. For example, the thickness may be less than about 2.5 microns, 2 microns, 1.5 microns, 1.2 microns, 1 micron, 0.5 micron, or even smaller.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates has a varying thickness along the respective direction of light propagation.
In one embodiment, the apparatus described herein is a part of a device, wherein the device is a part of at least one of HMD, HUD, and HDD.
Provided in another aspect of some embodiments is an apparatus for displaying an image comprising: an input image node for providing image modulated light; a first optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate the modulated light in a first direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the first optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract the modulated light from the first substrate along the first direction; a second optical substrate comprising at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate the modulated light in a second direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the second optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract the modulated light from the second substrate along the second direction. The at least one grating lamina of the first optical substrate may be configured to couple the modulated light into the first substrate. The at least one grating lamina of the second optical substrate may be configured to couple the modulated light extracted from the first substrate into the second substrate. The at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates may have a k-vector that varies along the respective direction of light propagation.
In one embodiment, the input image node comprises at least one of microdisplay, laser, and collimating optics. A microdisplay may be any type of microdisplay commonly used, including, for example, an emissive microdisplay. An emissive microdisplay may be an OLED, a QPI, and the like.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates has a varying thickness. For example, the thickness may increase in a direction that is at least one of (i) parallel to a direction of the light propagation and (ii) orthogonal to the light propagation. Alternatively, the thickness may increase and then decrease (or vice versa) along the aforedescribed direction. The geometry is not limited.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates comprises an SBG that is in a switching mode or in a passive mode.
In one embodiment, the at least one grating lamina in at least one of the first and second substrates comprises multiplex gratings of at least two different monochromatic prescriptions.
In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises multiple grating laminas having the same surface grating frequency but different k-vectors, wherein the multiple grating laminas are configured to divide the input image field of view into multiple angular intervals.
In one embodiment, at least one of the first and second optical substrates is curved in at least one orthogonal plane.
In one embodiment, the light extracted from the first and second optical substrates provides uniform illumination in any field of view direction.
Provided in another aspect of some embodiments is a method of displaying an image, the method comprising: coupling a modulated light from an input image into a first optical substrate; extracting the light from the first substrate; and coupling the extracted light from the first substrate into the second substrate. The first optical substrate may comprise at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate light in a first direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the first optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract light from the first substrate along the first direction. The second optical substrate may comprise at least one waveguide layer configured to propagate light in a second direction, wherein the at least one waveguide layer of the second optical substrate comprises at least one grating lamina configured to extract light from the second substrate along the second direction. The at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates may comprise an SBG in a passive mode.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises sampling the input image into a plurality of angular intervals, each of the plurality of angular intervals having an effective exit pupil that is a fraction of the size of the full pupil. In one stance, this surprisingly provides an advantage that the thickness of the first waveguide can be much smaller in comparison to pre-existing devices. Accordingly, the size and placement of the input gratings may be advantageously affected.
In one embodiment, the method further comprising improving the displaying of the image by modifying at least one of the following of the at least one grating lamina of at least one of the first and second optical substrates: grating thickness, refractive index modulation, k-vector roll profile, surface grating period, and hologram-substrate index difference.
Provided in another embodiment is an apparatus for displaying an image comprising: an input image node for providing image modulated light; first and second optical waveguiding substrates; a first optical means for coupling image modulated light into said first substrate; and a second optical means for coupling light extracted from the first substrate into the second substrate. The first optical substrate comprises at least one waveguiding layer that propagates light in a first direction. Each waveguiding layer contains at least one grating lamina operative to extract light from the first substrate, the light extraction taking place along the first direction. The second optical substrate comprise at least one waveguiding layer. Each waveguiding layer propagates light in a second direction. Each waveguiding layer contains at least one grating lamina operative to extract light for display from the second substrate, the light extraction taking place along the second direction. In one embodiment the first optical substrate selectively samples portions of the image modulated light, each portion being characterized by either angular field or spatial field.
It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.
The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements).
Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and embodiments of, inventive a transparent display. It should be appreciated that various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as the disclosed concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes.
The invention will now be further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with some or all of the present invention as disclosed in the following description. For the purposes of explaining the invention well-known features of optical technology known to those skilled in the art of optical design and visual displays have been omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the basic principles of the invention. Unless otherwise stated the term “on-axis” in relation to a ray or a beam direction refers to propagation parallel to an axis normal to the surfaces of the optical components described in relation to the invention. In the following description the terms light, ray, beam and direction may be used interchangeably and in association with each other to indicate the direction of propagation of light energy along rectilinear trajectories. Parts of the following description will be presented using terminology commonly employed by those skilled in the art of optical design. It should also be noted that in the following description of the invention repeated usage of the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.
The present invention is made possible by two fundamental properties of SBGs that have not been exploited to date firstly the relatively wide angular bandwidth of Bragg gratings in the plane orthogonal to the plane of diffraction and secondly the wide angular bandwidths resulting from making SBGs very thin. As a result, the constraints of limiting the size of FOV tiles to around 10°×10° does not apply in this instance, thereby leading to the tessellation approach discussed above. Fewer bigger tiles may now be used as a result. As is shown in the following description the needed FOV may be divided into two tiles with one DigiLens for each. Other numbers of tiles may also be possible. With respect to the optical design this new approach may minimize, if not eliminate entirely, the problem of illumination ripple. By making the DigiLens passive the problems of scatter from electrodes and the not insignificant problems of wiring up large matrices of tessellation elements may be avoided. A passive SBG is no different from a switching SDBG in terms of its HPDLC formulation and recording process. The only difference is that no electrodes are needed. The diffracting properties of an SBG are normally specified in the tangential plane. In a grating design to diffract light in a plane, the tangential plane is the plane containing the incident and diffracted ray vectors and the grating vector. Following geometrical optical theory the plane orthogonal to the tangential plane is referred to as the sagittal plane.
The inventors have already demonstrated that thin SBG gratings provide very wide angular bandwidths. An experimental SBG waveguide made using a low index modulation SBG RMLCM formulation has been shown to have a FWHM bandwidth of 21° with a 1 micron thick SBG layer.
In the following description many references to gratings are made, which should generally be understood to mean a Bragg grating and desirably an SBG. In many cases the SBGs will be operated in their normal switching mode as described above. However, in some cases SBGs will be used in a passive (e.g., completely passive) mode that is they will not be switchable. A non switching SBG is superior to a conventional passive hologram for the reason that the LC component of the HPDLC entangles much higher refractive index modulations than can be achieved in conventional holographic photopolymers. In certain embodiments of the invention the display will use a mixture of switching and non switching SBGs. The DigiLens output gratings will always be passive (non-switching), however. In one particular class of embodiments the displays will use all passive SBGs.
A transparent display according to the principles of the invention is illustrated schematically in
This helps to homogenize peak and edge angular variations, particularly at the thicker end of the waveguide where the DE curve narrows. The diffracted light 1002 has its polarisation rotated through 90 degrees (becoming S-polarised) by the HWF and therefore passes the second waveguide 102 without deviation since SBGs have relative low DE for S-polarised light. Note that one DigiLens® layer emits S-polarized light while the other emits P-polarised light. However, each SBG layer is P-diffracting.
The Horizontal Beam Expander (HBE) indicated by the labels HBE1, HBE2 (also referenced by the numerals (104,105) is a multilayer SBG waveguide using lossy high ABW gratings to expand the image light across a large pupil. In the above described embodiment the HBE runs along the top edge of the DigiLens. The HBE will be discussed in more detail later. Note that air gap between the front and rear DigiLens® elements. This may be replaced by a suitable low (near unity) index material. Since the output image light is a mixture of P and S polarized light it may be necessary to mount a quarter wave film on the output surface of the DigiLens for compatibility with Polaroid type eye ware which would otherwise result in the loss of half of the field of view.
Although it is referred to an HBE (and a VBE in an earlier filing) the terms horizontal and vertical in this context only have significance for the purposes of illustrating the invention In practice the invention allows many different configurations of the comments and several different ways of implement the beam steering the beam expansion may be vertical or horizontal. With regard to the term waveguide it should be noted that these may actually comprise multiple isolated waveguides stacked in layers. Finally with regard to grating components it should be understood that each of the three grating components may contain multiple gratings stack in layers, disposed adjacently in a single layer or holographically multiplexed in a single layer. The basic building block of the displays discloses is a waveguide containing a grating, normally a Bragg grating. As will be seen the function can in certain embodiments be accomplished with as few as one waveguide layer. However the number of waveguide layers will depend on the size of field of view and the color needed. The grating may be switchable (SBG) or it may be passive, that is, non switchable. Although in principle, any type of Bragg grating may be used to provide a passive grating. There is a strong advantage in using an SBG with no electrodes. SBG material has the advantage that the mixture of LC and polymer affords higher refractive index modulation than that of conventional holographic polymer materials. In the preferred embodiment of the invention n the output waveguide component uses only non tessellated passive gratings. This minimizes the potential problems of scatter from electrodes and illumination non uniformities. Term grating is employed to refer to a Bragg grating unless otherwise specified. Passive grating means a grating that is not electrically switched.
The display is shown in more detail in
While the present invention has many applications in the field of transparent visual displays it is first considered one particular application namely a Helmet Mounted Display for Augmented Reality (AR) application. The objective in this case is to meet the 52° H×30° V monocular field of view specification while achieving all of our original goals of high transparency, high resolution, ultra compact (thin) form factor, light weight and generous exit pupil. The target specifications are summarized in Table 1.
The important components of the display are illustrated in the schematic three dimensional drawing of
The DIGI-I is the most challenging grating in the system since it needs high input coupling efficiency at the projected pupil output point from the HBE-O, across the full angular range. The DIGI-I gratings switch, sampling the 52° horizontal×30° vertical field output by the HBE-O into the two DigiLens waveguides. It is desirable that this grating needs a high angular bandwidth and high DE. The DIGI-I comprises 2 SBGs each operating over 8.5° angular bandwidths overlapping to provide at least 15°. DIGI-I uses two 3 micron SBGs of DE approximately 87% with angular bandwidth of 8.5°-9.0° in air. The vertical field from −15° to 0° is switched by DIGI-I1 and the vertical field from 0° to +15° into DIGI-2. Hence DIGI-I1 provides 52° horizontal×−15° vertical and DIGI-I2 provides 52° horizontal×+15° vertical. All gratings in the DIGI-O are passive, and therefore can be thin gratings. One of each pair is for red and the other for blue/green. DIGI-O1 the rear grating providing the lower 15° and the front grating DIGI-O2 providing the upper 15° giving a total 52° horizontal×30° vertical. As shown in
A flow chart representing the interaction between the IIN, HBE and DigiLens in the image formation process is provided in
In one embodiment shown in
In one embodiment the two stacked DIGI-I gratings may be provided in each DigiLens waveguide to increase the angular bandwidth.
An important feature of the optical design is that the gratings used in one or both of the HBE and DigiLens will have a tailored DE profile achieved by varying the thickness of the gratings along the propagation direction as shown in
A refractive index of approximately 1.585 is needed to support waveguide TIR angles typically not greater than 70° with respect to the TIR surface. In general it is desirable to limit the use of higher angles within the waveguide to avoid low numbers of interactions of the ray bundle with outcoupling grating which creates gaps in the waveguide. Higher angles (approximately 85°) can lead to image fold over where gratings are designed to provide very high angular bandwidth. Polycarbonates will enable a TIR angles up to approximately 72°.
While a monochrome display can be achieved with mostly passive grating components, in the case of a full color display HBE-I and HBE-O and the DigiLens input gratings DIGI-I are active with the only passive grating being the output grating DIGI-O. A further difference between monochrome and color HMDs is that in the latter separate waveguides are used in the HBE and to cover red and blue/green wavelengths.
The ray paths for red light are indicated by the rays 1071, 1073, 1075. The ray paths for the blue/green light are indicated by 1070, 1072, 1074. As shown in the drawing, some of this light will couple into the second waveguide doublet, that is the light paths indicated by 1076, 1078 (blue/green) and 1077, 1079 (red). The risk of light diffracted from the rear waveguide interacting with the light on the layer above and coupling back into the waveguide is avoided in our HMD design. The red and blue/green gratings do not cross-couple due to the polarization management. Each color channel can cross couple with itself. However, this is mitigated by TIR occurring in the forward grating and reciprocity ensuring that outcoupling is in the correct output direction. The offset of the front and rear out-coupled beams due the staggered path helps to homogenize the output light. The effects on throughput of light getting re-coupled back into the DigiLens® are negligibly small. To provide immunity from grating coupling a HWP can be introduced at one layer in the passive waveguide stack. A half wave retarder layer converts the rear output light from P to S. The SBG gratings are P-sensitive only, and so this prevents re-coupling of the light with gratings in front. A 10° rake angle alleviates demands on grating prescription affording higher ABW and lower chromatic dispersion. This enables shared blue/green gratings. However, in most embodiments of the invention red may need a separate grating.
The graph in
In an alternative embodiment of the invention similar to the one of
An IIN design for use with the invention is shown in
Light is projected from each LCoS at F/2.8 (focal length: 5.65 mm.) to provide a FOV of 26° H×30° V. Light enters the HBE-I grating at angles from 0° to +26°. The IIN is inclined at angle of 13°. For a typical 0° (input)/52° (in glass) grating, angular this increases angular bandwidth is increased by approximately 20%. Note that red colored rays in
In one embodiment there is no hard physical stop in the projection optics but instead a projected stop is provided. The benefits of a projected stop are decreased waveguide thickness. In one embodiment the stop is projected midway up the HBE to minimize aperture diameter within the waveguides, and hence minimizing the aperture width of the DigiLens waveguide coupler.
In one embodiment a graduated reflection profile underneath the SBG layer is used to control (or assist) with grating DE variation along length of the DigiLens waveguides. This normally achieved in SBG grating using index modulation. This may offer advantages the HBE where a low percentage of light is out coupled in 1st bounce, but high percentage is coupled out at the other end of the waveguide.
The volume of the IIN design is currently ×20×40 cubic mm. However, it will be clear from consideration of the drawings that there are many different ways to reduce the overall volume of the IIN design. For example the refractive elements of the design such as the bird bath mirror and the projection lens system could be replaced by diffractive optical elements. An SBG waveguide could be introduced in front of the microdisplay to provide a polarizing grating beamsplitter for illuminating the microdisplay and allowing polarization rotated reflected light to proceed through said wave guided towards the curved mirror.
In one embodiment illustrated in
In any of the embodiments of the invention efficient waveguiding may need that the TIR beams are confined between low index media. Air gaps are difficult to fabricate and maintain while the refractive indices of currently available low index materials such as Magnesium Fluoride (1.46) and Silicon Dioxide (1.39) are much too high to meet the tight TIR angle constraints needed in full color implementations of the HMD. The proposed solution is to use nanoporous (Mesoporous Silicon) materials. Nanoporous materials (e.g., mesoporous Silicon) are currently being used in many optical applications including anti reflection coatings and planar optical waveguides. Their high porosity enables the fabrication of high-quality low-dielectric constant thin films. Nanoporous materials can be fabricated in thin layers in a single coating step. To achieve very low, near unity, index the porosities need to be very high, approaching 95%. High transparency and low index can be achieved simultaneously with these films. Since they are highly efficient at absorbing water they must be carefully sealed against moisture. The best approach may be to seal the passive gratings, HWP and material together. SBG Labs is also investigating the potential role of nanoporous materials as high refractive index media. This would increase the range of TIR angles that can be sustained in our waveguides with potential for increasing the horizontal FOV from 40° to around 45°. Nanoporous materials are currently being used in many optical applications including anti reflection coatings and planar optical waveguides. It is reasonable to assume therefore that the technology will be accessible for our project. The manufacturing process should be translatable to specification desired. Nanoporous materials can be fabricated in single coating step. Alternatively graded index multi layer architectures can be used. SBG Labs is also investigating the potential role of nanoporous materials as high refractive index media. This would increase the range of TIR angles that can be sustained in our waveguides. In summary the chief benefits are a monolithic structure will provide greater mechanical stability and durability and better beam confinement leading to higher FOV.
Embodiments for Automotive HUDs
As already discussed, the invention may be used in many different applications. Some embodiments of the invention directed specifically at automobile HUDs will be discussed in the following paragraphs.
In one embodiment waveguide a DigiLens may be used to form a pixelated collimated image. A simple classical analogue of such a display which is shown in the schematic side elevation view of
In one embodiment a DigiLens as described above may be configured to provide a mirror.
In most applications of the invention the preferred light source is a laser particular where tight constraints on collimating and waveguide confinement need to be met. However, the invention may, with some modifications, be applied using LEDs and other relatively narrow band incoherent light source.
In one embodiment illustrated in
In one embodiment the DigiLens is formed as a flexible layer 371 that can be bonded onto an existing windscreen 370 to the inner or exterior surfaces as shown in
Alternatively, the DigiLens layers can be integrated within a windscreen as part of the screen fabrication process as shown in
In one embodiment shown in
In one embodiment shown in
It should be apparent from the drawing and early description that in this case and indeed in most of the embodiment of the inventions the HBE-I and HBE-O and the DIGI-I and DIGI-O may be implemented in a single SBG layer. However while this reduce the number of layers overall there is the penalty the overall size of the display will increase. The widths of the HBE and DIGI-O will to a large extend be terminated by the microdisplay dimensions and the field of view needed. While in HUD and HDD applications the space needed to implement the DIGI-O and HBE components are small relative to the size of the DIGI-O, the trade-off becomes more challenging in HMD and near eye applications which will use similar size microdisplays and will have more demanding FOV demand, which will further increase the relative widths of the HBE and DIG-I waveguides.
In a further embodiment of the invention directed at a color display illustrated in
Typically the DigiLens will be inclined at a rake angle of around 10° to enable the most favorable diffraction angles within the waveguides as shown in
In auto HMDs fields of view are relatively modest compared with those of HMDs a field of view of 10 degree vertical by 25 deg. horizontal is considered to be a long term goal. Such angular content can easily be handled by a waveguide using a single layer SBG. However since there is interest in color this will make further demands on the information handling capacity of the waveguides In one embodiment shown in
The integration of the DigiLens into the windscreen is shown in
The color multiplexing used in the embodiment of
In one embodiment illustrated in
An Embodiment Using all Passive SBGs
One embodiment is related to a projected stop.
The interaction of the beam with the gratings is illustrated in more detail in
Achieving high illumination uniformity is an important issue in SGO design. The chief design parameters are thickness and index modulation. As discussed earlier, applying a small wedge angle to the grating layer allows the peak DE and angular bandwidth to be tuned along the waveguide. However, the light remaining in the waveguide at the end of the propagation path will tend to accumulate at larger angles leading to uneven output illumination. At present the inventors believe that this effect may not be very significant. A more sophisticated strategy in cases where very tight illumination control is needed is to shape the grating layer by applying tilt in two directions. As a further refinement the surfaces of the grating could be curved. Since the needed grating thickness variations are very tiny typically 1-2 microns across the waveguide the effect on collimation and MTF are negligible in most implementations.
Although all passive grating as described above is feasible in monochrome it is likely that switching will need to be introduced to provide full color to ensure that crosstalk is overcome.
It is important to note that a unique feature of the above embodiment is the way in which the HBE selectively samples portions of the input image each portion being characterized by either angular field or spatial field. This approach ensures that the waveguides in particular the DigiLens can be made very thin. This is a particularly important feature in HMDs and near eye. The process of sampling the input image described above should be distinguished from the process of switching the entire input image into the waveguides used in FOV tiling, as disclosed in earlier filings.
Exemplary Features
In one embodiment optical power may be provided in at least one of the gratings used in the HBE and DigiLens waveguides. The recording of lens prescriptions in diffractive optical elements is well known. In the present invention this offers potential for fine tuning the focus of the display without the need for auxiliary lenses. Such a lens could also be used for correcting aberrations. A switching hologram offers the potential for a solid state (no moving parts) solution for providing images at different ranges. This may need multiple layers. This would provide an attractive feature in HUD and HDD applications. Recording holographic lens of appreciable optical power may need careful attention to overcoming off-axis holographic aberrations. The construction optics are potentially more complicated but once a master hologram is made, the contact copy process is the same as any other hologram.
In one embodiment a multilayer thin film coating is applied to a reflection surface of the DigiLens waveguide is to enhance the waveguiding range beyond the TIR range. Glasses and plastics do not allow the range of TIR angles need for large field of view. For example Rays below 39° are not supported by polycarbonate TIR (refractive index at 532 nm=1.585). The problem boils down to achieving a minimum waveguide angle 30 degree angle which is well below critical angle for plastics and low cost glasses. The coating design problem is to achieve a reflectivity coating prescription that achieves the needed reflectivity, without image degradation or loss of see-through transmission. The coating may need optimizing for wavelength polarisation, angle, scatter, Loses from absorption. One benefit of applying dielectric films on the substrate significantly reduces the amount of diffractive power needed, thereby improving grating angular bandwidth. The dielectric coating has the following characteristics: a) high reflectivity for S&P light for angles of 30° (in glass) to 39° (TIR angle). b) high transmission for 0°±13° (in glass) for P-light; equates to 35°×20° corner fields in air; c) good angular control of reflectivity can be achieved due to narrow band nature of sources; and d) high see through for non-laser notch wavelengths on all layers.
In one embodiment the input gratings in at least one of the HBE or DigiLens, i.e., the gratings HBE-I and DIGI-I, comprises stacks of gratings of different k-vectors to provided DE versus angles characteristically distributed uniformly over the range of beam angles to be transmitted through the HBE and DigiLens. Typically the gratings will be separated by 200 micron (or even 100 micron) substrates) to keep the stack as thin as possible. Ultimately, the inventors believe that the minimum practical grating stack thickness can be achieved using spin coating techniques.
In one embodiment an alternative scheme of multiplexed gratings of different k-vectors avoids the need for stacking.
Any of the above-described embodiments using laser illumination may incorporate a despeckler device for eliminating laser speckle disposed at any point in the illumination path from the laser path to the eyeglass. Advantageously, the despeckler is an electro-optic device. Desirably, the despeckler is based on a HPDLC device.
In one embodiment the display incorporates a homogenizer that combines beam shaping and despeckling. Desirably, the SBG array used to perform the above functions are themselves diffractive waveguide devices that can be implemented seamlessly as additional SBG layers within one or more of the waveguides or in the IIN. Despeckling is achieved by a combination of angular and phase diversity. Exemplary waveguide homogenizers are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/796,795, entitled COMPACT LASER ILLUMINATOR INCORPORATING A DESPECKLER, with filing date of 20 Nov. 2012 and PCT Application No. US2008/001909, with International Filing Date: 22 Jul. 2008, entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE. It should be apparent from consideration of the drawings and descriptions that the invention offers several opportunities for integrating such devices within the IIN and the waveguide components of the display.
The invention provides a transparent display based on a DigiLens which comprises one or more passive SBG waveguides, each one projecting a portion of the vertical field of view or a specific color. The invention is enabled by improvement in diffraction efficiency angular bandwidth obtained from using thinner SBGs and taking advantage of the intrinsically broad sagittal angular bandwidth of Bragg gratings. The invention can deliver large field of view, for example 52° horizontal×30° vertical, without sacrificing any of the usual goals of high transparency, high resolution, ultra compact (thin) form factor, light weight and generous eyebox. The waveguide components and compact input image node are consistent with a small form factor, path to curved visor, and slim-line goals. With the benefit of expected improvements in angular bandwidth and optical efficiency, it is believed that the above FOV can be increased. The display modular design approach permits ready growth from monochrome to color with no major architecture redesign being needed. Reasonable imaging performance can be delivered out to 1.0 cyc/mr for both color and monochrome solutions. Optical performance in the monochrome will exceed the 1.4 cyc/mr display pixel resolution. The best resolution will be achieved in monochrome, but good performance can be achieved also for a color display. In a HMD the invention can provide a 25 mm wide eye box at 25 mm. eye relief. This will permit 90% of the population to be accommodated without any adjustment. Substrate guided diffractive optics are used everywhere except in the Input Image Node (IIN). However, the refractive components can be replaced by diffractive elements in future developments of the design to yield further form factor compression, and manufacturing benefits. The IIN may be mounted above or to the side of and at the front or rear of the DigiLens. This allows a range of ergonomic demands to be met while preserving core DigiLens functionality. The design may need no partitioning or tessellation of the near eye DigiLens, eliminating the problems of illumination ripple and discontinuities and scatter from electrodes. A transparent display according to the principles of the invention will also benefit from results from plastic SBG technology disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/573,066 with filing date 24 Aug. 2012 by the present inventors entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES.
The present invention assumes the teachings of earlier filings as specified as above. In particular the invention may make use of a scheme for polarization recycling disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/687,436 with filing date 25 Apr. 2012 by the present inventors entitled WIDE ANGLE COLOR HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY. This particular feature may be relevant in the event that polarization is not maintained with an SBG outcoupling waveguide, either by virtue of the properties of the and SBG material (current or one developed in future), or where a polarization rotation component is deliberately introduced in the waveguide, then opens the opportunity for: polarization recycling and increased device efficiency through polarization recycling. Specifically: a thinner DigiLens waveguide can be used if linearly polarized light is input into the DigiLens waveguide (i.e., p light coupled from HBE into the waveguide), and light is converted to a mixture of S and P polarized light. This may allow up to a factor of two times reduction thinness of the waveguide.
The present invention may incorporate beam splitters layers in a waveguide to achieve uniformity. As a further refinement a beam splitter offset in waveguide may be obtained—i.e., not in middle of waveguiding surfaces, but offset from waveguide midpoint to maximize uniformity following multiple bounce interactions. A yet further refinement is to use different reflectivity in beam splitter to optimize and tailor beam mixing. The concept is that by varying the reflectivity % of the beam splitter to something other than 50/50, or by varying the tx/Rx split along a B/S length, so the pupil fill can be homogenized and optimized.
Note that the thickness of the holograms shown in the drawings has been exaggerated. Typically the gratings will be 1.8-3 microns in thickness sandwiched by substrates of thicknesses of 100-200 microns. The transparent electrodes applied to opposing faces of the substrates are measured in nanometers.
In one embodiment, a holographic brightness enhancing film, or other narrow band reflector, is affixed to one side of the display, the purpose of which is to reflect the display illumination wavelength light only; the see-through display can be made invisible (and hence secure) in the opposite direction of view. Here the reflected display illumination is effectively mirrored and therefore blocked in one direction, making it ideal for transparent desktop display applications in customer or personal interview settings, common in bank or financial services settings.
An important performance parameter in the present context is the see-through transmission of the display. The variables that have an impact on transmission are the ITO coating (0.995), the AR coatings (0.99), and the absorption of the substrates and holographic layers. There will also be Fresnel losses at the interfaces between the waveguides and the low-index bonding layers. The needed transmission for the color display is >70%, with an objective of >90%. Assuming three waveguides per display and two substrates per waveguide, the calculated transmission is 93%, meeting the stipulated objective. Note that it is our intent to implement this design using 100-micron glass substrates. With three waveguides and three substrates per waveguide (note: two holographic layers may need three substrates), the total thickness of the display of the color display is still less than 1 mm. The thicknesses of the holographic layers (including the coatings) are negligible; each contributes only 4-5 microns to the overall thickness. Since weight is always an issue, this is an extremely important feature of our approach. When plastic is employed, the weight may be reduced even further.
In the preferred embodiment the SBGs operate in reverse mode such that they diffract when a voltage is applied and remain optically passive at all other times. The SBGs will be implemented as continuous SBG lamina separated by thin (as thin as 100 microns) substrate layers as shown. Ultimately the design goal is to use plastic substrates with transmissive conductive coatings (to replace ITO). Plastic SBG technology suitable for the present application is being developed in a parallel SBIR project. This is a planar monolithic design harnessing the full assets of narrow band laser illumination with monolithic holographic optics
The present invention has a suite of advantages ideally suited for substrate guided optics. First, component costs are greatly reduced. The optical complexity is contained in the various holographic optical elements. Once the non-recurring engineering (NRE) associated with creating a set of masters is complete, the replication costs are relatively insignificant compared to the recurring material costs associated with discrete refractive components. Second, assembly time is greatly reduced. Not only is part count greatly reduced, but the assembly process is much faster. The planar structures can be cost-effectively laminated together with very high optical precision using alignment fiducials. The touch labor is greatly reduced compared to that of building a piece-part assembly to exacting standards. Third, the optical precision is much greater. One of the biggest challenges in designing a new optical design is controlling the roll-up of tolerances on the piece parts, the mechanical housings, and the assembly procedure. With holographic optical elements (HOEs), “gold standards” can be assembled by senior engineers and this level of quality captured in the HOE masters during the NRE phase. Besides the fact that optical alignment of the HOEs can be accomplished with great precision, the individual HOEs are more tolerant of variations in alignment. Thus, the overall yield of high quality devices is much higher. Lastly, size and weight are greatly reduced by this monolithic design, as is the ruggedness of the entire subsystem.
It will be clear that in any of the above embodiments the eye lens and retina may be replaced by any type of imaging lens and a screen. Any of the above described embodiments of the invention may be used in either directly viewed or virtual image displays. Possible applications range from miniature displays, such as those used in viewfinders, to large area public information displays. The above-described embodiments may be used in applications where a transparent display is needed. For example, the invention may be used in applications where the displayed imagery is superimposed on a background scene such as heads up displays and teleprompters. The invention may be used to provide a display device that is located at or near to an internal image plane of an optical system. For example, any of the above described embodiments may be used to provide a symbolic data display for a camera viewfinder in which symbol data is projected at an intermediate image plane and then magnified by a viewfinder eyepiece. It will be clear the invention may be applied in binocular or monocular displays. The invention may also be used in a stereoscopic wearable display. Any of the above described embodiments of the invention may be used in a rear projection television. The invention may be applied in avionic, industrial and medical displays. There are also applications in entertainment, simulation, virtual reality, training systems and sport.
The preferred light source for the display is a laser which is the ideal match to the diffractive optical elements and therefore unleashes the full power of our HMD, HUD and HDD designs. In terms of brightness, resolution and color gamut, the invention could also in some applications where optical performance is not very important to be applied using LEDs.
Currently, SBGs for use in one embodiment are manufactured using stand-off exposure. However, the processes can be readily converted to a contact-copy process. The TIN may be implemented as an assembly of discrete refractive components. However, it is highly desirable to convert the design to a laminated stack of planar holographic elements. With sufficient volume, such an implementation of the TIN would achieve a very attractive price point. Advantageously, the substrates used in the waveguide would be fabricated from ballistic-quality plastic substrates. Proof of feasibility has been established and process optimization activities are underway. Replacing refractive components with laminated plastic-based planar holographic elements will make displays based on the invention inherently more rugged.
Further EmbodimentsThe following embodiments are directed at a display that uses a single waveguide HBE. This particular embodiment is presently considered to be more suitable for lower field of view devices such as HUDs. However, recognizing that the size of the HBE is likely to be manageable, there is no reason in theory why the same embodiment could not be used for higher FOV applications such as HMDs. As will be discussed, the prerequisite is a non-projected pupil.
In the embodiment as shown in
The principles illustrated in
A method of displaying an image is one embodiment of the invention in accordance with the basic principles of the invention is shown in the flow diagram in
At step 650 providing: a first optical substrate for propagating light in a first direction; a second optical substrate for propagating light in a second direction; and an Input Image Node (IIN), the first and second optical substrates comprising at least one waveguide layer, each at least one waveguide layer comprising at least one grating lamina, and the at least one grating lamina comprising a passive mode SBG.
At step 651 providing image modulated light using the IIN.
At step 652 coupling the image light into the First Optical Substrate;
At step 653 extracting light from first optical substrate along the first direction;
At step 654 coupling image light into the second optical substrate;
At step 655 extracting light from the first optical Substrate along the second direction;
At step 656 providing image light for display.
Summary of Some EmbodimentsAt least some embodiments provided herein use separate vertical and horizontal beam expansion waveguides to provide an enlarged exit pupil (or eye box). Each waveguide contains input and output Bragg gratings. Each of the waveguides may comprise more than one waveguide layer. In color embodiments a separate monochromatic waveguide may be used for each primary color. Another option for providing color is to record multiplexed gratings, in which holograms with different color prescriptions are superimposed, into a waveguide.
Collimated image light is fed into the horizontal beam expansion waveguide with a Field of View (FOV) defined by the microdisplay and collimating optics. The invention allows the input or “coupling” optics to be configured in many different ways ranging from classical optical lens-mirror designs to more compact designs based entirely on diffractive (holographic) optics.
The horizontal beam expansion waveguide is lossy, that is, it is designed to extract light out of the waveguide uniformly along its length. The extracted light is then coupled into the vertical expansion waveguide.
The vertical expansion waveguide, which is also lossy, completes the beam expansion to provide a vertically and horizontally expanded exit pupil.
A unique feature of the invention is that all of the above can be accomplished using passive gratings (although the use of switchable gratings is still an option for some applications). Conventional passive gratings would not work. The chief benefit of using passive SBGs is that the refractive index modulation of the grating can be tuned from very low to very high values with a correspondingly broad range of diffraction efficiencies. The high index modulation of SBGs results from the alternating bands of polymer-rich and LC-rich regions that form the Bragg fringes.
While lossy gratings are known in the prior art, the present invention is unique in achieving efficient and uniform extraction from the waveguide by varying the thickness (and modulation) across the grating. In its simplest case this entails creating a wedged grating (by inclining the cell walls) such that the hologram thickness increases in the direction of propagation. Typically, the grating thickness may vary from 1.0-1.2 micron up to 2.8-3.0 micron, the lower thickness producing the lowest efficiency (and largest angular bandwidth). The invention allows more sophisticated control of extraction by varying the thickness in orthogonal directions, using two wedge angles, or in a more general fashion by applying curvature to one or both faces of the grating.
A further unique feature of the beam expansion gratings is that they can be made very thin (well below 3 micron) which results in very broad diffraction efficiency angular bandwidth which, in turn, results in a wide FOV. By optimizing thickness and refractive index modulation it is possible to meet all of the needed grating characteristics needed in the display, i.e., very high efficiency for coupling into gratings and large dynamic range for the efficient, uniform extraction needed for beam expansion.
An extremely important feature of the invention that has implications for image transfer inefficiency and form factor is the use of image sampling. Coupling wide FOV image light into a waveguide would normally result in some loss of image angular content owing to the limited range of angles that can be efficiently propagated down a waveguide. Some of this light may couple out of the waveguide. The invention overcomes this problem by sampling the input image into multiple angular intervals, each of which has an effective exit pupil that is a fraction of the size of the full pupil, the thickness of the waveguide being reduced correspondingly.
Uniquely, the invention combines fixed frequency surface gratings at the input and output of each waveguide with rolled k-vectors along the waveguide. The surface grating is the intersection of the Bragg fringes with the substrate edge and accounts (approximately) for the basic ray optics of the waveguide. The k-vector is the direction normal to the Bragg grating and accounts for the diffraction efficiency vs angle characteristics of the grating. By varying the k-vector direction along the waveguide propagation direction (k-vector rolling) it is possible to, firstly, provide efficient coupling of image light into the waveguide and, secondly, ensure that once coupled-in, all of the needed angular content is transmitted down the waveguide with high efficiency. The k-vector rolling would desirably be augmented by grating thickness control as discussed above. To our knowledge this principle has not been applied in the prior art.
With regard to color imaging, making the input and output gratings in each waveguide have the same surface gratings frequencies as discussed above allows colors to be implemented in separate waveguides that are free from cross talk. This is believed to be a unique feature of the invention.
In general, the propagate of angular content down the waveguide can be optimized by fine tuning of one or more of the following: grating thickness; refractive index modulation; k-vector rolling; surface grating period; and the hologram-substrate index difference.
The apparatuses and methods described herein may be applied to HMD, HUD and HDD.
EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTSThe various aspects of the apparatus, systems, and methods described herein may be further described in the various embodiments provided below:
In one embodiment the first optical substrate selectively samples portions of the image modulated light, each portion being characterized by either angular field or spatial field.
In one embodiment at least one grating lamina in each optical substrate comprises an input grating operative to diffract light coupled into said substrate into a TIR path and an output grating operative to diffract light from said TIR path out of said substrate.
In one embodiment extraction from said second substrate takes place through a face of the waveguiding layer.
In one embodiment extraction from second substrate takes place through a waveguiding layer edge.
In one embodiment the grating vectors of grating lamina in the first substrate lie in a plane substantially orthogonal to the faces of the first substrate.
In one embodiment the grating vectors of grating lamina in the first substrate lie in a plane substantially parallel to the faces of the first substrate.
In one embodiment the waveguide layers are transparent dielectrics.
In one embodiment the waveguiding layers propagate monochromatic light.
In one embodiment first, second and third waveguiding layers are provided in at least one of the first or second substrates for the purpose of propagating red, green and blue light.
In one embodiment first and second waveguiding layers are provided in at least one of the first or second substrates for the purpose of propagating red light and mixed blue and green light.
In one embodiment waveguiding layers in at least one of the first or second substrates sandwich a half wave film.
In one embodiment waveguiding layers in at least one of the first or second substrates sandwich an air space.
In one embodiment grating lamina in at least one of the first or second substrates multiplex gratings of at least two different monochromatic prescriptions.
In one embodiment grating lamina in at least one of said first or second substrates multiplex gratings of at least two different colors.
In one embodiment the first substrate provides pupil expansion along the first direction and the second substrate provides pupil expansion along the second direction.
In one embodiment light extracted from the first and second substrates provides uniform illumination in any field of view direction.
In one embodiment each grating in at least one of the first substrate or second substrates has first and second diffracting state. The first diffracting state is characterized by high diffraction efficiency and the second diffraction state is characterized by low diffraction efficiency.
In one embodiment the diffracting state occurs when an electric field is applied across the grating and a non-diffracting state exists when no electric field is applied.
In one embodiment the non diffracting state occurs when an electric field is applied across the grating and a diffracting state exists when no electric field is applied.
In one embodiment the first and second propagation directions are orthogonal.
In one embodiment at least one of the substrates is curved in at least one orthogonal plane.
In one embodiment at least one of the waveguiding layers includes a beam splitter lamina.
In one embodiment quarter wavelength film is applied to at least one face of the waveguiding layer in either the first substrate or the second substrate.
In one embodiment a reflective thin film coating is applied to at least one face of the waveguiding layer in either the first substrate or the second substrate.
In one embodiment the first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina substantially overlapping a portion of the first substrate.
In one embodiment the first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina disposed within the waveguiding layer.
In one embodiment the first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina. Each grating lamina comprises at least two multiplexed gratings of different prescriptions. Each grating lamina substantially overlaps a portion of the first substrate.
In one embodiment the second coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina substantially overlapping the first substrate.
In one embodiment the second coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina. Each grating lamina comprises at least two multiplexed gratings of two different prescriptions. Each grating lamina substantially overlaps the first substrate.
In one embodiment the second coupling means is disposed within the second substrate.
In one embodiment grating vectors of grating lamina in the first substrate lie in a plane substantially parallel to the faces of the substrate and the first substrate grating provides the second coupling means.
The invention may be used to provide one eye piece of a HMD, a HHD or a HUD.
In one embodiment at least one grating in the first or second substrates encodes optical power.
In one embodiment the second substrate is embedded within a windscreen.
In one embodiment the waveguiding layers have at least one face in contact with a nanoporous film.
A display according to the principles of the invention may further comprise an eye tracker.
A display according to the principles of the invention may further comprise a beam homogenizer
In one embodiment the input image node comprises a microdisplay, laser and collimating optics.
In one embodiment the grating lamina are switchable Bragg gratings.
In one embodiment the grating lamina used in at least one of the first or second substrates are non switching Bragg gratings recorded in HPDLC material.
In some embodiments described herein, instead of an HPDLC material, a POlymer Liquid CRYstal Polymer Slice (“POLICRYPS”) may be employed.
HPDLC materials may be characterized by alternating bands of LC-rich (e.g., high LC concentration and low polymer concentration) and polymer-rich (e.g., high polymer concentration and low LC concentration) material. Since the LC has a droplet morphology in many instances HPDLC may suffer from two problems: scatter from the LC droplets and low grating contrast (which may ultimately limit the peak diffraction efficiency). A new class of materials, of which POLICRYPS is an example, combines LC and polymer to provide a more uniform morphology that overcomes both the above problems. While the grating is formed by a diffusion process similar to the one that occurs in HPDLC, the end result in POLICRYPS may be a grating comprising alternate bands of homogeneous highly-aligned LC and homogeneous polymer. Particulate scattering losses may be almost, if not entirely, removed by a lack of LC droplets. The grating may be of very high contrast with a refractive index modulation close to the theoretical limit set by the bulk LC birefringence. As a result, diffraction efficiency values as high as about 98% (or in some instances even higher) may be readily obtained.
Grating pitches covering the range of interest for practical displays may be achieved without difficulty; in fact, in one embodiment the material may sustain pitches as low as 0.2 microns and as high as 15 microns. In electro-optical terms, POLICRYPS may be similar to conventional HPDLC. In some instances, the switching speed of POLICRYPS may be higher than HPDLC and the switching voltage is at least equal to or lower than that of HPDLC. In one embodiment, like HPDLC gratings POLICRYPS grating may be utilized both in transmission and in reflection and may be implemented in waveguides. The holographic recording process in POLICRYPS may be the same as that in HPDLC and may involve standard commercially-available monomers and LCS. In one embodiment, one challenge of POLICRYPS is that a high temperature process may be needed. In this embodiment, the temperature should be high enough to maintain isotropic mixture and to prevent isotropic-to-nematic transition during exposure.
POLICRYPS was developed at LICRYL (Liquid Crystals Laboratory, IPCF-CNR), Center of Excellence and Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Italy). An example of POLICRYPS is described in Caputo, R. et al., Journal of Display Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2006, pp. 38-50, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further details of POLICRYPS may be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 2007/0019152 by Caputo, R.; et al., entitled “Holographic Diffraction Grating, Process for Its Preparation and Opto-Electronic Device Incorporating It”, published in Jan. 25, 2007, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Another uniform morphology grating technology that may be employed is POlymer Liquid Crystal Polymer Holograms Electrically Manageable (“POLIPHEM”), which was developed by the Fraunhoffer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Potsdam (Germany). In one embodiment, POLIPHEM is similar to POLICRYPS in basic momhological and electro-optical terms. One advantage of using POLIPHEM over POLICRYPS is that former may avoid the high temperature processing needed in POLICRYPS in some instances by optimizing the properties and proportions of LC and monomer in the material recipe. Details of materials and methods for fabricating POLIPHEM gratings may be found in the international patent publication No.: WO2006002870 (PCT/EP2005/006950) by Stumpe, J. et al., entitled “Method for the Preparation of High Efficient, Tunable and Switchable Optical Elements Based on Polymer-Liquid Crystal Composites”, published January 2006, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In one embodiment, it may be desirable for the gratings described here to provide both high diffraction efficiency and wide angular bandwidth. However, in one embodiment these two goals conflict in that wide angular bandwidth dictates that the gratings should be thin, while thin gratings may suffer from progressively diminishing diffraction efficiency as the thickness is reduced. One solution is to stack a multiplicity of thin gratings, such that each grating may diffract the 0-order light from the grating beneath it, so that most of the input light eventually may get diffracted. In some embodiments, the grating layers may be separated by spacers. Such a stratified grating structure may be considered to be equivalent to diffraction by a thick or volume (i.e., Bragg) grating with at least one benefit of a much wider bandwidth resulting from using thin gratings as a basic building block.
In one embodiment, the thin gratings may desirably operate in the Bragg regime (rather than thin gratings according to the Raman Nath regime) to avoid higher order diffraction. In one embodiment, when the thin gratings operate in the Raman-Nath regime, careful optimization of the thickness and pitch may be employed to ensure that the relative phasing of the diffraction orders as they propagate from layer to layer give rise to a unique notched diffraction response f the +1 order (for the case of Bragg incidence). In another embodiments, Bragg gratings may be recorded in a stratified grating structure known as a Stratified Volume Holographic Element (SVHOE). An example of SVHOE is described in Nordin, G., et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am., A., Vol. 9, No. 12, December 1992, pp. 2206-2217, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
A more complete understanding of the invention can be obtained by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like index numerals indicate like parts. For purposes of clarity, details relating to technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention have not been described in detail.
Additional EmbodimentsThe following embodiments are taken from the claims of the provisional application Ser. No. 61/849,853, filed Feb. 4, 2013, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. An apparatus for displaying an image comprising:
an input image node for providing image modulated light;
a first optical substrate comprising at least one waveguiding layer, each said waveguiding layer propagating light in a first direction, each said waveguiding layer comprising at least one grating lamina operative to extract light from said first substrate along said first direction;
a second optical substrate comprising at least one waveguiding layer, each said waveguiding layer propagating light in a second direction, each said waveguiding layer containing at least one grating lamina operative to extract light for display from said second substrate along said second direction;
a first optical means for coupling said image modulated light into said first substrate; and
a second optical means for coupling light extracted from said first substrate into said second substrate.
2. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first optical substrate selectively samples portions of said image modulated light, each said portion being characterized by either angular field or spatial field.
3. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said at least one grating lamina in each said optical substrate comprises an input grating operative to diffract light coupled into said substrate into a TIR path and an output grating operative to diffract light from said TIR path out of said substrate.
4. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said extraction from said second substrate takes place through a waveguiding layer face.
5. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said extraction is carried out from second substrate through a waveguiding layer edge.
6. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein grating vectors of grating lamina in said first substrate lie in a plane substantially orthogonal to the faces of said substrate.
7. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein grating vectors of grating lamina in said first substrate lie in a plane substantially parallel to the faces of said substrate.
8. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said waveguide layers are transparent dielectric.
9. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said waveguiding layers propagate monochromatic light.
10. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein first, second and third waveguiding layers are provided in at least one of said substrates for propagating red, green and blue.
11. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein first and second waveguiding layers are provided in at least one of said substrates for propagating red light and mixed blue and green light.
12. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein waveguiding layers in at least one of said first or second substrates sandwich a half wave film.
13. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein waveguiding layers in at least one of said first or second substrates sandwiches an air space.
14. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein grating lamina in at least one of said first and second substrates comprises multiplex gratings of at least two different monochromatic prescriptions.
15. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein grating lamina in at least one of said first and second substrates comprise multiplex gratings of at least two different colors.
16. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first substrate provides pupil expansion along said first direction and said second substrate provides pupil expansion along said second direction.
17. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said light is extracted from said first and second substrates provides uniform illumination in any field of view direction.
18. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein each said grating in at least one of said first substrate or second substrate has a first diffracting state wherein said first diffracting state is characterized by a high diffraction efficiency and said second diffraction state is characterized by a low diffraction efficiency.
19. The apparatus of embodiment 17 wherein said diffracting state occurs when an electric field is applied across said grating and a non diffracting state exists when no electric field is applied.
20. The apparatus of embodiment 17 wherein said non diffracting state occurs when an electric field is applied across said grating and a diffracting state exists when no electric field is applied.
21. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first and second propagation directions are orthogonal.
22. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein at least one of said substrates is curved in at least one orthogonal plane.
23. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein at least one of said waveguiding layers includes a beam splitter lamina.
24. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein quarter wavelength film is applied to at least one face of said waveguiding layer in either said first substrate or said second substrate.
25. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein a reflective thin film coating is applied to at least one face of said waveguiding layer in either said first substrate or said second substrate.
26. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina substantially overlapping a portion of said first substrate.
27. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina disposed within said waveguiding layer.
28. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said first coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina, each said grating lamina comprising at least two multiplexed gratings of two different prescriptions, each said grating lamina substantially overlapping a portion of said first substrate.
29. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said second coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina substantially overlapping said first substrate.
30. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said second coupling means comprises at least one grating lamina, each said grating lamina comprises at least two multiplexed gratings of two different prescriptions, each said grating lamina substantially overlapping said first substrate.
31. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said second coupling means is disposed within said second substrate
32. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein grating vectors of grating lamina in said first substrate lie in a plane substantially parallel to the faces of said substrate, wherein said first substrate grating provides said second coupling means.
33. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said apparatus provides one eye piece of a HMD, a HHD or a HUD.
34. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein at least one grating in said substrates encodes optical power.
35. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said second substrate is embedded within a windscreen.
36. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said wave guiding layers have at least one face in contact with a nanoporous film.
37. The apparatus of embodiment 1 further comprising an eye tracker.
38. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein further comprises a beam homogenizer.
39. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said input image node comprises a microdisplay, laser and collimating optics.
40. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said grating lamina in at least one of said first or second substrates is an SBG.
41. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said grating lamina in at least one of said first or second substrates are non switching Bragg gratings recorded in HPDLC material.
42. The apparatus of embodiment 1 wherein said grating lamina in at least one of said first or second substrates are SBGs recorded in a reverse mode material.
REFERENCESThe following patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties:
- U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/687,436 with filing date 25 Apr. 2012 by the present inventors entitled WIDE ANGLE COLOUR HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY.
- U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/689,907 with filing date 25 Apr. 2012 by the present inventors entitled HOLOGRAPHIC HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY WITH IMPROVED IMAGE UNIFORMITY.
- PCT Application No. US 2008/001909, with International Filing Date: 22 Jul. 2008, entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE;
- PCT Application No.: US 2006/043938, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY;
- PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2010/001982 entitled COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY;
- U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/573,066 with filing date 24 Aug. 2012 by the present inventors entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES.
- PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2010/002023 filed on 2 Nov. 2010 by the present inventors entitled APPARATUS FOR REDUCING LASER SPECKLE;
- PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2010/000835 with International Filing Date: 26 Apr. 2010 entitled COMPACT HOLOGRAPHIC EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY;
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,115,152 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, issued 5 Sep. 2000; and
- U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/796,795 entitled COMPACT LASER ILLUMINATOR INCORPORATING A DESPECKLER with filing date 20 Nov. 2012.
The IIN stop is formed by controlling profile of input illumination. There is currently no hard physical stop in the projection optics. The benefits of a projected stop are decreased waveguide thicknesses. A stop is projected midway up the HBE to minimize aperture diameter within the VBE, and hence minimizing the aperture width of the VBE to DigiLens waveguide coupler, i.e., reducing the width of the 1st axis expander limits the thickness of the 2nd axis expansion optic.
In one embodiment a graduated reflection profile underneath SBG layer is used to control (or assist) with grating DE variation along length (normally achieved in SBG grating using index modulation). This may be useful in cases such as the HBE, where a low percentage of light is out coupled in 1st bounce, but a high percentage is coupled out at the other end of the expander.
An Embodiment Using a Striped HBE
In one embodiment the HBE comprises a coupling grating at its input end and alternating SBG stripes of two different prescriptions are inclined at 45 degrees within the plane as shown in
FOV, Eyebox and Eye Relief Geometry
The near eye geometry of the proposed helmet mounted display is shown in plan view in
Binocular Overlap
As shown in
Inter Pupillary Distance (IPD)
The Inter-Pupillary Distance (IPD) target is to have no interpupillary distance adjustment for the majority of the adult population (90%). More than 90% of the adult population has IPDs in the range of 57 mm to 70 mm (+/−6.5 mm range). The pupil position change due to eye roll+/−20° is +/−4.5 mm. The tolerance of helmet placement/visor slip (budget) is +/−6.4 mm. Alignment may be estimated using the formula: Alignment=√[IPD90%+Eye Roll)2+Slip2]=√[6.3 mm+4.5 mm)2+6.4 mm2]=+/−12.5=25.0 mm wide eye box. Note that for the 10% of the population with IPDs outside of the range, full field of view vision is provided. For optimal alignment only one side of the field of view will be lost for one eye only. The other eye will still see the other side of the field, i.e., 90% of the population get 100% overlap. The remaining 10% of the population (within 52 mm to 75 mm IPD) will get 100% of the field of view with some overlap dependent on IPD and display alignment. In conclusion, a 25 mm wide eye box will permit 90% of the population to be accommodated without any adjustment, assuming the above alignment parameters. Improved alignment tolerances of the visor/head gear to the eye will enable a reduction in the eye box dimensions if needed. This can be later traded off against system brightness.
Low Index Materials
Efficient waveguiding needs the TIR beams to be confined between low index media. Air gaps are difficult to fabricate and maintain while the refractive indices of currently available low index materials such as Magnesium Fluoride (1.46) and Silicon Dioxide (1.39) are much too high to meet the tight TIR angle constraints needed in full color implementations of the HMD. The proposed solution is to use nanoporous (Mesoporous Silicon) materials. Nanoporous materials (e.g., mesoporous Silicon) are currently being used in many optical applications including anti reflection coatings and planar optical waveguides. Their high porosity enables the fabrication of high-quality low-dielectric constant thin films. Nanoporous materials can be fabricated in thin layers in a single coating step. To achieve very low, near unity, index the porosities need to be very high, approaching 95%. High transparency and low index can be achieved simultaneously with these films. Since they are highly efficient at absorbing water, they must be carefully sealed against moisture. The best approach may be to seal the passive gratings, HWP and material together. SBG Labs is also investigating the potential role of nanoporous materials as high refractive index media. This would increase the range of TIR angles that can be sustained in our waveguides with potential for increasing the horizontal FOV from 40° to around 45°. Nanoporous materials are currently being used in many optical applications including anti reflection coatings and planar optical waveguides. It is reasonable to assume therefore that the technology will be accessible for our project. The manufacturing process should be translatable to manufacturing needs. Nanoporous materials can be fabricated in single coating step. Alternatively, graded index multilayer architectures can be used. SBG Labs is also investigating the potential role of nanoporous materials as high refractive index media. This would increase the range of TIR angles that can be sustained in our waveguides.
CONCLUSIONAll literature and similar material cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, treatises, and web pages, regardless of the format of such literature and similar materials, are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that one or more of the incorporated literature and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, this application controls.
While the present teachings have been described in conjunction with various embodiments and examples, it is not intended that the present teachings be limited to such embodiments or examples. On the contrary, the present teachings encompass various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art.
While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.
Also, the technology described herein may be embodied as a method, of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.
All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” Any ranges cited herein are inclusive.
The terms “substantially” and “about” used throughout this Specification are used to describe and account for small fluctuations. For example, they can refer to less than or equal to ±5%, such as less than or equal to ±2%, such as less than or equal to ±1%, such as less than or equal to ±0.5%, such as less than or equal to ±0.2%, such as less than or equal to ±0.1%, such as less than or equal to ±0.05%.
The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
The claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless stated to that effect. It should be understood that various changes in form and detail may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All embodiments that come within the spirit and scope of the following claims and equivalents thereto are claimed.
Claims
1. An apparatus for displaying an image comprising:
- at least one source of image modulated collimated light over an angular range;
- at least one waveguide layer comprising gratings for: coupling said light into a waveguide path;
- wherein said gratings comprise a first element and a second element for forming an exit pupil configured to view a tiled field of view (FOV) displaying the image modulated light;
- wherein each element diffracts light out of the waveguide towards the exit pupil and provides a beam expansion in a first direction;
- wherein the first element and the second element are partially overlapping and laterally offset;
- wherein the tiled FOV comprises a first FOV tile and a second FOV tile;
- wherein the first FOV tile and the second FOV tile are partially overlapping and laterally offset;
- wherein the source of image modulated collimated light is configured to be electronically switchable between displaying first image data for projection within the first FOV tile and displaying second image data for projecting within the second FOV tile;
- wherein the first element has a first optical power for forming the first FOV tile at a first distance from the exit pupil;
- wherein the second element has a second optical power for forming the second FOV tile at a second distance from the exit pupil; and
- wherein the first distance and the second distance are different.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said gratings are selected from a Bragg grating, a SBG, a HPDLC grating, a uniform modulation grating, a reverse mode HPDLC grating and a surface relief grating.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a plurality of waveguide layers,
- wherein when the plurality of waveguide layers comprises three waveguide layers, the three waveguide layers are configured to propagate red, green, and blue light, and
- wherein when the plurality of waveguide layers comprises two waveguide layers, the two waveguide layers are configured to propagate red light and mixed blue and green light.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of said gratings comprises at least one characteristic from the group consisting of: rolled k-vectors; multiplexing of at least two different grating prescriptions; an overlap with at least one other grating; and a thickness varying across at least one waveguide.
5. A vehicle or aircraft head up display (HUD) comprising the apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device is a part of at least one of HMD, HUD, or HDD.
6. The vehicle or aircraft HUD of claim 5, wherein said at least one waveguide layer further comprises at least one structure selected from the group consisting of:
- a plurality of different field of view tiles having different angular ranges,
- at least one grating structure for providing separate exit pupils for a driver and a passenger,
- an image sensor for capturing images of one or more objects external to said vehicle and in signal communication with the at least one source such that the image modulated collimated light contains information concerning the one or more objects,
- a reflecting layer overlaying at least one grating,
- a windscreen and wherein the at least one waveguide is combined with or integrated within the windscreen,
- a windscreen and wherein the at least one waveguide is a flexible layer bonded onto an inner or an outer surface of the windscreen, and
- at least one waveguide curved in at least one plane.
7. The vehicle or aircraft HUD of claim 6, wherein said at least one source is configured to provide images of objects external to said vehicle captured by the imaging sensor.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least one source comprises a microdisplay in optical communication with a collimation optic.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a source of structured infrared radiation in optical communication with an infrared detector.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the source of the structured infrared radiation and the infrared detector are configured to perform at least one function selected from the group consisting of: gesture detection, detection of objects in the vicinity of the display, and eye tracking.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least one source of image modulated collimated light comprises a two-dimensional array of grating lenses, wherein each of the grating lenses diffracts incident collimated light into a total internal reflection (TIR) path within the at least one waveguide layer.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one source is at least one light emitting diode (LED) having a peak emission wavelength and further comprising a plurality of gratings with peak diffraction efficiency vs. wavelength characteristics shifted by small increments from said peak emission wavelength such that the diffraction efficiency loss in a spectral bandwidth of the at least one LED is compensated.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said gratings further comprise an expansion grating configured to provide a beam expansion in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.
| 1043938 | November 1912 | Huttenlocher |
| 2141884 | December 1938 | Sonnefeld |
| 3482498 | December 1969 | Becker |
| 3620601 | November 1971 | Leonard et al. |
| 3741716 | June 1973 | Johne et al. |
| 3804496 | April 1974 | Crane et al. |
| 3843231 | October 1974 | Borel et al. |
| 3851303 | November 1974 | Muller |
| 3885095 | May 1975 | Wolfson et al. |
| 3940204 | February 24, 1976 | Withrington |
| 3965029 | June 22, 1976 | Arora |
| 3975711 | August 17, 1976 | McMahon |
| 4028725 | June 7, 1977 | Lewis |
| 4035068 | July 12, 1977 | Rawson |
| 4066334 | January 3, 1978 | Fray et al. |
| 4082432 | April 4, 1978 | Kirschner |
| 4099841 | July 11, 1978 | Ellis |
| 4133152 | January 9, 1979 | Penrose |
| 4178074 | December 11, 1979 | Heller |
| 4218111 | August 19, 1980 | Withrington et al. |
| 4232943 | November 11, 1980 | Rogers |
| 4248093 | February 3, 1981 | Andersson et al. |
| 4251137 | February 17, 1981 | Knop et al. |
| 4309070 | January 5, 1982 | St. Leger Searle |
| 4322163 | March 30, 1982 | Schiller |
| 4386361 | May 31, 1983 | Simmonds |
| 4389612 | June 21, 1983 | Simmonds et al. |
| 4403189 | September 6, 1983 | Simmonds |
| 4418993 | December 6, 1983 | Lipton |
| 4472037 | September 18, 1984 | Lipton |
| 4523226 | June 11, 1985 | Lipton et al. |
| 4544267 | October 1, 1985 | Schiller |
| 4562463 | December 31, 1985 | Lipton |
| 4566758 | January 28, 1986 | Bos et al. |
| 4583117 | April 15, 1986 | Lipton et al. |
| 4643515 | February 17, 1987 | Upatnieks |
| 4647967 | March 3, 1987 | Kirschner et al. |
| 4688900 | August 25, 1987 | Doane et al. |
| 4711512 | December 8, 1987 | Upatnieks |
| 4714320 | December 22, 1987 | Banbury |
| 4728547 | March 1, 1988 | Vaz et al. |
| 4729640 | March 8, 1988 | Sakata et al. |
| 4743083 | May 10, 1988 | Schimpe |
| 4749256 | June 7, 1988 | Bell et al. |
| 4765703 | August 23, 1988 | Suzuki et al. |
| 4775218 | October 4, 1988 | Wood et al. |
| 4791788 | December 20, 1988 | Simmonds et al. |
| 4792850 | December 20, 1988 | Liptoh et al. |
| 4799765 | January 24, 1989 | Ferrer |
| 4811414 | March 7, 1989 | Fishbine et al. |
| 4848093 | July 18, 1989 | Simmonds et al. |
| 4852988 | August 1, 1989 | Velez et al. |
| 4854688 | August 8, 1989 | Hayford et al. |
| 4860294 | August 22, 1989 | Winzer et al. |
| 4884876 | December 5, 1989 | Lipton et al. |
| 4890902 | January 2, 1990 | Doane et al. |
| 4928301 | May 22, 1990 | Smoot |
| 4933976 | June 12, 1990 | Fishbine et al. |
| 4938568 | July 3, 1990 | Margerum et al. |
| 4946245 | August 7, 1990 | Chamberlin et al. |
| 4960311 | October 2, 1990 | Moss et al. |
| 4964701 | October 23, 1990 | Dorschner et al. |
| 4967268 | October 30, 1990 | Lipton et al. |
| 4970129 | November 13, 1990 | Ingwall et al. |
| 4971719 | November 20, 1990 | Vaz et al. |
| 4994204 | February 19, 1991 | Doane et al. |
| 5004323 | April 2, 1991 | West |
| 5007711 | April 16, 1991 | Wood et al. |
| 5009483 | April 23, 1991 | Rockwell et al. |
| 5011624 | April 30, 1991 | Yamagishi et al. |
| 5016953 | May 21, 1991 | Moss et al. |
| 5033814 | July 23, 1991 | Brown et al. |
| 5035734 | July 30, 1991 | Honkanen et al. |
| 5053834 | October 1, 1991 | Simmonds |
| 5063441 | November 5, 1991 | Lipton et al. |
| 5076664 | December 31, 1991 | Migozzi |
| 5079416 | January 7, 1992 | Filipovich |
| 5096282 | March 17, 1992 | Margerum et al. |
| 5099343 | March 24, 1992 | Margerum et al. |
| 5109465 | April 28, 1992 | Klopotek |
| 5110034 | May 5, 1992 | Simmonds et al. |
| 5117285 | May 26, 1992 | Nelson et al. |
| 5117302 | May 26, 1992 | Lipton |
| 5119454 | June 2, 1992 | McMahon et al. |
| 5124821 | June 23, 1992 | Antier et al. |
| 5138687 | August 11, 1992 | Horie et al. |
| 5139192 | August 18, 1992 | Simmonds et al. |
| 5142357 | August 25, 1992 | Lipton et al. |
| 5142644 | August 25, 1992 | Vansteenkiste et al. |
| 5148302 | September 15, 1992 | Nagano et al. |
| 5150234 | September 22, 1992 | Takahashi et al. |
| 5151958 | September 29, 1992 | Honkanen |
| 5153751 | October 6, 1992 | Ishikawa et al. |
| 5159445 | October 27, 1992 | Gitlin et al. |
| 5160523 | November 3, 1992 | Honkanen et al. |
| 5181133 | January 19, 1993 | Lipton |
| 5183545 | February 2, 1993 | Branca et al. |
| 5187597 | February 16, 1993 | Kato et al. |
| 5193000 | March 9, 1993 | Lipton et al. |
| 5198912 | March 30, 1993 | Ingwall et al. |
| 5198914 | March 30, 1993 | Arns |
| 5200861 | April 6, 1993 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5210624 | May 11, 1993 | Matsumoto et al. |
| 5210801 | May 11, 1993 | Fournier et al. |
| 5218360 | June 8, 1993 | Goetz et al. |
| 5218480 | June 8, 1993 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5224198 | June 29, 1993 | Jachimowicz et al. |
| 5225918 | July 6, 1993 | Taniguchi et al. |
| 5239372 | August 24, 1993 | Lipton |
| 5240636 | August 31, 1993 | Doane et al. |
| 5241337 | August 31, 1993 | Betensky et al. |
| 5242476 | September 7, 1993 | Bartel et al. |
| 5243413 | September 7, 1993 | Gitlin et al. |
| 5251048 | October 5, 1993 | Doane et al. |
| 5264950 | November 23, 1993 | West et al. |
| 5268792 | December 7, 1993 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5284499 | February 8, 1994 | Harvey et al. |
| 5289315 | February 22, 1994 | Makita et al. |
| 5295208 | March 15, 1994 | Caulfield et al. |
| 5296967 | March 22, 1994 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5299289 | March 29, 1994 | Omae et al. |
| 5303085 | April 12, 1994 | Rallison |
| 5306923 | April 26, 1994 | Kazmierski et al. |
| 5309283 | May 3, 1994 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5313330 | May 17, 1994 | Betensky |
| 5315324 | May 24, 1994 | Kubelik et al. |
| 5315419 | May 24, 1994 | Saupe et al. |
| 5315440 | May 24, 1994 | Betensky et al. |
| 5317405 | May 31, 1994 | Kuriki et al. |
| 5327269 | July 5, 1994 | Tilton et al. |
| 5329363 | July 12, 1994 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5341230 | August 23, 1994 | Smith |
| 5343147 | August 30, 1994 | Sager et al. |
| 5351151 | September 27, 1994 | Levy |
| 5359362 | October 25, 1994 | Lewis et al. |
| 5363220 | November 8, 1994 | Kuwayama et al. |
| 5368770 | November 29, 1994 | Saupe et al. |
| 5369511 | November 29, 1994 | Amos |
| 5371626 | December 6, 1994 | Betensky |
| 5400069 | March 21, 1995 | Braun et al. |
| 5408346 | April 18, 1995 | Trissel et al. |
| 5410370 | April 25, 1995 | Janssen |
| 5410376 | April 25, 1995 | Cornsweet et al. |
| 5416510 | May 16, 1995 | Lipton et al. |
| 5416514 | May 16, 1995 | Janssen et al. |
| 5418584 | May 23, 1995 | Larson |
| 5418871 | May 23, 1995 | Revelli et al. |
| 5428480 | June 27, 1995 | Betensky et al. |
| 5437811 | August 1, 1995 | Doane et al. |
| 5438357 | August 1, 1995 | McNelley |
| 5452385 | September 19, 1995 | Izumi et al. |
| 5453863 | September 26, 1995 | West et al. |
| 5455693 | October 3, 1995 | Wreede et al. |
| 5455713 | October 3, 1995 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5462700 | October 31, 1995 | Beeson et al. |
| 5463428 | October 31, 1995 | Lipton et al. |
| 5465311 | November 7, 1995 | Caulfield et al. |
| 5471326 | November 28, 1995 | Hall et al. |
| 5473222 | December 5, 1995 | Thoeny et al. |
| 5476611 | December 19, 1995 | Nolan et al. |
| 5481321 | January 2, 1996 | Lipton |
| 5481385 | January 2, 1996 | Zimmerman et al. |
| 5485313 | January 16, 1996 | Betensky |
| 5493430 | February 20, 1996 | Lu et al. |
| 5493448 | February 20, 1996 | Betensky et al. |
| 5496621 | March 5, 1996 | Makita et al. |
| 5499140 | March 12, 1996 | Betensky |
| 5500671 | March 19, 1996 | Andersson et al. |
| 5500769 | March 19, 1996 | Betensky |
| 5510913 | April 23, 1996 | Hashimoto et al. |
| 5515184 | May 7, 1996 | Caulfield et al. |
| 5516455 | May 14, 1996 | Jacobine et al. |
| 5524272 | June 4, 1996 | Podowski et al. |
| 5528720 | June 18, 1996 | Winston et al. |
| 5530566 | June 25, 1996 | Kumar |
| 5532736 | July 2, 1996 | Kuriki et al. |
| 5532875 | July 2, 1996 | Betemsky |
| 5537232 | July 16, 1996 | Biles |
| RE35310 | August 6, 1996 | Moskovich |
| 5543950 | August 6, 1996 | Lavrentovich et al. |
| 5559637 | September 24, 1996 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5572248 | November 5, 1996 | Allen et al. |
| 5572250 | November 5, 1996 | Lipton et al. |
| 5576888 | November 19, 1996 | Betensky |
| 5579026 | November 26, 1996 | Tabata |
| 5583795 | December 10, 1996 | Smyth |
| 5585035 | December 17, 1996 | Nerad et al. |
| 5604611 | February 18, 1997 | Saburi et al. |
| 5606433 | February 25, 1997 | Yin et al. |
| 5612733 | March 18, 1997 | Flohr |
| 5612734 | March 18, 1997 | Nelson et al. |
| 5619254 | April 8, 1997 | McNelley |
| 5619586 | April 8, 1997 | Sibbald et al. |
| 5621529 | April 15, 1997 | Gordon et al. |
| 5621552 | April 15, 1997 | Coates et al. |
| 5625495 | April 29, 1997 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5629259 | May 13, 1997 | Akada et al. |
| 5631107 | May 20, 1997 | Tarumi et al. |
| 5633100 | May 27, 1997 | Mickish et al. |
| 5646785 | July 8, 1997 | Gilboa et al. |
| 5648857 | July 15, 1997 | Ando et al. |
| 5661577 | August 26, 1997 | Jenkins et al. |
| 5661603 | August 26, 1997 | Hanano et al. |
| 5665494 | September 9, 1997 | Kawabata et al. |
| 5668614 | September 16, 1997 | Chien et al. |
| 5668907 | September 16, 1997 | Veligdan |
| 5677797 | October 14, 1997 | Betensky et al. |
| 5680231 | October 21, 1997 | Grinberg et al. |
| 5680411 | October 21, 1997 | Ramdane et al. |
| 5682255 | October 28, 1997 | Friesem et al. |
| 5686931 | November 11, 1997 | Fuenfschilling et al. |
| 5686975 | November 11, 1997 | Lipton |
| 5691795 | November 25, 1997 | Doane et al. |
| 5694230 | December 2, 1997 | Welch |
| 5695682 | December 9, 1997 | Doane et al. |
| 5701132 | December 23, 1997 | Kollin et al. |
| 5706108 | January 6, 1998 | Ando et al. |
| 5706136 | January 6, 1998 | Okuyama et al. |
| 5707925 | January 13, 1998 | Akada et al. |
| 5710645 | January 20, 1998 | Phillips et al. |
| 5724189 | March 3, 1998 | Ferrante |
| 5724463 | March 3, 1998 | Deacon et al. |
| 5726782 | March 10, 1998 | Kato et al. |
| 5727098 | March 10, 1998 | Jacobson |
| 5729242 | March 17, 1998 | Margerum et al. |
| 5731060 | March 24, 1998 | Hirukawa et al. |
| 5731853 | March 24, 1998 | Taketomi et al. |
| 5742262 | April 21, 1998 | Tabata et al. |
| 5745266 | April 28, 1998 | Smith et al. |
| 5745301 | April 28, 1998 | Betensky et al. |
| 5748272 | May 5, 1998 | Tanaka et al. |
| 5748277 | May 5, 1998 | Huang et al. |
| 5751452 | May 12, 1998 | Tanaka et al. |
| 5757546 | May 26, 1998 | Lipton et al. |
| 5760931 | June 2, 1998 | Saburi et al. |
| 5760960 | June 2, 1998 | Lin et al. |
| 5764414 | June 9, 1998 | King et al. |
| 5771320 | June 23, 1998 | Stone |
| 5790288 | August 4, 1998 | Jager et al. |
| 5790314 | August 4, 1998 | Duck et al. |
| 5798641 | August 25, 1998 | Spagna et al. |
| 5804609 | September 8, 1998 | Ohnishi et al. |
| 5808804 | September 15, 1998 | Moskovich |
| 5812608 | September 22, 1998 | Valimaki et al. |
| 5822089 | October 13, 1998 | Phillips et al. |
| 5822127 | October 13, 1998 | Chen et al. |
| 5825448 | October 20, 1998 | Bos et al. |
| 5831700 | November 3, 1998 | Li et al. |
| 5835661 | November 10, 1998 | Tai et al. |
| 5841507 | November 24, 1998 | Barnes |
| 5841587 | November 24, 1998 | Moskovich et al. |
| 5847787 | December 8, 1998 | Fredley et al. |
| 5856842 | January 5, 1999 | Tedesco |
| 5857043 | January 5, 1999 | Cook et al. |
| 5867238 | February 2, 1999 | Miller et al. |
| 5867618 | February 2, 1999 | Ito et al. |
| 5868951 | February 9, 1999 | Schuck, III et al. |
| 5870228 | February 9, 1999 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5875012 | February 23, 1999 | Crawford et al. |
| 5877826 | March 2, 1999 | Yang et al. |
| 5886822 | March 23, 1999 | Spitzer |
| 5892598 | April 6, 1999 | Asakawa et al. |
| 5892599 | April 6, 1999 | Bahuguna |
| 5898511 | April 27, 1999 | Mizutani et al. |
| 5900987 | May 4, 1999 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5900989 | May 4, 1999 | Kreitzer |
| 5903395 | May 11, 1999 | Rallison et al. |
| 5903396 | May 11, 1999 | Rallison |
| 5907416 | May 25, 1999 | Hegg et al. |
| 5907436 | May 25, 1999 | Perry et al. |
| 5917459 | June 29, 1999 | Son et al. |
| 5926147 | July 20, 1999 | Sehm et al. |
| 5929946 | July 27, 1999 | Sharp et al. |
| 5929960 | July 27, 1999 | West et al. |
| 5930433 | July 27, 1999 | Williamson et al. |
| 5936776 | August 10, 1999 | Kreitzer |
| 5937115 | August 10, 1999 | Domash |
| 5942157 | August 24, 1999 | Sutherland et al. |
| 5945893 | August 31, 1999 | Plessky et al. |
| 5949302 | September 7, 1999 | Sarkka |
| 5949508 | September 7, 1999 | Kumar et al. |
| 5956113 | September 21, 1999 | Crawford |
| 5962147 | October 5, 1999 | Shalhub et al. |
| 5963375 | October 5, 1999 | Kreitzer |
| 5966223 | October 12, 1999 | Friesem et al. |
| 5969874 | October 19, 1999 | Moskovich |
| 5969876 | October 19, 1999 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 5973727 | October 26, 1999 | McGrew et al. |
| 5974162 | October 26, 1999 | Metz et al. |
| 5985422 | November 16, 1999 | Krauter |
| 5986746 | November 16, 1999 | Metz et al. |
| 5991087 | November 23, 1999 | Rallison |
| 5999089 | December 7, 1999 | Carlson et al. |
| 5999282 | December 7, 1999 | Suzuki et al. |
| 5999314 | December 7, 1999 | Asakura et al. |
| 6014187 | January 11, 2000 | Taketomi et al. |
| 6023375 | February 8, 2000 | Kreitzer |
| 6042947 | March 28, 2000 | Asakura et al. |
| 6043585 | March 28, 2000 | Plessky et al. |
| 6046585 | April 4, 2000 | Simmonds |
| 6052540 | April 18, 2000 | Koyama |
| 6061107 | May 9, 2000 | Yang |
| 6061463 | May 9, 2000 | Metz et al. |
| 6069728 | May 30, 2000 | Huignard et al. |
| 6075626 | June 13, 2000 | Mizutani et al. |
| 6078427 | June 20, 2000 | Fontaine et al. |
| 6084998 | July 4, 2000 | Straayer |
| 6094311 | July 25, 2000 | Moskovich |
| 6097551 | August 1, 2000 | Kreitzer |
| 6104448 | August 15, 2000 | Doane et al. |
| 6107943 | August 22, 2000 | Schroeder |
| 6115152 | September 5, 2000 | Popovich et al. |
| 6118908 | September 12, 2000 | Bischel et al. |
| 6121899 | September 19, 2000 | Theriault |
| 6127066 | October 3, 2000 | Ueda et al. |
| 6128058 | October 3, 2000 | Walton |
| 6133971 | October 17, 2000 | Silverstein et al. |
| 6133975 | October 17, 2000 | Li et al. |
| 6137630 | October 24, 2000 | Tsou et al. |
| 6141074 | October 31, 2000 | Bos et al. |
| 6141154 | October 31, 2000 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6151142 | November 21, 2000 | Phillips et al. |
| 6154190 | November 28, 2000 | Yang et al. |
| 6156243 | December 5, 2000 | Kosuga et al. |
| 6167169 | December 26, 2000 | Brinkman et al. |
| 6169594 | January 2, 2001 | Aye et al. |
| 6169613 | January 2, 2001 | Amitai et al. |
| 6169636 | January 2, 2001 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6172792 | January 9, 2001 | Jepsen et al. |
| 6176837 | January 23, 2001 | Foxlin |
| 6185015 | February 6, 2001 | Reinhorn et al. |
| 6185016 | February 6, 2001 | Popovich |
| 6188462 | February 13, 2001 | Lavrentovich et al. |
| 6191887 | February 20, 2001 | Michaloski et al. |
| 6195206 | February 27, 2001 | Yona et al. |
| 6195209 | February 27, 2001 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6204835 | March 20, 2001 | Yang et al. |
| 6211976 | April 3, 2001 | Popovich et al. |
| 6222297 | April 24, 2001 | Perdue |
| 6222675 | April 24, 2001 | Mall et al. |
| 6222971 | April 24, 2001 | Veligdan et al. |
| 6249386 | June 19, 2001 | Yona et al. |
| 6259423 | July 10, 2001 | Tokito et al. |
| 6259559 | July 10, 2001 | Kobayashi et al. |
| 6266166 | July 24, 2001 | Katsumata et al. |
| 6268839 | July 31, 2001 | Yang et al. |
| 6269203 | July 31, 2001 | Davies et al. |
| 6275031 | August 14, 2001 | Simmonds et al. |
| 6278429 | August 21, 2001 | Ruth et al. |
| 6285813 | September 4, 2001 | Schultz et al. |
| 6297860 | October 2, 2001 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6301056 | October 9, 2001 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6301057 | October 9, 2001 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6317083 | November 13, 2001 | Johnson et al. |
| 6317227 | November 13, 2001 | Mizutani et al. |
| 6317228 | November 13, 2001 | Popovich et al. |
| 6317528 | November 13, 2001 | Gadkaree et al. |
| 6320563 | November 20, 2001 | Yang et al. |
| 6321069 | November 20, 2001 | Piirainen |
| 6323970 | November 27, 2001 | Popovich |
| 6323989 | November 27, 2001 | Jacobson et al. |
| 6324014 | November 27, 2001 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6327089 | December 4, 2001 | Hosaki et al. |
| 6330109 | December 11, 2001 | Ishii et al. |
| 6333819 | December 25, 2001 | Svedenkrans |
| 6339486 | January 15, 2002 | Popovich |
| 6340540 | January 22, 2002 | Ueda et al. |
| 6351273 | February 26, 2002 | Lemelson et al. |
| 6351333 | February 26, 2002 | Araki et al. |
| 6356172 | March 12, 2002 | Koivisto et al. |
| 6356674 | March 12, 2002 | Davis et al. |
| 6359730 | March 19, 2002 | Tervonen |
| 6359737 | March 19, 2002 | Stringfellow |
| 6366281 | April 2, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 6366369 | April 2, 2002 | Ichikawa et al. |
| 6366378 | April 2, 2002 | Tervonen et al. |
| 6377238 | April 23, 2002 | McPheters |
| 6377321 | April 23, 2002 | Khan et al. |
| 6388797 | May 14, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 6392812 | May 21, 2002 | Howard |
| 6407724 | June 18, 2002 | Waldern et al. |
| 6409687 | June 25, 2002 | Foxlin |
| 6411444 | June 25, 2002 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6414760 | July 2, 2002 | Lopez et al. |
| 6417971 | July 9, 2002 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6437563 | August 20, 2002 | Simmonds et al. |
| 6445512 | September 3, 2002 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6449095 | September 10, 2002 | Ohtaki et al. |
| 6456584 | September 24, 2002 | Nagata et al. |
| 6470132 | October 22, 2002 | Nousiainen et al. |
| 6473209 | October 29, 2002 | Popovich |
| 6476974 | November 5, 2002 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6483303 | November 19, 2002 | Simmonds et al. |
| 6486997 | November 26, 2002 | Bruzzone et al. |
| 6504518 | January 7, 2003 | Kuwayama et al. |
| 6504629 | January 7, 2003 | Popovich et al. |
| 6509937 | January 21, 2003 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6510263 | January 21, 2003 | Maisenhoelder et al. |
| 6518747 | February 11, 2003 | Sager et al. |
| 6519088 | February 11, 2003 | Lipton |
| 6522794 | February 18, 2003 | Bischel et al. |
| 6522795 | February 18, 2003 | Jordan et al. |
| 6524771 | February 25, 2003 | Maeda et al. |
| 6529336 | March 4, 2003 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6534977 | March 18, 2003 | Duncan et al. |
| 6545778 | April 8, 2003 | Ono et al. |
| 6550949 | April 22, 2003 | Bauer et al. |
| 6552789 | April 22, 2003 | Modro |
| 6557413 | May 6, 2003 | Nieminen et al. |
| 6559813 | May 6, 2003 | DeLuca et al. |
| 6560019 | May 6, 2003 | Nakai |
| 6563648 | May 13, 2003 | Gleckman et al. |
| 6563650 | May 13, 2003 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6567014 | May 20, 2003 | Hansen et al. |
| 6567573 | May 20, 2003 | Domash et al. |
| 6577411 | June 10, 2003 | David et al. |
| 6577429 | June 10, 2003 | Kurtz et al. |
| 6580529 | June 17, 2003 | Amitai et al. |
| 6583838 | June 24, 2003 | Hoke et al. |
| 6583873 | June 24, 2003 | Goncharov et al. |
| 6587619 | July 1, 2003 | Kinoshita |
| 6594090 | July 15, 2003 | Kruschwitz et al. |
| 6596193 | July 22, 2003 | Coates et al. |
| 6597176 | July 22, 2003 | Simmonds et al. |
| 6597475 | July 22, 2003 | Shirakura et al. |
| 6598987 | July 29, 2003 | Parikka |
| 6600590 | July 29, 2003 | Roddy et al. |
| 6608720 | August 19, 2003 | Freeman |
| 6611253 | August 26, 2003 | Cohen |
| 6618104 | September 9, 2003 | Date et al. |
| 6624943 | September 23, 2003 | Nakai et al. |
| 6625381 | September 23, 2003 | Roddy et al. |
| 6646772 | November 11, 2003 | Popovich et al. |
| 6646810 | November 11, 2003 | Harter, Jr. et al. |
| 6661578 | December 9, 2003 | Hedrick |
| 6667134 | December 23, 2003 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6674578 | January 6, 2004 | Sugiyama et al. |
| 6677086 | January 13, 2004 | Sutehrland et al. |
| 6686815 | February 3, 2004 | Mirshekarl-Syahkal et al. |
| 6690516 | February 10, 2004 | Aritake et al. |
| 6692666 | February 17, 2004 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6699407 | March 2, 2004 | Sutehrland et al. |
| 6706086 | March 16, 2004 | Emig et al. |
| 6706451 | March 16, 2004 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6721096 | April 13, 2004 | Bruzzone et al. |
| 6730442 | May 4, 2004 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6731434 | May 4, 2004 | Hua et al. |
| 6738105 | May 18, 2004 | Hannah et al. |
| 6741189 | May 25, 2004 | Gibbons, II et al. |
| 6744478 | June 1, 2004 | Asakura et al. |
| 6747781 | June 8, 2004 | Trisnadi et al. |
| 6748342 | June 8, 2004 | Dickhaus |
| 6750941 | June 15, 2004 | Satoh et al. |
| 6750995 | June 15, 2004 | Dickson |
| 6750996 | June 15, 2004 | Jagt et al. |
| 6757105 | June 29, 2004 | Niv et al. |
| 6771403 | August 3, 2004 | Endo et al. |
| 6776339 | August 17, 2004 | Piikivi |
| 6781701 | August 24, 2004 | Sweetser et al. |
| 6791629 | September 14, 2004 | Moskovich et al. |
| 6791739 | September 14, 2004 | Ramanujan et al. |
| 6804066 | October 12, 2004 | Ha et al. |
| 6805490 | October 19, 2004 | Levola |
| 6821457 | November 23, 2004 | Natarajan et al. |
| 6822713 | November 23, 2004 | Yaroshchuk et al. |
| 6825987 | November 30, 2004 | Repetto et al. |
| 6829095 | December 7, 2004 | Amitai |
| 6830789 | December 14, 2004 | Doane et al. |
| 6833955 | December 21, 2004 | Niv |
| 6836369 | December 28, 2004 | Fujikawa et al. |
| 6842563 | January 11, 2005 | Zhang et al. |
| 6844212 | January 18, 2005 | Bond et al. |
| 6844980 | January 18, 2005 | He et al. |
| 6844989 | January 18, 2005 | Jo et al. |
| 6847274 | January 25, 2005 | Salmela et al. |
| 6847488 | January 25, 2005 | Travis |
| 6850210 | February 1, 2005 | Lipton et al. |
| 6853491 | February 8, 2005 | Ruhle et al. |
| 6853493 | February 8, 2005 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 6861107 | March 1, 2005 | Klasen-Memmer et al. |
| 6864861 | March 8, 2005 | Schehrer et al. |
| 6864927 | March 8, 2005 | Cathey |
| 6864931 | March 8, 2005 | Kumar et al. |
| 6867888 | March 15, 2005 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6873443 | March 29, 2005 | Joubert et al. |
| 6876791 | April 5, 2005 | Murashima et al. |
| 6878494 | April 12, 2005 | Sutehrland et al. |
| 6885483 | April 26, 2005 | Takada |
| 6903872 | June 7, 2005 | Schrader |
| 6909345 | June 21, 2005 | Salmela et al. |
| 6917375 | July 12, 2005 | Akada et al. |
| 6919003 | July 19, 2005 | Ikeda et al. |
| 6922267 | July 26, 2005 | Endo et al. |
| 6926429 | August 9, 2005 | Barlow et al. |
| 6927570 | August 9, 2005 | Simmonds et al. |
| 6927694 | August 9, 2005 | Smith et al. |
| 6940361 | September 6, 2005 | Jokio et al. |
| 6943788 | September 13, 2005 | Tomono |
| 6950173 | September 27, 2005 | Sutherland et al. |
| 6950227 | September 27, 2005 | Schrader |
| 6951393 | October 4, 2005 | Koide |
| 6952312 | October 4, 2005 | Weber et al. |
| 6952435 | October 4, 2005 | Lai et al. |
| 6958662 | October 25, 2005 | Salmela et al. |
| 6958868 | October 25, 2005 | Pender |
| 6963454 | November 8, 2005 | Martins et al. |
| 6972788 | December 6, 2005 | Robertson et al. |
| 6975345 | December 13, 2005 | Lipton et al. |
| 6980365 | December 27, 2005 | Moskovich |
| 6985296 | January 10, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 6987908 | January 17, 2006 | Bond et al. |
| 6999239 | February 14, 2006 | Martins et al. |
| 7002618 | February 21, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 7002753 | February 21, 2006 | Moskovich et al. |
| 7003075 | February 21, 2006 | Miyake et al. |
| 7003187 | February 21, 2006 | Frick et al. |
| 7006732 | February 28, 2006 | Gunn, III et al. |
| 7009773 | March 7, 2006 | Chaoulov et al. |
| 7018563 | March 28, 2006 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7018686 | March 28, 2006 | Sutehrland et al. |
| 7018744 | March 28, 2006 | Otaki et al. |
| 7019793 | March 28, 2006 | Moskovich et al. |
| 7021777 | April 4, 2006 | Amitai |
| 7026892 | April 11, 2006 | Kajiya |
| 7027671 | April 11, 2006 | Huck et al. |
| 7034748 | April 25, 2006 | Kajiya |
| 7046439 | May 16, 2006 | Kaminsky et al. |
| 7050674 | May 23, 2006 | Lee et al. |
| 7053735 | May 30, 2006 | Salmela et al. |
| 7053991 | May 30, 2006 | Sandusky |
| 7054045 | May 30, 2006 | McPheters et al. |
| 7058434 | June 6, 2006 | Wang et al. |
| 7068405 | June 27, 2006 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7068898 | June 27, 2006 | Buretea et al. |
| 7072020 | July 4, 2006 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7075273 | July 11, 2006 | O'Gorman et al. |
| 7077984 | July 18, 2006 | Natarajan et al. |
| 7081215 | July 25, 2006 | Natarajan et al. |
| 7088457 | August 8, 2006 | Zou et al. |
| 7088515 | August 8, 2006 | Lipton |
| 7095562 | August 22, 2006 | Peng et al. |
| 7099080 | August 29, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 7101048 | September 5, 2006 | Travis |
| 7108383 | September 19, 2006 | Mitchell et al. |
| 7110184 | September 19, 2006 | Yona et al. |
| 7119965 | October 10, 2006 | Rolland et al. |
| 7123418 | October 17, 2006 | Weber et al. |
| 7123421 | October 17, 2006 | Moskovich et al. |
| 7126418 | October 24, 2006 | Hunton et al. |
| 7126583 | October 24, 2006 | Breed |
| 7132200 | November 7, 2006 | Ueda et al. |
| 7133084 | November 7, 2006 | Moskovich et al. |
| 7139109 | November 21, 2006 | Mukawa |
| RE39424 | December 12, 2006 | Moskovich |
| 7145729 | December 5, 2006 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 7149385 | December 12, 2006 | Parikka et al. |
| 7151246 | December 19, 2006 | Fein et al. |
| 7158095 | January 2, 2007 | Jenson et al. |
| 7167286 | January 23, 2007 | Anderson et al. |
| 7167616 | January 23, 2007 | Ling et al. |
| 7175780 | February 13, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7181105 | February 20, 2007 | Teramura et al. |
| 7181108 | February 20, 2007 | Levola |
| 7184002 | February 27, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 7184615 | February 27, 2007 | Levola |
| 7186567 | March 6, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7190849 | March 13, 2007 | Katase |
| 7198737 | April 3, 2007 | Natarajan et al. |
| 7199934 | April 3, 2007 | Yamasaki |
| 7205960 | April 17, 2007 | David |
| 7205964 | April 17, 2007 | Yokoyama et al. |
| 7206107 | April 17, 2007 | Levola |
| 7212175 | May 1, 2007 | Magee et al. |
| 7218817 | May 15, 2007 | Magnusson et al. |
| 7230767 | June 12, 2007 | Walck et al. |
| 7230770 | June 12, 2007 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 7242527 | July 10, 2007 | Spitzer et al. |
| 7248128 | July 24, 2007 | Mattila et al. |
| 7248765 | July 24, 2007 | Lee et al. |
| 7256915 | August 14, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7259906 | August 21, 2007 | Islam |
| 7265882 | September 4, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7265903 | September 4, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7268946 | September 11, 2007 | Wang |
| 7285903 | October 23, 2007 | Cull et al. |
| 7286272 | October 23, 2007 | Mukawa |
| 7289069 | October 30, 2007 | Ranta |
| RE39911 | November 6, 2007 | Moskovich |
| 7299983 | November 27, 2007 | Piikivi |
| 7301601 | November 27, 2007 | Lin et al. |
| 7312906 | December 25, 2007 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7313291 | December 25, 2007 | Okhotnikov et al. |
| D559250 | January 8, 2008 | Pombo |
| 7319573 | January 15, 2008 | Nishiyama |
| 7320534 | January 22, 2008 | Sugikawa et al. |
| 7323275 | January 29, 2008 | Otaki et al. |
| 7333685 | February 19, 2008 | Stone et al. |
| 7336271 | February 26, 2008 | Ozeki et al. |
| 7339737 | March 4, 2008 | Urey et al. |
| 7339742 | March 4, 2008 | Amitai et al. |
| 7349612 | March 25, 2008 | Nishii et al. |
| 7356218 | April 8, 2008 | Kato et al. |
| 7356224 | April 8, 2008 | Levner et al. |
| 7369911 | May 6, 2008 | Volant et al. |
| 7375870 | May 20, 2008 | Schorpp |
| 7375886 | May 20, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 7376068 | May 20, 2008 | Khoury |
| 7376307 | May 20, 2008 | Singh et al. |
| 7391573 | June 24, 2008 | Amitai |
| 7394865 | July 1, 2008 | Borran et al. |
| 7394961 | July 1, 2008 | Kornilovich et al. |
| 7395181 | July 1, 2008 | Foxlin |
| 7397606 | July 8, 2008 | Peng et al. |
| 7401920 | July 22, 2008 | Kranz et al. |
| 7404644 | July 29, 2008 | Evans et al. |
| 7410286 | August 12, 2008 | Travis |
| 7411637 | August 12, 2008 | Weiss |
| 7413678 | August 19, 2008 | Natarajan et al. |
| 7413679 | August 19, 2008 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7415173 | August 19, 2008 | Kassamakov et al. |
| 7416818 | August 26, 2008 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7418170 | August 26, 2008 | Mukawa et al. |
| 7420733 | September 2, 2008 | Natarajan et al. |
| 7433116 | October 7, 2008 | Islam |
| 7436568 | October 14, 2008 | Kuykendall, Jr. |
| D581447 | November 25, 2008 | Yee |
| 7447967 | November 4, 2008 | Onggosanusi et al. |
| 7453612 | November 18, 2008 | Mukawa |
| 7454103 | November 18, 2008 | Parriaux |
| 7457040 | November 25, 2008 | Amitai |
| 7466994 | December 16, 2008 | Pihlaja et al. |
| 7477206 | January 13, 2009 | Cowan et al. |
| 7479354 | January 20, 2009 | Ueda et al. |
| 7480215 | January 20, 2009 | Makela et al. |
| 7482996 | January 27, 2009 | Larson et al. |
| 7483604 | January 27, 2009 | Levola |
| 7492512 | February 17, 2009 | Niv et al. |
| 7496293 | February 24, 2009 | Shamir et al. |
| 7499217 | March 3, 2009 | Cakmakci et al. |
| 7500104 | March 3, 2009 | Goland |
| 7511891 | March 31, 2009 | Messerschmidt |
| 7513668 | April 7, 2009 | Peng et al. |
| 7522344 | April 21, 2009 | Curatu et al. |
| 7525448 | April 28, 2009 | Wilson et al. |
| 7528385 | May 5, 2009 | Volodin et al. |
| 7542210 | June 2, 2009 | Chirieleison |
| 7545429 | June 9, 2009 | Travis |
| 7550234 | June 23, 2009 | Otaki et al. |
| 7558446 | July 7, 2009 | Wimberger-Friedl et al. |
| 7567372 | July 28, 2009 | Schorpp |
| 7570322 | August 4, 2009 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7570405 | August 4, 2009 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7570429 | August 4, 2009 | Maliah et al. |
| 7572555 | August 11, 2009 | Takizawa et al. |
| 7573640 | August 11, 2009 | Nivon et al. |
| 7576916 | August 18, 2009 | Amitai |
| 7577326 | August 18, 2009 | Amitai |
| 7579119 | August 25, 2009 | Ueda et al. |
| 7583423 | September 1, 2009 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7587110 | September 8, 2009 | Singh et al. |
| 7588863 | September 15, 2009 | Takizawa et al. |
| 7589900 | September 15, 2009 | Powell |
| 7589901 | September 15, 2009 | DeJong et al. |
| 7592988 | September 22, 2009 | Katase |
| 7593575 | September 22, 2009 | Houle et al. |
| 7597447 | October 6, 2009 | Larson et al. |
| 7599012 | October 6, 2009 | Nakamura et al. |
| 7600893 | October 13, 2009 | Laino et al. |
| 7602552 | October 13, 2009 | Blumenfeld |
| 7605719 | October 20, 2009 | Wenger et al. |
| 7605774 | October 20, 2009 | Brandt et al. |
| 7605882 | October 20, 2009 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7616270 | November 10, 2009 | Hirabayashi et al. |
| 7617022 | November 10, 2009 | Wood et al. |
| 7618750 | November 17, 2009 | Ueda et al. |
| 7619739 | November 17, 2009 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7619825 | November 17, 2009 | Peng et al. |
| 7629086 | December 8, 2009 | Otaki et al. |
| 7639208 | December 29, 2009 | Ha et al. |
| 7639911 | December 29, 2009 | Lee et al. |
| 7643214 | January 5, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7643225 | January 5, 2010 | Tsai |
| 7656585 | February 2, 2010 | Powell et al. |
| 7660047 | February 9, 2010 | Travis et al. |
| 7672055 | March 2, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7672549 | March 2, 2010 | Ghosh et al. |
| 7675684 | March 9, 2010 | Weissman et al. |
| 7691248 | April 6, 2010 | Ikeda et al. |
| 7710622 | May 4, 2010 | Takabayashi et al. |
| 7710654 | May 4, 2010 | Ashkenazi et al. |
| 7711228 | May 4, 2010 | Noda et al. |
| 7724441 | May 25, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7724442 | May 25, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7724443 | May 25, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7733571 | June 8, 2010 | Li |
| 7733572 | June 8, 2010 | Brown et al. |
| 7740387 | June 22, 2010 | Schultz et al. |
| 7747113 | June 29, 2010 | Mukawa et al. |
| 7751122 | July 6, 2010 | Amitai |
| 7751662 | July 6, 2010 | Kleemann et al. |
| 7764413 | July 27, 2010 | Levola |
| 7777819 | August 17, 2010 | Simmonds |
| 7778305 | August 17, 2010 | Parriaux et al. |
| 7778508 | August 17, 2010 | Hirayama |
| 7843642 | November 30, 2010 | Shaoulov et al. |
| 7847235 | December 7, 2010 | Krupkin et al. |
| 7864427 | January 4, 2011 | Korenaga et al. |
| 7865080 | January 4, 2011 | Hecker et al. |
| 7866869 | January 11, 2011 | Karakawa |
| 7872707 | January 18, 2011 | Sutherland et al. |
| 7872804 | January 18, 2011 | Moon et al. |
| 7884593 | February 8, 2011 | Simmonds et al. |
| 7884985 | February 8, 2011 | Amitai et al. |
| 7887186 | February 15, 2011 | Watanabe |
| 7903921 | March 8, 2011 | Ostergard |
| 7907342 | March 15, 2011 | Simmonds et al. |
| 7920787 | April 5, 2011 | Gentner et al. |
| 7928862 | April 19, 2011 | Matthews |
| 7936513 | May 3, 2011 | Wu et al. |
| 7936519 | May 3, 2011 | Mukawa et al. |
| 7944428 | May 17, 2011 | Travis |
| 7944616 | May 17, 2011 | Mukawa |
| 7949214 | May 24, 2011 | DeJong et al. |
| D640310 | June 21, 2011 | Suzuki et al. |
| 7961117 | June 14, 2011 | Zimmerman et al. |
| 7969644 | June 28, 2011 | Tilleman et al. |
| 7969657 | June 28, 2011 | Cakmakci et al. |
| 7970246 | June 28, 2011 | Travis et al. |
| 7976208 | July 12, 2011 | Travis |
| 7984884 | July 26, 2011 | Iliev et al. |
| 7999982 | August 16, 2011 | Endo et al. |
| 8000020 | August 16, 2011 | Amitai et al. |
| 8000491 | August 16, 2011 | Brodkin et al. |
| 8004765 | August 23, 2011 | Amitai |
| 8014050 | September 6, 2011 | McGrew |
| 8016475 | September 13, 2011 | Travis |
| 8018579 | September 13, 2011 | Krah |
| 8022942 | September 20, 2011 | Bathiche et al. |
| 8023783 | September 20, 2011 | Mukawa et al. |
| RE42992 | December 6, 2011 | David |
| 8073296 | December 6, 2011 | Mukawa et al. |
| 8077274 | December 13, 2011 | Sutherland et al. |
| 8079713 | December 20, 2011 | Ashkenazi |
| 8082222 | December 20, 2011 | Rangarajan et al. |
| 8086030 | December 27, 2011 | Gordon et al. |
| 8089568 | January 3, 2012 | Brown et al. |
| 8093451 | January 10, 2012 | Spangenberg et al. |
| 8098439 | January 17, 2012 | Amitai et al. |
| 8107023 | January 31, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 8107780 | January 31, 2012 | Simmonds |
| 8120548 | February 21, 2012 | Barber |
| 8120848 | February 21, 2012 | Isano |
| 8132948 | March 13, 2012 | Owen et al. |
| 8132976 | March 13, 2012 | Odell et al. |
| 8134434 | March 13, 2012 | Diederichs et al. |
| 8136690 | March 20, 2012 | Fang et al. |
| 8137981 | March 20, 2012 | Andrew et al. |
| 8142016 | March 27, 2012 | Legerton et al. |
| 8149086 | April 3, 2012 | Klein et al. |
| 8152315 | April 10, 2012 | Travis et al. |
| 8152353 | April 10, 2012 | Yang et al. |
| 8155489 | April 10, 2012 | Saarikko et al. |
| 8159752 | April 17, 2012 | Wertheim et al. |
| 8160409 | April 17, 2012 | Large |
| 8160411 | April 17, 2012 | Levola et al. |
| D659137 | May 8, 2012 | Matsumoto |
| 8167173 | May 1, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 8186874 | May 29, 2012 | Sinbar et al. |
| 8188925 | May 29, 2012 | DeJean |
| 8189263 | May 29, 2012 | Wang et al. |
| 8189973 | May 29, 2012 | Travis et al. |
| D661334 | June 5, 2012 | Cho et al. |
| D661335 | June 5, 2012 | Jeon |
| 8194325 | June 5, 2012 | Levola et al. |
| 8199803 | June 12, 2012 | Hauske et al. |
| 8213065 | July 3, 2012 | Mukawa |
| 8213755 | July 3, 2012 | Mukawa et al. |
| 8220966 | July 17, 2012 | Mukawa |
| 8224133 | July 17, 2012 | Popovich et al. |
| 8233204 | July 31, 2012 | Robbins et al. |
| 8253914 | August 28, 2012 | Iya et al. |
| 8254031 | August 28, 2012 | Levola |
| 8264498 | September 11, 2012 | Vanderkamp et al. |
| 8294749 | October 23, 2012 | Cable |
| 8295710 | October 23, 2012 | Marcus |
| 8301031 | October 30, 2012 | Gentner et al. |
| 8305577 | November 6, 2012 | Kivioja et al. |
| 8306423 | November 6, 2012 | Gottwald et al. |
| 8310327 | November 13, 2012 | Willers et al. |
| 8314819 | November 20, 2012 | Kimmel et al. |
| 8314993 | November 20, 2012 | Levola |
| 8320032 | November 27, 2012 | Levola |
| 8321810 | November 27, 2012 | Heintze |
| 8325166 | December 4, 2012 | Akutsu et al. |
| 8329773 | December 11, 2012 | Fäcke et al. |
| 8335040 | December 18, 2012 | Mukawa et al. |
| 8335414 | December 18, 2012 | Zinoviev et al. |
| D673996 | January 8, 2013 | Kim et al. |
| 8351744 | January 8, 2013 | Travis et al. |
| 8354640 | January 15, 2013 | Hamre et al. |
| 8354806 | January 15, 2013 | Travis et al. |
| 8355610 | January 15, 2013 | Simmonds |
| 8369019 | February 5, 2013 | Baker et al. |
| 8376548 | February 19, 2013 | Schultz |
| 8382293 | February 26, 2013 | Phillips, III et al. |
| 8384504 | February 26, 2013 | Diederichs et al. |
| 8384694 | February 26, 2013 | Powell et al. |
| 8384730 | February 26, 2013 | Vanderkamp et al. |
| 8396339 | March 12, 2013 | Mukawa et al. |
| 8396341 | March 12, 2013 | Lee et al. |
| 8398242 | March 19, 2013 | Yamamoto et al. |
| 8403490 | March 26, 2013 | Sugiyama et al. |
| 8422840 | April 16, 2013 | Large |
| 8427439 | April 23, 2013 | Larsen et al. |
| 8432363 | April 30, 2013 | Saarikko et al. |
| 8432372 | April 30, 2013 | Butler et al. |
| 8432614 | April 30, 2013 | Amitai |
| 8441731 | May 14, 2013 | Sprague |
| 8447365 | May 21, 2013 | Imanuel |
| 8466953 | June 18, 2013 | Levola |
| 8472119 | June 25, 2013 | Kelly |
| 8472120 | June 25, 2013 | Border et al. |
| 8477261 | July 2, 2013 | Travis et al. |
| 8481130 | July 9, 2013 | Harding et al. |
| 8482858 | July 9, 2013 | Sprague |
| 8488246 | July 16, 2013 | Border et al. |
| 8491121 | July 23, 2013 | Tilleman et al. |
| 8491136 | July 23, 2013 | Travis et al. |
| 8493366 | July 23, 2013 | Bathiche et al. |
| 8493562 | July 23, 2013 | Kopp et al. |
| 8493662 | July 23, 2013 | Noui |
| 8494229 | July 23, 2013 | Jarvenpaa et al. |
| 8508848 | August 13, 2013 | Saarikko |
| 8520309 | August 27, 2013 | Sprague |
| D691192 | October 8, 2013 | Stanley et al. |
| 8547638 | October 1, 2013 | Levola |
| 8548290 | October 1, 2013 | Travers et al. |
| 8565560 | October 22, 2013 | Popovich et al. |
| D694310 | November 26, 2013 | Cho et al. |
| D694311 | November 26, 2013 | Cho et al. |
| 8578038 | November 5, 2013 | Kaikuranta et al. |
| 8581831 | November 12, 2013 | Travis |
| 8582206 | November 12, 2013 | Travis |
| 8593734 | November 26, 2013 | Laakkonen |
| 8611014 | December 17, 2013 | Valera et al. |
| 8619062 | December 31, 2013 | Powell et al. |
| D697130 | January 7, 2014 | Ldvgren |
| 8633786 | January 21, 2014 | Ermolov et al. |
| 8634120 | January 21, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 8634139 | January 21, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| 8639072 | January 28, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 8643691 | February 4, 2014 | Rosenfeld et al. |
| 8643948 | February 4, 2014 | Amitai et al. |
| 8649099 | February 11, 2014 | Schultz et al. |
| 8654420 | February 18, 2014 | Simmonds |
| 8659826 | February 25, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| D701206 | March 18, 2014 | Luckey et al. |
| 8670029 | March 11, 2014 | McEldowney |
| 8693087 | April 8, 2014 | Nowatzyk et al. |
| 8698705 | April 15, 2014 | Burke |
| 8731350 | May 20, 2014 | Lin et al. |
| 8736802 | May 27, 2014 | Kajiya et al. |
| 8736963 | May 27, 2014 | Robbins et al. |
| 8742952 | June 3, 2014 | Bold |
| 8746008 | June 10, 2014 | Mauritsen et al. |
| 8749886 | June 10, 2014 | Gupta |
| 8749890 | June 10, 2014 | Wood et al. |
| 8767294 | July 1, 2014 | Chen et al. |
| 8786923 | July 22, 2014 | Chuang et al. |
| 8810600 | August 19, 2014 | Bohn et al. |
| 8810913 | August 19, 2014 | Simmonds et al. |
| 8810914 | August 19, 2014 | Amitai |
| 8814691 | August 26, 2014 | Haddick et al. |
| 8816578 | August 26, 2014 | Peng et al. |
| 8817350 | August 26, 2014 | Robbins et al. |
| 8824836 | September 2, 2014 | Sugiyama |
| 8830143 | September 9, 2014 | Pitchford et al. |
| 8830584 | September 9, 2014 | Saarikko et al. |
| 8830588 | September 9, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| 8842368 | September 23, 2014 | Simmonds et al. |
| 8859412 | October 14, 2014 | Jain |
| 8872435 | October 28, 2014 | Kreitzer et al. |
| 8873149 | October 28, 2014 | Bohn et al. |
| 8873150 | October 28, 2014 | Amitai |
| D718304 | November 25, 2014 | Heinrich |
| D718366 | November 25, 2014 | Mehin et al. |
| 8885112 | November 11, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 8885997 | November 11, 2014 | Nguyen et al. |
| 8903207 | December 2, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| 8906088 | December 9, 2014 | Pugh et al. |
| 8913324 | December 16, 2014 | Schrader |
| 8913865 | December 16, 2014 | Bennett |
| 8917453 | December 23, 2014 | Bohn |
| 8929589 | January 6, 2015 | Publicover et al. |
| 8933144 | January 13, 2015 | Enomoto et al. |
| 8934743 | January 13, 2015 | Nishiwaki et al. |
| 8937771 | January 20, 2015 | Robbins et al. |
| 8937772 | January 20, 2015 | Burns et al. |
| 8938141 | January 20, 2015 | Magnusson |
| 8950867 | February 10, 2015 | Macnamara |
| 8964298 | February 24, 2015 | Haddick et al. |
| 8965152 | February 24, 2015 | Simmonds |
| D725102 | March 24, 2015 | Lee et al. |
| 8985803 | March 24, 2015 | Bohn |
| 8989535 | March 24, 2015 | Robbins |
| D726180 | April 7, 2015 | Roat et al. |
| 9019595 | April 28, 2015 | Jain |
| 9025253 | May 5, 2015 | Hadad et al. |
| 9035344 | May 19, 2015 | Jain |
| D733709 | July 7, 2015 | Kawai |
| 9075184 | July 7, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 9081178 | July 14, 2015 | Simmonds et al. |
| 9097890 | August 4, 2015 | Miller et al. |
| 9103978 | August 11, 2015 | Nishiwaki et al. |
| 9122015 | September 1, 2015 | Shimizu |
| 9128226 | September 8, 2015 | Fattal et al. |
| 9129295 | September 8, 2015 | Border et al. |
| 9164290 | October 20, 2015 | Robbins et al. |
| 9176324 | November 3, 2015 | Scherer et al. |
| 9188717 | November 17, 2015 | Nishiwaki |
| 9201270 | December 1, 2015 | Fattal et al. |
| 9215293 | December 15, 2015 | Miller |
| D746896 | January 5, 2016 | Markovitz et al. |
| 9239507 | January 19, 2016 | Chen et al. |
| 9244275 | January 26, 2016 | Li |
| 9244280 | January 26, 2016 | Tiana et al. |
| 9244281 | January 26, 2016 | Zimmerman et al. |
| D749074 | February 9, 2016 | Cazalet et al. |
| 9253359 | February 2, 2016 | Takahashi |
| 9269854 | February 23, 2016 | Jain |
| D751551 | March 15, 2016 | Ho et al. |
| D752129 | March 22, 2016 | Lee et al. |
| 9274338 | March 1, 2016 | Robbins et al. |
| 9274339 | March 1, 2016 | Brown et al. |
| 9274349 | March 1, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| D754782 | April 26, 2016 | Kokinakis et al. |
| 9310566 | April 12, 2016 | Valera et al. |
| 9316786 | April 19, 2016 | Nishiwaki et al. |
| 9329325 | May 3, 2016 | Simmonds et al. |
| 9335548 | May 10, 2016 | Cakmakci et al. |
| 9335604 | May 10, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 9341846 | May 17, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 9354366 | May 31, 2016 | Jain |
| 9366862 | June 14, 2016 | Haddick et al. |
| 9366864 | June 14, 2016 | Brown et al. |
| 9372347 | June 21, 2016 | Levola et al. |
| 9377623 | June 28, 2016 | Robbins et al. |
| 9377852 | June 28, 2016 | Shapiro et al. |
| 9389415 | July 12, 2016 | Fattal et al. |
| 9400395 | July 26, 2016 | Travers et al. |
| 9423360 | August 23, 2016 | Kostamo et al. |
| 9429692 | August 30, 2016 | Saarikko et al. |
| 9431794 | August 30, 2016 | Jain |
| 9435961 | September 6, 2016 | Jiang |
| 9456744 | October 4, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 9459451 | October 4, 2016 | Saarikko et al. |
| 9464779 | October 11, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 9465213 | October 11, 2016 | Simmonds |
| 9465227 | October 11, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 9484482 | November 1, 2016 | Hsu et al. |
| 9494799 | November 15, 2016 | Robbins et al. |
| 9507150 | November 29, 2016 | Stratton et al. |
| 9513480 | December 6, 2016 | Saarikko et al. |
| 9516193 | December 6, 2016 | Aramaki |
| 9519089 | December 13, 2016 | Brown et al. |
| 9519115 | December 13, 2016 | Yashiki et al. |
| 9523852 | December 20, 2016 | Brown et al. |
| 9535253 | January 3, 2017 | Levola et al. |
| 9541383 | January 10, 2017 | Abovitz et al. |
| 9541763 | January 10, 2017 | Heberlein et al. |
| 9547174 | January 17, 2017 | Gao et al. |
| 9551468 | January 24, 2017 | Jones |
| 9551874 | January 24, 2017 | Amitai |
| 9551880 | January 24, 2017 | Amitai |
| 9599813 | March 21, 2017 | Stratton et al. |
| 9612403 | April 4, 2017 | Abovitz et al. |
| 9632226 | April 25, 2017 | Waldern et al. |
| 9635352 | April 25, 2017 | Henry et al. |
| 9648313 | May 9, 2017 | Henry et al. |
| 9651368 | May 16, 2017 | Abovitz et al. |
| 9664824 | May 30, 2017 | Simmonds et al. |
| 9664910 | May 30, 2017 | Mansharof et al. |
| 9671612 | June 6, 2017 | Kress et al. |
| 9674413 | June 6, 2017 | Tiana et al. |
| 9678345 | June 13, 2017 | Melzer et al. |
| 9679367 | June 13, 2017 | Wald |
| 9715067 | July 25, 2017 | Brown et al. |
| 9715110 | July 25, 2017 | Brown et al. |
| D793468 | August 1, 2017 | Yu et al. |
| D795865 | August 29, 2017 | Porter et al. |
| D795866 | August 29, 2017 | Porter et al. |
| 9726540 | August 8, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 9727772 | August 8, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 9733475 | August 15, 2017 | Brown et al. |
| 9739950 | August 22, 2017 | Sqalli et al. |
| 9746688 | August 29, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 9754507 | September 5, 2017 | Wenger et al. |
| 9762895 | September 12, 2017 | Henry et al. |
| 9766465 | September 19, 2017 | Tiana et al. |
| 9785231 | October 10, 2017 | Zimmerman |
| 9791694 | October 17, 2017 | Haverkamp et al. |
| 9791696 | October 17, 2017 | Woltman et al. |
| 9804316 | October 31, 2017 | Drolet et al. |
| 9804389 | October 31, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 9823423 | November 21, 2017 | Waldern et al. |
| 9857605 | January 2, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 9874931 | January 23, 2018 | Koenck et al. |
| 9899800 | February 20, 2018 | Ferrotti et al. |
| 9915825 | March 13, 2018 | Robbins et al. |
| 9933684 | April 3, 2018 | Brown et al. |
| 9939577 | April 10, 2018 | Inoue et al. |
| 9939628 | April 10, 2018 | Basset et al. |
| 9977247 | May 22, 2018 | Brown et al. |
| D827641 | September 4, 2018 | Morisawa |
| 10088686 | October 2, 2018 | Robbins et al. |
| 10089516 | October 2, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 10107966 | October 23, 2018 | Horibe et al. |
| 10114220 | October 30, 2018 | Grey et al. |
| 10156681 | December 18, 2018 | Waldern et al. |
| 10162181 | December 25, 2018 | Webster et al. |
| 10185154 | January 22, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| D840454 | February 12, 2019 | Han et al. |
| 10197804 | February 5, 2019 | Stenberg et al. |
| 10209517 | February 19, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10216061 | February 26, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10234696 | March 19, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10241330 | March 26, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10241332 | March 26, 2019 | Vallius |
| 10281725 | May 7, 2019 | Yokoyama |
| 10330777 | June 25, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10345519 | July 9, 2019 | Miller et al. |
| 10359736 | July 23, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| D855687 | August 6, 2019 | Villalpando |
| D859510 | September 10, 2019 | Harmon et al. |
| 10409144 | September 10, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10423222 | September 24, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10423813 | September 24, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10437051 | October 8, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10437064 | October 8, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 10444510 | October 15, 2019 | Lee et al. |
| 10459311 | October 29, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| D871494 | December 31, 2019 | Yamada et al. |
| D872170 | January 7, 2020 | Evans et al. |
| D872794 | January 14, 2020 | Wilkins |
| 10527797 | January 7, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 10532594 | January 14, 2020 | Akahane et al. |
| 10545346 | January 28, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| D880575 | April 7, 2020 | Thixton |
| 10642058 | May 5, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10670876 | June 2, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10678053 | June 9, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 10690915 | June 23, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10690916 | June 23, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10705281 | July 7, 2020 | Fattal et al. |
| 10725312 | July 28, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10732569 | August 4, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 10859768 | December 8, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 10890707 | January 12, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 10942430 | March 9, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 11106048 | August 31, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 11175512 | November 16, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 11194098 | December 7, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 11194162 | December 7, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 11204540 | December 21, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 11231544 | January 25, 2022 | Lin et al. |
| 11281013 | March 22, 2022 | Popovich et al. |
| 20010024177 | September 27, 2001 | Popovich |
| 20010033400 | October 25, 2001 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20010036012 | November 1, 2001 | Nakai et al. |
| 20010043163 | November 22, 2001 | Waldern et al. |
| 20010046142 | November 29, 2001 | Van Santen et al. |
| 20010050756 | December 13, 2001 | Lipton et al. |
| 20020003509 | January 10, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 20020009299 | January 24, 2002 | Lipton |
| 20020011969 | January 31, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 20020012064 | January 31, 2002 | Yamaguchi |
| 20020018040 | February 14, 2002 | Aye et al. |
| 20020021407 | February 21, 2002 | Elliott |
| 20020021461 | February 21, 2002 | Ono et al. |
| 20020036825 | March 28, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 20020047837 | April 25, 2002 | Suyama et al. |
| 20020075240 | June 20, 2002 | Lieberman et al. |
| 20020093701 | July 18, 2002 | Zhang et al. |
| 20020110077 | August 15, 2002 | Drobot et al. |
| 20020126332 | September 12, 2002 | Popovich |
| 20020127497 | September 12, 2002 | Brown et al. |
| 20020131175 | September 19, 2002 | Yagi et al. |
| 20020150032 | October 17, 2002 | Nishiuchi et al. |
| 20020150337 | October 17, 2002 | Fujimaki |
| 20020167462 | November 14, 2002 | Lewis et al. |
| 20020196332 | December 26, 2002 | Lipton et al. |
| 20030007070 | January 9, 2003 | Lipton et al. |
| 20030025881 | February 6, 2003 | Hwang |
| 20030030912 | February 13, 2003 | Gleckman et al. |
| 20030038912 | February 27, 2003 | Broer et al. |
| 20030039442 | February 27, 2003 | Bond et al. |
| 20030063042 | April 3, 2003 | Friesem et al. |
| 20030063884 | April 3, 2003 | Smith et al. |
| 20030067685 | April 10, 2003 | Niv |
| 20030076590 | April 24, 2003 | Kramer |
| 20030086670 | May 8, 2003 | Moridaira et al. |
| 20030107809 | June 12, 2003 | Chen et al. |
| 20030149346 | August 7, 2003 | Arnone et al. |
| 20030175004 | September 18, 2003 | Garito et al. |
| 20030197154 | October 23, 2003 | Manabe et al. |
| 20030197157 | October 23, 2003 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20030202247 | October 30, 2003 | Niv et al. |
| 20030206329 | November 6, 2003 | Ikeda et al. |
| 20030228019 | December 11, 2003 | Eichler et al. |
| 20040004767 | January 8, 2004 | Song |
| 20040012833 | January 22, 2004 | Newswanger et al. |
| 20040047938 | March 11, 2004 | Kosuga et al. |
| 20040057138 | March 25, 2004 | Tanijiri et al. |
| 20040075830 | April 22, 2004 | Miyake et al. |
| 20040089842 | May 13, 2004 | Sutehrland et al. |
| 20040108971 | June 10, 2004 | Waldern et al. |
| 20040109234 | June 10, 2004 | Levola |
| 20040112862 | June 17, 2004 | Willson et al. |
| 20040125454 | July 1, 2004 | Kawasaki et al. |
| 20040130797 | July 8, 2004 | Leigh |
| 20040141217 | July 22, 2004 | Endo et al. |
| 20040156008 | August 12, 2004 | Reznikov et al. |
| 20040174348 | September 9, 2004 | David |
| 20040175627 | September 9, 2004 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20040179764 | September 16, 2004 | Melikechi et al. |
| 20040184156 | September 23, 2004 | Gunn, III et al. |
| 20040188617 | September 30, 2004 | Devitt et al. |
| 20040208446 | October 21, 2004 | Bond et al. |
| 20040208466 | October 21, 2004 | Mossberg et al. |
| 20040225025 | November 11, 2004 | Sullivan et al. |
| 20040263969 | December 30, 2004 | Lipton et al. |
| 20040263971 | December 30, 2004 | Lipton et al. |
| 20050018304 | January 27, 2005 | Lipton et al. |
| 20050047705 | March 3, 2005 | Domash et al. |
| 20050079663 | April 14, 2005 | Masutani et al. |
| 20050083564 | April 21, 2005 | Mallya et al. |
| 20050105909 | May 19, 2005 | Stone |
| 20050122395 | June 9, 2005 | Lipton et al. |
| 20050134404 | June 23, 2005 | Kajiya et al. |
| 20050135747 | June 23, 2005 | Greiner et al. |
| 20050136260 | June 23, 2005 | Garcia |
| 20050141066 | June 30, 2005 | Ouchi |
| 20050141811 | June 30, 2005 | Yang et al. |
| 20050174321 | August 11, 2005 | Ikeda et al. |
| 20050180687 | August 18, 2005 | Amitai |
| 20050195276 | September 8, 2005 | Lipton et al. |
| 20050218377 | October 6, 2005 | Lawandy |
| 20050231774 | October 20, 2005 | Hayashi et al. |
| 20050232530 | October 20, 2005 | Kekas |
| 20050254752 | November 17, 2005 | Domash et al. |
| 20050259217 | November 24, 2005 | Lin et al. |
| 20050259302 | November 24, 2005 | Metz et al. |
| 20050259944 | November 24, 2005 | Anderson et al. |
| 20050265585 | December 1, 2005 | Rowe |
| 20050269481 | December 8, 2005 | David et al. |
| 20050271258 | December 8, 2005 | Rowe |
| 20050286133 | December 29, 2005 | Lipton |
| 20060002274 | January 5, 2006 | Kihara et al. |
| 20060012878 | January 19, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 20060013977 | January 19, 2006 | Duke et al. |
| 20060043938 | March 2, 2006 | O'Gorman et al. |
| 20060055993 | March 16, 2006 | Kobayashi et al. |
| 20060093012 | May 4, 2006 | Singh et al. |
| 20060093793 | May 4, 2006 | Miyakawa et al. |
| 20060114564 | June 1, 2006 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20060119837 | June 8, 2006 | Raguin et al. |
| 20060119916 | June 8, 2006 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20060126179 | June 15, 2006 | Levola |
| 20060132914 | June 22, 2006 | Weiss et al. |
| 20060142455 | June 29, 2006 | Agarwal et al. |
| 20060146422 | July 6, 2006 | Koike |
| 20060159864 | July 20, 2006 | Natarajan et al. |
| 20060164593 | July 27, 2006 | Peyghambarian et al. |
| 20060171647 | August 3, 2006 | Ye et al. |
| 20060177180 | August 10, 2006 | Tazawa et al. |
| 20060181683 | August 17, 2006 | Bhowmik et al. |
| 20060191293 | August 31, 2006 | Kuczma |
| 20060215244 | September 28, 2006 | Yosha et al. |
| 20060215976 | September 28, 2006 | Singh et al. |
| 20060221063 | October 5, 2006 | Ishihara |
| 20060221448 | October 5, 2006 | Nivon et al. |
| 20060228073 | October 12, 2006 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20060268104 | November 30, 2006 | Cowan et al. |
| 20060268412 | November 30, 2006 | Downing et al. |
| 20060279662 | December 14, 2006 | Kapellner et al. |
| 20060284974 | December 21, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 20060285205 | December 21, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 20060291021 | December 28, 2006 | Mukawa |
| 20060291052 | December 28, 2006 | Lipton et al. |
| 20060292493 | December 28, 2006 | Shinotsuka et al. |
| 20070012777 | January 18, 2007 | Tsikos et al. |
| 20070019152 | January 25, 2007 | Caputo et al. |
| 20070019297 | January 25, 2007 | Stewart et al. |
| 20070041684 | February 22, 2007 | Popovich et al. |
| 20070045596 | March 1, 2007 | King et al. |
| 20070052929 | March 8, 2007 | Allman et al. |
| 20070053032 | March 8, 2007 | Popovich |
| 20070070476 | March 29, 2007 | Yamada et al. |
| 20070070504 | March 29, 2007 | Akutsu et al. |
| 20070070859 | March 29, 2007 | Hirayama |
| 20070089625 | April 26, 2007 | Grinberg et al. |
| 20070097502 | May 3, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070109400 | May 17, 2007 | Woodgate et al. |
| 20070109401 | May 17, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070115553 | May 24, 2007 | Chang-Hasnain et al. |
| 20070116409 | May 24, 2007 | Bryan et al. |
| 20070127348 | June 7, 2007 | Ooi et al. |
| 20070133089 | June 14, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070133920 | June 14, 2007 | Lee et al. |
| 20070133983 | June 14, 2007 | Traff |
| 20070146624 | June 28, 2007 | Duston et al. |
| 20070146625 | June 28, 2007 | Ooi et al. |
| 20070154153 | July 5, 2007 | Fomitchov et al. |
| 20070160325 | July 12, 2007 | Son et al. |
| 20070177007 | August 2, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070182915 | August 9, 2007 | Osawa et al. |
| 20070183650 | August 9, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070188602 | August 16, 2007 | Cowan et al. |
| 20070188837 | August 16, 2007 | Shimizu et al. |
| 20070195409 | August 23, 2007 | Yun et al. |
| 20070206155 | September 6, 2007 | Lipton |
| 20070211164 | September 13, 2007 | Olsen et al. |
| 20070236560 | October 11, 2007 | Lipton et al. |
| 20070237456 | October 11, 2007 | Blauvelt et al. |
| 20070247687 | October 25, 2007 | Handschy et al. |
| 20070258138 | November 8, 2007 | Cowan et al. |
| 20070263169 | November 15, 2007 | Lipton |
| 20080001909 | January 3, 2008 | Lim |
| 20080018851 | January 24, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20080024598 | January 31, 2008 | Perlin et al. |
| 20080043334 | February 21, 2008 | Itzkovitch et al. |
| 20080049100 | February 28, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20080062259 | March 13, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20080089073 | April 17, 2008 | Hikmet |
| 20080106775 | May 8, 2008 | Amitai et al. |
| 20080106779 | May 8, 2008 | Peterson et al. |
| 20080117289 | May 22, 2008 | Schowengerdt et al. |
| 20080136916 | June 12, 2008 | Wolff |
| 20080136923 | June 12, 2008 | Inbar et al. |
| 20080138013 | June 12, 2008 | Parriaux |
| 20080143964 | June 19, 2008 | Cowan et al. |
| 20080143965 | June 19, 2008 | Cowan et al. |
| 20080149517 | June 26, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20080151370 | June 26, 2008 | Cook et al. |
| 20080151379 | June 26, 2008 | Amitai |
| 20080186573 | August 7, 2008 | Lipton |
| 20080186574 | August 7, 2008 | Robinson et al. |
| 20080186604 | August 7, 2008 | Amitai |
| 20080193085 | August 14, 2008 | Singh et al. |
| 20080198471 | August 21, 2008 | Amitai |
| 20080225187 | September 18, 2008 | Yamanaka |
| 20080226281 | September 18, 2008 | Lipton |
| 20080239067 | October 2, 2008 | Lipton |
| 20080239068 | October 2, 2008 | Upton |
| 20080273081 | November 6, 2008 | Lipton |
| 20080278812 | November 13, 2008 | Amitai |
| 20080285137 | November 20, 2008 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20080285140 | November 20, 2008 | Amitai |
| 20080297731 | December 4, 2008 | Powell et al. |
| 20080297807 | December 4, 2008 | Feldman et al. |
| 20080298649 | December 4, 2008 | Ennis et al. |
| 20080298740 | December 4, 2008 | Hlousek et al. |
| 20080303895 | December 11, 2008 | Akka et al. |
| 20080303896 | December 11, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20080304111 | December 11, 2008 | Queenan et al. |
| 20080309586 | December 18, 2008 | Vitale |
| 20080316303 | December 25, 2008 | Chiu et al. |
| 20080316375 | December 25, 2008 | Lipton et al. |
| 20090010135 | January 8, 2009 | Ushiro et al. |
| 20090017424 | January 15, 2009 | Yoeli et al. |
| 20090019222 | January 15, 2009 | Verma et al. |
| 20090052017 | February 26, 2009 | Sasaki |
| 20090052046 | February 26, 2009 | Amitai |
| 20090052047 | February 26, 2009 | Amitai |
| 20090067774 | March 12, 2009 | Magnusson |
| 20090074356 | March 19, 2009 | Sanchez et al. |
| 20090097122 | April 16, 2009 | Niv |
| 20090097127 | April 16, 2009 | Amitai |
| 20090121301 | May 14, 2009 | Chang |
| 20090122413 | May 14, 2009 | Hoffman et al. |
| 20090122414 | May 14, 2009 | Amitai |
| 20090128495 | May 21, 2009 | Kong et al. |
| 20090128781 | May 21, 2009 | Li |
| 20090128902 | May 21, 2009 | Niv et al. |
| 20090128911 | May 21, 2009 | Itzkovitch et al. |
| 20090136246 | May 28, 2009 | Murakami |
| 20090141324 | June 4, 2009 | Mukawa |
| 20090153437 | June 18, 2009 | Aharoni |
| 20090169152 | July 2, 2009 | Oestergard |
| 20090190222 | July 30, 2009 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20090213208 | August 27, 2009 | Glatt |
| 20090237804 | September 24, 2009 | Amitai et al. |
| 20090242021 | October 1, 2009 | Petkie et al. |
| 20090296218 | December 3, 2009 | Ryytty |
| 20090303599 | December 10, 2009 | Levola |
| 20090316246 | December 24, 2009 | Asai et al. |
| 20100014312 | January 21, 2010 | Travis et al. |
| 20100039796 | February 18, 2010 | Mukawa |
| 20100053565 | March 4, 2010 | Mizushima et al. |
| 20100060551 | March 11, 2010 | Sugiyama et al. |
| 20100060990 | March 11, 2010 | Wertheim et al. |
| 20100065726 | March 18, 2010 | Zhong et al. |
| 20100079841 | April 1, 2010 | Levola |
| 20100079865 | April 1, 2010 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20100084261 | April 8, 2010 | Lee et al. |
| 20100086256 | April 8, 2010 | Ben Bakir et al. |
| 20100092124 | April 15, 2010 | Magnusson et al. |
| 20100096562 | April 22, 2010 | Klunder et al. |
| 20100097674 | April 22, 2010 | Kasazumi et al. |
| 20100097820 | April 22, 2010 | Owen et al. |
| 20100103078 | April 29, 2010 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20100134534 | June 3, 2010 | Seesselberg et al. |
| 20100135615 | June 3, 2010 | Ho et al. |
| 20100136319 | June 3, 2010 | Imai et al. |
| 20100141555 | June 10, 2010 | Rorberg et al. |
| 20100141905 | June 10, 2010 | Burke |
| 20100149073 | June 17, 2010 | Chaum et al. |
| 20100165465 | July 1, 2010 | Levola |
| 20100165660 | July 1, 2010 | Weber et al. |
| 20100171680 | July 8, 2010 | Lapidot et al. |
| 20100177388 | July 15, 2010 | Cohen et al. |
| 20100202725 | August 12, 2010 | Popovich et al. |
| 20100214659 | August 26, 2010 | Levola |
| 20100220293 | September 2, 2010 | Mizushima et al. |
| 20100225834 | September 9, 2010 | Li |
| 20100225876 | September 9, 2010 | Escuti et al. |
| 20100231532 | September 16, 2010 | Nho et al. |
| 20100231693 | September 16, 2010 | Levola |
| 20100231705 | September 16, 2010 | Yahav et al. |
| 20100232003 | September 16, 2010 | Baldy et al. |
| 20100232016 | September 16, 2010 | Landa et al. |
| 20100245756 | September 30, 2010 | Sugihara et al. |
| 20100245757 | September 30, 2010 | Sugihara et al. |
| 20100246003 | September 30, 2010 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20100246004 | September 30, 2010 | Simmonds |
| 20100246993 | September 30, 2010 | Rieger et al. |
| 20100253987 | October 7, 2010 | Leopold et al. |
| 20100265117 | October 21, 2010 | Weiss |
| 20100277803 | November 4, 2010 | Pockett et al. |
| 20100284085 | November 11, 2010 | Laakkonen |
| 20100284090 | November 11, 2010 | Simmonds |
| 20100284180 | November 11, 2010 | Popovich et al. |
| 20100296163 | November 25, 2010 | Saarikko |
| 20100299814 | December 2, 2010 | Celona et al. |
| 20100315719 | December 16, 2010 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20100321781 | December 23, 2010 | Levola et al. |
| 20100322555 | December 23, 2010 | Vermeulen et al. |
| 20110001895 | January 6, 2011 | Dahl |
| 20110002143 | January 6, 2011 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20110013423 | January 20, 2011 | Selbrede et al. |
| 20110019250 | January 27, 2011 | Aiki et al. |
| 20110019874 | January 27, 2011 | Jarvenpaa et al. |
| 20110026128 | February 3, 2011 | Baker et al. |
| 20110026774 | February 3, 2011 | Flohr et al. |
| 20110032602 | February 10, 2011 | Rothenberg et al. |
| 20110032618 | February 10, 2011 | Handerek et al. |
| 20110032706 | February 10, 2011 | Mukawa |
| 20110038024 | February 17, 2011 | Wang et al. |
| 20110050548 | March 3, 2011 | Blumenfeld et al. |
| 20110063604 | March 17, 2011 | Hamre et al. |
| 20110096401 | April 28, 2011 | Levola |
| 20110102711 | May 5, 2011 | Sutherland et al. |
| 20110109880 | May 12, 2011 | Nummela |
| 20110157707 | June 30, 2011 | Tilleman et al. |
| 20110164221 | July 7, 2011 | Tilleman et al. |
| 20110187293 | August 4, 2011 | Travis et al. |
| 20110211239 | September 1, 2011 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20110216255 | September 8, 2011 | Miyauchi et al. |
| 20110221656 | September 15, 2011 | Haddick et al. |
| 20110232211 | September 29, 2011 | Farahi |
| 20110235179 | September 29, 2011 | Simmonds |
| 20110235365 | September 29, 2011 | McCollum et al. |
| 20110236803 | September 29, 2011 | Weiser et al. |
| 20110238399 | September 29, 2011 | Ophir et al. |
| 20110242349 | October 6, 2011 | Izuha et al. |
| 20110242661 | October 6, 2011 | Simmonds |
| 20110242670 | October 6, 2011 | Simmonds |
| 20110249309 | October 13, 2011 | McPheters et al. |
| 20110274435 | November 10, 2011 | Fini et al. |
| 20110299075 | December 8, 2011 | Meade et al. |
| 20110310356 | December 22, 2011 | Vallius |
| 20120007979 | January 12, 2012 | Schneider et al. |
| 20120027347 | February 2, 2012 | Mathal et al. |
| 20120033306 | February 9, 2012 | Valera et al. |
| 20120044572 | February 23, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20120044573 | February 23, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20120062850 | March 15, 2012 | Travis |
| 20120062998 | March 15, 2012 | Schultz et al. |
| 20120075168 | March 29, 2012 | Osterhout et al. |
| 20120081789 | April 5, 2012 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20120092632 | April 19, 2012 | McLeod et al. |
| 20120099203 | April 26, 2012 | Boubis et al. |
| 20120105634 | May 3, 2012 | Meidan et al. |
| 20120105740 | May 3, 2012 | Jannard et al. |
| 20120120493 | May 17, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20120127577 | May 24, 2012 | Desserouer |
| 20120162549 | June 28, 2012 | Gao et al. |
| 20120162764 | June 28, 2012 | Shimizu |
| 20120176665 | July 12, 2012 | Song et al. |
| 20120183888 | July 19, 2012 | Oliveira et al. |
| 20120194420 | August 2, 2012 | Osterhout et al. |
| 20120200532 | August 9, 2012 | Powell et al. |
| 20120206811 | August 16, 2012 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20120206937 | August 16, 2012 | Travis et al. |
| 20120207432 | August 16, 2012 | Travis et al. |
| 20120207434 | August 16, 2012 | Large |
| 20120214089 | August 23, 2012 | Hönel et al. |
| 20120214090 | August 23, 2012 | Weiser et al. |
| 20120218481 | August 30, 2012 | Popovich et al. |
| 20120224062 | September 6, 2012 | Lacoste et al. |
| 20120235884 | September 20, 2012 | Miller et al. |
| 20120235886 | September 20, 2012 | Border et al. |
| 20120235900 | September 20, 2012 | Border et al. |
| 20120242661 | September 27, 2012 | Takagi et al. |
| 20120280956 | November 8, 2012 | Yamamoto et al. |
| 20120281943 | November 8, 2012 | Popovich et al. |
| 20120290973 | November 15, 2012 | Robertson et al. |
| 20120294037 | November 22, 2012 | Holman et al. |
| 20120300311 | November 29, 2012 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20120320460 | December 20, 2012 | Levola |
| 20120326950 | December 27, 2012 | Park et al. |
| 20120328234 | December 27, 2012 | Lu et al. |
| 20130016324 | January 17, 2013 | Travis |
| 20130016362 | January 17, 2013 | Gong et al. |
| 20130021392 | January 24, 2013 | Travis |
| 20130021586 | January 24, 2013 | Lippey |
| 20130027006 | January 31, 2013 | Holloway et al. |
| 20130033485 | February 7, 2013 | Kollin et al. |
| 20130039619 | February 14, 2013 | Laughlin |
| 20130044376 | February 21, 2013 | Valera et al. |
| 20130051730 | February 28, 2013 | Travers et al. |
| 20130059233 | March 7, 2013 | Askham |
| 20130069850 | March 21, 2013 | Mukawa et al. |
| 20130077049 | March 28, 2013 | Bohn |
| 20130088637 | April 11, 2013 | Duparre |
| 20130093893 | April 18, 2013 | Schofield et al. |
| 20130101253 | April 25, 2013 | Popovich et al. |
| 20130107186 | May 2, 2013 | Ando et al. |
| 20130117377 | May 9, 2013 | Miller |
| 20130125027 | May 16, 2013 | Abovitz et al. |
| 20130128230 | May 23, 2013 | Macnamara |
| 20130138275 | May 30, 2013 | Nauman et al. |
| 20130141937 | June 6, 2013 | Katsuta et al. |
| 20130143336 | June 6, 2013 | Jain |
| 20130163089 | June 27, 2013 | Bohn |
| 20130163928 | June 27, 2013 | Wang et al. |
| 20130170031 | July 4, 2013 | Bohn et al. |
| 20130176704 | July 11, 2013 | Lanman et al. |
| 20130184904 | July 18, 2013 | Gadzinski |
| 20130200710 | August 8, 2013 | Robbins |
| 20130207887 | August 15, 2013 | Raffle et al. |
| 20130224634 | August 29, 2013 | Berneth et al. |
| 20130229717 | September 5, 2013 | Amitai |
| 20130249895 | September 26, 2013 | Westerinen et al. |
| 20130250207 | September 26, 2013 | Bohn |
| 20130250380 | September 26, 2013 | Fujikawa et al. |
| 20130250430 | September 26, 2013 | Robbins et al. |
| 20130250431 | September 26, 2013 | Robbins et al. |
| 20130257848 | October 3, 2013 | Westerinen et al. |
| 20130258701 | October 3, 2013 | Westerinen et al. |
| 20130267309 | October 10, 2013 | Robbins et al. |
| 20130271731 | October 17, 2013 | Popovich et al. |
| 20130277890 | October 24, 2013 | Bowman et al. |
| 20130286053 | October 31, 2013 | Fleck et al. |
| 20130300997 | November 14, 2013 | Popovich et al. |
| 20130301014 | November 14, 2013 | DeJong et al. |
| 20130305437 | November 21, 2013 | Weller et al. |
| 20130308185 | November 21, 2013 | Robinson et al. |
| 20130312811 | November 28, 2013 | Aspnes et al. |
| 20130314789 | November 28, 2013 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20130314793 | November 28, 2013 | Robbins et al. |
| 20130322810 | December 5, 2013 | Robbins |
| 20130328948 | December 12, 2013 | Kunkel et al. |
| 20130342525 | December 26, 2013 | Benko et al. |
| 20140002514 | January 2, 2014 | Richards |
| 20140003762 | January 2, 2014 | Macnamara |
| 20140009809 | January 9, 2014 | Pyun et al. |
| 20140022616 | January 23, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 20140024159 | January 23, 2014 | Jain |
| 20140027006 | January 30, 2014 | Foley et al. |
| 20140037242 | February 6, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 20140043672 | February 13, 2014 | Clarke et al. |
| 20140043689 | February 13, 2014 | Mason |
| 20140055845 | February 27, 2014 | Jain |
| 20140063055 | March 6, 2014 | Osterhout et al. |
| 20140064655 | March 6, 2014 | Nguyen et al. |
| 20140071538 | March 13, 2014 | Muller |
| 20140098010 | April 10, 2014 | Travis |
| 20140104665 | April 17, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 20140104685 | April 17, 2014 | Bohn et al. |
| 20140118647 | May 1, 2014 | Momonoi et al. |
| 20140126029 | May 8, 2014 | Fuetterer |
| 20140126175 | May 8, 2014 | Amitai et al. |
| 20140130132 | May 8, 2014 | Cahill et al. |
| 20140140653 | May 22, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| 20140140654 | May 22, 2014 | Brown et al. |
| 20140146394 | May 29, 2014 | Tout et al. |
| 20140152778 | June 5, 2014 | Ihlenburg et al. |
| 20140154614 | June 5, 2014 | Xie et al. |
| 20140160576 | June 12, 2014 | Robbins et al. |
| 20140168055 | June 19, 2014 | Smith |
| 20140168260 | June 19, 2014 | O'Brien et al. |
| 20140168735 | June 19, 2014 | Yuan et al. |
| 20140168783 | June 19, 2014 | Luebke et al. |
| 20140172296 | June 19, 2014 | Shtukater |
| 20140176528 | June 26, 2014 | Robbins |
| 20140177023 | June 26, 2014 | Gao et al. |
| 20140185286 | July 3, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 20140198128 | July 17, 2014 | Hong et al. |
| 20140198896 | July 17, 2014 | Hemmendorff et al. |
| 20140204455 | July 24, 2014 | Popovich et al. |
| 20140211322 | July 31, 2014 | Bohn et al. |
| 20140218468 | August 7, 2014 | Gao et al. |
| 20140218801 | August 7, 2014 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20140232759 | August 21, 2014 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20140240834 | August 28, 2014 | Mason |
| 20140240842 | August 28, 2014 | Nguyen et al. |
| 20140255662 | September 11, 2014 | Enomoto et al. |
| 20140267420 | September 18, 2014 | Schowengerdt et al. |
| 20140268017 | September 18, 2014 | Sweis et al. |
| 20140268353 | September 18, 2014 | Fujimura et al. |
| 20140300947 | October 9, 2014 | Fattal et al. |
| 20140300960 | October 9, 2014 | Santori et al. |
| 20140300966 | October 9, 2014 | Travers et al. |
| 20140327970 | November 6, 2014 | Bohn et al. |
| 20140330159 | November 6, 2014 | Costa et al. |
| 20140367719 | December 18, 2014 | Jain |
| 20140375542 | December 25, 2014 | Robbins et al. |
| 20140375789 | December 25, 2014 | Lou et al. |
| 20140375790 | December 25, 2014 | Robbins et al. |
| 20150001677 | January 1, 2015 | Palumbo et al. |
| 20150003796 | January 1, 2015 | Bennett |
| 20150010265 | January 8, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 20150015946 | January 15, 2015 | Muller |
| 20150016777 | January 15, 2015 | Abovitz et al. |
| 20150035744 | February 5, 2015 | Robbins et al. |
| 20150036068 | February 5, 2015 | Fattal et al. |
| 20150058791 | February 26, 2015 | Robertson et al. |
| 20150062675 | March 5, 2015 | Ayres et al. |
| 20150062707 | March 5, 2015 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20150086163 | March 26, 2015 | Valera et al. |
| 20150086907 | March 26, 2015 | Mizuta et al. |
| 20150107671 | April 23, 2015 | Bodan et al. |
| 20150109763 | April 23, 2015 | Shinkai et al. |
| 20150125109 | May 7, 2015 | Robbins et al. |
| 20150148728 | May 28, 2015 | Sallum et al. |
| 20150160529 | June 11, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 20150167868 | June 18, 2015 | Boncha |
| 20150177443 | June 25, 2015 | Faecke et al. |
| 20150177686 | June 25, 2015 | Lee et al. |
| 20150177688 | June 25, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 20150185475 | July 2, 2015 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20150211960 | July 30, 2015 | Shimizu |
| 20150219834 | August 6, 2015 | Nichol et al. |
| 20150235447 | August 20, 2015 | Abovitz et al. |
| 20150235448 | August 20, 2015 | Schowengerdt et al. |
| 20150243068 | August 27, 2015 | Solomon |
| 20150247975 | September 3, 2015 | Abovitz et al. |
| 20150260994 | September 17, 2015 | Akutsu et al. |
| 20150262424 | September 17, 2015 | Tabaka et al. |
| 20150268399 | September 24, 2015 | Futterer |
| 20150268415 | September 24, 2015 | Schowengerdt et al. |
| 20150277375 | October 1, 2015 | Large et al. |
| 20150285682 | October 8, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 20150288129 | October 8, 2015 | Jain |
| 20150289762 | October 15, 2015 | Popovich et al. |
| 20150309264 | October 29, 2015 | Abovitz et al. |
| 20150316768 | November 5, 2015 | Simmonds |
| 20150338689 | November 26, 2015 | Min et al. |
| 20150346490 | December 3, 2015 | Tekolste et al. |
| 20150346495 | December 3, 2015 | Welch et al. |
| 20150355394 | December 10, 2015 | Leighton et al. |
| 20160003847 | January 7, 2016 | Ryan et al. |
| 20160004090 | January 7, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160018673 | January 21, 2016 | Wang |
| 20160026253 | January 28, 2016 | Bradski et al. |
| 20160033705 | February 4, 2016 | Fattal |
| 20160033706 | February 4, 2016 | Fattal et al. |
| 20160038992 | February 11, 2016 | Arthur et al. |
| 20160041387 | February 11, 2016 | Valera et al. |
| 20160055822 | February 25, 2016 | Bell |
| 20160077338 | March 17, 2016 | Robbins et al. |
| 20160085300 | March 24, 2016 | Robbins et al. |
| 20160097959 | April 7, 2016 | Bruizeman et al. |
| 20160116739 | April 28, 2016 | TeKolste et al. |
| 20160124223 | May 5, 2016 | Shinbo et al. |
| 20160124241 | May 5, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160132025 | May 12, 2016 | Taff et al. |
| 20160170226 | June 16, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160178901 | June 23, 2016 | Ishikawa |
| 20160195664 | July 7, 2016 | Fattal et al. |
| 20160209648 | July 21, 2016 | Haddick et al. |
| 20160209657 | July 21, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160231568 | August 11, 2016 | Saarikko et al. |
| 20160231570 | August 11, 2016 | Levola et al. |
| 20160238772 | August 18, 2016 | Waldern et al. |
| 20160266398 | September 15, 2016 | Poon et al. |
| 20160274356 | September 22, 2016 | Mason |
| 20160274362 | September 22, 2016 | Tinch et al. |
| 20160283773 | September 29, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160291328 | October 6, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20160299344 | October 13, 2016 | Dobschal et al. |
| 20160320536 | November 3, 2016 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20160327705 | November 10, 2016 | Simmonds et al. |
| 20160336033 | November 17, 2016 | Tanaka |
| 20160341964 | November 24, 2016 | Amitai |
| 20160363840 | December 15, 2016 | Mizoguchi et al. |
| 20160377879 | December 29, 2016 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170003505 | January 5, 2017 | Vallius et al. |
| 20170010466 | January 12, 2017 | Klug et al. |
| 20170010488 | January 12, 2017 | Klug et al. |
| 20170030550 | February 2, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170031160 | February 2, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170031171 | February 2, 2017 | Vallius et al. |
| 20170032166 | February 2, 2017 | Raguin et al. |
| 20170034435 | February 2, 2017 | Vallius |
| 20170038579 | February 9, 2017 | Yeoh et al. |
| 20170052374 | February 23, 2017 | Waldern et al. |
| 20170052376 | February 23, 2017 | Amitai et al. |
| 20170059759 | March 2, 2017 | Ayres et al. |
| 20170059775 | March 2, 2017 | Coles et al. |
| 20170102543 | April 13, 2017 | Vallius |
| 20170115487 | April 27, 2017 | Travis et al. |
| 20170123208 | May 4, 2017 | Vallius |
| 20170131460 | May 11, 2017 | Lin et al. |
| 20170131545 | May 11, 2017 | Wall et al. |
| 20170131546 | May 11, 2017 | Woltman et al. |
| 20170131551 | May 11, 2017 | Robbins et al. |
| 20170138789 | May 18, 2017 | Ivanov |
| 20170160546 | June 8, 2017 | Bull et al. |
| 20170180404 | June 22, 2017 | Bersch et al. |
| 20170180408 | June 22, 2017 | Yu et al. |
| 20170192246 | July 6, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170199333 | July 13, 2017 | Waldern et al. |
| 20170212295 | July 27, 2017 | Vasylyev |
| 20170219841 | August 3, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170236463 | August 17, 2017 | Chi et al. |
| 20170255257 | September 7, 2017 | Tiana et al. |
| 20170270637 | September 21, 2017 | Perreault et al. |
| 20170276940 | September 28, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170299793 | October 19, 2017 | Fattal |
| 20170299794 | October 19, 2017 | Fattal |
| 20170299860 | October 19, 2017 | Wall et al. |
| 20170307800 | October 26, 2017 | Fattal |
| 20170322426 | November 9, 2017 | Tervo |
| 20170356801 | December 14, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20170357841 | December 14, 2017 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180011324 | January 11, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180052277 | February 22, 2018 | Schowengerdt et al. |
| 20180059305 | March 1, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180067251 | March 8, 2018 | Baldwin et al. |
| 20180074265 | March 15, 2018 | Waldern et al. |
| 20180074352 | March 15, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180081190 | March 22, 2018 | Lee et al. |
| 20180107011 | April 19, 2018 | Lu et al. |
| 20180113303 | April 26, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180120669 | May 3, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180129060 | May 10, 2018 | Lee et al. |
| 20180143438 | May 24, 2018 | Oh |
| 20180143449 | May 24, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180172995 | June 21, 2018 | Lee et al. |
| 20180188542 | July 5, 2018 | Waldern et al. |
| 20180188691 | July 5, 2018 | Fattal |
| 20180210198 | July 26, 2018 | Brown et al. |
| 20180210396 | July 26, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180232048 | August 16, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180246354 | August 30, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180252869 | September 6, 2018 | Ayres et al. |
| 20180275350 | September 27, 2018 | Oh et al. |
| 20180275402 | September 27, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180275410 | September 27, 2018 | Yeoh et al. |
| 20180284440 | October 4, 2018 | Popovich et al. |
| 20180348524 | December 6, 2018 | Blum et al. |
| 20180373115 | December 27, 2018 | Brown et al. |
| 20190041634 | February 7, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190042827 | February 7, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190064526 | February 28, 2019 | Connor |
| 20190064735 | February 28, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190072723 | March 7, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190094548 | March 28, 2019 | Nicholson et al. |
| 20190113751 | April 18, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190113829 | April 18, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190114484 | April 18, 2019 | Keech et al. |
| 20190121027 | April 25, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190129085 | May 2, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190162962 | May 30, 2019 | Leighton et al. |
| 20190162963 | May 30, 2019 | Leighton et al. |
| 20190171031 | June 6, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190179153 | June 13, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190187538 | June 20, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190188471 | June 20, 2019 | Osterhout et al. |
| 20190212195 | July 11, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190212557 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212573 | July 11, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190212588 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212589 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212596 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212597 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212698 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190212699 | July 11, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190219822 | July 18, 2019 | Popovich et al. |
| 20190243142 | August 8, 2019 | Tekolste et al. |
| 20190265486 | August 29, 2019 | Hansotte et al. |
| 20190278224 | September 12, 2019 | Schlottau et al. |
| 20190285796 | September 19, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20190293880 | September 26, 2019 | Nishiwaki et al. |
| 20190319426 | October 17, 2019 | Lu et al. |
| 20190339558 | November 7, 2019 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200026074 | January 23, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200033190 | January 30, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200033801 | January 30, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200033802 | January 30, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200057353 | February 20, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200064637 | February 27, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200081317 | March 12, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200103661 | April 2, 2020 | Kamakura |
| 20200142131 | May 7, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200159023 | May 21, 2020 | Bhargava et al. |
| 20200159026 | May 21, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200183163 | June 11, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200201042 | June 25, 2020 | Wang et al. |
| 20200201051 | June 25, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200225471 | July 16, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200241304 | July 30, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200249484 | August 6, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200249491 | August 6, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200264378 | August 20, 2020 | Grant et al. |
| 20200271973 | August 27, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200292745 | September 17, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200292840 | September 17, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200341194 | October 29, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200348519 | November 5, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200348531 | November 5, 2020 | Popovich et al. |
| 20200363771 | November 19, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20200386947 | December 10, 2020 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210026297 | January 28, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210033857 | February 4, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210055551 | February 25, 2021 | Chi et al. |
| 20210063634 | March 4, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210216040 | July 15, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210223585 | July 22, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210231874 | July 29, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 20210231955 | July 29, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210239984 | August 5, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 20210247560 | August 12, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210247620 | August 12, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 20210247719 | August 12, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20210349328 | November 11, 2021 | Popovich et al. |
| 20210405299 | December 30, 2021 | Grant et al. |
| 20210405514 | December 30, 2021 | Waldern et al. |
| 20220075196 | March 10, 2022 | Waldern et al. |
| PI0720469 | January 2014 | BR |
| 2889727 | June 2014 | CA |
| 1320217 | October 2001 | CN |
| 1886680 | December 2006 | CN |
| 200944140 | September 2007 | CN |
| 101103297 | January 2008 | CN |
| 101151562 | March 2008 | CN |
| 101263412 | September 2008 | CN |
| 100492099 | May 2009 | CN |
| 101589326 | November 2009 | CN |
| 101688977 | March 2010 | CN |
| 101726857 | June 2010 | CN |
| 101793555 | August 2010 | CN |
| 101881936 | November 2010 | CN |
| 101910900 | December 2010 | CN |
| 101945612 | January 2011 | CN |
| 102314092 | January 2012 | CN |
| 102498425 | June 2012 | CN |
| 102608762 | July 2012 | CN |
| 102782563 | November 2012 | CN |
| 102928981 | February 2013 | CN |
| 103000188 | March 2013 | CN |
| 103562802 | February 2014 | CN |
| 103777282 | May 2014 | CN |
| 103823267 | May 2014 | CN |
| 103959133 | July 2014 | CN |
| 104040308 | September 2014 | CN |
| 104040410 | September 2014 | CN |
| 104204901 | December 2014 | CN |
| 104246626 | December 2014 | CN |
| 303019849 | December 2014 | CN |
| 104520751 | April 2015 | CN |
| 303217936 | May 2015 | CN |
| 104956252 | September 2015 | CN |
| 105074537 | November 2015 | CN |
| 105074539 | November 2015 | CN |
| 105190407 | December 2015 | CN |
| 105229514 | January 2016 | CN |
| 105393159 | March 2016 | CN |
| 105408801 | March 2016 | CN |
| 105408802 | March 2016 | CN |
| 105408803 | March 2016 | CN |
| 105531716 | April 2016 | CN |
| 105705981 | June 2016 | CN |
| 105940451 | September 2016 | CN |
| 106125308 | November 2016 | CN |
| 106716223 | May 2017 | CN |
| 106842397 | June 2017 | CN |
| 106950744 | July 2017 | CN |
| 107466372 | December 2017 | CN |
| 107873086 | April 2018 | CN |
| 108107506 | June 2018 | CN |
| 108474945 | August 2018 | CN |
| 108780224 | November 2018 | CN |
| 109073889 | December 2018 | CN |
| 109154717 | January 2019 | CN |
| 208621784 | March 2019 | CN |
| 103823267 | May 2019 | CN |
| 110383117 | October 2019 | CN |
| 107873086 | March 2020 | CN |
| 111025657 | April 2020 | CN |
| 111323867 | June 2020 | CN |
| 111386495 | July 2020 | CN |
| 111566571 | August 2020 | CN |
| 305973971 | August 2020 | CN |
| 111615655 | September 2020 | CN |
| 111684362 | September 2020 | CN |
| 111902768 | November 2020 | CN |
| 107466372 | January 2021 | CN |
| 108780224 | August 2021 | CN |
| 113424095 | September 2021 | CN |
| 108474945 | October 2021 | CN |
| 113692544 | November 2021 | CN |
| 113759555 | December 2021 | CN |
| 111684362 | March 2022 | CN |
| 19751190 | May 1999 | DE |
| 10221837 | December 2003 | DE |
| 102006003785 | July 2007 | DE |
| 102006036831 | February 2008 | DE |
| 102012108424 | March 2014 | DE |
| 102013209436 | November 2014 | DE |
| 001747551-0002 | August 2012 | EM |
| 007234190- 0001 | November 2019 | EM |
| 0795775 | September 1997 | EP |
| 0822441 | February 1998 | EP |
| 1347641 | September 2003 | EP |
| 1413972 | April 2004 | EP |
| 1526709 | April 2005 | EP |
| 1748305 | January 2007 | EP |
| 1938152 | July 2008 | EP |
| 1413972 | October 2008 | EP |
| 2110701 | October 2009 | EP |
| 2196729 | June 2010 | EP |
| 2225592 | September 2010 | EP |
| 2244114 | October 2010 | EP |
| 2326983 | June 2011 | EP |
| 2381290 | October 2011 | EP |
| 1828832 | May 2013 | EP |
| 2733517 | May 2014 | EP |
| 1573369 | July 2014 | EP |
| 2748670 | July 2014 | EP |
| 2634605 | October 2015 | EP |
| 2929378 | October 2015 | EP |
| 2748670 | November 2015 | EP |
| 2995986 | March 2016 | EP |
| 1402298 | September 2016 | EP |
| 2995986 | April 2017 | EP |
| 3198192 | August 2017 | EP |
| 3245444 | November 2017 | EP |
| 3245551 | November 2017 | EP |
| 3256888 | December 2017 | EP |
| 3359999 | August 2018 | EP |
| 2494388 | November 2018 | EP |
| 3398007 | November 2018 | EP |
| 3433658 | January 2019 | EP |
| 3433659 | January 2019 | EP |
| 2842003 | February 2019 | EP |
| 3245551 | September 2019 | EP |
| 3548939 | October 2019 | EP |
| 3698214 | August 2020 | EP |
| 3710876 | September 2020 | EP |
| 3710887 | September 2020 | EP |
| 3710893 | September 2020 | EP |
| 3710894 | September 2020 | EP |
| 3894938 | October 2021 | EP |
| 3924759 | December 2021 | EP |
| 20176157 | June 2019 | FI |
| 20176161 | June 2019 | FI |
| 2677463 | December 1992 | FR |
| 2975506 | November 2012 | FR |
| 2115178 | September 1983 | GB |
| 2140935 | December 1984 | GB |
| 2508661 | June 2014 | GB |
| 2509536 | July 2014 | GB |
| 2512077 | September 2014 | GB |
| 2514658 | December 2014 | GB |
| 1204684 | November 2015 | HK |
| 1205563 | December 2015 | HK |
| 1205793 | December 2015 | HK |
| 1206101 | December 2015 | HK |
| 57089722 | June 1982 | JP |
| 02186319 | July 1990 | JP |
| 03239384 | October 1991 | JP |
| 06294952 | October 1994 | JP |
| 07098439 | April 1995 | JP |
| 0990312 | April 1997 | JP |
| 10096903 | April 1998 | JP |
| 11109320 | April 1999 | JP |
| 11142806 | May 1999 | JP |
| 2953444 | September 1999 | JP |
| 2000056259 | February 2000 | JP |
| 2000511306 | August 2000 | JP |
| 2000261706 | September 2000 | JP |
| 2000267042 | September 2000 | JP |
| 2001027739 | January 2001 | JP |
| 2001296503 | October 2001 | JP |
| 2002090858 | March 2002 | JP |
| 2002122906 | April 2002 | JP |
| 2002156617 | May 2002 | JP |
| 2002162598 | June 2002 | JP |
| 2002523802 | July 2002 | JP |
| 2002529790 | September 2002 | JP |
| 2002311379 | October 2002 | JP |
| 2003066428 | March 2003 | JP |
| 2003270419 | September 2003 | JP |
| 2004157245 | June 2004 | JP |
| 2006350129 | December 2006 | JP |
| 2007011057 | January 2007 | JP |
| 2007094175 | April 2007 | JP |
| 2007219106 | August 2007 | JP |
| 2008112187 | May 2008 | JP |
| 2009036955 | February 2009 | JP |
| 2009515225 | April 2009 | JP |
| 2009132221 | June 2009 | JP |
| 2009133999 | June 2009 | JP |
| 2009211091 | September 2009 | JP |
| 4367775 | November 2009 | JP |
| 2010044326 | February 2010 | JP |
| 2010256631 | November 2010 | JP |
| 2012137616 | July 2012 | JP |
| 2012533089 | December 2012 | JP |
| 2013061480 | April 2013 | JP |
| 5303928 | October 2013 | JP |
| 2013235256 | November 2013 | JP |
| 2014132328 | July 2014 | JP |
| 5588794 | September 2014 | JP |
| 5646748 | November 2014 | JP |
| 2015053163 | March 2015 | JP |
| 2015523586 | August 2015 | JP |
| 2015172713 | October 2015 | JP |
| 2016030503 | March 2016 | JP |
| 2018508037 | March 2018 | JP |
| 2018533069 | November 2018 | JP |
| 2019512745 | May 2019 | JP |
| 2019520595 | July 2019 | JP |
| 6598269 | October 2019 | JP |
| 6680793 | March 2020 | JP |
| 2020514783 | May 2020 | JP |
| 1664536 | July 2020 | JP |
| 6734933 | July 2020 | JP |
| 2020-537187 | December 2020 | JP |
| 2021509488 | March 2021 | JP |
| 2021509736 | April 2021 | JP |
| 2021509737 | April 2021 | JP |
| 2021509739 | April 2021 | JP |
| 6895451 | June 2021 | JP |
| 2022-520472 | March 2022 | JP |
| 20060132474 | December 2006 | KR |
| 100803288 | February 2008 | KR |
| 20100092059 | August 2010 | KR |
| 20140140063 | December 2014 | KR |
| 20140142337 | December 2014 | KR |
| 20170031357 | March 2017 | KR |
| 30-1061010 | May 2020 | KR |
| 10-2020-0106932 | September 2020 | KR |
| 10-2020-0108030 | September 2020 | KR |
| 2020-0106170 | September 2020 | KR |
| 20200104402 | September 2020 | KR |
| 20210100174 | August 2021 | KR |
| 1020210127237 | October 2021 | KR |
| 20210134763 | November 2021 | KR |
| 1020210138609 | November 2021 | KR |
| 200535633 | November 2005 | TW |
| 200801583 | January 2008 | TW |
| 201314263 | April 2013 | TW |
| 201600943 | January 2016 | TW |
| 201604601 | February 2016 | TW |
| 1997001133 | January 1997 | WO |
| 1997027519 | July 1997 | WO |
| 1998004650 | February 1998 | WO |
| 1999009440 | February 1999 | WO |
| 9931658 | June 1999 | WO |
| 1999052002 | October 1999 | WO |
| 2000016136 | March 2000 | WO |
| 0023832 | April 2000 | WO |
| 2000023830 | April 2000 | WO |
| 2000023832 | April 2000 | WO |
| 2000023847 | April 2000 | WO |
| 2000028369 | May 2000 | WO |
| 2000028369 | October 2000 | WO |
| 2001050200 | July 2001 | WO |
| 2001090822 | November 2001 | WO |
| 2002082168 | October 2002 | WO |
| 2003081320 | October 2003 | WO |
| 2004023174 | March 2004 | WO |
| 2004053531 | November 2004 | WO |
| 2004102226 | November 2004 | WO |
| 2004109349 | December 2004 | WO |
| 2005001753 | January 2005 | WO |
| 2005006065 | January 2005 | WO |
| 2005006065 | February 2005 | WO |
| 2005073798 | August 2005 | WO |
| 2006002870 | January 2006 | WO |
| 2006064301 | June 2006 | WO |
| 2006064325 | June 2006 | WO |
| 2006064334 | June 2006 | WO |
| 2006102073 | September 2006 | WO |
| 2006132614 | December 2006 | WO |
| 2006102073 | January 2007 | WO |
| 2007015141 | February 2007 | WO |
| 2007029032 | March 2007 | WO |
| 2007085682 | August 2007 | WO |
| 2007130130 | November 2007 | WO |
| 2007141587 | December 2007 | WO |
| 2007141589 | December 2007 | WO |
| 2008011066 | January 2008 | WO |
| 2008011066 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2008081070 | July 2008 | WO |
| 2008100545 | August 2008 | WO |
| 2008011066 | December 2008 | WO |
| 2009013597 | January 2009 | WO |
| 2009013597 | January 2009 | WO |
| 2009077802 | June 2009 | WO |
| 2009077803 | June 2009 | WO |
| 2009101238 | August 2009 | WO |
| 2007130130 | September 2009 | WO |
| 2009155437 | December 2009 | WO |
| 2009155437 | March 2010 | WO |
| 2010023444 | March 2010 | WO |
| 2010057219 | May 2010 | WO |
| 2010067114 | June 2010 | WO |
| 2010067117 | June 2010 | WO |
| 2010078856 | July 2010 | WO |
| 2010104692 | September 2010 | WO |
| 2010122330 | October 2010 | WO |
| 2010125337 | November 2010 | WO |
| 2010125337 | November 2010 | WO |
| 2010131046 | November 2010 | WO |
| 2011012825 | February 2011 | WO |
| 2011032005 | March 2011 | WO |
| 2011042711 | April 2011 | WO |
| 2011051660 | May 2011 | WO |
| 2011055109 | May 2011 | WO |
| 2011042711 | June 2011 | WO |
| 2011073673 | June 2011 | WO |
| 2011107831 | September 2011 | WO |
| 2011110821 | September 2011 | WO |
| 2011131978 | October 2011 | WO |
| 2012052352 | April 2012 | WO |
| 2012062658 | May 2012 | WO |
| 2012136970 | October 2012 | WO |
| 2012158950 | November 2012 | WO |
| 2012172295 | December 2012 | WO |
| 2013027004 | February 2013 | WO |
| 2013027006 | February 2013 | WO |
| 2013033274 | March 2013 | WO |
| 2013034879 | March 2013 | WO |
| 2013049012 | April 2013 | WO |
| 2013054972 | April 2013 | WO |
| 2013102759 | July 2013 | WO |
| 2013163347 | October 2013 | WO |
| 2013167864 | November 2013 | WO |
| 2013190257 | December 2013 | WO |
| 2014064427 | May 2014 | WO |
| 2014080155 | May 2014 | WO |
| 2014085734 | June 2014 | WO |
| 2014090379 | June 2014 | WO |
| 2014091200 | June 2014 | WO |
| 2014093601 | June 2014 | WO |
| 2014100182 | June 2014 | WO |
| 2014113506 | July 2014 | WO |
| 2014116615 | July 2014 | WO |
| 2014130383 | August 2014 | WO |
| 2014144526 | September 2014 | WO |
| 2014159621 | October 2014 | WO |
| 2014164901 | October 2014 | WO |
| 2014176695 | November 2014 | WO |
| 2014179632 | November 2014 | WO |
| 2014188149 | November 2014 | WO |
| 2014209733 | December 2014 | WO |
| 2014209819 | December 2014 | WO |
| 2014209820 | December 2014 | WO |
| 2014209821 | December 2014 | WO |
| 2014210349 | December 2014 | WO |
| 2015006784 | January 2015 | WO |
| 2015015138 | February 2015 | WO |
| 2015017291 | February 2015 | WO |
| 2015069553 | May 2015 | WO |
| 2015081313 | June 2015 | WO |
| 2015117039 | August 2015 | WO |
| 2015145119 | October 2015 | WO |
| 2016010289 | January 2016 | WO |
| 2016020630 | February 2016 | WO |
| 2016020643 | February 2016 | WO |
| 2016025350 | February 2016 | WO |
| 2016020630 | March 2016 | WO |
| 2016042283 | March 2016 | WO |
| 2016044193 | March 2016 | WO |
| 2016046514 | March 2016 | WO |
| 2016048729 | March 2016 | WO |
| 2016054092 | April 2016 | WO |
| 2016069606 | May 2016 | WO |
| 2016087442 | June 2016 | WO |
| 2016103263 | June 2016 | WO |
| 2016111706 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016111707 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016111708 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016111709 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016113533 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016113534 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016116733 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016118107 | July 2016 | WO |
| 2016122679 | August 2016 | WO |
| 2016130509 | August 2016 | WO |
| 2016135434 | September 2016 | WO |
| 2016113533 | October 2016 | WO |
| 2016156776 | October 2016 | WO |
| 2016181108 | November 2016 | WO |
| 2016046514 | April 2017 | WO |
| 2017060665 | April 2017 | WO |
| 2017094129 | June 2017 | WO |
| 2017120320 | July 2017 | WO |
| 2017134412 | August 2017 | WO |
| 2017160367 | September 2017 | WO |
| 2017162999 | September 2017 | WO |
| 2017162999 | September 2017 | WO |
| 2017178781 | October 2017 | WO |
| 2017180403 | October 2017 | WO |
| 2017182771 | October 2017 | WO |
| 2017203200 | November 2017 | WO |
| 2017203201 | November 2017 | WO |
| 2017207987 | December 2017 | WO |
| 2018102834 | June 2018 | WO |
| 2018102834 | June 2018 | WO |
| 2018096359 | July 2018 | WO |
| 2018129398 | July 2018 | WO |
| 2018150163 | August 2018 | WO |
| 2018206487 | November 2018 | WO |
| 2019046649 | March 2019 | WO |
| 2019077307 | April 2019 | WO |
| 2019079350 | April 2019 | WO |
| 2019079350 | April 2019 | WO |
| 2019046649 | May 2019 | WO |
| 2019122806 | June 2019 | WO |
| 2019135784 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019135796 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019135837 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019136470 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019136471 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019136473 | July 2019 | WO |
| 2019171038 | September 2019 | WO |
| 2019185973 | October 2019 | WO |
| 2019185975 | October 2019 | WO |
| 2019185976 | October 2019 | WO |
| 2019185977 | October 2019 | WO |
| 2019217453 | November 2019 | WO |
| 2020023779 | January 2020 | WO |
| 2020123506 | June 2020 | WO |
| 2020149956 | July 2020 | WO |
| 2020168348 | August 2020 | WO |
| 2020172681 | August 2020 | WO |
| 2020186113 | September 2020 | WO |
| 2020212682 | October 2020 | WO |
| 2020219092 | October 2020 | WO |
| 2020227236 | November 2020 | WO |
| 2020247930 | December 2020 | WO |
| 2021016371 | January 2021 | WO |
| 2021021926 | February 2021 | WO |
| 2021032982 | February 2021 | WO |
| 2021032983 | February 2021 | WO |
| 2021041949 | March 2021 | WO |
| 2021044121 | March 2021 | WO |
| 2021138607 | July 2021 | WO |
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2014/000197, Search completed Jul. 31, 2014, dated Aug. 7, 2014, 6 Pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application PCT/GB2013/000210, completed Aug. 12, 2013, dated Aug. 20, 2013, 5 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application PCT/GB2016/000005, search completed May 27, 2016, dated Jun. 6, 2016, 6 pgs.
- Google search: “digilens waveguide” [site visited Sep. 14, 2020], https://www.google.com/search?q-digilens+waveguide&sxsrf=ALeKk02RFwZAZ0vrlxVH0M_2fiXFkhW1 FA: 1604777621684&source=Inms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah U KEwjjyNXAIvHsAh U Rh HI EHTufCvsQ_AUoAnoECBwQBA&biw= 1200&bih= 1777.
- Google search: “eyewear display devices” [site visited Sep. 14, 2020], https://www.google.com/search?q=eyewear+display+devices&sxsrf=ALeKkO 1 WWfnOAgsQR_bhydJaYK3e37r J Lg: 1604779001617 &source=Inms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah U KEwi99txSm_HsAhVaoH I EHawtD8QQ_AUoAnoECC8QBA&biw= 1200&bih= 1777.
- Google search: “smart glasses” [site visited Sep. 14, 2020], https://www.google.com/search?q=smart+glasses&sxsrf=ALeKk01 KN 1wj23-NqP -KCnrcsUpCgxyKA: 1604779046920&source=Inms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah U KEwipkq Pom_HsAhVKhXI EHQGFBp8Q_AUoBHoECCgQBg&biw= 1200&bih= 1777.
- Bhuvaneshwaran et al., “Spectral response of Bragg gratings in multimode polymer waveguides”, Applied Optics, Dec. 1, 2017, vol. 56. No. 34, pp. 9573-9582, doi: 10.1364/AO.56.009573.
- Caputo et al., “POLICRYPS: a liquid crystal composed nano/microstructure with a wide range of optical and electro-optical applications”, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, Jan. 15, 2009, vol. 11, No. 2, 13 pgs., doi: 10.1088/1464-4258/11/2/024017.
- Carothers, “Polymers and polyfunctionality”, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1936, vol. 32, pp. 39-49.
- De Sarkar et al., “Effect of Monomer Functionality on the Morphology and Performance of Holographic Transmission Gratings Recorded on Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, Macromolecules, 2003, vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 630-638.
- Doolittle, “Studies in Newtonian Flow. II. The Dependence of the Viscosity of Liquids on Free-Space”, Journal of Applied Physics, 1951, vol. 22, Issue 12, pp. 1471-1475, published online Apr. 29, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699894.
- Escuti et al., “Holographic photonic crystals”, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Sep. 2004, vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 1973-1987, DOI: 10.1117/1.1773773.
- Flory, “Molecular size distribution in three-dimensional polymers. I. Gelation”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Nov. 1941, vol. 63, pp. 3083-3090.
- Fries et al., “Real-time beam shaping without additional optical elements”, Light Science & Applications, Jun. 20, 2018, vol. 7, No. 18, doi: 10.1038/S41377-018-0014-0.
- Gerritsen et al., “Application of Kogelnik's two-wave theory to deep, slanted, highly efficient, relief transmission gratings”, Applied Optics, Mar. 1, 1991, vol. 30; No. 7, pp. 807-814.
- Golub et al., “Bragg properties of efficient surface relief gratings in the Yesonance domain”, Optics Communications, Feb. 24, 2004, vol. 235, pp. 261-267, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2004.02.069.
- Goodman, “Introduction to Fourier Optics”, Second Edition, Jan. 1996, 457 Pages.
- Guo et al., “Analysis of the effects of viscosity, volume and temperature in photopolymer material for holographic applications”, Proc. SPIE, May 2013, vol. 8776, pp. 87760J-1-87760-J15, DOI:10.1117/12.2018330.
- He et al., “Transmission Holographic Gratings Using Siloxane Containing Liquid Crystalline Compounds, Importance of Chemical Structure of Polymer Matrix Components”, Polymer Journal, Jun. 9, 2006, vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 678-685.
- Jang et al., “Low Driving Voltage Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals with Chemically Incorporated Graphene Oxide”, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, vol. 21, pp. 19226-19232, doi.10.1039/1jm13827h.
- Kakiuchida et al., “Multiple Bragg Diffractions with Different Wavelengths and Polarizations Composed of Liquid Crystal/Polymer Periodic Phases”, ACS Omega, Sep. 22, 2017, pp. 6081-6090, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01149.
- Kwon et al., “Polymer waveguide notch filter using two stacked thermooptic Tong-period gratings”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Apr. 4, 2005, vol. 17, Issue 4, pp. 792-794, DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2005.844008.
- Levin et al., “A Closed Form Solution to Natural Image Matting”, Illumination & Displays 3D Visualization and Imaging Systems Laboratory (3DVIS) College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona Tucson, 2014, 8 pgs.
- Li et al., “A low cost, label-free biosensor based on a novel double-sided grating waveguide coupler with sub-surface cavities”, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Jan. 2015, vol. 206, pp. 371-380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.09.065.
- Liu et al., “Effect of Surfactant on the Electro-Optical Properties of Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Bragg Gratings”, Optical Materials, 2005, vol. 27, pp. 1451-1455, available online Dec. 25, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2004.10.010.
- Lougnot et al., “Polymers for holographic recording: VI. Some basic ideas for modelling the kinetics of the recording process”, Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A, 1997, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 225-245, https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/6/2/007.
- Missinne et al., “Flexible thin polymer waveguide Bragg grating sensor foils for strain sensing”, Proc. SPIE, 10101, Organic Photonic Materials and Devices, Feb. 16, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2250823.
- Moharam et al., “Diffraction characteristics of photoresist surface-relief gratings”, Applied Optics, Sep. 15, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 3214-3220.
- Nielsen et al., “Grating Couplers for Fiber-to-Fiber Characterizations of Stand-Alone Dielectric Loaded Surface Plasmon Waveguide Components”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Oct. 1, 2012, vol. 30, No. 19, pp. 3118-3125, DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2012.2212418.
- Ogiwara et al., “Temperature Dependence of Anisotropic Diffraction in Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Memory”, Applied Optics, Sep. 10, 2013, vol. 52, No. 26, pp. 6529-6536.
- Ogiwara et al., “Thermo-Driven Light Controller by Using Thermal Modulation of Diffraction Wavelength in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Grating”, Proc SPIE, Feb. 19, 2014, 9004,.Article 90040Q, 8 pgs., doi: 10.1117/12.2039104.
- Peng et al., “Low Voltage Driven and Highly Diffractive Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals with Spherical Morphology”, RSC Advances, 2017, vol. 7, pp. 51847-51857, doi: 10.1039/c7ra08949.
- Pierantoni et al., “Efficient modeling of 3-D photonic crystals for integrated optical devices”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Feb. 2006, vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 319-321, DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2005.861991.
- Pogue et al., “Electrically Switchable Bragg Gratings from Liquid Crystal/Polymer Composites”, Applied Spectroscopy, 2000, vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 12A-28A.
- Prokop et al., “Air-Suspended SU-8 Polymer Waveguide Grating Couplers”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Sep. 1, 2016, vol. 34, No. 17, pp. 3966-3971, DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2016.2593025.
- Roussel et al., “Photopolymerization Kinetics and Phase Behavior of Acrylate Based Polymers Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, Liquid Crystals, 1998, vol. 24, Issue 4, pp. 555-561.
- Sabel et al., “Simultaneous formation of holographic surface relief gratings and volume phase gratings in photosensitive polymer”, Materials Research Letters, May 30, 2019, vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 405-411, doi: 10.1080/21663831.2019.1621956.
- Sakhno et al., “Deep surface relief grating in azobenzene-containing materials using a low-intensity 532 nm laser”, Optical Materials: X, Jan. 23, 2019, 100006, pp. 3-7, doi: 10.1016/j.omx.2019.100006.
- Sutherland et al., “Phenomenological model of anisotropic volume hologram formation in liquid-crystal-photopolymer mixtures”, Journal of Applied Physics, Jun. 30, 2004, vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 951-965, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1762713.
- Tahata et al., “Effects of Polymer Matrix on Electro-Optic Properties of Liquid Crystal Mixed with Polymer”, Proc SPIE, Mar. 11, 1996, vol. 2651, pp. 101-106, doi: 10.1117/12.235342.
- Tondiglia et al., “Holographic Formation of Electro-Optical Polymer-Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystals”, Advanced Materials, 2002, Published Online Novembers, 2001, vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 187-191.
- Waldern et al., “Waveguide Optics for All Day Wearable Displays”, Jun. 20, 2017, 35 pgs.
- Yokomori, “Dielectric surface-re lief gratings with high diffraction efficiency”, Applied Optics, Jul. 15, 1984, vol. 23; No. 14, pp. 2303-2310.
- Youcef et al., “Phase Behavior of Poly(N-Butyl Acrylate) and Poly(2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate) in Nematic Liquid Crystal E7”, Macromol. Symp. 2011, vol. 303, pp. 10-16, doi: 10.1002/masy.201150502.
- Zeller et al., “Laminated Air Structured and Fluid Infiltrated Polymer Waveguides”, in IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Nov. 2, 2011, vol. 23, Issue: 21, pp. 1564-1566, first published Aug. 12, 2011, DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2011.2164396.
- Zhao et al., “Diffusion Model of Hologram Formation in Dry Photopolymer Materials”, Journal of Modern Optics, 1994. Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1929-1939, https: //doi.org/10.1080/09500349414551831.
- Zhao et al., “Extension of a diffusion model for holographic photopolymers”, Journal of Modern Optics, 1995, vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 2571-2573, https://doi.org/10.1080/713824349.
- Zheng et al., “Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Grating with Low Scattering Losses”, Liquid Crystals, Mar. 2012, vol. 39, Issue 3, pp. 387-391.
- Digi Lens: Waveguides, announced unknown, [online], [site visited Nov. 6, 2020], Available from Internet, <URL: https://www.digilens.com/technology/waveguides/> (Year: 2020).
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 19736108.2, Search completed Sep. 15, 2021, dated Sep. 27, 2021, 8 Pgs.
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 18727645.6, Search completed Oct. 14, 2020, dated Oct. 23, 2020, 13 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000005, Report issued Jul. 18, 2017, dated Jul. 27, 2017, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000051, Report issued Sep. 19, 2017, dated Sep. 28, 2017, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/IB2008/001909, Report issued Jan. 26, 2010, dated Jan. 26, 2010, 5 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2018/037410, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2018/048636, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 9 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US2018/062835, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2013/000210, issued Nov. 11, 2014, dated Nov. 20, 2014, 6 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2014/000197, issued Nov. 24, 2015, dated Dec. 3, 2015, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2016/000003, issued Jul. 18, 2017, dated Jul. 27, 2017, 11 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2017/000015, Report Completed Aug. 7, 2018, dated Aug. 16, 2018, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2018/048960, Report issued on Mar. 3, 2020, dated Mar. 12, 2020, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2018/056150, Report Issued on Apr. 21, 2020, dated Apr. 30, 2020, 6 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/031163, Report issued Nov. 10, 2020, dated Nov. 19, 2020, 6 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2020/018686, Report issued Aug. 10, 2021, dated Aug. 26, 2021, 6 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/064765, Report issued Oct. 19, 2020, dated Oct. 28, 2020, 27 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/048590, Search completed Dec. 7, 2020, dated Jan. 11, 2021, 19 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2017/000015, Search completed Apr. 25, 2017, dated May 8, 2017, 10 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/IB2008/001909, Search completed Feb. 4, 2009, dated Feb. 17, 2009, 6 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/043496, Search completed Sep. 28, 2019, dated Nov. 14, 2019, 12 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/064765, Search completed Feb. 3, 2020, dated Mar. 18, 2020, 11 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/019549, Search completed Apr. 14, 2020, dated May 22, 2020, 12 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/022482, Search completed May 12, 2020, dated Jun. 9, 2020, 11 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/036654, Search completed Aug. 21, 2020, dated Sep. 4, 2020, 14 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/043107, Search completed Sep. 28, 2020, dated Oct. 15, 2020, 12 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/065478, Search completed Jan. 29, 2020, dated Feb. 11, 2020, 14 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2015/047097, completed Nov. 22, 2015, dated Dec. 16, 2019, 10 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2013/000210, completed by the European Patent Office on Aug. 12, 2013, 3 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2014/000197, Completed by the European Patent Office on Jul. 31, 2014, 3 Pages.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2016/000003, Completed by the European Patent Office May 31, 2016, 6 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2016/000005, completed by the European Patent Office on May 27, 2016, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2016/000051, Completed Aug. 11, 2016, 3 Pgs.
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 18867522.7, Search completed Sep. 15, 2021, dated Sep. 24, 2021, 9 Pgs.
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 18898154.2, Search completed Aug. 13, 2021, dated Aug. 23, 2021, 7 pgs.
- Extended Search Report for European Application No. 18898841.4, Search completed Mar. 18, 2021, dated Mar. 26, 2021, 10 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/043496 Report issued Jan. 26, 2021, dated Feb. 4, 2021, 5 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/047097 issued Sep. 28, 2021, dated Nov. 4, 2021, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/065478, Report issued Jun. 8, 2021, dated Jun. 24, 2021, 9 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2020/019549, Report issued Aug. 10, 2021, dated Sep. 2, 2021, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2020/022482, issued Aug. 25, 2021, dated Sep. 23, 2021, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2020/031363, issued Nov. 2, 2021, dated Nov. 18, 2021, 7 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/067737, Search completed Mar. 3, 2021, dated Mar. 25, 2021, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2021/072287, Search completed Jan. 10, 2022, dated Feb. 17, 2022, 11 Pgs.
- Liu et al., “Realization and Optimization of Holographic Waveguide Display System”, Acta Optica Sinica, vol. 37, Issue. 5, Issuing date—May 10, 2017, pp. 310-317.
- Extended European Search Report for EP Application No. 13192383.1, dated Apr. 2, 2014, 7 pgs.
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 13765610.4 dated Feb. 16, 2016, 6 pgs.
- Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 15187491.4, search completed Jan. 15, 2016, dated Jan. 28, 2016, 5 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/000835, issued Nov. 1, 2011, dated Nov. 10, 2011, 9 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/001920, issued Apr. 11, 2012, dated Apr. 19, 2012, 10 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/001982, report issued May 1, 2012, dated May 10, 2012, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2013/000273, issued Dec. 23, 2014, dated Dec. 31, 2014, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2015/000203, issued Mar. 21, 2017, dated Mar. 30, 2017, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000036, issued Aug. 29, 2017, dated Sep. 8, 2017, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000065, issued Oct. 3, 2017, dated Oct. 12, 2017, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. CT/US201 8/012227, Report issued Jul. 30, 2019, dated Aug. 8, 2019, 7 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. PCT/US201 9/012758, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 4 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application No. CT/US201 9/012759, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 6 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT US2018/015553, Report issued Jun. 4, 2019, dated Jun. 13, 2019, 6 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB2009/051676, issued Jun. 14, 2 011, dated Jun. 23, 2011, 6 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB2011/000349, issued Sep. 18, 2012, dated Sep. 27, 2012, 10 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB201 2/000331, issued Oct. 8, 2013, dated Oct. 17, 2013, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB2012/000677, issued Feb. 25, 2014, dated Mar. 6, 2014, 5 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB201 3/000005, issued Jul. 8, 2014, dated Jul. 17, 2014, 12 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application >CT/GB201 4/000295, issued Feb. 2, 2016, dated Feb. 11, 2016, 4 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application CT/GB201 5/000225, issued Feb. 14, 2017, dated Feb. 23, 2017, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application DCT/GB2015/000228, issued Feb. 14, 2017, dated Feb. 23, 2017, 11 ogs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2015/000274, Issued Mar. 28, 2017, dated Apr. 6, 2017, 8 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2016/000014, issued Jul. 25, 2017, dated Aug. 3, 2017, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2017/000055, issued Oct. 16, 2018, dated Oct. 25, 2018, 9 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2014/011736, issued Jul. 21, 2015, dated Jul. 30, 2015, 9 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2016/017091, issued Aug. 15, 2017, dated Aug. 24, 2017, 5 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2018/012691, issued Jul. 9, 2019, dated Jul. 18, 2019, 10 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/US2019/012764, Report issued Jul. 14, 2020, dated Jul. 23, 2020, 5 Pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application PCT/GB2017/000040, Report issued Sep. 25, 2018 , dated Oct. 4, 2018, 7 pgs.
- International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/038070, dated Oct. 28, 2014, 6 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/031163, Search completed Jul. 9, 2019, dated Jul. 29, 2019, 11 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/000835, completed Oct. 26, 2010, dated Nov. 8, 2010, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/001920, completed Mar. 29, 2011, dated Apr. 6, 2011, 15 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2015/000228, Search completed May 4, 2011, dated Jul. 15, 2011, 15 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000036, completed Jul. 4, 2016, dated Jul. 13, 2016, 10 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000065, completed Jul. 14, 2016, dated Jul. 27, 2016, 10 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2017/000055, Search completed Jul. 19, 2017, dated Jul. 26, 2017, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2013/038070, completed Aug. 12, 2013, dated Aug. 14, 2013, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2014/011736, completed Apr. 18, 2014, dated May 8, 2014, 10 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/012227, Search completed Feb. 28, 2018, dated Mar. 14, 2018, 8 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/012691, completed Mar. 10, 2018, dated Mar. 28, 2018, 16 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/015553, completed Aug. 6, 2018, dated Sep. 19, 2018, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/037410, Search completed Aug. 16, 2018, dated Aug. 30, 2018, 11 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/048636, Search completed Nov. 1, 2018, dated Nov. 15, 2018, 16 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/056150, Search completed Dec. 4, 2018, dated Dec. 26, 2018, 10 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/062835, Search completed Jan. 14, 2019, dated Jan. 31, 2019, 14 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/012758, completed Mar. 12, 2019, dated Mar. 27, 2019, 9 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2019/012764, completed Mar. 1, 2019, dated Mar. 18, 2019, 9 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/018686, Search completed Apr. 25, 2020, dated May 22, 2020, 1 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2020/031363, completed May 28, 2020, dated Jun. 10, 2020, 8 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/048960, Search completed Dec. 14, 2018, dated Jan. 8, 2019, 14 Pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/GB2009/051676, completed May 10, 2010, dated May 18, 2010, 7 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/GB2016/000181, completed Dec. 21, 2016, dated Feb. 27, 2017, 21 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2016/017091, completed by the European Patent Office on Apr. 20, 2016, 7 pgs.
- International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2019/012759, completed Mar. 14, 2019, dated Apr. 15, 2019, 12 pgs.
- International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/GB2014/000295, completed Nov. 18, 2014, dated Jan. 5, 2015, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for International Application PCT/GB2017/000040, dated Jul. 18, 2017, completed Jul. 10, 2017, 3 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2010/001982, completed by the European Patent Office on Feb. 24, 2011, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2011/000349, completed by the European Patent Office on Aug. 17, 2011, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2012/000331, completed by the European Patent Office on Aug. 29, 2012, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2012/000677, completed by the European Patent Office on Dec. 10, 2012, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2013/000005, completed by the European Patent Office on Jul. 16, 2013, 3 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2013/000273, completed by the European Patent Office on Aug. 30, 2013, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2015/000203, completed by the European Patent Office on Oct. 9, 2015, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2015/000225, completed by the European Patent Office on Nov. 10, 2015, dated Dec. 2, 2016, 5 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2015/000274, completed by the European Patent Office on Jan. 7, 2016, 4 pgs.
- International Search Report for PCT/GB2016/000014, completed by the European Patent Office on Jun. 27, 2016, 4 pgs.
- Supplementary Partial European Search Report for European Application No. 18727645.6, Search completed Jul. 2, 2020, dated Jul. 13, 2020, 13 Pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2010/001982, search completed Feb. 24, 2011, dated Mar. 8, 2011, 6 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2011/000349, completer Aug. 17, 2011, dated Aug. 25, 2011, 9 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2012/000331, completer Aug. 29, 2012, dated Sep. 6, 2012, 7 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2012/000677, completer Dec. 10, 2012, dated Dec. 17, 2012, 4 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2013/000005, search completed Jul. 16, 2013, dated Jul. 24, 2013, 11 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2013/000273, completer Aug. 30, 2013, dated Sep. 9, 2013, 7 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2014/000295, search completed Nov. 18, 2014, dated Jan. 5, 2015, 3 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2015/000203, completer Oct. 29, 2015, dated Nov. 16, 2015, 7 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2015/000225, search completed Nov. 10, 2015, dated Feb. 4, 2016, 7 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2015/000274, search completed Jan. 7, 2016, dated Jan. 19, 2016, 7 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000014, search completed Jun. 27, 2016, dated Jul. 7, 2016, 6 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2016/000051, Search completed Aug. 11, 2016, Mailed Aug. 22, 2016, 6 Pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/GB2017/000040, search completed Jul. 10, 2017, dated Jul. 18, 2017, 6 pgs.
- Written Opinion for International Application PCT/GB2016/000003, completed May 31, 2016, dated Aug. 12, 2016, 10 pgs.
- “Agilent ADNS-2051 Optical Mouse Sensor: Data Sheet”, Agilent Technologies, Jan. 9, 2002, 40 pgs.
- “Application Note—MOXTEK ProFlux Polarizer use with LCOS displays”, CRL Opto Limited, http://www.crlopto.com, 2003, 6 pgs.
- “Application Note AN 16: Optical Considerations for Bridgelux LED Arrays”, BridgeLux, Jul. 31, 2010, 23 pgs.
- “Application Note: Variable Attenuator for Lasers”, Technology and Applications Center, Newport Corporation, www.newport.com, 2006, DS-08067, 6 pgs.
- “Bae Systems to Unveil Q-Sight Family of Helmet-Mounted Display at AUSA Symposium”, Released on Tuesday, Oct. 9, 2007, 1 pg.
- “Beam Steering Using Liquid Crystals”, Boulder Nonlinear Systems, Inc., info@bnonlinear.com, May 8, 2001, 4 pgs.
- “BragGrate—Deflector: Transmitting Volume Bragg Grating for angular selection and magnification”, 2015, www.OptiGrate.com.
- “Cree XLamp XP-E LEDs”, Cree, Inc., Retrieved from www.cree.com/Xlamp, CLD-DS18 Rev 17, 2013, 17 pgs.
- “Desmodur N 3900”, Bayer Materialscience AG, Mar. 18, 2013, www.bayercoatings.com, 4 pgs.
- “Digilens—Innovative Augmented Reality Display and Sensor Solutions for OEMs”, Jun. 6, 2017, 31 pgs.
- “Exotic Optical Components”, Building Electro-Optical Systems, Making It All Work, Chapter 7, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 233-261.
- “FHS Lenses Series”, Fraen Corporation, www.fraen.com, Jun. 16, 2003, 10 pgs.
- “FLP Lens Series for LUXEONTM Rebel and Rebel ES LEDs”, Fraen Corporation, www.fraensrl.com, Aug. 7, 2015, 8 pgs.
- “Head-up Displays, See-through display for military aviation”, BAE Systems, 2016, 3 pgs.
- “Holder for LUXEON Rebel—Part No. 180”, Polymer Optics Ltd., 2008, 12 pgs.
- “LED 7-Segment Displays”, Lumex, uk.digikey.com, 2003, UK031, 36 pgs.
- “LED325W UVTOP UV LED with Window”, Thorlabs, Specifications and Documentation, 21978-S01 Rev. A, Apr. 8, 2011, 5 pgs.
- “Liquid Crystal Phases”, Phases of Liquid Crystals, http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/lc/phase, Retrieved on Sep. 21, 2004, 6 pgs.
- “LiteHUD Head-up display”, BAE Systems, 2016, 2 pgs.
- “LiteHUD Head-up display infographic”, BAE Systems, 2017, 2 pgs.
- “Luxeon C: Power Light Source”, Philips Lumileds, www.philipslumileds.com, 2012, 18 pgs.
- “Luxeon Rebel ES: Leading efficacy and light output, maximum design flexibility”, LUXEON Rebel ES Datasheet DS61 20130221, www.philipslumileds.com, 2013, 33 pgs.
- “Mobile Display Report”, Insight Media, LLC, Apr. 2012, vol. 7, No. 4, 72 pgs.
- “Molecular Imprints Imprio 55”, Engineering at Illinois, Micro + Nanotechnology Lab, Retrieved from https://mntl.illinois.edu/facilities/cleanrooms/equipment/Nano-Imprint.asp, Dec. 28, 2015, 2 pgs.
- “Navy awards SGB Labs a contract for HMDs for simulation and training”, Press releases, DigiLens, Oct. 2012, pp. 1-2.
- “Optical measurements of retinal flow”, Industrial Research Limited, Feb. 2012, 18 pgs.
- “Osterhout Design Group Develops Next-Generation, Fully-integrated Smart Glasses Using Qualcomm Technologies”, ODG, www.osterhoutgroup.com, Sep. 18, 2014, 2 pgs.
- “Plastic has replaced glass in photochromic lens”, www.plastemart.com, 2003, 1 page.
- “Range Finding Using Pulse Lasers”, OSRAM, Opto Semiconductors, Sep. 10, 2004, 7 pgs.
- “Response time in Liquid-Crystal Variable Retarders”, Meadowlark Optics, Inc., 2005, 4 pgs.
- “Secondary Optics Design Considerations for SuperFlux LEDs”, Lumileds, application brief AB20-5, Sep. 2002, 23 pgs.
- “Solid-State Optical Mouse Sensor with Quadrature Outputs”, IC Datasheet, UniqueICs, Jul. 15, 2004, 11 pgs.
- “SVGA TransparentVLSITM Microdisplay Evaluation Kit”, Radiant Images, Inc., Product Data Sheet, 2003, 3 pgs.
- “Technical Data Sheet LPR1”, Luminus Devices, Inc., Luminus Projection Chipset, Release 1, Preliminary, Revision B, Sep. 21, 2004, 9 pgs.
- “The Next Generation of TV”, SID Information Display, Nov./Dec. 2014, vol. 30, No. 6, 56 pgs.
- “Thermal Management Considerations for SuperFlux LEDs”, Lumileds, application brief AB20-4, Sep. 2002, 14 pgs.
- “USAF Awards SBG Labs an SBIR Contract for Wide Field of View HUD”, Press Release, SBG Labs DigiLens, Apr. 2014, 2 pgs.
- “UVTOP240”, Roithner LaserTechnik GmbH, v 2.0, Jun. 24, 2013, 6 pgs.
- “UVTOP310”, Roithner LaserTechnik GmbH, v 2.0, Jun. 24, 2013, 6 pgs.
- “Velodyne's HDL-64E: A High Definition Lidar Sensor for 3-D Applications”, High Definition Lidar, white paper, Oct. 2007, 7 pgs.
- “VerLASE Gets Patent for Breakthrough Color Conversion Technology That Enables Full Color MicroLED Arrays for Near Eye Displays”, Cision PRweb, Apr. 28, 2015, Retrieved from the Internet http://www.prweb.com/releases/2015/04/prweb12681038.htm, 3 pgs.
- “Webster's Third New International Dictionary 433”, (1986), 3 pages.
- “X-Cubes—Revisited for LCOS”, BASID, RAF Electronics Corp. Rawson Optics, Inc., Oct. 24, 2002, 16 pgs.
- Aachen, “Design of plastic optics for LED applications”, Optics Colloquium 2009, Mar. 19, 2009, 30 pgs.
- Abbate et al., “Characterization of LC-polymer composites for opto-electronic application”, Proceedings of OPTOEL'03, Leganes-Madrid, Spain, Jul. 14-16, 2003, 4 pgs.
- Al-Kalbani et al., “Ocular Microtremor laser speckle metrology”, Proc, of SPIE, 2009, vol. 7176 717606-1, 12 pgs.
- Almanza-Workman et al., “Planarization coating for polyimide substrates used in roll-to-roll fabrication of active matrix backplanes for flexible displays”, HP Laboratories, HPL-2012-23, Feb. 6, 2012, 12 pgs.
- Amitai et al., “Visor-display design based on planar holographic optics”, Applied Optics, vol. 34, No. 8, Mar. 10, 1995, pp. 1352-1356.
- Amundson et al., “Morphology and electro-optic properties of polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films”, Physical Review E, Feb. 1997, vol. 55. No. 2, pp. 1646-1654.
- An et al., “Speckle suppression in laser display using several partially coherent beams”, Optics Express, Jan. 5, 2009, vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 92-103.
- Apter et al., “Electrooptical Wide-Angle Beam Deflector Based on Fringing-Field-Induced Refractive Inhomogeneity in a Liquid Crystal Layer”, 23rd IEEE Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, Sep. 6-7, 2004, pp. 240-243.
- Arnold et al., “52.3: An Improved Polarizing Beamsplitter LCOS Projection Display Based on Wire-Grid Polarizers”, Society for Information Display, Jun. 2001, pp. 1282-1285.
- Ayras et al., “Exit pupil expander with a large field of view based on diffractive optics”, Journal of the SID, May 18, 2009, 17/8, pp. 659-664.
- Baets et al., “Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes: a review”, Proceedings of SPIE, 2003, vol. 4996, pp. 74-86.
- Bayer et al., “Introduction to Helmet-Mounted Displays”, 2016, pp. 47-108.
- Beckel et al., “Electro-optic properties of thiol-ene polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals”, Liquid Crystals, vol. 30, No. 11, Nov. 2003, pp. 1343-1350, DOI: 10.1080/02678290310001605910.
- Bergkvist, “Biospeckle-based Study of the Line Profile of Light Scattered in Strawberries”, Master Thesis, Lund Reports on Atomic Physics, LRAP-220, Lund 1997, pp. 1-62.
- Bernards et al., “Nanoscale porosity in polymer films: fabrication and therapeutic applications”, Soft Matter, Jan. 1, 2010, vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 1621-1631, doi:10.1039/B922303G.
- Bleha et al., “Binocular Holographic Waveguide Visor Display”, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Holoeye Systems Inc, Jun. 2014, San Diego, CA, 4 pgs.
- Bleha et al., “D-ILA Technology for High Resolution Projection Displays”, Sep. 10, 2003, Proceedings, vol. 5080, doi:10.1117/12.497532, 11 pgs.
- Bone, “Design Obstacles for LCOS Displays in Projection Applications “Optics architectures for LCOS are still evolving””, Aurora Systems Inc., Bay Area SID Seminar, Mar. 27, 2001, 22 pgs.
- Born et al., “Optics of Crystals”, Principles of Optics 5th Edition 1975, pp. 705-707.
- Bourzac, “Magic Leap Needs to Engineer a Miracle”, Intelligent Machines, Jun. 11, 2015, 7 pgs.
- Bowen et al., “Optimisation of interdigitated electrodes for piezoelectric actuators and active fibre composites”, J Electroceram, Jul. 2006, vol. 16, pp. 263-269, DOI 10.1007/s10832-006-9862-8.
- Bowley et al., “Variable-wavelength switchable Bragg gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals”, Applied Physics Letters, Jul. 2, 2001, vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 9-11.
- Bronnikov et al., “Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Progress in Preparation, Investigation and Application”, Journal of Macromolecular Science Part B, published online Sep. 30, 2013, vol. 52, pp. 1718-1738.
- Brown, “Waveguide Displays”, Rockwell Collins, 2015, 11 pgs.
- Bruzzone et al., “Compact, high-brightness LED illumination for projection systems”, Journal of the SID 17/12, Dec. 2009, pp. 1043-1049.
- Buckley, “Colour holographic laser projection technology for heads-up and instrument cluster displays”, Conference: Proc. SID Conference 14th Annual Symposium on Vehicle Displays, Jan. 2007, 5 pgs.
- Buckley, “Pixtronix DMS technology for head-up displays”, Pixtronix, Inc., Jan. 2011, 4 pgs.
- Buckley et al., “Full colour holographic laser projector HUD”, Light Blue Optics Ltd., Aug. 10, 2015, 5 pgs.
- Buckley et al., “Rear-view virtual image displays”, in Proc. SID Conference 16th Annual Symposium on Vehicle Displays, Jan. 2009, 5 pgs.
- Bunning et al., “Effect of gel-point versus conversion on the real-time dynamics of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) formation”, Proceedings of SPIE—vol. 5213, Liquid Crystals VII, Iam-Choon Khoo, Editor, Dec. 2003, pp. 123-129.
- Bunning et al., “Electro-optical photonic crystals formed in H-PDLCs by thiol-ene photopolymerization”, American Physical Society, Annual APS, Mar. 3-7, 2003, abstract #R 1.135.
- Bunning et al., “Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs) 1” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 2000, vol. 30, pp. 83-115.
- Bunning et al., “Morphology of Anisotropic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals and the Effect of Monomer Functionality”, Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, Jul. 30, 1997, vol. 35, pp. 2825-2833.
- Busbee et al., “SiO2 Nanoparticle Sequestration via Reactive Functionalization in Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, Advanced Materials, Sep. 2009, vol. 21, pp. 3659-3662.
- Butler et al., “Diffractive Properties of Highly Birefringent vol. Gratings Investigation”, Journal of Optical Society of America, Feb. 2002, vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 183-189.
- Cai et al., “Recent advances in anti reflective surfaces based on nanostructure arrays”, Mater. Horiz., 2015, vol. 2, pp. 37-53.
- Cameron, “Optical Waveguide Technology & Its Application In Head Mounted Displays”, Proc. of SPIE, May 22, 2012, vol. 8383, pp. 83830E-1-83830E-11.
- Cameron, “The Application of Holographic Optical Waveguide Technology to Q-Sight™ Family of Helmet Mounted Displays”, Proc. of SPIE, 2009, vol. 7326, 11 pages, doi:10.1117/12.818581.
- Caputo et al., “POLICRYPS Composite Materials: Features and Applications”, Advances in Composite Materials—Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials, www.intechopen.com, Sep. 2011, pp. 93-118.
- Caputo et al., “POLICRYPS Switchable Holographic Grating: A Promising Grating Electro-Optical Pixel for High Resolution Display Application”, Journal of Display Technology, Mar. 2006, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 38-51.
- Carclo Optics, “Guide to choosing secondary optics”, Carclo Optics, Dec. 15, 2014, www.carclo-optics.com, 48 pgs.
- Chen et al., “Polarization rotators fabricated by thermally-switched liquid crystal alignments based on rubbed poly(N-vinyl carbazole) films”, Optics Express, Apr. 11, 2011, vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 7553-7558.
- Cheng et al., “Design of an ultra-thin near-eye display with geometrical waveguide and freeform optics”, Optics Express, Aug. 2014, 16 pgs.
- Chi et al., “Ultralow-refractive-index optical thin films through nanoscale etching of ordered mesoporous silica films”, Optic Letters, May 1, 2012, vol. 37, No. 9, pp. 1406-1408.
- Chigrinov et al., “Photo-aligning by azo-dyes: Physics and applications”, Liquid Crystals Today, Sep. 6, 2006, http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tlcy20, 15 pgs.
- Cho et al., “Electro-optic Properties of CO2 Fixed Polymer/Nematic LC Composite Films”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Nov. 5, 2000, vol. 81, Issue 11, pp. 2744-2753.
- Cho et al., “Optimization of Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals for Ternary Monomers”, Polymer International, Nov. 1999, vol. 48, pp. 1085-1090.
- Colegrove et al., “P-59: Technology of Stacking HPDLC for Higher Reflectance”, SID 00 Digest, May 2000, pp. 770-773.
- Crawford, “Electrically Switchable Bragg Gratings”, Optics & Photonics News Apr. 2003, pp. 54-59.
- Cruz-Arreola et al., “Diffraction of beams by infinite or finite amplitudephase gratings”, Investigacio' N Revista Mexicana De Fl'Sica, Feb. 2011, vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 6-16.
- Dabrowski, “High Birefringence Liquid Crystals”, Crystals, Sep. 3, 2013, vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 443-482.
- Dainty, “Some statistical properties of random speckle patterns in coherent and partially coherent illumination”, Optica Acta, Mar. 12, 1970, vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 761-772.
- Date, “Alignment Control in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal”, Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology, Nov. 2, 2000, vol. 13, pp. 289-284.
- Date et al., “52.3: Direct-viewing Display Using Alignment-controlled PDLC and Holographic PDLC”, Society for Information Display Digest, May 2000, pp. 1184-1187, DOI: 10.1889/1.1832877.
- Date et al., “Full-color reflective display device using holographically fabricater polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC)”, Journal of the SID, 1999, vol. 7, No. 1 pp. 17-22.
- De Bitetto, “White light viewing of surface holograms by simple dispersion compensation”, Applied Physics Letters, Dec. 15, 1966, vol. 9, No. 12, pp. 417-418.
- Developer World, “Create customized augmented reality solutions”, printed Oct. 19, 2017, LMX-001 holographic waveguide display, Sony Developer World, 3 pgs.
- Dhar et al., “Recording media that exhibit high dynamic range for digital holographic data storage”, Optics Letters, Apr. 1, 1999, vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 487-489.
- Domash et al., “Applications of switchable Polaroid holograms”, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 2152, Diffractive and Holographic Optics Technology, Jan. 23-29, 1994, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 127-138, ISBN: 0-8194-1447-6.
- Drake et al., “Waveguide Hologram Fingerprint Entry Device”, Optical Engineering, Sep. 1996, vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 2499-2505.
- Drevensek-Olenik et al., “In-Plane Switching of Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Transmission Gratings”, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2008, vol. 495, p. 177/[529]-185/[537].
- Drevensek-Olenik et al., “Optical diffraction gratings from polymer-dispersed liquid crystals switched by interdigitated electrodes”, Journal of Applied Physics, Dec. 1, 2004, vol. 96, No. 11, pp. 6207-6212.
- Ducharme, “Microlens diffusers for efficient laser speckle generation”, Optics Express, Oct. 29, 2007, vol. 15, No. 22, pp. 14573-14579.
- Duong et al., “Centrifugal Deposition of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanorods for Hyperthermia Application”, Journal of Thermal Engineering, Yildiz Technical University Press, Istanbul, Turkey, Apr. 2015, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 99-103.
- Fattal et al., “A multi directional backlight for a wide-angle glasses-free three-dimensional display”, Nature, Mar. 21, 2012, vol. 495, pp. 348-351.
- Fontecchio et al., “Spatially Pixelated Reflective Arrays from Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, SID 00 Digest, May 2000, pp. 774-776.
- Forman et al., “Materials development for PhotoINhibited SuperResolution (PINSR) lithography”, Proc. of SPIE, 2012, vol. 8249, 824904, doi: 10.1117/12.908512, pp. 824904-1-824904-9.
- Forman et al., “Radical diffusion limits to photoinhibited superresolution Tithography”, Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys., May 31, 2013, vol. 15, pp. 14862-14867.
- Friedrich-Schiller, “Spatial Noise and Speckle”, Version 1.12.2011, Dec. 2011, Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, Germany, 27 pgs.
- Fuh et al., “Thermally and Electrically Switchable Gratings Based Upon the Polymer-Balls Type Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films”, Appl. Phys. vol. 41 No. 22, Aug. 1, 2002, pp. 4585-4589.
- Fujii et al., “Nanoparticle-polymer-composite vol. gratings incorporating chain-transfer agents for holography and slow-neutron optics”, Optics Letters, Apr. 25, 2014, vol. 39, Issue 12, 5 pgs.
- Funayama et al., “Proposal of a new type thin film light-waveguide display device using”, The International Conference on Electrical Engineering, 2008, No. P-044, 5 pgs.
- Gabor, “Laser Speckle and its Elimination”, BM Research and Development, Eliminating Speckle Noise, Sep. 1970, vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 509-514.
- Gardiner et al., “Bistable liquid-crystals reduce power consumption for high-efficiency smart glazing”, SPIE, 2009, 10.1117/2.1200904.1596, 2 pgs.
- Giancola, “Holographic Diffuser, Makes Light Work of Screen Tests”, Photonics Spectra, 1996, vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 121-122.
- Goodman, “Some fundamental properties of speckle”, J. Opt. Soc. Am., Nov. 1976, vol. 66, No. 11, pp. 1145-1150.
- Goodman, “Statistical Properties of Laser Speckle Patterns”, Applied Physics, 1975, vol. 9, Chapter 2, Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, pp. 9-75.
- Goodman et al., “Speckle Reduction by a Moving Diffuser in Laser Projection Displays”, The Optical Society of America, 2000, 15 pgs.
- Guldin et al., “Self-Cleaning Anti reflective Optical Coatings”, Nano Letters, Oct. 14, 2013, vol. 13, pp. 5329-5335.
- Guo et al., “Review Article: A Review of the Optimisation of Photopolymer Materials for Holographic Data Storage”, Physics Research International, vol. 2012, Article ID 803439, Academic Editor: Sergi Gallego, 16 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/803439, May 4, 2012.
- Han et al., “Study of Holographic Waveguide Display System”, Advanced Photonics for Communications, 2014, 4 pgs.
- Harbers et al., “I-15.3: LED Backlighting for LCD-HDTV”, Journal of the Society for Information Display, 2002, vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 347-350.
- Harbers et al., “Performance of High Power LED Illuminators in Color Sequential Projection Displays”, Lumileds Lighting, 2007, 4 pgs.
- Harbers et al., “Performance of High Power LED Illuminators in Color Sequential Projection Displays”, Lumileds, Aug. 7, 2001, 11 pgs.
- Harbers et al., “Performance of High-Power LED illuminators in Projection Displays”, Proc. Int. Disp. Workshops, Japan. Vol. 10, pp. 1585-1588, 2003.
- Harding et al., “Reactive Liquid Crystal Materials for Optically Anisotropic Patterned Retarders”, Merck, Iicrivue, 2008, ME-GR-RH-08-010, 20 pgs.
- Harding et al., “Reactive Liquid Crystal Materials for Optically Anisotropic Patterned Retarders”, SPIE Lithography Asia—Taiwan, 2008, Proceedings vol. 7140, Lithography Asia 2008; 71402J, doi: 10.1117/12.805378.
- Hariharan, “Optical Holography: Principles, techniques and applications”, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 231-233.
- Harris, “Photonic Devices”, EE 216 Principals and Models of Semiconductor Devices, Autumn 2002, 20 pgs.
- Harrold et al., “3D Display Systems Hardware Research at Sharp Laboratories of Europe: an update”, Sharp Laboratories of Europe, Ltd., received May 21, 1999, 7 pgs.
- Harthong et al., “Speckle phase averaging in high-resolution color holography”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Feb. 1997, vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 405-409.
- Hasan et al., “Tunable-focus lens for adaptive eyeglasses”, Optics Express, Jan. 23, 2017, vol. 25, No. 2, 1221, 13 pgs.
- Hasman et al., “Diffractive Optics: Design, Realization, and Applications”, Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 16, pp. 1-25, 1997.
- Hata et al., “Holographic nanoparticle-polymer composites based on stepgrowth thiol-ene photopolymerization”, Optical Materials Express, Jun. 1, 2011, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 207-222.
- He et al., “Dynamics of peristrophic multiplexing in holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal”, Liquid Crystals, Mar. 26, 2014, vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 673-684.
- He et al., “Holographic 3D display based on polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal thin films”, Proceedings of China Display/Asia Display 2011, pp. 158-160.
- He et al., “Properties of vol. Holograms Recording in Photopolymer Films with Various Pulse Exposures Repetition Frequencies”, Proceedings of SPIE vol. 5636, Bellingham, WA, 2005, doi: 10.1117/12.580978, pp. 842-848.
- Herman et al., “Production and Uses of Diffractionless Beams”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., Jun. 1991, vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 932-942.
- Hisano, “Alignment layer-free molecular ordering induced by masked photopolymerization with nonpolarized light”, Appl. Phys. Express 9, Jun. 6, 2016, pp. 072601-1-072601-4.
- Hoepfner et al., “LED Front Projection Goes Mainstream”, Luminus Devices, Inc., Projection Summit, 2008, 18 pgs.
- Holmes et al., “Controlling the Anisotropy of Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid-Crystal Gratings”, Physical Review E, Jun. 11, 2002, vol. 65, 066603-1-066603-4.
- Hoyle et al., “Advances in the Polymerization of Thiol-Ene Formulations”, Heraeus Noblelight Fusion UV Inc., 2003 Conference, 6 pgs.
- Hua, “Sunglass-like displays become a reality with free-form optical technology”, Illumination & Displays 3D Visualization and Imaging Systems Laboratory (3DVIS) College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona Tucson, AZ. 2014, 3 pgs.
- Huang et al., “Diffraction properties of substrate guided-wave holograms”, Optical Engineering, Oct. 1995, vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 2891-2899.
- Huang et al., “Theory and characteristics of holographic polymer dispersed Tiquid crystal transmission grating with scaffolding morphology”, Applied Optics, Jun. 20, 2012, vol. 51, No. 18, pp. 4013-4020.
- Iannacchione et al., “Deuterium NMR and morphology study of copolymer-dispersed liquid-crystal Bragg gratings”, Europhysics Letters, 1996, vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 425-430.
- Irie, “Photochromic diarylethenes for photonic devices”, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1996, pp. 1367-1371, vol. 68, No. 7, IUPAC.
- Jeng et al., “Aligning liquid crystal molecules”, SPIE, 2012, 10.1117/2.1201203.004148, 2 pgs.
- Jeong et al., “Memory Effect of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal by Hybridization with Nanoclay”, express Polymer Letters, vol. 4, No. 1, 2010, pp. 39-46.
- Jo et al., “Control of Liquid Crystal Pretilt Angle using Polymerization of Reactive Mesogen”, IMID 2009 Digest, P1-25, 2009, pp. 604-606.
- Juhl, “Interference Lithography for Optical Devices and Coatings”, Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010.
- Juhl et al., “Holographically Directed Assembly of Polymer Nanocomposites”, ACS Nano, Oct. 7, 2010, vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 5953-5961.
- Jurbergs et al., “New recording materials for the holographic industry”, Proc. of SPIE, 2009 Vol. 7233, pp. 72330K-1-72330L-10, doi: 10.1117/12.809579.
- Kahn et al., “Private Line Reporton Large Area Display”, Kahn International, Jan. 7, 2003, vol. 8, No. 10, 9 pgs.
- Karasawa et al., “Effects of Material Systems on the Polarization Behavior of Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Gratings”, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Oct. 1997, vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 6388-6392.
- Karp et al., “Planar micro-optic solar concentration using multiple imaging lenses into a common slab waveguide”, Proc. of SPIE vol. 7407, 2009 SPIE, CCC code: 0277-786X/09, doi: 10.1117/12.826531, pp. 74070D-1-74070D-11.
- Karp et al., “Planar micro-optic solar concentrator”, Optics Express, Jan. 18, 2010, vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1122-1133.
- Kato et al., “Alignment-Controlled Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (HPDLC) for Reflective Display Devices”, SPIE,1998, vol. 3297, pp. 52-57.
- Kessler, “Optics of Near to Eye Displays (NEDs)”, Oasis 2013, Tel Aviv, Feb. 19, 2013, 37 pgs.
- Keuper et al., “26.1: RGB LED Illuminator for Pocket-Sized Projectors”, SID 04 Digest, 2004, ISSN/0004-0966X/04/3502, pp. 943-945.
- Keuper et al., “P-126: Ultra-Compact LED based Image Projector for Portable Applications”, SID 03 Digest, 2003, ISSN/0003-0966X/03/3401-0713, pp. 713-715.
- Kim et al., “Effect of Polymer Structure on the Morphology and Electro optic Properties of UV Curable PNLCs”, Polymer, Feb. 2000, vol. 41, pp. 1325-1335.
- Kim et al., “Enhancement of electro-optical properties in holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films by incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into a polyurethane acrylate matrix”, Polym. Int., Jun. 16, 2010, vol. 59, pp. 1289-1295.
- Kim et al., “Fabrication of Reflective Holographic PDLC for Blue”, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science, 2001, vol. 368, pp. 3845-3853.
- Kim et al., “Optimization of Holographic PDLC for Green”, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., vol. 368, pp. 3855-3864, 2001.
- Klein, “Optical Efficiency for Different Liquid Crystal Colour Displays”, Digital Media Department, HPL-2000-83, Jun. 29, 2000, 18 pgs.
- Kogelnik, “Coupled Wave Theory for Thick Hologram Gratings”, The Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 2909-2945, Nov. 1969.
- Kotakonda et al., “Electro-optical Switching of the Holographic Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystal Diffraction Gratings”, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, Jan. 1, 2009, vol. 11, No. 2, 11 pgs.
- Kress et al., “Diffractive and Holographic Optics as Optical Combiners in Head Mounted Displays”, UbiComp '13, Sep. 9-12, 2013, Session Wearable Systems for Industrial Augmented Reality Applications, pp. 1479-1482.
- Lauret et al., “Solving the Optics Equation for Effective LED Applications”, Gaggione North America, LLFY System Design Workshop 2010, Oct. 28, 2010, 26 pgs.
- Lee, “Patents Shows Widespread Augmented Reality Innovation”, PatentVue, May 26, 2015, 5 pgs.
- Levola, “Diffractive optics for virtual reality displays”, Journal of the SID, 2006, 14/5, pp. 467-475.
- Levola et al., “Near-to-eye display with diffractive exit pupil expander having chevron design”, Journal of the SID, 2008, 16/8, pp. 857-862.
- Levola et al., “Replicated slanted gratings with a high refractive index materia for in and outcoupling of light”, Optics Express, vol. 15, Issue 5, pp. 2067-2074 (2007).
- Li et al., “Design and Optimization of Tapered Light Pipes”, Proceedings vol. 5529, Nonimaging Optics and Efficient Illumination Systems, Sep. 29, 2004, doi: 10.1117/12.559844, 10 pgs.
- Li et al., “Dual Paraboloid Reflector and Polarization Recycling Systems for Projection Display”, Proceedings vol. 5002, Projection Displays IX, Mar. 28, 2003, doi: 10.1117/12.479585, 12 pgs.
- Li et al., “Light Pipe Based Optical Train and its Applications”, Proceedings vol. 5524, Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization VII, Oct. 24, 2004, doi: 10.1117/12.559833, 10 pgs.
- Li et al., “Novel Projection Engine with Dual Paraboloid Reflector and Polarization Recovery Systems”, Wavien Inc., SPIE EI 5289-38, Jan. 21, 2004, 49 pgs.
- Li et al., “Polymer crystallization/melting induced thermal switching in a series of holographically patterned Bragg reflectors”, Soft Matter, Jul. 11, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 238-242.
- Lin et al., “Ionic Liquids in Photopolymerizable Holographic Materials”, in book Holograms—Recording Materials and Applications, Nov. 9, 2011, 21 pgs.
- Liu et al., “Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals” Materials, Formation and Applications, Advances in OptoElectronics, Nov. 30, 2008, vol. 2008, Article ID 684349, 52 pgs.
- Lorek, “Experts Say Mass Adoption of augmented and Virtual Reality is Many Years Away”, Siliconhills, Sep. 9, 2017, 4 pgs.
- Lowenthal et al., “Speckle Removal by a Slowly Moving Diffuser Associated with a Motionless Diffuser”, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Jul. 1971, vol. 61, No. 7, pp. 847-851.
- Lu et al., “Polarization switch using thick holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal grating”, Journal of Applied Physics, Feb. 1, 2004, vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 810-815.
- Lu et al., “The Mechanism of electric-field-induced segregation of additives in a Tiquid-crystal host”, Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys., Nov. 27, 2012, 14 pgs.
- Ma et al., “Holographic Reversed-Mode Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal Grating”, Chinese Phys. Lett., 2005, vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 103-106.
- Mach et al., “Switchable Bragg diffraction from liquid crystal in colloid-templated structures”, Europhysics Letters, Jun. 1, 2002, vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 679-685.
- Magarinos et al., “Wide Angle Color Holographic infinity optics display”, Air Force Systems Command, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, AFHRL-TR-80-53, Mar. 1981, 100 pgs.
- Marino et al., “Dynamical Behaviour of Policryps Gratings”, Electronic-Liquid Crystal Communications, Feb. 5, 2004, 10 pgs.
- Massenot et al., “Multiplexed holographic transmission gratings recorded in holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals: static and dynamic studies”, Applied Optics, 2005, vol. 44, Issue 25, pp. 5273-5280.
- Matay et al., “Planarization of Microelectronic Structures by Using Polyimides”, Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2002, vol. 53, No. 3-4, pp. 86-90.
- Mathews, “The LED FAQ Pages”, Jan. 31, 2002, 23 pgs.
- Matic, “Blazed phase liquid crystal beam steering”, Proc. of the SPIE, 1994, vol. 2120, pp. 194-205.
- McLeod, “Axicons and Their Uses”, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Feb. 1960, vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 166-169.
- McManamon et al., “A Review of Phased Array Steering for Narrow-Band Electrooptical Systems”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Jun. 2009, vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 1078-1096.
- McManamon et al., “Optical Phased Array Technology”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 1996, vol. 84, Issue 2, pp. 268-298.
- Miller, “Coupled Wave Theory and Waveguide Applications”, The Bell System Technical Journal, Short Hills, NJ, Feb. 2, 1954, 166 pgs.
- Moffitt, “Head-Mounted Display Image Configurations”, retrieved from the internet on Dec. 19, 2014, dated May 2008, 25 pgs.
- Nair et al., “Enhanced Two-Stage Reactive Polymer Network Forming Systems”, Polymer (Guildf). May 25, 2012, vol. 53, No. 12, pp. 2429-2434, doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.007.
- Nair et al., “Two-Stage Reactive Polymer Network Forming Systems”, Advanced Functional Materials, 2012, pp. 1-9, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201102742.
- Naqvi et al., “Concentration-dependent toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles mediated by increased oxidative stress”, International Journal of Nanomedicine, Dovepress, Nov. 13, 2010, vol. 5, pp. 983-989.
- Natarajan et al., “Electro Optical Switching Characteristics of Volume Holograms in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics and Materials, 1997, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 666-668.
- Natarajan et al., “Electro-Optical Switching Characteristics of Volume Holograms in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals”, J. of Nonlinear Optical Physics Materials, Jan. 1996, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 89-98.
- Natarajan et al., “Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal reflection gratings formed by visible light initiated thiol-ene photopolymerization”, Polymer, vol. 47, May 8, 2006, pp. 4411-4420.
- Naydenova et al., “Low-scattering vol. Holographic Material”, DIT PhD Project, http://www.dit.ie/ieo/, Oct. 2017, 2 pgs.
- Neipp et al., “Non-local polymerization driven diffusion based model: general dependence of the polymerization rate to the exposure intensity”, Optics Express, Aug. 11, 2003, vol. 11, No. 16, pp. 1876-1886.
- Nishikawa et al., “Mechanically and Light Induced Anchoring of Liquid Crysta on Polyimide Film”, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst, Aug. 1999, vol. 329, 8 pgs.
- Nishikawa et al., “Mechanism of Unidirectional Liquid-Crystal Alignment on Polyimides with Linearly Polarized Ultraviolet Light Exposure”, Applied Physics Letters, May 11, 1998, vol. 72, No. 19, 4 pgs.
- Nordin et al., “Diffraction Properties of Stratified vol. Holographic Optical Elements”, Journal of the Optical Society of America A., vol. 9, No. 12, Dec. 1992, pp. 2206-2217.
- Oh et al., “Achromatic diffraction from polarization gratings with high efficiency” Optic Letters, Oct. 15, 2008, vol. 33, No. 20, pp. 2287-2289.
- Olson et al., “Templating Nanoporous Polymers with Ordered Block Copolymers”, Chemistry of Materials, Web publication Nov. 27, 2007, vol. 20, pp. 869-890.
- Ondax, Inc., “Volume Holographic Gratings (VHG)”, 2005, 7 pgs.
- Orcutt, “Coming Soon: Smart Glasses That Look Like Regular Spectacles”, Intelligent Machines, Jan. 9, 2014, 4 pgs.
- Osredkar, “A study of the limits of spin-on-glass planarization process”, Informacije MIDEM, 2001, vol. 31, 2, ISSN0352-9045, pp. 102-105.
- Osredkar et al., “Planarization methods in IC fabrication technologies”, Informacije MIDEM, 2002, vol. 32, 3, ISSN0352-9045, 5 pgs.
- Ou et al., “A Simple LCOS Optical System (Late News)”, Industrial Technology Research Institute/OES Lab. Q100/Q200, SID 2002, Boston, USA, 2 pgs.
- Paolini et al., “High-Power LED Illuminators in Projection Displays”, Lumileds, Aug. 7, 2001, 19 pgs.
- Park et al., “Aligned Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites Using an Electric Field”, Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, Mar. 24, 2006, DOI 10.1002/polb.20823, pp. 1751-1762.
- Park et al., “Fabrication of Reflective Holographic Gratings with Polyurethane Acrylates (PUA)”, Current Applied Physics, Jun. 2002, vol. 2, pp. 249-252.
- Plawsky et al., “Engineered nanoporous and nanostructured films”, MaterialsToday, Jun. 2009, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 36-45.
- Potenza, “These smart glasses automatically focus on what you're looking at”, The Verge, Voc Media, Inc., Jan. 29, 2017, https://www.theverge.com/2017/1Z29/14403924/smart-glasses-automatic-focus-presbyopia-ces-2017, 6 pgs.
- Presnyakov et al., “Electrically tunable polymer stabilized liquid-crystal Tens”, Journal of Applied Physics, Apr. 29, 2005, vol. 97, pp. 103101-1-103101-6.
- Qi et al., “P-111: Reflective Display Based on Total Internal Reflection and Grating-Grating Coupling”, Society for Information Display Digest, May 2003, pp. 648-651, DOI: 10.1889/1.1832359.
- Ramón, “Formation of 3D micro- and nanostructures using liquid crystals as a template”, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Apr. 17, 2008, Thesis, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.6100/IR634422, 117 pgs.
- Ramsey, “Holographic Patterning of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Materials for Diffractive Optical Elements”, Thesis, The University of Texas at Arlington, Dec. 2006, 166 pgs.
- Ramsey et al., “Holographically recorded reverse-mode transmission gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal cells”, Applied Physics B: Laser and Optics, Sep. 10, 2008, vol. 93, Nos. 2-3, pp. 481-489.
- REID, “Thin film silica nanocomposites for anti-reflection coatings”, Oxford Advance Surfaces, www.oxfordsurfaces.com, Oct. 18, 2012, 23 pgs.
- Riechert, “Speckle Reduction in Projection Systems”, Dissertation, University Karlsruhe, 2009, 178 pgs.
- Rossi et al., “Diffractive Optical Elements for Passive Infrared Detectors”, Submitted to OSA Topical Meeting “Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics”, Quebec Jun. 18-22, 2000, 3 pgs.
- Sagan et al., “Electrically Switchable Bragg Grating Technology for Projection Displays”, Proc. SPIE. vol 4294, Jan. 24, 2001, pp. 75-83.
- Saleh et al., “Fourier Optics: 4.1 Propagation of light in free space, 4.2 Optica Fourier Transform, 4.3 Diffraction of Light, 4.4 Image Formation, 4.5 Holography” Fundamentals of Photonics 1991, Chapter 4, pp. 108-143.
- Saraswat, “Deposition & Planarization”, EE 311 Notes, Aug. 29, 2017, 28 pgs.
- Schechter et al., “Compact beam expander with linear gratings”, Applied Optics, vol. 41, No. 7, Mar. 1, 2002, pp. 1236-1240.
- Schreiber et al., “Laser display with single-mirror MEMS scanner”, Journal of the SID 17/7, 2009, pp. 591-595.
- Seiberle et al., “Photo-aligned anisotropic optical thin films”, Journal of the SID 12/1, 2004, 6 pgs.
- Serebriakov et al., “Correction of the phase retardation caused by intrinsic birefringence in deep UV lithography”, Proc. of SPIE, May 21, 2010, vol. 5754, pp. 1780-1791.
- Shi et al., “Design considerations for high efficiency liquid crystal decentered microlens arrays for steering light”, Applied Optics, vol. 49, No. 3, Jan. 20, 2010, pp. 409-421.
- Shriyan et al., “Analysis of effects of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on electro-optic polymer/liquid crystal thin film gratings”, Optics Express, Nov. 12, 2010, vol. 18, No. 24, pp. 24842-24852.
- Simonite, “How Magic Leap's Augmented Reality Works”, Intelligent Machines, Oct. 23, 2014, 7 pgs.
- Smith et al., “RM-PLUS—Overview”, Licrivue, Nov. 5, 2013, 16 pgs.
- Sony Global, “Sony Releases the Transparent Lens Eyewear ‘SmartEyeglass Developer Edition’”, printed Oct. 19, 2017, Sony Global—News Releases, 5 pgs.
- Steranka et al., “High-Power LEDs—Technology Status and Market Applications”, Lumileds, Jul. 2002, 23 pgs.
- Stumpe et al., “Active and Passive LC Based Polarization Elements”, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2014, vol. 594: pp. 140-149.
- Stumpe et al., “New type of polymer-LC electrically switchable diffractive devices—POLIPHEM”, May 19, 2015, p. 97.
- Subbarayappa et al., “Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Device”, Jul. 30, 2009, 14 pgs.
- Sun et al., “Effects of multiwalled carbon nanotube on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal”, Polymers Advanced Technologies, Feb. 19, 2010, DOI: 10.1002/pat.1708, 8 pgs.
- Sun et al., “Low-birefringence lens design for polarization sensitive optical systems”, Proceedings of SPIE, 2006, vol. 6289, doi: 10.1117/12.679416, pp. 6289DH-1-6289DH-10.
- Sun et al., “Transflective multiplexing of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal using Si additives”, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 2011, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 73-81.
- Sutherland et al., “Bragg Gratings in an Acrylate Polymer Consisting of Periodic Polymer—Dispersed Liquid-Crystal Planes”, Chem. Mater., 1993, vol. 5, pp. 1533-1538.
- Sutherland et al., “Electrically switchable vol. gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals”, Applied Physics Letters, Feb. 28, 1994, vol. 64, No. 9, pp. 1074-1076.
- Sutherland et al., “Enhancing the electro-optical properties of liquid crystal nanodroplets for switchable Bragg gratings”, Proc. of SPIE, 2008, vol. 7050, pp. 705003-1-705003-9, doi: 10.1117/12.792629.
- Sutherland et al., “Liquid crystal bragg gratings: dynamic optical elements for spatial light modulators”, Hardened Materials Branch, Hardened Materials Branch, AFRL-ML-WP-TP-2007-514, Jan. 2007, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 18 pgs.
- Sutherland et al., “The physics of photopolymer liquid crystal composite holographic gratings”, presented at SPIE: Diffractive and Holographic Optics Technology San Jose, CA, 1996, SPIE, vol. 2689, pp. 158-169.
- Sweatt, “Achromatic triplet using holographic optical elements”, Applied Optics May 1977, vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1390-1391.
- Talukdar, “Technology Forecast: Augmented reality”, Changing the economic of Smartglasses, Issue 2, 2016, 5 pgs.
- Tao et al., “TiO2 nanocomposites with high refractive index and transparency” J. Mater. Chem., Oct. 4, 2011, vol. 21, pp. 18623-18629.
- Titus et al., “Efficient, Accurate Liquid Crystal Digital Light Deflector”, Proc. SPIE 3633, Diffractive and Holographic Technologies, Systems, and Spatial Ligh Modulators VI, 1 Jun. 1, 1999, doi: 10.1117/12.349334, 10 pgs.
- Tiziani, “Physical Properties of Speckles”, Speckle Metrology, Chapter 2, Academic Press, Inc., 1978, pp. 5-9.
- Tominaga et al., “Fabrication of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles”, 2010 Japanese Liquid Crystal Society Annual Meeting, 2 pgs.
- Tomita, “Holographic assembly of nanoparticles in photopolymers for photonic applications”, The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE Newsroom, 2006, 10.1117/2.1200612.0475, 3 pgs.
- Trisnadi, “Hadamard Speckle Contrast Reduction”, Optics Letters, Jan. 1, 2004, vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 11-13.
- Trisnadi, “Speckle contrast reduction in laser projection displays”, Proc. SPIE 4657, 2002, 7 pgs.
- Tzeng et al., “Axially symmetric polarization converters based on photoaligned liquid crystal films”, Optics Express, Mar. 17, 2008, vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 3768-3775.
- Upatnieks et al., “Color Holograms for white light reconstruction”, Applied Physics Letters, Jun. 1, 1996, vol. 8, No. 11, pp. 286-287.
- Urey, “Diffractive exit pupil expander for display applications”, Applied Optics, vol. 40, Issue 32, pp. 5840-5851 (2001).
- Ushenko, “The Vector Structure of Laser Biospeckle Fields and Polarization Diagnostics of Collagen Skin Structures”, Laser Physics, 2000, vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 1143-1149.
- Valoriani, “Mixed Reality: Dalle demo a un prodotto”, Disruptive Technologies Conference, Sep. 23, 2016, 67 pgs.
- Van Gerwen et al., “Nanoscaled interdigitated electrode arrays for biochemical sensors”, Sensors and Actuators, Mar. 3, 1998, vol. B 49, pp. 73-80.
- Vecchi, “Studi ESR DI Sistemi Complessi Basati Su Cristalli Liquidi”, Thesis, University of Bologna, Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 2004-2006, 110 pgs.
- Veltri et al., “Model for the photoinduced formation of diffraction gratings in Tiquid-crystalline composite materials”, Applied Physics Letters, May 3, 2004, vol. 84, No. 18, pp. 3492-3494.
- VITA, “Switchable Bragg Gratings”, Thesis, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Nov. 2005, 103 pgs.
- Vuzix, “M3000 Smart Glasses, Advanced Waveguide Optics”, brochure, Jan. 1, 2017, 2 pgs.
- Wang et al., “Liquid-crystal blazed-grating beam deflector”, Applied Optics, Dec. 10, 2000, vol. 39, No. 35, pp. 6545-6555.
- Wang et al., “Optical Design of Waveguide Holographic Binocular Display for Machine Vision”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Sep. 27, 2013, vols. 427-429, pp. 763-769.
- Wang et al., “Speckle reduction in laser projection systems by diffractive optical elements”, Applied Optics, Apr. 1, 1998, vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 1770-1775.
- Weber et al., “Giant Birefringent Optics in Multilayer Polymer Mirrors”, Science, Mar. 31, 2000, vol. 287, pp. 2451-2456.
- Wei An, “Industrial Applications of Speckle Techniques”, Doctoral Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, Chair of Industrie Metrology & Optics, Stockholm, Sweden 2002, 76 pgs.
- Welde et al., “Investigation of methods for speckle contrast reduction”, Master of Science in Electronics, Jul. 2010, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, 127 pgs.
- White, “Influence of thiol-ene polymer evolution on the formation and performance of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals”, The 232nd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Sep. 10-14, 2006, 1 pg.
- Wight et al., “Nanoporous Films with Low Refractive Index for Large-Surface Broad-Band Anti-Reflection Coatings”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2010, 295, DOI: 10.1002/mame.201000045, 9 pgs.
- Wilderbeek et al., “Photoinitiated Bulk Polymerization of Liquid Crystalline Thiolene Monomers”, Macromolecules, 2002, vol. 35, pp. 8962-8969.
- Wilderbeek et al., “Photo-Initiated Polymerization of Liquid Crystalline Thiol-Ene Monomers in Isotropic and Anisotropic Solvents”, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, vol. 106, No. 50, pp. 12874-12883.
- Wisely, “Head up and head mounted display performance improvements through advanced techniques in the manipulation of light”, Proc. of SPIE, 2009, 10 pages, vol. 7327.
- Wofford et al., “Liquid crystal bragg gratings: dynamic optical elements for spatial light modulators”, Hardened Materials Branch, Survivability and Sensor Materials Division, AFRL-ML-WP-TP-2007-551, Air Force Research Laboratory, Jan. 2007, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 17 pgs.
- Yang et al., “Robust and Accurate Surface Measurement Using Structured Light”, IEEE, Apr. 30, 2008, vol. 57, Issue 6, pp. 1275-1280, DOI:10.1109/TIM.2007.915103.
- Yaqoob et al., “High-speed two-dimensional laser scanner based on Bragg grating stored in photothermorefractive glass”, Applied Optics, Sep. 10, 2003, vol. 42, No. 26, pp. 5251-5262.
- Yaroshchuk et al., “Stabilization of liquid crystal photoaligning layers by Yeactive mesogens”, Applied Physics Letters, Jul. 14, 2009, vol. 95, pp. 021902-1-021902-3.
- Ye, “Three-dimensional Gradient Index Optics Fabricated in Diffusive Photopolymers”, Thesis, Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, 2012, 224 pgs.
- Yemtsova et al., “Determination of liquid crystal orientation in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals by linear and nonlinear optics”, Journal of Applied Physics, Oct. 13, 2008, vol. 104, pp. 073115-1-073115-4.
- Yeralan et al., “Switchable Bragg grating devices for telecommunications applications”, Opt. Eng., Aug. 2012, vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1774-1779.
- Yoshida et al., “Nanoparticle-Dispersed Liquid Crystals Fabricated by Sputter Doping”, Adv. Mater., 2010, vol. 22, pp. 622-626.
- Zhang et al., “Dynamic Holographic Gratings Recorded by Photopolymerization of Liquid Crystalline Monomers”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, vol. 116, pp. 7055-7063.
- Zhang et al., “Switchable Liquid Crystalline Photopolymer Media for Holography”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, vol. 114, pp. 1506-1507.
- Zhao et al., “Designing Nanostructures by Glancing Angle Deposition”, Proc. of SPIE, Oct. 27, 2003, vol. 5219, pp. 59-73.
- Zlȩbacz, “Dynamics of nano and micro objects in complex liquids”, Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 2011, 133 pgs.
- Zou et al., “Functionalized nano interdigitated electrodes arrays on polymer with integrated microfluidics for direct bio-affinity sensing using impedimetric measurement”, Sensors and Actuators A, Jan. 16, 2007, vol. 136, pp. 518-526.
- Zyga, “Liquid crystals controlled by magnetic fields may lead to new optical applications”, Nanotechnology, Nanophysics, Retrieved from http://phys.org/news/2014-07-liquid-crystals-magnetic-fields-optical.html, Jul. 9, 2014, 3 pgs.
Type: Grant
Filed: Jan 20, 2021
Date of Patent: Sep 20, 2022
Patent Publication Number: 20210278739
Assignees: Digilens Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA), Rockwell Collins, Inc (Cedar Rapids, IA)
Inventors: Robert D. Brown (Lake Oswego, OR), Alastair John Grant (San Jose, CA), Wyatt L. Hendrick (San Diego, CA), Milan Momcilo Popovich (Leicester), James H. Stanley (Palo Alto, CA), Jonathan David Waldern (Los Altos Hills, CA)
Primary Examiner: Andrew Jordan
Application Number: 17/153,588
