N-alkoxy-4,4-dioxy-polyalkyl-piperidine compounds, their corresponding n-oxides and controlled radical polymerization therewith

Info

Publication number: 20040082742
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 11, 2003
Publication Date: Apr 29, 2004
Inventors: Peter Nesvadba (Marly), Marie-Odile Zink (Mulhouse), Wiebke Wunderlich (Bologna)
Application Number: 10450229

Abstract

The present invention relates to selected 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,3,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure, a polymerizable composition comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and b) said piperidine derivatives. Further aspects of the present invention are a process for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and the use of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,3,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure for controlled polymerization. The intermediate N-oxyl derivatives, a composition of the N-oxyl derivatives with ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a free radical initiator, as well as a porcess for polymerization are also subjects of the present invention.

Description

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to selected 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,3,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure, a polymerizable composition comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and b) said piperidine derivatives. Further aspects of the present invention are a process for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and the use of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,3,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure for controlled polymerization. The intermediate N-oxyl derivatives, a composition of the N-oxyl derivatives with ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a free radical initiator, as well as a process for polymerization are also subjects of the present invention.

[0002] The compounds of the present invention provide polymeric resin products having low polydispersity. The polymerization process proceeds with good monomer to polymer conversion efficiency. In particular, this invention relates to stable free radical-mediated polymerization processes which provide homopolymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, multiblock copolymers, graft copolymers and the like, at enhanced rates of polymerization and enhanced monomer to polymer conversions.

[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,429 to Solomon et al., issued Apr. 8, 1986, discloses a free radical polymerization process which controls the growth of polymer chains to produce short chain or oligomeric homopolymers and copolymers, including block and graft copolymers. The process employs an initiator having the formula (in part) R′R″N—O—X, where X is a free radical speci s capable of polymerizing unsaturated monomers. The reactions typically have low conversion rates. Specifically mentioned radical R′R″N—O. groups are derived from 1,1,3,3 tetraethylisoindoline, 1,1,3,3 tetrapropylisoindoline, 2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine, 2,2,5,5 tetramethylpyrrolidine or di-t-butylamine. However, the suggested compounds do not fulfill all requirements. Particularly the polymerization of acrylates does not proceed fast enough and/or the monomer to polymer conversion is not as high as desired.

[0004] EP-A-0 574 666 describes some novel 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidin compounds and their preparation, which have an open chain or cyclic ketal structure in the 4 position.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626 discloses also nitroxides and their preparation which are derived from 2,6-diethyl-2,6-dimethyl piperidine which have a ketal structure in 4 position.

[0006] However none of the nitroxide and nitroxylether compounds have been described as regulators/initiators for controlled radical polymerization.

[0007] GB 2335190 firstly discloses polymerization regulators/initiators on the basis of 2,2,6,6-tetraalkylpiperidine, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one group is different from methyl. No specific compound having a ketal structure in the 4-position is mentioned.

[0008] It has now been found, that amongst those 2,2,6,6-tetraalkylpiperidines generically disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,429 and GB 2335190 those are of particular value which are derivatives of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and of 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,3,6 dimethyl piperidine which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure.

[0009] The ketal structure in 4 position ensures high thermal stability which is important for storag, particularly at elevated temperatures. The ketal structure is thermally significantly more stable compared to the corresponding 4-oxo compound.

[0010] The compounds exhibit an unchanged initiating/regulating activity even after storage at elevated temperatures as for example used in conventional stability tests.

[0011] Another problem associated with nitroxyl or nitroxyl ether mediated free radical polymerization is the formation of a significant color of the resulting polymer. The compounds of the present invention which have a ketal structure in 4-position impart significantly less color to the polymer compared to other prior art compounds of similar structure.

[0012] The steric hindrance introduced by the two ethyl groups instead of two methyl groups further leads to an increased initiating activity and control of polymerization.

[0013] The particular substitution pattern in 2 and 6 position of the piperidin ring allows high monomer to polymer conversions in short times and low polydispersities which are generally below 2. High monomer to polymer conversions are even achieved with acrylates, such as ethyl- or butyl-acrylate. The temperature necessary to achieve high conversion in short times may be for example as low as 120° C.

[0014] One subject of the present invention is a polymerizable composition, comprising

[0015] a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, and

[0016] b) a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa 1

[0017] wherein

[0018] n is 1 or 2;

[0019] X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, —CH2CH═CH2, CH3CH—CH═CH2, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclo-pentenyl, (C1-C4alkyl)CR20—C(O)-phenyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—N-di(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—

[0020] NH(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH2 and a group of formula 2

[0021] wherein

[0022] R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, R21 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl or phenyl and R22 is C1-C12alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH or N(R20)(R21) or which is interrupted by O or NR20;

[0023] if n is 1

[0024] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

[0025] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden,

[0026] —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or 3

[0027] wherein

[0028] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0029] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0030] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

[0031] if n is 2

[0032] Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups 4

[0033] Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

[0034] Z is C1-C12alkylene.

[0035] Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein the compound is of formula Ia or IIa.

[0036] C1-C12alkyl can be linear or branched. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, t-octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl or dodecyl.

[0037] Alkenyl having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, for example propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-2,4-pentadienyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, n-2-octenyl, n-2-dodecenyl, isododecenyl.

[0038] Alkinyl having from 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, for example propinyl (—CH2—C≡CH ), 2-butinyl, 3-butinyl, n-2-octinyl or n-2-dodecinyl.

[0039] Examples of alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy or octoxy.

[0040] C7-C9phenylalkyl is for example benzyl, &agr;-methylbenzyl, &agr;,&agr;-dimethylbenzyl or 2-phenylethyl, benzyl is preferred.

[0041] C1-C12alkylene is a branched or unbranched radical, for example methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene or dodecamethylene.

[0042] C5-C8cycloalkyl is for example cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, methylcyclopentyl or cyclooctyl.

[0043] Examples of a monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms are formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, the isomers of valeric acid, methyl ethyl acetic acid, trimethyl acetic acid, capronic acid, lauric acid or stearic acid. Examples for unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, linolic acid and oleic acid.

[0044] Typical examples of cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids are cyclohexane carboxylic acid or cyclopentane carboxylic acid.

[0045] Examples of aromatic carboxylic acids are benzoic acid, salicylic acid or cinnamic acid.

[0046] Examples of dicarboxylic acids are oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acidglutaric acid adipic acid, sebatic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid.

[0047] Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl and the other substituents are as defined above, most preferably X is CH3CH-phenyl.

[0048] Also preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl;

[0049] n is 1

[0050] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

[0051] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or 5

[0052] wherein

[0053] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0054] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0055] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms.

[0056] More preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is CH3CH-phenyl;

[0057] n is 1

[0058] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or

[0059] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or; wherein

[0060] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0061] R2 and R3 are independently hydrog n, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0062] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monoval nt acyl residu d rived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

[0063] Most suitable individual compounds are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 1 TABLE 1 Compounds according to formula (Ia) 1 6 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy- 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 2 7 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 3 8 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- 1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4- dipropoxy-piperidine 4 9 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 5 10 2,6-Diethyl-4,4- diisobutoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl- 1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- piperidine 6 11 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- 4,4-bis-octyloxy-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 7 12 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 8 13 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,6- diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1- phenyl-thoxy)-piperidin 9 14 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6- diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidin 10 15 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 11 16 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 12 17 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 13 18 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 14 19 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 15 20 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 2-octyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 16 21 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 17 22 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 18 23 [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]d c- 2-yl]-methanol 19 24 Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-8- hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester, compound with isopropyl-benzene 20 25 Octadecanoic acid 7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester 21 26 Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl-8- hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 22 27 7,9-Diethyl-2- methoxymethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 23 28 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 24 29 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 25 30 Octanedioic acid bis-[7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester 26 31 Terephthalic acid bis-[7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl] ester 27 32 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methyloxy}-butane 28 33 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9- pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 29 34 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9- pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 30 35 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 31 36 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 32 37 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid 33 38 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 34 39 8,10_diethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 35 40 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10- pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 36 41 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 37 42 3,3,8,10-Tetraethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 38 43 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 39 44 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 40 45 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16- dioxa-3-aza- dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11- ene 41 46 [8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 42 47 [3,8,10-Triethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 43 48 8,10-Diethyl-3- methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 44 49 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 45 50 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10- diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 46 51 Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl- 3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3- ylmethyl ester 47 52 Octanedioic acid bis-[8,10- diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl] ester 48 53 1,6-Bis-{3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3- methyloxy}-hexane 49 54 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl)- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid 50 55 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester 51 56 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3- dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester 52 57 1,6-Bis{3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]end c-3- methyloxy}-hexane 53 58 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl- 3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12- dioxa-3-aza- spiro[5.6]dodec-9-ene 54 59 2-(8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10- pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undec-9- yloxy)-propionic acid 2- hydroxy-ethyl ester

[0064] 2 TABLE 2 Compounds according to formula IIa 1 60 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy- 6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 2 61 4,4-Diethyloxy-2,2-diethyl- 6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 3 62 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4- dipropoxy-piperidine 4 63 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6- dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- piperidine 5 64 2,2-Diethyl-4,4- diisobutoxy-6,6-dimethyl-1- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)- piperidine 6 65 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4- bis-octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 7 66 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl- 6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 8 67 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2- diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 9 68 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2- diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 10 69 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[54.5]decane 11 70 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]- decane 12 71 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 13 72 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl-1,4- dioxca-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 14 73 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 15 74 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2- octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- 1,4-dioxa-8-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 16 75 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 17 76 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 18 77 [7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methanol 19 78 Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-8- hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 20 79 Octadecanoic acid 7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester 21 80 Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-8- hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 22 81 7,7-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl- 9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 23 82 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 24 83 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane 25 84 Octanedioic acid bis-[7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- ph nyl- thoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester 26 85 Terephthalic acid bis-[7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester 27 86 1,4-Bis{[7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methyloxy}-butane 28 87 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 29 88 7,7-Diethyl-2,3,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 30 89 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 31 90 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7-diethyl- 9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 32 91 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid 33 92 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 34 93 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undercane 35 94 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 36 95 3,8,8-Triethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 37 96 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10- dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- 1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 38 97 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 39 98 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10- dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 40 99 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3- aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec- 11-ene 41 100 [8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-tri- methyl-9-(1-phenyl-eth- oxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 42 101 [3,8,8-Triethyl-10,10- dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 43 102 8,8-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl- 3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 44 103 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 8,8-diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 45 104 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8- diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 46 105 Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl- 3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester 47 106 Octandioic acid bis-[8,8- diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl] ester 48 107 1,6-Bis{[3,8,8-triethyl-10,10- dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methyloxy}-hexane 49 108 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl- 9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid 50 109 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester 51 110 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl- 9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3- dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester 52 111 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl- 10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane} 53 112 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12- dioxa-3-aza- spiro[5.6]dodec-9-ene

[0065] 3 TABLE 3 Compounds according to formula IIIa 1 113 4,4-Dimethoxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 2 114 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 3 115 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4- dipropoxy-piperidine 4 116 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 5 117 4,4-Diisobutoxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 6 118 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4,4-bis- octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 7 119 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 8 120 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy- 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 9 121 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-1-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-piperidine 10 122 2,7,7,9,9-Pentamethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane 11 123 2-Ethyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl- 9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 12 124 7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 13 125 2-Butyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl- 8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 14 126 7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-2- octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[5.5]decane 15 127 2-Decyl-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 16 128 2-Dodecyl-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxy-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 17 129 [7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methanol 18 130 Acetic acid 8-hydroxy- 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4- dioza-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec- 2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 19 131 Octadecanoic acid 7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester 20 132 Benzoic acid 7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester 21 133 2-Methoxymethyl-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 22 134 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane 23 135 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 24 136 Octanedioic acid bis- [7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl] ester 25 137 Terephthalic acid bis- [7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl] ester 26 138 1,4-Bis-{[7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methyloxy}-butane 27 139 2,2,7,7,9,9-Hexamethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 28 140 2,3,7,7,9,9-Hexamethyl-8- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 29 141 2,3-Benzo-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 30 142 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 31 143 7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid 32 144 7,7,9,9-Tetramethyl-8-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 33 145 8,8,10,10-Tetramethyl-9-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 34 146 3,3,8,8,10,10-Hexamethyl- 9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 35 147 3-Ethyl-3,8,8,10,10- pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 36 148 3,3-Diethyl-8,8,10,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 37 149 3,8,8,10,10-Pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-3-propyl- 1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 38 150 3-Butyl-3-ethyl-8,8,10,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 39 151 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa- 3-aza- dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11- ene 40 152 [3,8,8,10,10-Pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 41 153 [3-Ethyl-8,8,10,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methanol 42 154 Acetic acid 3,8,8,10,10- pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester 43 155 3-Methoxymethyl- 3,8,8,10,10-pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 44 156 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 3,8,8,10,10-pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 45 157 3-Benzyloxymethyl- 3,8,8,10,10-pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane 46 158 Octanedioic acid bis- [3,8,8,10,10-pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl] ester 47 159 1,6-Bis-{[3-ethyl-8,8,10,10- tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl- ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methyloxy}-hexane 48 160 3,8,8,10,10-Pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid 49 161 3,8,8,10,10-Pentamethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester 50 162 8,8,10,10-Tetramethyl-9- (1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3- dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester 51 163 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-(1- phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12-dioxa- 3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9- ene

[0066] Particularly preferred are the compounds of Table 1 and 2.

[0067] Most preferred are following compounds: 164

[0068] 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine (Table 1, No. 4) 165

[0069] 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (Table 1, No. 10) 166

[0070] 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (Table 1, No. 11) 167

[0071] [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol (Table 1, No. 18) 168

[0072] 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table1, No. 34) 169

[0073] 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table 1, No.35) 170

[0074] 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene (Table 1, No. 40) 171

[0075] [8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol (Table 1, No 41) 172

[0076] 9-(Cyclohex-2-enyloxy)-8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

[0077] Preferably the ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, styrene, substituted styrene, conjugated dienes, acrolein, vinyl acetate, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, maleic anhydride, (alkyl)acrylic acidanhydrides, (alkyl)acrylic acid salts, (alkyl)acrylic esters, (meth)acrylonitriles, (alkyl)acrylamides, vinyl halides or vinylidene halides.

[0078] Particularly the ethylenically unsaturated monomers are ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, &agr;-C5-C18alkene, styrene, &agr;-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene or a compound of formula CH2═C(Ra)—(C═Z)—Rb, wherein Ra is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl, Rb is NH2, O−(Me+), glycidyl, unsubstituted C1-C18alkoxy, C2-C100alkoxy interrupted by at least one N and/or O atom, or hydroxy-substituted C1-C18alkoxy, unsubstituted C1-C18alkylamino, di(C1-C18alkyl)amino, hydroxy-substituted C1-C18alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C1-C18alkyl)amino, —O—CH2—CH2—N(CH3)2 or —O—CH2—CH2—N+H(CH3)2 An−;

[0079] An− is a anion of a monovalent organic or inorganic acid;

[0080] Me is a monovalent metal atom or the ammonium ion.

[0081] Z is oxygen or sulfur.

[0082] Examples for Ra as C2-C100alkoxy interrupted by at least one O atom are of formula 173

[0083] wherein Rc is C1-C25alkyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted by C1-C18alkyl, Rd is hydrogen or methyl and v is a number from 1 to 50. These monomers are for example derived from non ionic surfactants by acrylation of the corresponding alkoxylated alcohols or phenols. The repeating units may be derived from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures of both.

[0084] Further examples of suitabl acrylat or methacrylat monomers are given below. 174

[0085] An−, wherein An− and Ra have the meaning as defined above and Re is methyl or benzyl. An− is preferably Cl−, Br− or −O3S—CH3.

[0086] Further acrylate monomers are 175

[0087] Examples for suitable monomers other than acrylates are 176

[0088] Preferably Ra is hydrogen or methyl, Rb is NH2, gycidyl, unsubstituted or with hydroxy substituted C1-C4alkoxy, unsubstituted C1-C4alkylamino, di(C1-C4alkyl)amino, hydroxy-substituted C1-C4alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C1-C4alkyl)amino; and Z is oxygen.

[0089] Particularly preferred ethylenically unsaturated monomers are styrene, methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, butylacrylate, isobutylacrylate, tert. butylacrylate, hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, dimethylaminoethylacrylate, glycidylacrylates, methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, glycidyl(meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide or dimethylaminopropyl-methacrylamide.

[0090] Preferably the initiator compound is present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 20 mol-%, more preferably in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 10 mol-% and most preferred in an amount of from 0.05 mol-% to 10 mol-% based on the monomer or monomer mixture.

[0091] When monomer mixtures are used mol-% is calculated on the average molecular weight of the mixture.

[0092] Another subject of the present invention is a process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, which comprises (co)polymerizing the monomer or monomers/oligomers in the presence of an initiator compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa under reaction conditions capable of effecting scission of the O—C bond to form two free radicals, the radical .X being capable of initiating polymerization.

[0093] Preferably scission of th O—C bond is eff cted by ultrasonic treatment, heating or exposure to electromagnetic radiation, ranging from &ggr; to microwaves.

[0094] More preferably the scission of the O—C bond is effected by heating and takes place at a temperature of between 50° C. and 160° C.

[0095] Preferred initiators and ethylenically unsaturated monomers have already been mentioned above.

[0096] The process may be carried out in the presence of an organic solvent or in the presence of water or in mixtures of organic solvents and water. Additional cosolvents or surfactants, such as glycols or ammonium salts of fatty acids, may be present. Other suitable cosolvents are described hereinafter.

[0097] Preferred processes use as little solvents as possible. In the reaction mixture it is preferred to use more than 30% by weight of monomer and initiator, particularly preferably more than 50% and most preferrably more than 80%.

[0098] If organic solvents are used, suitable solvents or mixtures of solvents are typically pure alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane), hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene), halogenated hydrocarbons (chlorobenzene), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), esters (ethyl acetate, propyl, butyl or hexyl acetate) and ethers (diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), or mixtures thereof.

[0099] The aqueous polymerization reactions can be supplemented with a water-miscible or hydrophilic cosolvent to help ensure that the reaction mixture remains a homogeneous singl phase throughout the monomer conversion. Any water-soluble or water-miscible cosolvent may be used, as long as the aqueous solvent medium is effective in providing a solvent system which prevents precipitation or phase separation of the reactants or polymer products until after all polymerization reactions have been completed. Exemplary cosolvents useful in the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, glycols, ethers, glycol ethers, pyrrolidines, N-alkyl pyrrolidinones, N-alkyl pyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, amides, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, esters, organosulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, alcohol derivatives, hydroxyether derivatives such as butyl carbitol or cellosolve, amino alcohols, ketones, and the like, as well as derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Specific examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol, dioxane, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, dipropylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, and other water-soluble or water-miscible materials, and mixtures thereof. When mixtures of water and water-soluble or water-miscible organic liquids are selected as the aqueous reaction media, the water to cosolvent weight ratio is typically in the range of about 100:0 to about 10:90.

[0100] The process is particularly useful for the preparation of block copolymers.

[0101] Block copolymers are, for example, block copolymers of polystyrene and polyacrylate (e.g., poly(styrene-co-acrylate) or poly(styrene-co-acrylate-co-styrene). They are usefull as adhesives or as compatibilizers for polymer blends or as polymer toughening agents. Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylate) diblock copolymers or poly(methylacrylate-co-acrylate-co-methacrylate) triblock copolymers) are useful as dispersing agents for coating systeme, as coating additives (e.g. rheological agents, compatibilizers, reactive diluents) or as resin component in coatings (e.g. high solid paints) Block copolymers of styrene, (meth)acrylates and/or acrylonitrile are useful for plastics, elastomers and adhesives.

[0102] Furthermore, block copolymers of this invention, wherein the blocks alternate between polar monomers and non-polar monomers, are useful in many applications as amphiphilic surfactants or dispersants for preparing highly uniform polymer blends. The (co)polymers of the present invention may have a number average molecular weight from 1 000 to 400 000 g/mol, preferably from 2 000 to 250 000 g/mol and, more preferably, from 2 000 to 200 000 g/mol. When produced in bulk, the number average molecular weight may be up to 500 000 (with the same minimum weights as mentioned above). The number average molecular weight may be determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) or, if the initiator carries a group which can be easily distinguished from the monomer(s), by NMR spectroscopy or other conventional methods.

[0103] The polymers or copolymers of the present invention have preferably a polydispersity of from 1.0 to 2, more preferably of from 1.1 to 1.9 and most preferably from 1.1 to 1.8.

[0104] Thus, the present invention also encompasses in the synthesis novel block, multi-block, star, gradient, random, hyperbranched and dendritic copolymers, as well as graft or copolymers.

[0105] The polymers prepared by the present invention are useful for following applications: adhesives, det rgents, dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants, defoamers, adhesion promoters, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity improvers, lubricants, rheology modifi rs, thickeners, crosslinkers, paper treatment, water tr atment, electronic materials, paints, coatings, photography, ink materials, imaging materials, superabsorbants, cosmetics, hair products, preservatives, biocide materials or modifiers for asphalt, leather, textiles, ceramics and wood.

[0106] Because the present polymerizaton is a “living” polymerization, it can be started and stopped practically at will. Furthermore, the polymer product retains the functional alkoxyamine group allowing a continuation of the polymerization in a living matter. Thus, in one embodiment of this invention, once the first monomer is consumed in the initial polymerizing step a second monomer can then be added to form a second block on the growing polymer chain in a second polymerization step. Therefore it is possible to carry out additional polymerizations with the same or different monomer(s) to prepare multi-block copolymers.

[0107] Furthermore, since this is a radical polymerization, blocks can be prepared in essentially any order. One is not necessarily restricted to preparing block copolymers where the sequential polymerizing steps must flow from the least stabilized polymer intermediate to the most stabilized polymer intermediate, such as is the case in ionic polymerization. Thus it is possible to prepare a multi-block copolymer in which a polyacrylonitrile or a poly(meth)acrylate block is prepared first, then a styrene or butadiene block is attached thereto, and so on.

[0108] Furthermore, there is no linking group required for joining the different blocks of the present block copolymer. One can simply add successive monomers to form successive blocks.

[0109] A plurality of specifically designed polymers and copolymers are accessible by the present invention, such as star and graft (co)polymers as described, inter alia, by C. J. Hawker in Angew. Chemie, 1995, 107, pages 1623-1627, dendrimers as described by K. Matyaszewski et al. in Macrmolecules 1996, Vol 29, No. 12, pages 4167-4171, graft (co)polymers as described by C. J. Hawker et al. in Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 155-166(1997), random copolymers as described by C. J. Hawker in Macromolecules 1996, 29, 2686-2688, or diblock and triblock copolymers as described by N. A. Listigovers in Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8992-8993.

[0110] The compounds of formula Ia, IIa and IIIa are novel. A further subject of the present invention is therefore a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa 177

[0111] wherein

[0112] n is 1 or 2;

[0113] X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, (CH3)2CCN, —CH2CH═CH2, CH3CH—CH═CH2 (C1-C4alkyl)CR20—C(O)-phenyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—N-di(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH2, and a group of formula 178

[0114] wherein R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, R21 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl or phenyl and R22 is C1-C12alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH or N(R20)(R21) or which is interrupted by O or NR20;

[0115] if n is 1

[0116] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

[0117] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—,

[0118] —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or 179

[0119] wherein

[0120] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0121] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0122] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

[0123] if n is 2

[0124] Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups 180

[0125] Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

[0126] Z is C1-C12alkylene; with the proviso that compounds A, B, C are excluded 181

[0127] The definitions and preferrences given above apply also for the compounds.

[0128] The preparation of the compounds of the present invention is carried out according to known reaction steps. A general method for the preparation of the compounds of formula Ia, IIa, and IIIa starts from the 4-oxo compounds Xa or XIa which are described in GB 2335190 or from XIIa which is a known compound described for example in DE 2352127. 182

[0129] These starting compounds are reacted for example with suitable monoalcohols, diols or tetrafunctional alcohols to form intermediates of formula Xb, XIb or XIIb wherein Y, Y′ and n are as defined above. Such ketalization reactions are well known in the art and the corresponding compounds are mostly known. The reaction is for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,525, U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,464, U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,158 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626. 183

[0130] The compounds of formula Xb, XIb and XIIb are oxidized according to standard procedures to the corresponding nitroxides of formula Xc, XIc and XIIc, as for xample described in GB 2335190 or WO 99/46261. 184

[0131] The nitroxides are then coupled with a compound of formula HX under oxidative conditions. Suitable radicals X are as defined above. This coupling reaction is descriebed for example in GB 2335190. Preferably the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of a Cu(II) salt according to the method described in International Application No. PCT/EP01/05668.

[0132] These nitroxides can also be used as polymerization regulators in combination with a source of free radicals.

[0133] A further subject of the invention is therefore a polymerizable composition, comprising

[0134] a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer;

[0135] b) a compound of formula Ib or IIb 185

[0136] wherein

[0137] n is 1 or 2;

[0138] if n is 1

[0139] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

[0140] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—,

[0141] —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or 186

[0142] wherein

[0143] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0144] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0145] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

[0146] if n is 2

[0147] Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups 187

[0148] Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

[0149] Z is C1-C12alkylene; and

[0150] c) a source of free radicals capable of initiating polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

[0151] Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ib or IIb

[0152] n is 1

[0153] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, ph nyl or benzyl; or

[0154] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or; wherein

[0155] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0156] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0157] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

[0158] Specific nitroxide compounds useful in the present invention are given in Tables 4 and 5. 4 TABLE 4 Compounds according to formula (Ib) 1 188 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy- 2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 2 189 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 3 190 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- 4,4-dipropoxy-piperidin-1- oxyl 4 191 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 5 192 2,6-Diethyl-4,4- diisobutoxy-2,3,6- trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 6 193 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- 4,4-bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1- oxyl 7 194 4,4-Bis-allyoxy-2,6-diethyl- 2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 8 195 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyl-2,6- di thyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- piperidin-1-oxyl 9 196 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6- diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl- piperidin-1-oxyl 10 197 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 11 198 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9- tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane-8-oxyl 12 199 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 13 200 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 14 201 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 15 202 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 2-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 16 203 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 17 204 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8- oxyl 18 205 7,9-Diethyl-2- hydroxymethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 19 206 Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 20 207 Octadecanoic acid 7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec- 2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 21 208 Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2- ylmethyl ester-8-ixyl 22 209 7,9-Diethyl-2- methoxymethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 23 210 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 24 211 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9- diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 25 212 Octanedoic acid bis-(7,9- diethyl-8-oxyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmdethyl) ester 26 213 Terephthalic acid bis-(7,9- diethyl-8-oxyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester 27 214 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-diethyl-6,7,9- trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa- 8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methyloxy}-butane 28 215 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9- pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 29 216 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9- pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 30 217 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl- 6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane 31 218 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,8,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 32 219 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl 33 220 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl 34 221 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 35 222 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10- pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 36 223 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,810- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 37 224 3,3,8,10-Tetramethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 38 225 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-3-propyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 39 226 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 40 227 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl- 7,16-dioxa-3-aza- dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11- en-3-oxyl 41 228 8,10-Diethyl-3- hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 42 229 3,8,10-Triethyl-3- hydroxymethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 43 230 8,10-Diethyl-3- methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 44 231 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl- 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 45 232 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10- diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 46 233 Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl- 3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl 47 234 Octandioic acid bis- (8,10-diethyl-9-oxyl- 3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3- ylmethyl) ester 48 235 1,6-Bis{3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5- dioxa-9- azaspiro[5.5]undec-3- methyloxy}-hexane 49 236 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid-9-oxyl 50 237 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl 51 238 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3- dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl 52 239 3,3-Bisspiro-{8,10-diethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane} 53 240 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl- 7,12-dioxa-3-aza- spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3- oxyl 54 241 Acetic acid 3,8,10-triethyl- 7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl- methyl ester-9-oxyl 55 242 Octadecanoic acid 3,8,10- triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]un- dec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl

[0159] 5 TABLE 5 Compounds according to formula (IIb) 1 243 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy- 6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 2 244 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2-diethyl- 6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 3 245 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4- dipropoxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 4 246 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl- 6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 5 247 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy- 6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 6 248 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4- bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 7 249 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl- 6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1- oxyl 8 250 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2- diethyl-6,6-dimethyl- piperidin-1-oxyl 9 251 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2- diethyl-6,6-dimethyl- piperidin-1-oxyl 10 252 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 11 253 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 12 254 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 13 255 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2- propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 14 256 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 15 257 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2- octyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 16 258 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 17 259 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 18 260 7,7-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl- 9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 19 261 Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 20 262 Octadecanoic acid 7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec- 2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 21 263 Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 22 264 7,7-Diethyl-2- methoxymethyl-9,9- dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 23 265 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 24 266 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan- 8-oxyl 25 267 Octanedioic acid bis(7,7- diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl)_ ester 26 268 Terephthalic acid bis-(7,7- diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester 27 269 1,4-Bis-{[7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]- methyloxy}-butane 28 270 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9- tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 29 271 7,7-Diethyl-2,3,9,9- tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 30 272 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9- dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8- aza-spiro[4.5]decane 31 273 2,3-Cyanohexano-7,7- diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decane 32 274 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl- 1,4-dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl 33 275 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4- dioxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decane-2,3- dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl 34 276 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl- 1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 35 277 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10- tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9- oxyl 36 278 3,8,8-Triethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-9-oxyl 37 279 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10- dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 38 280 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-3-propyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 39 281 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10- dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 40 282 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl- 7,16-dioxa-3-aza- dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11- en-3-oxyl 41 283 8,8-Diethyl-3- hydroxymethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 42 284 3,8,8-Triethyl-3- hydroxymethyl-10,10- dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 43 285 8,8-Diethyl-3- methoxymethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 44 286 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,8- diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl- 1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 45 287 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8- diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 46 288 Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl- 3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa- 9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3- ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl 47 289 Octanedioic acids bis-(8,8- diethyl-9-oxyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl) ester 48 290 1,6-Bis{[3,8,8-triethyl-10,10- dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9- aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]- methyloxy}-hexane 49 291 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid-9-oxyl 50 292 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10- trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl 51 293 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl- 1,5-dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3- dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl 52 294 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl- 10,10-dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5- dioxa-9-aza- spiro[5.5]undecane} 53 295 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl- 7,12-dioxa-3-aza- spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3-oxyl

[0160] The compounds of Table 4, and 5 are particularly preferred.

[0161] Most preferred are the following compounds. 296

[0162] 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (Tab. 4, No.4) 297

[0163] 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab.4, No.10) 298

[0164] 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab.4, No. 11) 299

[0165] 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab.4, No.18) 300

[0166] 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, No. 34) 301

[0167] 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, No. 35) 302

[0168] 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl (Tab. 4, No. 40) 303

[0169] 8,10-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, No.41)

[0170] The source of radicals may be a bis-azo compound, a peroxide or a hydroperoxide.

[0171] The production of C-centered radicals is described, inter alia, in Houben Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. E 19a, pages 60-147. These methods can be applied in general analogy.

[0172] Preferably, the source of radicals is 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 1,1′-azobis(1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyramide) dihydrate, 2-phenylazo-2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, dimethyl-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, 2-(carbamoylazo)isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropane), 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine), free base or hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane), free base or hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis{2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]propionamide} or 2,2′-azobis{2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide.

[0173] Preferred peroxides and hydroperoxides are acetyl cyclohexane sulphonyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, t-amyl perneodecanoate, t-butyl perneodecanoate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-amylperpivalate, bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide, diisononanoyl peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dioctanoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, bis (2-methylbenzoyl) peroxide, disuccinic acid peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, t-butyl per 2-ethylhexanoate, bis-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-peroxide, t-butyl perisobutyrate, t-butyl permaleinate, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, t-butyl peroxy isopropyl carbonate, t-butyl perisononaoate, 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,5-dibenzoate, t-butyl peracetate, t-amyl perbenzoate, t-butyl perbenzoate, 2,2-bis (t-butylperoxy) butane, 2,2 bis (t-butylperoxy) propane, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-t-butylperoxide, 3-t-butylperoxy 3-phenylphthalide, di-t-amyl peroxide, &agr;,&agr;′-bis(t-butylperoxy isopropyl) benzene, 3,5-bis (t-butylperoxy)3,5-dimethyl 1,2-dioxolane, di-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethylhexyne-2,5-di-t-butylperoxide, 3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl 1,2,4,5-tetraoxa cyclononane, p-menthane hydroperoxide, pinane hydroperoxide, diisopropylbenzene mono-&agr;-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide or t-butyl hydroperoxide.

[0174] These compounds are commercially available.

[0175] If more than one radical source is used, a mixture of substitution patterns is obtainable.

[0176] The radical source is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 30 mol-%, more preferred in an amount of from 0.1 mol-% to 20 mol-% and most preferred in an amount of from 0.5 mol-% to 10 mol-% based on the monomer or monomer mixture.

[0177] Preferably the nitroxyl compound is present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 20 mol-%, more preferably in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 10 mol-% and most preferred in an amount of from 0.05 mol-% to 10 mol-% based on the monomer or monomer mixture.

[0178] The molar ratio of the radical source to the compound of formulae Ib, IIb or IIIb may be from 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from 1:5 to 5:1 and more preferably from 1:2 to 2:1.

[0179] Still another subject of the present invention is a process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at l ast one ethylenically unsaturated monomer/oligomer, which comprises subjecting the above composition to heat or actinic radiation.

[0180] The composition is preferably subjected to heat from 90° C. to 160° C.

[0181] A further subject of the invention is a compound of formula Ib or IIb 304

[0182] wherein

[0183] n is 1 or 2;

[0184] if n is 1

[0185] Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

[0186] Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or 305

[0187] wherein

[0188] R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

[0189] R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

[0190] R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

[0191] if n is 2

[0192] Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups 306

[0193] Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

[0194] Z is C1-C12alkylene; with the proviso that compounds D, E, F, G, H 307

[0195] are excluded.

[0196] Yet another subject of the invention is a polymer or oligomer, having attached at least one oxyamine group derived from formula Ia, IIa or IIIa.

[0197] The polymers or oligomers can also be termed macroinitiators. They can be used to start polymerization for example with a second monomer which then results in the formation of a block copolym r as already described above.

[0198] Further subjects of the invention are the use of a compound of formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers and the use of a compound of formulae Ib or IIb together with a source of free radicals for the polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer.

[0199] Definitions and preferences for the various substituents have already been mentioned. They apply also for the other subjects of the invention including the preferences and the individual compounds.

[0200] The following examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE A1

[0201] 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 10) 308

[0202] The compound is prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626 (example 5).

EXAMPLE A2

[0203] 7,9-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 18) 309

[0204] The title compound is prepared by oxidising 7,9-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan, prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626. A red oil is obtained. Elemental analysis for C15H28NO4 calculated: C, 62.91%; H, 9.85%; N, 4.89%; found: C, 62.83%; H, 9.83%; N, 4.75%.

EXAMPLE A3

[0205] 8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tabelle 2, Compound 35) 310

[0206] The title compound is prepared by oxidising 7,9-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan, prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626. A red oil is obtained. Elemental analysis for C15H28NO4 calculated: C, 68.42%; H, 10.81; N, 4.69; found: C, 68.21%; H, 10.66%; N, 4.63%.

EXAMPLE A4

[0207] 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (Table 1, Compound 10) 311

[0208] To a solution of 10.3 g (0.04 mol) 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 2, compound 10) in 40 ml ethylbenzene 8.3 ml (0.06 mol) 70% t-butyl-hydroperoxide in water and 0.7 ml of a catalyst solution (containing 13.44 g CuCl2 and 4.24 g LiCl in 153 ml ethanol) are added. The mixture is stirred at 65° C. until it is colorless (approximately 90 minutes). After cooling to room temperature 25 ml water and 5 g Na2S2O5 are added and the mixture is vigorously stirred for 10 minutes. The organic phase is separated, washed with H2O and the remaining ethylbenzene is evaporated. The residue chromatographically purified (SiO2 hexane-ethylacetate (19:1)) and 10.3 g of the title compound is obtained as colorless oil. Elemental analysis for C22H35NO3 calculated: C, 73.09%; H, 9.76%; N, 3.87%; found: C, 72.95%; H, 9.79%; N, 3.68%.

EXAMPLE A5

[0209] [7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol (Table 1, Compound 18) 312

[0210] The title compound is prepared in analogy to exampla A4 from 7,9-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 4, compound 18). Colorless oil, 1H-NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz, d ppm): 7.4-7.1 m, (5 ArH), 4.7-4.55 m (1H), 4.3-3.55 m (5H), 2.1-0.5 m (26H).

EXAMPLE A6

[0211] 8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table 1, Compound 35) 313

[0212] The title compound is prepared in analogy to example A4 from 8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Table 4, compound 35). Colorless oil. Elemental analysis for C25H41NO3 calculated: C, 74.40%; H, 10.24%; N, 3.47%; found: C, 74.19%; H, 10.43%; N, 3.43%.

EXAMPLE A7

[0213] 3,8,10-triethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 42) 314

[0214] The title compound is prepared in analogy to Example A1 by oxidizing (3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl)-methanol (prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626) as a red oil. GC-MS: narrow bundle of 4 peaks (diastereomers) with M+=328 (C18H34NO4=328.48).

EXAMPLE A8

[0215] Acetic Acid 3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl-methyl ester-9-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 54) 315

[0216] The title compound is prepared in analogy to Exampl A1 by oxidizing acetic acid 3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl-methyl ester (prepared in analogy to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626, Example 4) as a red oil.

EXAMPLE A9

[0217] Octadecanoic Acid 3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 55). 316

[0218] The title compound is prepared in analogy to Example 1 by oxidizing octadecanoic acid 3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl-methyl ester (prepared in analogy to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626, Example 4) as a red oil. MS (Cl): MH+=595 (C36H88NO5=594.95).

EXAMPLE A10

[0219] Acetic Acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl-methyl ester-8-oxyl (Table 4, Compound 19) 317

[0220] The title compound is prepared in analogy to Example A1 by oxidizing acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl-methyl ester (prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626, Example 4) as a red oil. GC-MS: narrow bundle of 6 peaks (diastereomers) with M+=328 (C17H30NO5=328.43).

EXAMPLE A11

[0221] 2-(8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-9-yloxy)-propionic acid 2-hydroxy-ethyl ester (Table 1, Compound 54) 318

[0222] To a stirred mixture of 89.54 g (0.3 mol) 8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 35), 43.04 (0.3 mol) copper (I) bromide, 19.06 (0.3 mol) copper powder and 103.9 g (0.6 mol) pentamethyl-ethylene-triamine in 500 ml toluene are added dropwis within 30 minutes and under nitrogen 59.1 g (0.3 mol) 2-bromopropionic acid-2-hydroxyethylester. The mixture is stirred at rt for 17 h and then filtered. The filtrate is washed with water (3×500 ml) and th n with a solution of EDTA (300 ml, 1%). The organic layer is dried over Na2SO4 and then evaporated to afford 122.8 g (98.5%) of the title compound as a slightly yellow oil.

[0223] 1H-NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz, d ppm): 4.45-4.26 m, (1H), 4.25-4.23 m (2H), 3.85 bs m (2H), 3.71-0.72 (36H).

[0224] B) Polymerizations with n-butylacrylate Using Compounds of Formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa as Initiators/Regulators

[0225] General Remarks:

[0226] Solvents and monomers are distilled over a Vigreux column under argon atmosphere or under vacuum, shortly before being used.

[0227] To remove oxygen all polymerization reaction mixtures are flushed before polymerization with argon and evacuated under vaccum applying a freeze-thaw cycle. The reaction mixtures are then polymerized under argon atmosphere.

[0228] At the start of the polymerization reaction, all starting materials are homogeneously dissolved.

[0229] Conversion is determined by removing unreacted monomers from the polymer at 80° C. and 0.002 torr for 30 minutes, weighing the remaining polymer and subtract the weight of the initiator.

[0230] Characterization of the polymers is carried out by MALDI-MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry) and/or GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography).

[0231] MALDI-MS: Measurements are performed on a linear TOF (Time Of Flight) MALDI-MS LDI-1700 Linear Scientific Inc., Reno, USA. The matrix is 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and the laser wavelength is 337 nm.

[0232] GPC: Is performed using RHEOS 4000 of FLUX INSTRUMENTS. Tetrahydrofurane (THF) is us d as a solvent and is pumped at 1 ml/min. Two chromatography columns ar put in series: type Plgel 5 &mgr;m mixed-C of POLYMER INSTRUMENTS, Shropshire, UK. Measurements are performed at 40° C. The columns are calibrated with low polydispersity polystyrenes having Mn from 200 to 2 000 000 Dalton. Detection is carried out using a RI-Detector ERC-7515A of ERCATECH AG at 30° C.

EXAMPLE B1

[0233] Polymerization of n-butylacrylate with Compound 10, Table 1 (Example A4) at 145° C.

[0234] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 644 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 10, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 11.1 g (74%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

[0235] Mn=6460, Mw=8280, PD=1.28

EXAMPLE B2

[0236] Polymerization of n-butylacrylate with Compound 35, Table 1 (Example A6) at 145° C.

[0237] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 718 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 35, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 12.3 g (82%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

[0238] Mn=6630, Mw=8450, PD=1.27

EXAMPLE B3

[0239] Polymerization of n-butylacrylate with Compound 18, Table 1 (Example A5) at 145° C.

[0240] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 679 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 18, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 12.37 g (82.5%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

[0241] Mn=7000, Mw=9000, PD=1.29

EXAMPLE B4

[0242] Preparation of a Block Copolym r from n-butylacrylat and N,N-dim thylaminoethylacrylat (DMAEA) Using Compound 10, Table 1

[0243] 1) Preparation of Poly-n-butylacrylate

[0244] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 644 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 10, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 11.1 g (74%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

[0245] Mn=5700, Mw=8050, PD=1.41

[0246] 2) Preparation of a Block Copolymer with DMAEA

[0247] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 6.5 g of the above poly(n-butylacrylate and 6.5 g (45.5 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 3 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 70° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 1. g (15%) of the monomer have reacted. A yellow/brownish viscous fluid is obtained.

[0248] Composition (NMR): 87 weight-% butylacrylat/13 weight-% N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylat Mn=5700, Mw=8170, PD=1.43

EXAMPLE B5

[0249] Preparation of a Block Copolymer from n-butylacrylat and N,N-dimethyl-aminoethylacrylat (DMAEA) Using Compound 35, Table 1

[0250] 1) Preparation of Poly-n-butylacrylate

[0251] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 718 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 35, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 12.3 g (82%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

[0252] Mn=6170, Mw=8300, PD=1.34

[0253] 2) Preparation of a Block Copolymer with DMAEA

[0254] In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 6.5 g of the above poly(n-butylacrylate and 5 g (35 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 3 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 70° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 1. g (22%) of the monomer have reacted. A yellow/brownish viscous fluid is obtained.

[0255] Composition (NMR): 82 weight-% butylacrylat/18 weight-% N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylat Mn=5700, Mw=8350, PD=1.46

[0256] C) Polymerizations with Styrene Using Compounds of Formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa as Initiators/Regulators

[0257] In an evacuated Schlenk tube, flushed with Argon and equipped with magnetic stirrer, the amount of nitroxylether given in Table 6 is added to 50 mol freshly distilled n-styrene under an Argon atmosphere. The Schlenk tube is closed and the remaining oxygen is removed in two freeze thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen. The tube is filled with Argon and heated to the temperatures given in Table 6 for 6 hours with stirring. The remaining monomer is removed under vacuum at room temperature. Drying is continued until constant weight of the residue. Molecular weight and distribution are determined using gel permeation chromatography with tetrahydrofurane and calibrated with polystyrene standards. The results are given in Table 6. 6 TABLE 6 Temp Amount of Conversion Mn Mw Exp. No. (° C.) regulator (%) (GPC) (GPC) Mw/Mn C0 130 1 mol % 82 7600 9500 1.24 C1 130 0.1 mol % 81 42700 62800 1.47 C2 120 1 mol % 165 6200 7400 1.19 C3 120 0.1 mol % 55 35000 47900 1.37 C4 110 1 mol % 40 3800 4700 1.25 C5 110 0.1 mol % 28 22700 28300 1.26 C6 100 1 mol % 20 1700 2800 1.65 C7 100 0.1 mol % 15 13100 17800 1.36

[0258] 1 mol % corresponds to 8.72×10−2 mol NOR/I styr ne, 0.1 mol % corresponds to 8.72×10−3 mol NOR/I styrene.

[0259] Initiator/regulator is compound 35, Table 1 319

[0260] Polymerizations with Styrene Using Compounds of Formulae Ib, IIb and Dibenzoylperoxide (BPO) as Regulators/Initiators

[0261] In an evacuated Schlenk tube, flushed with argon and equipped with magnetic stirrer, the amount of nitroxyl and BPO given in Table 7 is added to 50 mol freshly distilled n-styrene under an argon atmosphere. The Schlenk tube is closed and the remaining oxygen is removed in two freeze thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen. The tube is filled with argon and heated to the temperatures given in Table 7 for 6 hours with stirring. The remaining monomer is removed under vacuum at room temperature. Drying is continued until constant weight of the residue. Molecular weight and distribution are determined using gel permeation chromatography with tetrahydrofurane and calibrated with polystyrene standards. The results are given in Table 7. 7 TABLE 7 Exp. Temp Concen- Yield Mn Mn Mw Mw/ No. (° C.) trations (%) (calc) (GPC) (GPC) Mn C8 130 [NO·] = 44 5100 5300 6600 1.24 8.72 × 10−2 mol/l [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−2 mol/l C9 130 [NO·] = 47 5300 5400 7100 1.32 8.72 × 10−2 mol/l [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−2 mol/l C10 130 [NO·] = 77 81000 39000 55900 1.43 8.72 × 10−3 mol/l [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−3 mol/l C11 120 [NO·] = 43 45500 29400 38900 1.33 8.72 × 10−3 mol/l [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−3 mol/l [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−3 mol/l corresponds 0.077 mol % Initiator, [BPO] = 6.7 × 10−2 mol/l corresponds 0.77 mol % Initiator [NO·] = 8.72 × 10−3 mol/l corresponds 0.1 mol % NO Radical, [NO·] = 8.72 × 10−2 mol/l corresponds 1 mol % NO Radical

[0262] The NO radical is compound 35, Table 4: 320

[0263] D. Blockcopolymerizations

[0264] 20 grams of a styrene macroinitiator obtained by polymerizing styrene at 120° C. following the procedure as described in section C with a concentration of 0.05 mol % of compound 35 (Table 1) (molecular weight data see table) are dissolved in a glass autoclave in 1) 100 g styrene, 2) a mixture of 90 g of styrene and 30 g of acrylonitrile.

[0265] The solutions are degassed by argon purge for 30 minutes and subsequently heated in an oil bath at 110° C. for 6 hours. The polymer is obtained by precipitation into a 10 fold excess of methanol and dried in vacuo to remove unreacted monomer until constant weight. Molecular weights were determined by GPC as described in section C. The shift in molecular weight from D 0 to experiments D1 und D2 (Table 8) clearly indicates the formation of a block copolymer and confirms the capability of reinitiation of polymers synthesized using the instant compounds. 8 TABLE 8 Yield of added Exp. # Comonomer(s) monomer(s) (%) Mn Mw Mw/Mn D 0 60400 108600 1.80 D 1 Styrene 45 96700 165600 1.71 D 2 Sty/AN 50 143900 258700 1.80

Claims

1. A polymerizable composition, comprising

a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, and

b) a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

321

wherein

n is 1 or 2;

X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, —CH2CH═CH2, CH3CH—CH═CH2, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, (C1-C4alkyl)CR20—C(O)-phenyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—N-di(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH2, and a group of formula

322

wherein R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, R21 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl or phenyl and R22 is C1-C12alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH or N(R20)(R21) or which is interrupted by O or NR20;

if n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden,

—CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or

323

wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

if n is 2

Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

324

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

Z is C1-C12alkylene.

2. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound is of formula Ia or IIa.

3. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1

wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-ph nyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl and the other substituents are as defined in claim 1.

4. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1

wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is CH3CH-phenyl and the other substituents are as defined in claim 1.

5. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1

wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl,

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden,

—CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or

325

wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms.

6. A polymerizable composition according to claim 5

wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

X is CH3CH-phenyl;

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

6. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound of formula Ia or IIa is

1.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

2.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

3.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4dipropoxy-piperidine

4.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

5.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

6.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

7.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

8.) 4,4Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

9.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

10.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

11.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

12.) 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

13.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane

14.) 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

15.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan

16.) 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

17.) 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane

18.) [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2yl-]-methanol

19.) Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-8-hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene

20.) Octadecanoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester

21.) Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl-8-hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ster; compound with isopropyl-benzene

22.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-ph nyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

23.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

24.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

25.) Octanedioic acid bis-[7,9diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester

26.) Terephthalic acid bis-[7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester

27.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane

28.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9-pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

29.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9-pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

30.) 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

31.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

32.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

33.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester

34.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

35.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane

36.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

37.) 3,3,8,10-Tetraethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane

38.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane

39.) 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane

40.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]-hexadec-11-ene

41.) [8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol

42.) [3,8,10-Triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol

43.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

44.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

45.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

46.) Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester

47.) Octanedioic acid bis-[8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl] ester

48.) 1,6-Bis-{3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-methyloxy}-hexane

49.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane-3-carboxylic acid

50.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester

51.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester

52.) 3,3-Bisspiro-{8,10-diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane}

53.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en

54.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

55.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

56.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)4,4-dipropoxy-piperidine

57.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

58.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

59.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl- thoxy)-pip ridine

60.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

61.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine

62.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-thoxy)-piperidine

63.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

64.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

65.) 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

66.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

67.) 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

68.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.51]decane

69.) 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

70.) 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

71.) [7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol

72.) Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-8-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene

73.) Octadecanoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester

74.) Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-8-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene

75.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane

76.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,7diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

77.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane

78.) Octanedioic acid bis-[7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester

79.) Terephthalic acid bis-[7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl] ester

80.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane

81.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]d cane

82.) 7,7-Di thyl-2,3,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan

83.) 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dim thyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

84.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

85.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

86.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester

87.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

88.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane

89.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

90.) 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane

91.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

92.) 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane

93.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene

94.) [8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol

95.) [3,8,8-Triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol

96.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

97.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

98.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

99.) Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undec-3-ylmethyl ster

100.) Octanedioic acid bis-[8,8diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl- thoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl] ester

101.) 1,6-Bis{[3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methyloxy}-hexane

102.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid

103.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester

104.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester

105.) 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane}

106.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-ene

7. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound of formula Ia or IIa is

4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine;

7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane;

7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane;

[7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol;

8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane;

8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane;

2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene;

[8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol or

9-(Cyclohex-2-enyloxy)-8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane.

8. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, styrene, substituted styrene, conjugated dienes, acrolein, vinyl acetate, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, maleic anhydride, (alkyl)acrylic acidanhydrides, (alkyl)acrylic acid salts, (alkyl)acrylic esters, (meth)acrylonitriles, (alkyl)acrylamides, vinyl halides or vinylidene halides.

9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomers are ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, &agr;-C5-C18alkene, styrene, &agr;-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene or a compound of formula CH2═C(Ra)—(C═Z)—Rb, wherein Ra is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl, Rb is NH2, O−(Me+), glycidyl, unsubstituted C1-C18alkoxy, C2-C100alkoxy interrupted by at least one N and/or O atom, or hydroxy-substituted C1-C18alkoxy, unsubstituted C1-C18alkylamino, di(C1-C18alkyl)amino, hydroxy-substituted C1-C18alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C1-C18alkyl)amino, —O—CH2—CH2—N(CH3)2 or —O—CH2—CH2—N+H(CH3)2 An−;

An− is a anion of a monovalent organic or inorganic acid;

Me is a monovalent metal atom or the ammonium ion.

Z is oxygen or sulfur.

10. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa is present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 20 mol-%,

11. A process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, which comprises (co)polymerizing the monomer or monomers/oligomers in the presence of an initiator compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa under reaction conditions capable of effecting scission of the O—C bond to form two free radicals, the radical.X being capable of initiating polymerization.

12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the scission of the O—C bond is effected by heating and takes place at a temperature of between 50° C. and 160° C.

13. A compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

326

wherein

n is 1 or 2;

X is selected from the group consisting of —CH2-phenyl, CH3CH-phenyl, (CH3)2C-phenyl, (C5-C6cycloalkyl)2CCN, (CH3)2CCN, —CH2CH═CH2, CH3CH—CH═CH2, 3, cycloh xenyl, 3-cyclo-pentenyl, (C1-C4alkyl)CR20—C(O)-phenyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—N-di(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH(C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkyl-CR20—C(O)—NH2, and a group of formula

327

wherein R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, R21 is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl or phenyl and R22 is C1-C12alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by OH or N(R20)(R21) or which is interrupted by O or NR20;

if n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8-cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden,

—CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or

328

wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

if n is 2

Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

329

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

Z is C1-C12alkylene; with the proviso that compounds A, B, C are excluded

330

14. A polymerizable composition, comprising

a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer;

b) a compound of formula Ib or IIb

331

wherein

n is 1 or 2;

if n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—,

—CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or

332

wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

if n is 2

Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

333

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

Z is C1-C12alkylene; and

c) a source of free radicals capable of initiating polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

15. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14

wherein in the compound of formula Ib, IIb or IIIb

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, —CH2—CH═CH—CH2— or; wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

16. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14 wherein the compound of formula Ib or IIb is

1.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dim thoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

2.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

3.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidin-1-oxyl

4.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

5.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

6.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1-oxyl

7.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

8.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

9.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

10.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

11.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

12.) 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

13.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

14.) 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

15.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-octyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

16.) 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

17.) 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

18.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

19.) Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

20.) Octadecanoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

21.) Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

22.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

23.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

24.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

25.) Octanedioic acid bis-(7,9-diethyl-8-oxyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester

26.) Terephthalic acid bis-(7,9diethyl-8-oxyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester

27.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane

28.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9-pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

29.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9-pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

30.) 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan

31.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

32.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane2,3-dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl

33.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl

34.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

35.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

36.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

37.) 3,3,8,10-Tetraethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

38.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

39.) 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

40.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl

41.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

42.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

43.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

44.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecan-9-oxyl

45.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

46.) Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl

47.) Octanedioic acid bis-(8,10-diethyl-9-oxyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl) ester

48.) 1,6-Bis-{3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undec-3-methyloxy}-hexane

49.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid-9-oxyl

50.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl

51.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl

52.) 3,3-Bisspiro-{8,10-diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane}

53.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3-oxyl

54.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

55.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

56.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidin-1-oxyl

57.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

58.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

59.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1-oxyl

60.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

61.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

62.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl

63.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

64.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

65.) 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

66.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

67.) 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

68.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-octyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

69.) 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

70.) 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

71.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

72.) Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

73.) Octadecanoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

74.) Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl

75.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

76.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

77.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

78.) Octanedioic add bis-(7,7-diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester

79.) Terephthalic acid bis-(7,7-diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dim thyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester

80.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane

81.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

82.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,3,9,9tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl

83.) 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane

84.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4dioxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decane

85.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl

86.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl

87.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

88.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

89.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

90.) 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

91.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

92.) 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

93.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl

94.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

95.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

96.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

97.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

98.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl

99.) Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl

100.) Octanedioic acid bis-(8,8-diethyl-9-oxyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl) ester

101.) 1,6-Bis{[3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methyloxy}-hexane

102.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid-9-oxyl

103.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl

104.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl

105.) 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane}

106.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3-oxyl

17. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14 wherein the compound of formula Ib or IIb is

4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl;

7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl;

7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl;

7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl;

8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl;

8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl;

2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl;

8,10-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxy

18. A process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer/oligomer, which comprises subjecting the composition according to claim 14 to heat or actinic radiation.

19. A compound of formula Ib or IIb

334

wherein

n is 1 or 2;

if n is 1

Y and Y′ are independ ntly C1-C12alkyl, C3-C12alkenyl, C3-C12alkinyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C7-C9phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of th bivalent groups —C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, CH(R1)—CH2—C(R2)(R3)—, —CH(R2)—CH2—C(R1)(R3)—, —CH2—C(R1)(R2)—CH(R3)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden,

—CH2—CH═CH—CH or

335

wherein

R1 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, COOH, COO—(C1-C12)alkyl or CH2OR4;

R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C1-C12)alkyl;

R4 is hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms;

if n is 2

Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

336

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C2-C12dicarboxylic acid or C1-C12alkylene; and

Z is C1-C12alkylene; with the proviso that compounds D, E, F, G, H

337

are excluded.

20. A polymer or oligomer, having attached at least one oxyamine group derived from formula Ia, IIa or IIIa according to claim 1.

21. Use of a compound of formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa according to claim 1 for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

22. Use of a compound of formulae Ib or IIb according to claim 14 for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers together with a source of free radicals.