Specular laminates
A pressure sensitive adhesive layer with a structured surface, wherein the adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
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This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/861,015, filed May 18, 2001, (now allowed).
TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention relates to specular laminates made with structured adhesives.
BACKGROUNDIn many applications it is necessary to provide an observer with a substantially undistorted view through a multi-layered laminate structure. In one common application, two substantially transparent rigid substrates, such as sheets of glass or a transparent polymeric material, must be bonded together with an adhesive layer between them. Or, one of the substrates may be relatively rigid and the other flexible. For example, an imaged polymeric film may be adhered to a glass panel as a decorative decal. A polymeric film may be adhered to a screen of a display device to take advantage of the polarizing, or reflective properties of the film to increase the brightness, color, or contrast of the display.
To apply a polymeric film to a screen of a display device, a window, or a vehicular windshield, heat and/or photo curable adhesives are not practical. In these applications pressure sensitive adhesives are traditionally used to bond the substrates and form the laminate. Pressure sensitive adhesives do not require a separate curing step like heat or photo curable adhesives, and may be more easily removed and/or repositioned on the substrate.
However, when the substrate and the pressure sensitive adhesive layer are adhered, it is difficult to ensure a firm and reliable bond in the laminate structure. In addition, air is typically trapped at the interfaces between the adhesive and the substrate, and the resulting bubbles cause haze and compromise the optical properties of the laminate. It is inconvenient and messy to wet a substrate with water or a plasticizer to control adhesion and allow trapped air to dissolve into the adhesive layer at the interface with the substrate.
The pressure sensitive adhesive backed articles described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,897,930, 6,197,397, 6,524,649; 6424,675; 6,759,110 and WO 00/69985, include an adhesive layer with a plurality of interconnecting microchannels. A typical article 10 of this type is shown in
The geometry and spacing of the protrusions 28 and land areas 29 on the release liner 26, and the corresponding channels 24 and land areas 22 in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer 18, may be selected, along with the surface characteristics of the substrate and the rheology of the adhesive itself, to provide specific temporary and/or permanent properties for the article 10. In general, the geometry and spacing of the structures in the release liner and adhesive layer should be sized according to the following general design considerations. First, the protrusions should preferably be sufficiently large to allow egress of fluids to the periphery of the adhesive layer for exhaustion into the surrounding atmosphere, but not so large as to allow ingress of unwanted fluids beneath the adhesive layer. Second, the structures should also not be so large as to detract from the appearance of an exposed surface of a film adhered to the adhesive layer, particularly if the film is to be imaged. Third, the structures should not be so large as to detract from the adhesive bonding performance of the adhesive layer.
SUMMARYIn a first aspect, the invention is a pressure sensitive adhesive layer with at least one structured surface. The adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. The adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a second aspect, the invention is a laminate including a first substantially specular substrate, a second substantially specular substrate, and a structured pressure sensitive adhesive layer between the first and second substrate. The adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, haze of less than about 25% and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a third aspect, the invention is a transfer tape including a carrier layer with a pressure sensitive adhesive thereon. The adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate, and the said adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a fourth aspect, the invention is a tape including a substrate with a first surface and a second surface, wherein at least one of the first and second surfaces of the substrate have applied thereon a pressure sensitive adhesive. The tape is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a fifth aspect, the invention is a decal including an imaged polymeric film with a layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive thereon. The decal is capable of being laminated to a substantially specular substrate to form a laminate, and the adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a sixth aspect, the invention is a method for making a substantially specular laminate, including providing a substantially continuous layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive, and dry laminating the adhesive layer to a substantially specular substrate to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a seventh aspect, the invention is a method for making a substantially specular laminate, including providing a substantially continuous layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive, and dry laminating the adhesive layer to a substantially specular substrate to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In an eighth aspect, the invention is a method for making an optical display, including providing a substantially continuous layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive, and dry laminating the adhesive layer to a substantially specular optical display to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
In a ninth aspect, the invention is a method for applying a decal to a vehicle windshield, including providing a tape including a polymeric film with a first side and a second side, wherein the first side is imaged and the second side has applied thereon a substantially continuous layer of a pressure sensitive adhesive. The adhesive layer is bonded to a windshield to form an specular laminate structure, wherein the adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
The pressure sensitive adhesive layer may be removed and repositioned on a substrate, and may be smoothly applied to the substrate using a dry lamination process. The adhesive layer bonds to substantially specular substrates, and the structures on the bonded adhesive layer substantially disappear to provide acceptable light transmission, haze and opacity for use in a substantially specular laminate.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONIn one aspect, the invention is a pressure sensitive adhesive layer with at least one structured surface. The adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate. The adhesive layer has a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination. The adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
Any pressure sensitive adhesive is suitable for the adhesive layer. Classes of suitable pressure sensitive adhesives include acrylics, tackified rubber, tackified synthetic rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, and the like. Suitable acrylic adhesives are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,239,478, 3,935,338, 5,169,727, RE 24,906, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,952,650, and 4,181,752. A suitable class of pressure sensitive adhesives is the reaction product of at least one alkyl acrylate with at least one reinforcing comonomer. Suitable alkyl acrylates are those having a homopolymer glass transition temperature below about −10°C. and include, for example, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, isooctylacrylate, isononyl acrylate, octadecyl acrylate and the like. Suitable reinforcing monomers include, for example, acrylic acid, itaconic acid, isobornyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and the like.
Preferred pressure sensitive adhesive materials include, for example, acrylics, vinyl ethers, natural or synthetic rubber-based materials, poly(alpha-olefins), and silicones, and acrylics are particularly preferred.
The adhesives may be polymers that are dispersed in solvent or water and coated onto the release liner and dried, and optionally crosslinked. If a solvent borne or water borne pressure sensitive adhesive composition is employed, then the adhesive layer may undergo a drying step to remove all or a majority of the carrier liquid. Additional coating steps may be necessary to achieve a smooth surface. The adhesives may also be hot melt coated onto a structured liner or structured backing. Additionally, monomeric pre-adhesive compositions can be coated onto a liner and polymerized with an energy source such as heat, UV radiation, e-beam radiation, and the like. The thickness of the adhesive may vary widely depending on the intended application, and typically ranges from about 10 μm to about 500 μm, preferably from about 20 μm to about 100 μm.
The pressure sensitive adhesive can optionally include one or more additives such as, for example, initiators, fillers, plasticizers, tackifiers, chain transfer agents, fibrous reinforcing agents, woven and non-woven fabrics, foaming agents, antioxidants, stabilizers, fire retardants, viscosity enhancing agents, coloring agents, and mixtures thereof.
The pressure sensitive adhesive layer should preferably include at least one major surface with a structured topography. The structures on the surface of the adhesive layer have specific shapes that allow egress of air or other fluids trapped at the interface between the adhesive and the substrate during the lamination process. The structures allow the adhesive layer to be uniformly laminated to a substrate without forming bubbles that could cause imperfections in the resulting laminate.
The structures in the adhesive layer of the invention may be made as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,397 and 5,260,215, which are each incorporated herein by reference. The topography may be created in the adhesive layer by any contacting technique, such as casting, coating or compressing. The topography may be made by at least one of: (1) casting the adhesive layer on a tool with an embossed pattern, (2) coating the adhesive layer onto a release liner with an embossed pattern, or (3) passing the adhesive layer through a nip roll to compress the adhesive against a release liner with an embossed pattern, and post-crosslinking the adhesive layer to prevent premature cold flow. The topography of the tool used to create the embossed pattern may be made using any known technique, such as, for example, chemical etching, mechanical etching, laser ablation, photolithography, stereolithography, micromachining, knurling, cutting or scoring.
Referring to
The structures on the adhesive layer (and the corresponding structures on the release liner) are preferably microscopic in at least two dimensions, i.e. the topical and/or cross-sectional view is microscopic. The term microscopic as used herein refers to dimensions that are difficult to resolve by the human eye without aid of a microscope. One useful definition of microscopic is found in Smith, Modern Optic Engineering, (1966), pages 104-105, wherein visual acuity is defined and measured in terms of the angular size of the smallest character that can be recognized. Normal visual acuity allows detection of a character that subtends an angular height of 5 minutes of arc on the retina.
The structures on the release liner and adhesive layers are preferably substantially continuous, which as used herein means that the adhesive layer is applied to a carrier such as a backing or release liner such that there are no adhesive free zones where the carrier is left exposed. However, as well known in the art, the continuous adhesive may be bounded at its periphery with exposed carrier to enhance handleability and removeability of a tape construction. The surface of the carrier may have applied thereon regions of different adhesives, such as for example, alternating strips of two different adhesive formulations, or may include multiple layers, each with different adhesive formulations.
The structures form a regular or a random array or pattern. Regular arrays or patterns include, for example, rectilinear patterns, polar patterns cross-hatch patterns. The patterns may be aligned with the direction of the carrier web, or may be aligned at an angle with respect to the carrier web. The pattern of structures may optionally reside on both major, opposing surfaces of the adhesive layer. This allows individual control of air egress and surface area of contact for each of the two surfaces to tailor the properties of the adhesive to two different interfaces.
The pattern of structures defines substantially continuous open pathways or grooves that extend into the adhesive layer from an exposed surface. The pathways either terminate at a peripheral portion of the adhesive layer or communicate with other pathways that terminate at a peripheral portion of the article. When the article is applied to a substrate, the pathways allow egress of fluids trapped at an interface between the adhesive layer and a substrate. The pathways created by the pattern of structures should occupy a minimum volume per unit area of the adhesive layer to adequately permit fluid egress at the interface of the substrate and the adhesive. Preferably, the pattern of structures defines a volume of at least 1×103 μm3 on any 500 μm diameter circular area in a two-dimensional plane of the adhesive layer. Most preferably, the pattern of structures defines a volume of above 1.0×103 μm3 to about 1×107 μm3 on any 500 μm diameter circular area of the adhesive layer.
The shapes of the structures in the adhesive layer may vary widely depending on the level of fluid egress and peel adhesion required for a particular application, as well as the surface properties of the substrate. Protrusions (structures extending above the plane of the adhesive layer or release liner) and depressions (structures extending below the plane of the adhesive layer or release liner) may be used, and the structures may be continuous to form grooves in the adhesive layer. Suitable shapes include hemispheres, right pyramids, trigonal pyramids, square pyramids, quadrangle pyramids, and “V” grooves, for reasons of pattern density, adhesive performance, and readily available methodology for producing the structures. The structures may be systematically or randomly generated.
A typical release liner 126 used to create an embossed pattern in the adhesive layer is shown in
In the embodiments of
Referring to
In another embodiment, an adhesive layer may be coated and/or laminated on the embossed release liner 226 shown in
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The substrate may be surface modified with patterns and grooves if desired, but it is preferred that the surface topography of the substrate be completely independent of the structured pattern in the adhesive layers. Preferably the substrate is substantially smooth, which in this application means substantially free of patterns and other surface structures, such as protrusions and grooves. As resolution increases, patterns may appear as defects in a laminate construction.
Referring to
The structures on the adhesive layer should preferably be shaped and distributed on the surface of the adhesive layer, and the rheology and surface characteristics of the adhesive should be selected, such that the adhesive layer is temporarily removable from the substrate after dry lamination. The shape of the structures in response to the relative surface affinity of the adhesive layer to the substrate should be balanced with the elastic recovery forces in the adhesive. This shape change will take place on a size scale of the order of micrometers for the structures described above.
After removal of the protective release liner, the structures on the surface of the adhesive layer retain their shape for a sufficient time to maintain the fluid egress properties of the adhesive layer. The selection of the adhesive also plays a role in determining the long-term properties of the structured adhesive layer. A pressure sensitive adhesive should preferably be selected with rheological properties and surface characteristics such that the adhesive forces between the structured adhesive layer and the target substrate are stronger than the elastomeric recovery forces of the portion of the structured adhesive deformed upon application of the coating to the substrate. This allows wetting between the adhesive layer and the substrate to increase over time, which leads to a corresponding increase of peel adhesion levels and a strengthened bond with the substrate surface. In addition to the shape and distribution of the structures described above, the composition and rheological properties of the adhesive, the surface specific characteristics of the adhesive and the substrate, and the application conditions must also be considered to generate a predetermined level of peel adhesion to a selected substrate material such that the resulting laminate will have sufficient structural integrity and optical clarity for a particular application. After pressure is applied, the structures on adhesive substantially collapse and increase the amount of adhesive in contact with the substrate.
Referring to
After pressure is applied to begin dry lamination to the substrate, the structures on the adhesive layer also substantially disappear to provide acceptable light transmission, haze and opacity for use in a specular laminate structure. Preferably, the structures on the adhesive layer should collapse so that the haze of the adhesive layer after dry lamination is less than about 50%, preferably less than about 10%, more preferably less than about 3%, and most preferably less than about 1%, of the haze of the adhesive layer before dry lamination, as measured according to ASTM D 1003-95. The adhesive layer should not interfere with light transmission over the wavelength region of interest. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of at least about 85%, more preferably about 95% to about 99.9%, and a haze of less than about 25%, more preferably less than about 5%, and most preferably less than about 2%, as measured according to ASTM D 1003-95. After dry lamination, the adhesive layer has an opacity of less than about 3%, more preferably less than about 1%, and most preferably about 0.5%, as measured by a spectrophotometer using well known analysis techniques.
The patterned adhesive layer described above may be supplied in many forms, but for most applications it is included as part of a tape construction. For example, as shown in
Referring to
In a double-coated tape construction, an adhesive layer is provided on the opposed major surfaces of a substrate. In these double-coated tape constructions the adhesive layer on one or both sides of the backing may be embossed to create a structured pattern. Referring to
Referring to
A preferred laminate construction 611 is illustrated in
Another preferred laminate structure 711 is illustrated in
The invention will now be illustrated with the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to be limiting on the scope of the appended claims. All parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the examples and the rest of the specification are by weight unless indicated otherwise.
Test Methods
Luminous Transmittance and Haze
The luminous transmittance and haze of all samples were measured according to American Society for Testing and Measurement (ASTM) Test Method D 1003-95 (“Standard Test for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastic”) using a TCS Plus Spectrophotometer from BYK-Gardner Inc.; Silver Springs, Md. Sample preparation details are described in the text.
Opacity
The same samples used for haze and luminous transmittance measurements were used for opacity measurement. The BYK Gardner TCS Plus Spectrophotometer was used for opacity measurement, with the standard size reflectance port (25 mm) installed, and diffuse reflectance (specular excluded) was measured.
Percentage Wet-Out
This technique is used to study the wetting of an adhesive having a microstructured surface onto a smooth transparent substrate. The hardware used with this technique consists of a stereo-microscope (Olympus Model SZH-ZB), a video-camera (Cohu Model 4815) mounted on the microscope, a coaxial vertical illuminator (Olympus Model TL2), and a computer (Hewlett-Packard Vectra QS/20) with a video digitizing board (Imaging Technologies PCVISIONplus) installed which allows the computer to capture and digitize an image. Such an image can subsequently be stored and analyzed by commercial software packages (Jandel JAVA). The coaxial vertical illuminator provides light which is sent through the lens (i.e., the optic axis) to illuminate the subject. This light passes through a circular polarizer mounted on the end of the planar objective lens of the microscope. In practice, the procedure is as follows:
- 1. Apply the adhesive tape onto a glass (or other specular and flat) surface with one pass of a 2 kg roller.
- 2. Position the laminate so that the adhesive/glass interface is viewed through the glass by a stereo microscope.
- 3. Adjust the sample so that the glass is perpendicular to the optic axis.
- 4. Adjust the circular polarizer to optimize light intensity and contrast.
- 5. Using the image analysis software, capture and digitize the image.
- 6. Set the software grey value window of acceptance to accept only those grey values (i.e., brightness levels) corresponding to the wet areas.
- 7. Upon application of the tape, analyze the total wetted area as a percentage of the total imaged area.
Peel Adhesion
The peel adhesion test is similar to the test method described in ASTM D 3330-90, substituting a glass substrate for the stainless steel substrate described in the test.
Adhesive coated samples were cut into 1.27 cm by 15 cm strips. Each strip was then adhered to a 10 cm by 20 cm clean, solvent washed glass coupon using a 2 kg roller passed once over the strip. The bonded assembly dwelled at room temperature for about one minute and was tested for 180° peel adhesion using an IMASS slip/peel tester (Model 3M90, commercially available from Intrumentors, Inc., Strongville, Ohio) at a rate of 0.31 m/min (12 in/min) over a five second data collection time.
Adhesives
Adhesive A
A solvent based acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive A was prepared according to conventional radical thermal polymerization procedure using 96 parts isooctylacrylate and 4 parts DMA. The PSA was about 18% solids in ethyl acetate/heptane, about 2500 cps, IV 1.25 to 1.40.
Adhesive B
A water-based acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive B was prepared according to the pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) copolymer procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,722 Example 1, incorporated herein by reference, using BA/MMA/HEA 75/10/15 composition.
Adhesive C
A mixture of 14 parts of BA, 6 parts of HEA and 0.012 part of IRGACURE 651 were mixed in a glass vessel. After nitrogen de-gas, the mixture was irradiated with a GE Blacklight lamp (F15T8-BL, 15W, USA) for about 20 seconds, so that a syrup was formed with viscosity about 2000 cps to 3000 cps. The BA/HEA ratio was 70/30.
Adhesive D
The same procedure used for Adhesive C was followed with the monomers IOA, IBOA, and AA to give a IOA/IBOA/AA ratio of 83/16/1.
Adhesive E
The same procedure used for Adhesive C was followed to give a BA/HEA ratio of 95/5.
Embossing rolls were cut with diamond tools or laser machined to provide patterns having varying pitch, depth, widths at the top of the channel and at the base of the channel, and base angles. Polyethylene coated paper and PET-backed release liners having a silicone coating over the polyethylene, such as those available from Rexam or Inncoat, were embossed between a heated rubber roll and each of the embossing roll to produce microstructured liners with ridges.
The dimensions of the microstructures on the liners are shown in Table 1 and have the shape of inverted square pyramids or V-grooves. The pitch is the distance from one microstructure to the same point on the adjacent microstructure, the height is the height of the microstructure from the base of the channel, W1 is the length of the top of the trapezoidal channel and W2 is the length of the bottom of the trapezoidal channel.
1Liner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,215, Example 3.
2Includes a second feature with a base angle of 60°, as described in WO 00/69985, Example 6.
3Paper liner described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,397, Example 43, with square pyramid embossing.
4Liner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,488, Comparative Example A.
5Liner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,790, Example 2.
6Liner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,790, Example 3.
The optical properties of the substrates PET and Glass Microscope Slides were tested for luminous transmittance, haze and opacity as a reference point for when these substrates are used in laminates. These values are shown in Table 2.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P1 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape were tested for luminous transmittance, haze and opacity. The data are shown in Table 3 BL (before lamination to glass). Samples of the tape were laminated to a Glass Microscope Slide and a hand-held rubber roller was used to apply pressure on the PET film side, to form a PET/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for luminous transmittance, haze, opacity and percentage wet-out. The data are listed in Table 3 as AL (after lamination to glass).
Example 2Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P1, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 3.
Example 3 Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P1, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 3.
Adhesive B was coated on the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P1 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 4.
To Adhesive C was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater at a thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P1 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 5.
Adhesive A was cast on the patterned liner with pattern P7 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P7 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 6.
Comparative Example C2Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P7, as described in Comparative Example C1, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 6.
Comparative Example C3Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P7, as described in Comparative Example C1, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 6.
Comparative Example C4 Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P7, as described in Comparative Example C1, except to a dry coating thickness of 100 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 6.
To Adhesive D was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P2 with a knife coater at a thickness of 25 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P2 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 7.
Example 7To Adhesive D was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P2 with a knife coater at a thickness of 50 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P2 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 7.
Example 8 To Adhesive D was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P2 with a knife coater at a thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P2 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 7.
Comparative Example C5 was prepared identically to Example 6 except that the direction of lamination to the Glass Microscope Slide was perpendicular to the direction of the grooves i.e. the cross-direction. Samples of this laminate made to a Glass Microscope Slide were tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 8.
Comparative Example C6Comparative Example C6 was prepared identically to Example 7 except that the direction of lamination to the Glass Microscope Slide was perpendicular to the direction of the grooves i.e. the cross-direction. Samples of this laminate made to a Glass Microscope Slide were tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 8.
Comparative Example C7 Comparative Example C7 was prepared identically to Example 8 except that the direction of lamination to the Glass Microscope Slide was perpendicular to the direction of the grooves i.e. the cross-direction. Samples of this laminate made to a Glass Microscope Slide were tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 8.
To Adhesive D was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P5 with a knife coater at a thickness of 100 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P5 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. A laminate to a Glass Microscope Slide was prepared and tested as described in Example 1 (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction). The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 9.
Adhesive B was coated on the liner with pattern P6 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P6 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. A laminate to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) was prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 10.
Example 11Adhesive B was coated on the liner with pattern P6, as described in Example 10, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape laminated to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1 (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction). The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 10.
Example 12 Adhesive B was coated on the liner with pattern P6, as described in Example 10, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape laminated to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1 (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction). The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 10.
To Adhesive E was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater at a thickness of 125 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to another liner with pattern P1, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P1 liners were removed to form a transfer tape with exposed microstructured PSA surfaces on both sides. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (glass/PSA laminate) and laminates made by laminating this glass/PSA laminate to another Glass Microscope Slide (glass/PSA/glass laminate) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before (no lamination) and after lamination to one glass substrate (single lamination) as well as lamination to two glass substrates (double lamination) are listed in Table 11.
Adhesive A was cast on the patterned liner with pattern P8 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 12.5 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P8 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 12.
Comparative Example C9Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P8, as described in Comparative Example C8, except to a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 12.
Comparative Example C10Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P8, as described in Comparative Example C8, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 12.
Comparative Example C11Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P8, as described in Comparative Example C8, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as, laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 12.
Comparative Example C 12 Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P8, as described in Comparative Example C8, except to a dry coating thickness of 100 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 12.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P4, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 13.
Example 15Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P4, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 13.
Example 16 Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P4, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 13.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P3, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 25 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 14.
Example 18Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P3, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 50 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 14.
Example 19 Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P3, as described in Example 1, except to a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide (the tape was laminated to the glass slide following the direction of the grooves, i.e. the machine direction) were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for after lamination to glass are listed in Table 14.
Adhesive A was cast on the patterned liner with pattern P11 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 125 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P11 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 15.
To Adhesive C was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P9 with a knife coater at a thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P9 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 16.
To Adhesive C was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P10 with a knife coater at a thickness of 125 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET, and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The P10 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of this tape as well as laminates made to a Glass Microscope Slide were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The data for before and after lamination to glass are listed in Table 17.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a Glass Microscope Slide. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform Glass/PSA/Liner laminates. The P1 liner was removed to expose the microstructured PSA surface. Two of these microstructured PSA surfaces from 2 samples of this laminate glass construction were contacted such that the microstructure patterns were aligned either at 0° or 45° to each other, and carefully pressed together to form a Glass/PSA/PSA/Glass laminate. No pressure was applied to the laminate. The laminate was then placed in an 85° C. oven for 24 hours to form the final Glass/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for luminous transmittance, haze, and opacity. The data are listed in Table 18.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P1 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a Glass Microscope Slide. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform Glass/PSA/Liner laminates. The P1 liner was removed to expose the microstructured PSA surface. This microstructured PSA surface was contacted to another Glass/PSA construction prepared from Adhesive A and also 75 micrometers thick but without a microstructured PSA surface. The 2 Glass/PSA laminates were carefully pressed together to form a Glass/PSA/PSA/Glass laminate. No pressure was applied to the laminate. The laminate was then placed in an 85° C. oven for 24 hours to form the final Glass/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for luminous transmittance, haze, and opacity. The data are listed in Table 19.
Adhesive A was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P2 with a knife coater, dried in a 65° C. oven for 15 minutes to yield a dry coating thickness of 75 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a Glass Microscope Slide. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform Glass/PSA/Liner laminates. The P2 liner was removed to expose the microstructured PSA surface. Two of these microstructured PSA surfaces from 2 samples of this laminate glass construction were contacted such that the microstructure patterns were aligned along the direction of the grooves, and carefully pressed together to form a Glass/PSA/PSA/Glass laminate. No pressure was applied to the laminate. The laminate was then placed in an 85° C. oven for 24 hours to form the final Glass/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for luminous transmittance, haze, and opacity. The data are listed in Table 20.
To Adhesive D was added 0.1 parts of IRGACURE 651 and the resulting mixture was coated onto the liner with pattern P5 with a knife coater at a thickness of 100 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a Glass Microscope Slide and the composition was cured by exposure to low intensity UV light (GE Blacklight F40BL) for 3 minutes. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform Glass/PSA/Liner laminates. The P5 liner was removed to expose the microstructured PSA surface. Two of these microstnlctured PSA surfaces from 2 samples of this laminate glass construction were contacted such that the microstructure patterns were aligned with the grooves at 90° to each other, and carefully pressed together to form a Glass/PSA/PSA/Glass laminate. No pressure was applied to the laminate. The laminate was then placed in an 85° C. oven for 24 hours to form the final Glass/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for luminous transmittance, haze, and opacity. The data are listed in Table 21.
Adhesive D was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P12 with a knife coater to yield a dry coating thickness of 62.5 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P12 liner was removed to form a tape with exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of the tape were laminated to a Glass Microscope Slide and a hand-held rubber roller was used to apply pressure on the PET film side, to form a PET/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for peel after a 15 minute dwell time, and was haze free to the naked eye after 3 days. A control sample of the same adhesive laminate that did not use a microstructured liner was also prepared and tested. The data are listed in Table 22.
Adhesive D was solvent cast on the liner with pattern P13 with a knife coater to yield a dry coating thickness of 62.5 micrometers. The exposed adhesive side of the PSA film was laminated at room temperature to a 50 micron PET. The lamination was made using a two roll nip to provide uniform PET/PSA/Liner laminates. The P13 liner was removed to form a tape with an exposed microstructured PSA surface. Samples of the tape were laminated to a Glass Microscope Slide and a hand-held rubber roller was used to apply pressure on the PET film side, to form a PET/PSA/Glass laminate. This laminate was then tested for peel after a 15 minute dwell time, and was haze free to the naked eye after 3 days. A control sample of the same adhesive laminate that did not use a microstructured liner was also prepared and tested. The data are listed in Table 23.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1. A pressure sensitive adhesive layer with a structured surface, wherein the adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after dry lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before dry lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
2. The pressure sensitive adhesive layer of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a haze of less than about 10% of the haze of the adhesive layer before dry lamination.
3. The pressure sensitive adhesive layer of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a haze of less than about 3% of the haze of the adhesive layer before dry lamination.
4. The pressure sensitive adhesive layer of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer includes a regular array of structures, and the structures define a volume of at least 1×103 μm3 on any 500 μm diameter circular area in a two-dimensional plane of the adhesive layer.
5. The pressure sensitive adhesive layer of claim 4, wherein the structures define a volume of about 1.0×103 μm3 to about 1×107 μm3 on any 500 μm diameter circular area of the adhesive layer.
6. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 4, wherein the adhesive layer is removable from the substrate.
7. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to the substrate at a wet out of at least 85% as measured by the Percent Wet Out Test.
8. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 4, wherein the structures are selected from the group consisting of V-grooves and pyramids.
9. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 4, wherein the structures are square pyramids.
10. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 9, wherein the pyramids are truncated.
11. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 9, wherein the pyramids have a sidewall angle of less than about 20°.
12. A laminate comprising a first substantially specular substrate, a second substantially specular substrate, and a structured pressure sensitive adhesive layer between the first and second substrate, wherein the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, haze of less than about 25% and an opacity of less than about 3%.
13. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 12, wherein the haze generating structures comprise a regular and continuous array of pyramidal protrusions.
14. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 13, wherein the pyramidal protrusions are truncated.
15. The pressure sensitive adhesive of claim 12, wherein the haze generating structures comprise V-grooves.
16. A transfer tape comprising a carrier layer with a pressure sensitive adhesive thereon, wherein the adhesive layer is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
17. The transfer tape of claim 16, wherein the carrier layer is a release liner.
18. A tape comprising a substrate with a first surface and a second surface, wherein at least one of the first and second surfaces of the substrate have applied thereon a pressure sensitive adhesive, wherein the tape is capable of being dry laminated to a substrate to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
19. The tape of claim 18, wherein the adhesive layer has a luminous transmittance of at least about 95%, a haze of less than about 10%, and an opacity of less than about 1%.
20. The tape of claim 19, wherein the haze is less than about 2%.
21. The tape of claim 18, wherein the substrate is a polymeric film.
22. The tape of claim 18, wherein the substrate is substantially specular.
23. A decal comprising an imaged polymeric film with a layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive thereon, wherein said decal is capable of being laminated to a substantially specular substrate to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
24. The decal of claim 23, wherein the laminate has a luminous transmittance of at least about 95%, a haze of less than about 10%, and an opacity of less than about 1%.
25. A method for making a substantially specular laminate, comprising:
- (a) providing a substantially continuous layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive; and
- (b) dry laminating the adhesive layer to a substantially specular substrate to form a laminate, wherein the said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the laminate has a luminous transmittance of at least about 95%, a haze of less than about 10%, and an opacity of less than about 1%.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the haze is less than about 2%.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein the substrate is an optical display.
29. The method of claim 25, wherein the substrate is a vehicular windshield.
30. The method of claim 25, wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a polymeric film.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the polymeric film is selected from the group consisting of polarizing films and reflective films.
32. A method for making an optical display, comprising:
- (a) providing a substantially continuous layer of a structured pressure sensitive adhesive; and
- (b) dry laminating the adhesive layer to a substantially specular optical display to form a laminate, said adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
33. A method for applying a decal to a vehicle windshield, comprising:
- (a) providing a tape comprising a polymeric film with a first side and a second side, wherein the first side is imaged and the second side has applied thereon a substantially continuous layer of a pressure sensitive adhesive,
- (b) bonding the adhesive layer to a windshield to form an specular laminate structure, wherein the adhesive layer having a haze after lamination, measured according to ASTM D 1003-95, of less than about 50% of the haze of the adhesive layer before lamination, and wherein the adhesive layer after dry lamination has a luminous transmittance of more than about 85%, a haze of less than about 25%, and an opacity of less than about 3%.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 15, 2004
Publication Date: Mar 10, 2005
Applicant:
Inventors: Jie Yang (Woodbury, MN), Mieczyslaw Mazurek (St. Paul, MN), Patrick Fleming (Lake Elmo, MN), Larry Meixner (Woodbury, MN), Haruyuki Mikami (Odawara-City)
Application Number: 10/941,286