Steam generator (Mk-IX) utilizing a hydrogen/oxygen gas-no air combustion process

Abstract

When a patent search for any matches for the steam generator utilizing hydrogen/oxygen-no air combustion process, revealed no matches found since 1976, the search was further reduced to: steam generator hydrogen oxygen combustion process, with the same result: ‘no matches found.’The inventor, not wanting to give up, and not believing that somebody before him had not thought of something like this already, just entered ‘steam generator’ in the PTO 1976 quick search. With 6,132 matches for ‘steam generator’ coming up, the inventor thought: ‘well that's a lot but out of fairness we must check them all.’The inventor wants to point out at this time that he could find nothing remotely similar to his invention, in part it's due, he feels, to the fact that no one else ever discovered the type of heat engine cycle that bares his name, consequently they would not have had the thermodynamic principles available to them, allowing for the creation of the inventors unique steam generator. It must be remembered now that the invention of the Mk-IX steam generator was developed to facilitate the application of the ‘Requadt Heat Engine Cycle’ to allow for the utilization of hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel source, in the creation of electricity. That could be why; indeed is the reason for; no matches where found under a patent search, Entitled: “Steam Generator Utilizing a Hydrogen/Oxygen Gas-No Air Combustion Process”

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

• • 1) This application claims benefit of PPA Ser. Nr. 60/524,556
  • Title: H2/O2 steam generator filed Nov. 24, 2003 by the present inventor.
  • 2) This application claims benefit of PPA Ser. Nr. 60/518,800
  • Title: . . . H2/O2-NA burner jet filed Nov. 10, 2003 by the present inventor.
  • 3) This application claims benefit of PPA Ser. Nr. 60/509,004
  • Title: Solar thermal co-generation power plant, filed Oct. 6, 2003 by the present inventor.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED REASEARCH

Not Applicable.

SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION—FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to renewable energy super heated steam generation and renewable energy thermal power plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION—Discussion of Prior Art

A, D, and O boilers are typically used in the creation of super heated steam. There was the Lamont style of steam boiler, the Dobble-F, etc. . . . among many other designs, all of which apply a combusted hydrocarbon based heat source to a working fluid, such as water; thereby creating super-heated steam. Using the Rankine heat engine cycle, as the most common means to date of utilizing steam to create voltage alternating current.

All of the above methods are effective in producing super-heated steam, except they produce a lot of polluting emission byproducts. In an effort to correct the emitted pollution byproducts of current technology, a Hydrogen/Oxygen-No Air combustion (H2/O2-NA) process was desired to be adapted to existing systems, however doing so proved problematic, due to the lower heat value in a H2/O2-NA combustion process. As a result an entirely new type of steam generator was need to be constructed to accommodate the desired result of: abundant, low cost, pollution free electricity.

The inventor actually started with improving the design of solar thermal power plants. The problem of strictly solar only plants is they do not generate electricity during non-irradiated hours (no sun light.) To accomplish the generation of electricity 24 hours a day, it is necessary to combust some sort of fuel to produce the steam necessary to operate the turbine/generator. At first we co-generated a once through trough solar collector integrated with a H2-No Air combustion process, which is available presently, even though we were able to eliminate the hydrocarbon emissions with this process, the nitrogen oxide and water vapor emission increased. When it was discovered that the use of hydrogen/oxygen in a no air environment would reduce the Nox emissions all that was left was to get rid of the water vapor emissions, and the inventor accomplished that by underground thermal heat dissipation of the exhaust flue gas.

Before, when the inventor was using H2-air combustion, it was desired to use electrolysis to provide the H2, the H2-air combustion process proved infeasible do to the low heat value contained in that particular reaction. When H2 and O2 where combined in a no air environment the heat value of the reaction increased dramatically; approaching the heat value of Hydrocarbon based fuels.

Please do not confuse the absence of air with a vacuum, as that is not what occurs here. But the inventor must give credit to the NASA for their efforts at producing a rocket engine that would burn H2/O2 in a vacuum, which gave him the idea to use that same combustion process; applying it to steam generation, here on earth.

Now the inventor had a combustion process that worked, and was economically viable, the problem existed in that present methods of utilizing heat to make steam, require air to work. Since it proved impossible for the inventor to adapt his combustion process to existing technology, the inventor had to devise a steam generator that could use the H2/O2-NA combustion process.

The reason the steam generator has a suffix of the Mk-IX, is that eight prototypes attempted before it were found, before a feasible design worked, hence the Mk-IX designator. No other designs exist for the utilization for the H2/O2-NA combustion process, all patent searches through the PTO search engine and other sources, show this patent to have no other similar designs presently, or ever on file.

Thermodynamically the efficiency of the Renewable Energy Thermal Power Plant (RETPP) after consulting the dissertation entitled “Requadt Heat Engine Cycle” and allowing for parasitic losses such as: gas generation, pumps, lighting, plant operation, etc. . . . it is around 80% which is higher than the typical existing Rankine Cycle systems.

This was mentioned, so that although it is a mechanically closed system it is a thermodynamically open system, in that the thermodynamic boundary is breached by the loss of heat energy to run the turbine, and is NOT a perpetual motion device. It's just a more efficient method of producing electricity than presently exists, having an asymptotic limit at just over 95% according to the heat engine cycle mentioned.

Which in all heat engines, including the inventor's, is less than 100%. Requiring excess energy to be added to any system to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

It has been long thought that if a means to extract the energy contained as internal energy of water could be constructed, that such a method would be pollution free. The method herewith proposed, addresses that issue. Firstly, it has long been known that the process of electrolysis creates H2 and O2 gas. Secondly the compression and storage of that gas has already been achieved, so then to utilize the gas in a cost effective manner, is where the problem lies.

Some efforts have tried with some success to burn a 2H2:02 mixture with the infusion of 2% methane gas, but did not result in anything practical, in a conventional Rankine cycle boiler design. Similarly it has been tried with success to burn an H2: air mixture, but with a realistic low heat of combustion of 173 Btu's/cu ft, proved not to be practical from a thermodynamic point of view; the parasitic loss do to having to make such large quantities of H2, made the process unrealistic.

In the renewable energy market the only industry competition that inventor faces is:

Tidal action, geothermal, hydroelectric, and biomass. Being that those electrical generation power plants deliver 24/7 continuous power deliveries as this invention does.

The other renewable energy sources available are dependent on non-continuous, and intermittent energy sources such as solar, and wind and cannot be counted on for reliable un-interrupted energy production.

Tidal action, is limited in scope and application, and has not proved effective from an engineering perspective.

Geothermal is limited in geographic area, but once engineered works well most of the time.

Hydroelectric is very effective, but like geothermal, is limited to geographic locations, very expensive to build in comparison to other alternatives, and environmental groups typically do not like the damming up of rivers.

Bio-mass, although very effective and produced from a renewable energy source, has the unfortunate problem of being a polluting plant, in that emissions are all of the dreaded green house gases, and requires constant burning of carbon based fuel.

RETPP's use superior engineering, and workmanship to produce an energy plant that has the advantage of being able to be located any geographic area in the world, has absolutely zero emissions, burns NO carbon based fuel, and is extremely environmentally friendly.

Electrical utility sales in 2002 in the USA in 2002 were 3,839,000,000,000 kWh and raised revenue of $250,100,000,000. Conservatively: 29% of that figure is the average revenues that are paid to merchant generators for the production of electricity, therefore making the total market availability of revenues at $72,529,000,000, thus proving that the invention has viable market and could be profitable.

The most significant development in this market place, has been the in increased costs of producing fossil fuel and hydrocarbon based fuel, as well as the demand outstripping supply, which of course raises prices. With the federal requirements for a utility company to buy an increasing amount of it's electricity from renewable energy sources, and the TRC and REC markets expanding, so that polluting plants can come in line with global standards.

While there are obvious differences including features, pricing, and other attributes from one firm's merchant generation of electricity to the next, the market has not become segmented. Each competitor is more or less competing for the same customer (utility companies) a merchant generator is overwhelmingly aimed at accomplishing the same function without significant competitive differentiation.

While firms go to great length to tout their competitive differences, they are still basically competing within the same marketplace for the same customer.

Our primary target market segment will be the electrical utility market. Inventor feels that this market will be easier to enter and also holds more long-term promise because of its high growth rate.

This industry can be broken down into the following segments:

• • 1) Fossil fuel burning merchant generators, 98% market share
  • 2) Partial renewable energy based, fossil fuel/hydrocarbon fuel burning co-generation merchant generators, 1.5% market share.
  • 3) 100% renewable energy merchant generators, 0.5% market share.

Most competitors focus overwhelmingly on price. As a result most companies try to squeeze the last penny out of vendors. And they work hard to cut their overhead and costs of doing business, the invention is no different in this respect, however as most competitors can only rely on the revenue proved from utility companies tariff source their profit margin is locked into a smaller and smaller margin each year.

This invention on the other hand can produce electricity at a very low cost, (less than {fraction (1/2)} cent per kWh), compared to the competition's average 2.75 cents per kWh.

This invention can make over a 200% profit if it gets only 2 cents per kWh for example. In addition to the great profits from tariffs alone, the invention also makes a profit on additional markets that pay it for being pollution free. California offers a REC of $4.50 per rated watt. Do the math: one 85 MWh plant would produce 85,000,000×$4,50=$382,500,000 there are more profits on the TRC's and REC's, than on the tariff revenue.

The demand for TRC's is outstripping supply, and demand is going up geometrically. This is where the invention comes in. The tariffs received from the utility companies, while making a guaranteed profit and return on investment, cover operating costs; the greatest profits will be in the TRC market. That is how the invention can compete in this market.

Threats: Since the inventor holds the exclusive patent pending on the H2/O2 no air combustion process in conjunction to the Mk-IX steam generator, which makes our process unique, we are the threat. However the invention only produces electricity.

Petroleum products such as lubricants and diesel fuel will always be in demand. Big oil will most likely shift their production to those products, and invest buy licensing for the production of RETPP's from the inventor, so they can also get in on the great profits as well. The same goes for coal production.

The invention has a clear advantage in technology. This advantage derives from the fact that it can produce abundant lower cost, non-polluting energy, as per the inventor's patents pending.

Inventor has for example, the only patent pending for the H2/O2 no air combustion process in the world. The entire RETPP is engineered to allow this process to occur.

This contrasts with inventor's competitors that have higher operating costs, and are mostly dependent on fossil fuels, and are highly polluting.

In comparison to the primary competitors, the invention possesses some weakness that may limit its success. These are the weakness: interconnection to the power grid, and sabotage.

Of most concern is the interconnection to the grid. Inventor intends to offset this weakness by allowing the utilities the use of inventor's pollution free electricity, and very low cost of our product, as such it's only in the best interest of the utility companies, to provide inventor electrical transmission lines. The utility companies benefit greatly from the use of inventors product, therefore only an insane person would do try to impede inventor's progress.

Fossil fuel burning plants might even pay inventor for the license to convert their plants to inventor's technology, thereby increasing their profits and inventors at the same time to the same end.

Big oil, like I've mentioned can shift their production, concentrating on using their existing facilities to increase production, of focused on products, without increasing their infrastructure, as a result they will become relatively more profitable on a product basis, however their absolute revenue will go down, and I think if they are smart they will also want to produce inventor's type of electricity, and inventor can license them to that end as well. So that gets rid of the sabotage aspect, even the Sierra Club thinks my power plant is a great idea.

Basically stated our competitors run at a loss when RETPP's are making profits. The usual means of establishing and bringing on line a power plant requires PUC certifications, and lengthy administrative proceedings. Inventor gets around all of that by producing electricity for the tariff (nuisance values that utilities companies pay for generation) Instead of trying to get say 5 cents a kWh, inventor goes into an area that pays a minimum of 1.75 cents per kWh, sets up private power plants, the utility companies have to allow connection to their grid by federal law, and start making profits. They can't stop it and why would they want to?

Inventor provides them with what they need, better than any other merchant generators, at a lower cost, there really is no down side to this product. It was designed that way.

There is no other product existing in the world anywhere close to what the inventor is offering, with the exception of existing hydroelectric plants. The invention is in the ideal market position: offering a product that it seems everybody wants, one way or another, at a price that everybody inventor is dealing with can afford.

The benefit that the invention focuses on is, independence from foreign fossil fuels, and creating more American jobs and restoring our manufacturing base.

The cost of producing pollution free electricity with the STCPP proposed is calculated at $0.00442/kWh. Compared to the current break-even cost of $0.02750/kwh for a polluting fossil fuel dependent plant.

With the profitability, low cost of maintenance, and pollution free nature of the STCPP/RETPP system of producing large-scale electricity in any part of the world, it will free the USA from the dependence of foreign oil and create many tens of thousands of new high paying jobs for U.S. Citizens.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION—Objects and Advantages

Accordingly, besides the advantages of Steam Generator, H2/O2-NA combustion processes described above, several advantages of the present invention are:

• • 1) Produces abundant electricity on a large scale, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • 2) Pollution free.
  • 3) No green house emissions.
  • 4) Extremely environmentally friendly.
  • 5) Power Plants can be mass produced by prefabrication, and shipped out to anywhere in the world.
  • 6) Can be installed in any ecological environment.
  • 7) Increases the manufacturing infrastructure of the USA, as this is where the steam generators, and as many of the other components will be produced.
  • 8) Lowers the dependence on foreign oil.
  • 9) Increases employment in the USA.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the present invention the Steam Generator (Mk-IX) utilizing a Hydrogen/Oxygen-No Air combustion process, established in a RETPP/STCPP configuration, will produce abundant, low cost, pollution free electricity.

DRAWINGS-FIGURES

The Math:

FIG. 0 Requadt Cycle (system boundary.)

FIG. 1P-V Diagram for heat supply and compression.

FIG. 2 Linear diagram of P-V diagram.

FIG. 3 Rankine heat engine cycle compared to the Requadt heat engine cycle.

FIG. 4 RETPP/STCPP Schematic view.

FIG. 4.5 Btu graph.

The Mechanical Engineering:

FIG. 5 Schematic layout of relationship of steam generator to RETPP.

FIG. 6 Perspective drawing of steam generator steam chambers.

FIG. 7 Cross-section and side view of steam generator saturated steam portion.

FIG. 8 side view of steam generator super heated steam portion.

Table of Contents as relates to graphs 5-8

A) Mk-IX Steam Generator

• • 1) SUPER-HEATED SUPPLY BRANCH
  • 2) “A” DECREASER
  • 3) SUPER-HEATED STEAM COLLECTION HEADER MANIFOLD
  • 4) STEAM GENERATOR FEED BRANCH
  • 5) DECREASER
  • 6) STEAM FEED HEADER MANIFOLD
  • 7) H2O FLUE GAS DUCTING
  • 8) THERMIAL DISSAPATION FIELD
  • 9) H2O CONDENSATION COLLECTION TANK
  • 10) REINFORCEING BAFFLE
  • 11) SATURATED STEAM CHAMBER
  • 12) HOLES IN BAFFLE ALLOWING FLUE GAS TO EXIT CHAMBER
  • 13) FLUE GAS DUCT
  • 14) STEAM CHAMBER COUPLING AREA
  • 15) ACCESS PANEL
  • 16) FLAME DEFLECTOR
  • 17) SUPERHEATED STEAM CHAMBER
  • 18) TEMPERATURE SENSOR
  • 19) COMBUSTION CHAMBER
  • 20) H2/O2-NA BURNER JETS
  • 21) PILOT AND THERMOCOUPLE
  • 22) COMBUSTION CHAMBER PLATE.
    NOTE: The attachment of (Mk-IX) for the steam generator is simply a designator, depicting the first functional design for the steam generator the inventor is presenting here. In other words there were eight other less practical designs before the Mk-IX.

In FIG. 4 the steam generators look like they are vertical, but this is just a schematic and the actual inclination is around 15 degrees off of the horizontal.

DETAILED DESCRIPITION-FIGS. 1-4.5

• SIE=specific internal energy=u
• Q=heat
• P=pressure
• V=volume
• v=specific volume
• p=specific pressure
• H2=Hydrogen gas
• O2=Oxygen gas
• NA=no air
• in=input
• out=output
• PPH=lbs/hour
• Btu=British thermal unit
• exp=expansion
• comp=compression
• W=work
• Qh=heat from a hot reservoir
• Qc=heat to a cold reservoir
• rev=reverse
• s=specific entropy
• Ic=Isentropic compression
• h=specific enthalpy
• T=temperature
• F=degrees Fahrenheit
• lbm=pounds-mass
• psi=pounds per square inch.

The Carnot cycle states that the process involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy . . . “This means that the Carnot cycle is an idealization, since no real engine processes are reversible and all real physical processes involve some increase in entropy.”

(Hyper Physics)

However:

Clearly it has been shown here that the SIE process occurring from points B to C, (FIGS. 1&3) are reversing in the SIE gas compression phase thereby lowering the entropy. When the SIE gas compression phase occurs the entropy of that portion of the system goes up, do to thermal gain of heat resulting from compression of the working fluid, in extremely small number; and is outside the calculation zone for the Qin portion 4→1, or A→B→C, the difference of the SIE phase is a very low entropy almost approaching 0 and is used to calculate the total entropy for the system as a whole, but not for applying the Clausius Equality Theorem to the reverse cycle integral B+C.

Thus:

• (1.1) SIEexp−SIEcomp>0 For the Requadt Heat Engine Cycle in it's entirety, and SIEexp−SIEcomp=0 for the reversing portion of the cycle as mentioned.

The Requadt heat engine cycle is completely different from that of a Rankine heat engine cycle. Since the entropy of the Requadt cycle at the point of the adiabatic compression is almost 0 in that:

• (1.2) h1−h2=0.001 approximately, such that s=f(h) which is still consistent with Kelvin-Plank statement, in that W requadt+W system>0, as stated above.

The efficiency of the Requadt cycle is almost 100% using an energy reservoir model to prove that point, where:
W/Qh=(Qh−Qc).  (1.3)

The numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4 represent the same locations for the thermodynamic process in relation to the supplied Rankine cycle system boundary, schematic (FIG. 0).

When Win is supplied to the Requadt cycle, the P goes up initially at a steeper rate than the Rankine cycle, in that the pump supplies a higher pressure to the system. Since less heat is added in the Requadt Cycle, than in the Rankine cycle the W potential is higher, the adding of heat to the system is less in the Requadt cycle than the Rankine cycle. The surface area for the application of Qin for the Requadt cycle is greater than in a Rankine cycle thereby decreasing the density of the working fluid/unit mass, increasing the efficiency of transference of Q to the H2O molecule.

When the working fluid medium enters the saturated steam expansion chamber, pressure drops while volume increases. This is A→B and is the SIE gas expansion stage of Qin, and is expressed:
dh=du+pdv+vdp.  (1.4)

B→C is the SIE gas compression stage, where pressure starts increasing as volume decreases. Qin=Qout (almost) in the Requadt cycle.

Win is done by the isentropic compression (pump) in the Requadt Cycle where most of the Win in the Rankine cycle comes from Qin, as can be seen in the comparison of the two graphs (FIG. 3.) Because the temperature is constant, and PV is directly proportional, Q should not be enough to effect the reversible process expressed by the Clausius equality theorem, which fits the curve well and is expressed:
§dQrev/T=0  (1.5)

Referring to the Clausius Inequality Theorem where (Qin−Qout)/Qin as an expression for efficiency maximum for Carnot Cycle, also that Carnot efficiency is (Tin−Tout)/Tin×100%.

For the Clausius inequality the change in entropy is:
ds=dQ/T.  (1.6)

As one of the one of the coefficients is:
dQ=Qin−Qout  (1.7)
basically, then that component of the over all showing of entropy if:

• (1.8) T in the Rankine Cycle=the T in the Requadt cycle. dQin for The Requadt cycle is obviously much smaller than in the Rankine cycle in relation to s.

In the Rankine cycle isobaric heat supply to the gas occurs, whereby the pressure remains constant, in the Requadt cycle steam generator there is no isobaric heat supply but rather the heat supply is dealing with the area of specific internal energy (enthalpy), as the gas expands, allowing Joules, and Boyles law to come into effect.

The molar mass of the ideal gas in the SIE area must be equal to the molar mass of the inlet fluid in that:
V=f(Isentropic compression, [Ic])  (1.9)
whereby the same molar content of the fluid entering the system is constant, so that the Molar mass:
Ic=h  (1.10)
through the entire open system from points A to C.

It is adiabatic compression at point C because no heat directly leaves or enters the system at this point. It is also isentropic in that the entropy of the working fluid remains constant. It is also isobaric, in that the pressure of the working fluid remains constant.

Analysis of P-V diagram for H2/O2-NA SG when integrated into the PV diagram (FIG. 1) for the Requadt heat engine cycle all of the processes at point C are a direct function of h. So that anabatic compression B→C is a function of the specific enthalpy of the system:
BC=f(h),  (1.11)
such that:
Qin=dh+§dQrev/T  (1.12)
for the completion of the SIE process A→B→C.
BC=f(h)  (1.13)

The Rankine cycle for this application must be modified to accept the process on the working fluid, thereby resulting in a new heat engine cycle I have entitled: Requadt Heat Engine Cycle.

At first glance the Requadt Cycle looks to be a Rankine Cycle, (FIG. 0,) in mechanical components, the difference between the two cycles, being that the Qin portion follows a different thermodynamic process. The Rankine cycle entropy is very high at point 1 in the heat engine graph (FIG. 3). In the Requadt cycle the entropy is almost 0 because the thermodynamic process in effect for Qin in the Rankine cycle is isobaric in nature, where as the Qin the Requadt cycle is a Specific Internal Energy (SIE) process.

The difference in entropy states at point 1 is dramatic comparing the two cycles, the work accomplishable by the Requadt cycle is higher, in that a system with high entropy can do less useful work, and the Requadt cycle has very low entropy. That is why the Requadt cycle can produce 100,000 PPH steam for 4.625 million Btu's, where as a typical Rankine heat engine cycle requires roughly 100 million Btu's to produce 100,000 PPH of steam.

As an example illustrating the Requadt Heat Engine Cycle integrated into a H2/O2-no air combustion process, recycles the flue gas, via an underground thermal dissipation field, condensing the only exhaust by product of this system being water vapor, recycling the condensed exhaust and returning it to H2/O2 gas generators, thereby creating a ecologically closed renewable energy source for the large scale production of electricity (FIG. 4).

The length of the steam generator is based on a theoretical heat gain established by a differential equation based on graph FIG. 4.5 in relation to the differential equation such that:
q′=a(Tfg−Tw)b(superscript)  (1.14)
where:

• q′=heat absorption of unit length of tubing (Btu/Hr/ft)
• Tfg=temperature of flue gas
• Tw=temperature of fluid in pipe (Degrees F.)
• a,b=constants determined from a curve fitting procedure.

Consider (FIG. 2) Win=300 psi, 230 F the working fluid goes through a phase change at point A. Heat supply is provided as Qin. The enthalpy of 230 F steam=1157.05 Btu/lbm, and for 422F steam=1203.30 Btu/lbm The delta=46.25 Btu/lbm.

Realistic thermal efficiency for 100,000 PPH steam=4.625/100.000=95.375%.

Conclusion

The development of the Solar Thermal Co-generation Thermal Power Plant (STCPP)/Renewable Energy Thermal Power Plant (RETPP) (FIG. 4) employing the principles of the Requadt Heat Engine Cycle in respect to the exclusive use of the steam generator(Mk-IX) utilizing a hydrogen/oxygen-no air combustion process will result in:

ABBUNDENT, POLLUTION FREE, and LOW COST ELECTRICITY.

Disclaimer: Isobaric compression, could actually be isentropic compression, or some other adiabatic process, however the thermodynamic processes described herein shows that in fact although the RETPP is a closed mechanical system, that the thermodynamic system boundary is breached by the Qout process and is therefore NOT a perpetual motion machine or process.

The assemtomptic limit of thermodynamic efficiency for the RETPP is set at approximately 95%, but considering parasitic operational losses of the RETPP, the actual over all thermal efficiency is rated at approximately 80%., which is a significant improvement over a Rankine Cycle type of polluting boiler plants, that are considered by many to be around 40% or less in actual thermal efficiency; based on absolute Energy Out/.Energy In.

Since the phase change has thermodynamically occurred when the pressure on the saturated liquid decreases due to the increase of volume to such a point that an instantaneous isobaric expansion occurs and the internal energy that is stored in the saturated liquid of the steam generator feed water, is liberated by natural process. When the steam is in the saturated state it can be expanded further, in the super-heated heated steam chamber the molecular density of steam allows for a rising of the temperature by means of thermodynamic enthalpy. All thermodynamic process that requires initiation is the enthalpy of saturated steam.

For example when a normal A, D, or O type boiler is used, it generally requires a ratio of 100,000,000 Btu's to create 100,000 PPH of steam, producing massive amounts of pollution by-produce exhaust such as Sox, Nox, CO, CO2, HC, and other byproducts, in the H2/O2 steam generator model proposed here, the ratio is 4,600,000 Btu's to produce 100,000 PPH team and has no pollution by-product.

Under this basis the use of H2/O2-NA as a combustion process becomes more practical.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION-FIGS. 5-8.

The Mk-IX steam generator is designed to operate as follows:

A steam chamber (11) into which pressurized saturated liquid water is introduced by a steam generator feed manifold header (6) through a branch line (4) and through a decreaser (2), where upon the saturated water under goes an instantaneous phase change into a vapor-liquid state.

The liquid-vapor state continues through connected steam chambers (11) until it becomes a saturated steam.

The saturated steam continues through consequent steam chambers (11) coupled together in the steam chamber coupling area (14), until the saturated steam changes into a super-heated state in the super-heated steam chamber.

The super-heated steam is then compressed back into a pressurized state through a decreaser (5) and transported via a super heated supply branch (1) into a super-heated steam collection header (3), and transported to a turbine/generator.

Heat supply for the thermodynamic process described in the above, is created when hydrogen gas is combusted with oxygen gas in a no air environment, in the combustion chamber (19) by the H2/O2-NA burner jets (20) creating flue gas.

The flame deflector (16) is used to keep the flame of the jets (20), which are mounted on combustion chamber plate (22), from coming in direct contact with the super-heated steam chamber (17).

The main safety devices are the thermocouple, and pilot light (21) and the temperature sensor (18); maintenance to these items can be done through an access panel (15).

The flue gas, contained by a flue gas duct (7&13) is then transported through a series of ducts (13) and baffles (10) with hole in them allowing flue gas to exit duct chamber (12), constantly transferring heat to the above mentioned steam chambers, finally ducted to a thermal dissipation field (8), whereby the flue gas condenses and is collected in a H2O condensation collection tank (9) for the make up water for the hydrogen/oxygen gas generators.

In a conventional combustion process the air supplies the oxidizer in the form of oxygen at around 21% of the gas volume. The rest being incombustible substances such as nitrogen. The combusted gases are not 100% combusted and can not be fully recycled without causing the air: fuel mixture being altered to an unusable state, not to mention that Nox, is a major by product of this process.

Air is not allowed into the combustion system as it would only hinder the process of combustion; therefore no Nox's.

Consequently, the result of having a no air combustion process, as designed, uses less energy to create superheated steam, with the only exhaust by product being 2H2O vapor.

In a narrative, further describing the steam generator (Mk-IX) utilizing a Hydrogen/Oxygen-no air combustion process this invention is related to the creation of super-heated steam by means of a H2/O2 steam generator using the non-air combustion process, as relates to Patent Pending U.S. PTO No. 60/509,004 ‘Solar Cogeneration Power Plant’, specifically in relation to CLAIM sub-section 1 of said patient, ‘ . . . hydrogen and oxygen gas, no air combustion process.’ Further more this invention incorporates into it the Patent Pending U.S. PTO No. 60/518,800 ‘H2/O2-NA Burner Jet.’, as claimed therein.

A Requadt Cycle here within begins when steam generator feed water in the form of saturated liquid is transported through a pipe from a condenser to a feed water pump, increasing the pressure on the saturated liquid to a level where by forced circulation of steam shall occur. Saturated liquid enters a Saturated Steam Header Manifold, where said liquid is distributed to a Saturated Steam Expansion Chamber, where it immediately transitions into a saturated steam state, by the increase of volume of said chamber, thereby lowering the pressure to allow the saturated vapor to become saturated steam. The Saturated Steam is then transferred through subsequent steam chambers. Super heated steam occurs when heat is applied to a Super Heated Steam Expansion Chamber.

When the super heated steam is at the desired temperature, the super-heated steam is then transferred through a pipe decreaser, hereby increasing the pressure on the super-heated steam to the desired level as established by the equation of continuity and transported to a Super Heated Steam Header Manifold.

The super heated steam is then transferred to a turbine/generator, finally condensing in the vacuum condenser. Starting aforesaid cycle all over again.

H2/O2-NA Burner Jets apply heat to the Super Heated Steam Expansion Chamber in a combustion chamber. The heat is then forced up through the baffles, surrounding the next saturated steam chamber, and subsequent chambers until the heat in the form of exhaust gas is expelled to a thermal dissipation field, where the flue gas condensates back into a liquid state to be supplied as make up water, for the H2/O2gas generators.

This system conforms to the first and second laws of thermodynamics in that the enthalpy of the system is restored and increased directly proportional to the heat energy supplied to it, in the combustion chamber through isobaric expansion when the steam passes through the Increaser.

Under the ideal gas law, the volume area increases, thereby decreasing the pressure and allowing the steam to transform into a pure vapor state for super heating. In essence there are three isobaric expansions occurring in the cycle, the first when the boiler feed fluid medium proceeds to the Saturated Steam Manifold header the second when the fluid medium enters the Saturated Steam Manifold Header changing state from a pure liquid to a saturated vapor, within the Saturated Steam Expansion Chamber, the third when the fluid medium transforms again into a pure vapor in the Super Heated Steam Expansion Chamber.

There is an adiabatic compression when the superheated steam proceeds from the Super Heated Steam Expansion Chamber to the Super Heated Steam Manifold. There is a second isobaric compression when the super heated steam proceeds from the Super Heated Steam Manifold to the turbine inlet pipe.

Then the gas goes through an isentropic decompression at the turbine area in that: {F=P/A; in relation to h=u+Pv, and H-mh II IQ+IW=0 and Q1=m(h1−h2) therefore resulting in a thermodynamically consistent system, and a higher thermal efficiency thereby.

NOTE: a burner of different design can replace H2/O2-NA burner jets. Due to the molecular constant, and the transfer of heat, the specific enthalpy should be more efficient in a vapor state as a direct result of the mass flow of the cycle.

Claims

1. A steam generator utilizing a hydrogen/oxygen gas-no air combustion process comprising:

a) A steam chamber into which pressurizied saturated liquid water is introduced by a steam generator feed manifold header through a decreaser, where upon said saturated water under goes an instantaneous phase change into a vapor-liquid state.

b) The liquid-vapor state in ‘a’ above continues through connected steam chambers until it becomes a saturated steam.

c) The saturated steam continues through consequent steam chambers until the saturated steam changes into a super-heated state.

d) The super-heated steam mentioned in ‘c’ above is then compressed back into a pressurized state as mentioned in ‘a’ above, and transported into a super-heat steam collection header, and transported to a turbine/generator.

e) Heat supply for the thermodynamic process described in the above is created when hydrogen gas is combusted with oxygen gas in a no air environment, creating flue gas.

f) The resulting flue gas, as mentioned in ‘e’ above is then transported through a series of ducts and baffles, constantly transferring heat to the above mentioned steam chambers, finally ducted to a thermal dissipation field, whereby the said flue gas condenses and is reused for the make up water for the hydrogen oxygen generators.

g) The electricity for the gas generators as mentioned in ‘h’ above can be powered by electricity from various sources such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal power, or a step down transformer for the electricity supplied by the electrical generators mentioned in ‘d’ above.

h) The steam generator utilizing a hydrogen/Oxygen-no air combustion process, can be used in a renewable energy thermal power plant configuration, or solar thermal co-generation plant configuration, or engineered to be retrofitted to existing thermal power plants.