Method and system relating service providers to clients in a access network using dynamically allocated mac addresses
An access system (ACC1) for relating service providers (SP1-SPn) to users (U11-Um1) includes an edge access server (EAS) connecting the service providers and penults (P1-Pk) connecting the users. User devices (UD11-UD14) are connected via VLAN:s to a user port (UP11) on the penult. The edge access server has service agents (SA1-SAn), an administrator (AD1) and a broadcast handler (BH1), which forms a handling system together with handlers (H1-Hk) in the penults. A user (U11) decision including VLAN, service (SP1) and user port (UP11) is sent to the administrator (AD1), which dynamically allocates to the relevant service agent (SA1) a MAC address, defining a relationship (R11). A user device (UD11) broadcasts a DHCP request unicasted together with user port (UP11) to the broadcast handler (BH1). The user device (UD11) gets its IP address and IP address to the service agent (SA1). The device (UD11) broadcasts an ARP request which is unicasted by the penult (P1), to get the MAC address to the service agent (SA1). The relations (R11, R21) are secure and can easily
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The present invention relates to a multiservice Ethernet access system and methods of establishing service access relations in the system.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ARTEthernet has been developed mainly as a LAN (Local Area Network) technology, aiming to provide an efficient infrastructure for data networks within a company. Originally it was developed for moderate speed shared media, but current technology applies mainly to point-to-point links up to 10 Gbit/s, interconnected by high capacity Ethernet switches, supporting virtual LAN. VLADN, as described in the standard IEEE 802.1q. A virtual LAN is a group of system, such as computers in a workgroup, that need to communicate with each other, and protocols that restrict the delivery of VLAN frames to members of the VLAN.
A LAN can be partitioned into multiple VLAN:s, where each VLAN is assigned a number called a VLAN identifier that identifies it uniquely within the LAN. A LAN contains at least one VLAN, the default VLAN.
Switches contain advanced self learning features and broadcast behaviour, which are well suited for the building of for example a corporate network, supporting a number of user groups.
However, in public service structures different requirements are put with respect to security, scaling and chargeability of services. In the public network, each user would ideally have his own completely isolated set of work groups available. A particular problem is then that the number of available VLAN tags, each tag defining a user, is limited to a number 4096, which is far from enough to serve hundreds of thosands of users.
In the international patent application No. WO 00/77983 is descibed a telecommunications system in which users can select services. Service networks and users are connected to a switched domain. The service networks are arranged into groups and each group is allocated a VLAN by konfiguring the ports in the switches. The users can select services by configuring their apparatuses to a selected one of the VLAN:S.
In the international patent application No. WO 00/79830 is described a telecommunication system in which users can select services. A switched domain has switches to which service providers and network terminals are connected. The switches have a user port connected to an uplink port in the network terminal. The user port is configured for the different service providers and the network terminals have corresponding service ports. The service ports corresponding to predetermined ones of the services are configured.
In these two applications the number of users is restricted.
In the European patent application EP 1045553 A2 is disclosed VLAN bridging of a network. The network has nodes for changing of addresses. A user sending a message via the network addresses it to a receiver. When the message reaches one of the network nodes the receiver address is changed into a temporary address for the network. This address is changed back when the message leaves the network via another of the network nodes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention is concerned with a problem how to create a multiservice access system with ethernet technology for a practically unrestricted number of users.
Another problem is how to offer the users sevices via the system, a number of the services practically covering all offered services.
A further problem is how to offer secure service bindings between the users and the service providers.
Still a problem is how to establish the service bindings as unicast bindings.
Still another problem is how to establish the service bindings as multicast bindings.
Yet another problem is how to control the traffic in the system.
The problem is solved by an access system including a node, called an edge access server, for connecting the service providers and a node, called a penult, for connecting the users, the nodes being interconnected by an arrangement supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames. The edge access server has service agents for the connecting of the service providers and the penults have user ports for connection to user networks. In a unicast case secure individual service access relations are provided in the access system, each relation being provided between one of the service agents and one of the user ports. In a multicast case the service access relations are provided between one of the service agents and a plurality of the user ports. The relation is extended for connecting of the user networks.
Somewhat more in detail the user ports are designed for connecting of the user networks, which have each one Ethernet LAN with at least one VLAN. Each service access relation has a dynamically assigned MAC address assigned to the relevant one of the service agents. The service access relation is in one alternative defined by the dynamically assigned MAC address and in an alternative defined by the
MAC address in combination with a further identifier. The service access relation is bound to one of the user ports and, in the multicast case, bound to a plurality of the user ports. The access system has a broadcast handler system and broadcast messages involved in service access or service use are picked up by this system in the penult hosting the user port. Shaping of the traffic is performed with the aid of the dynamically assigned MAC address and, where appropriate, in combination with the further identifier.
A purpose with the invention is to give a practically unrestricted number of users access to services via an access system with Ethernet technology.
Another purpose is that the number of services that can be offered simultaneously to a user practically covers all offered services.
A further purpose is that sevice access relations between service providers and user devices shall be secure relations.
Still a purpose is that Ethernet technology shall be utilized for establishing service access relations in the network.
Still another purpose is to establish the service access relations as either unicast or multicast relations.
Yet a purpose is to control the traffic in the system.
An advantage with the invention is that a multiservice access network for a practically unrestricted number of users can be created, using already standardized Ethernet technology.
Another advantage is that that the number of services that simultaneously can be offered to a user practically covers all offered services.
A further advantage is that service access relations between service providers and users are secure relations.
Still an advantage is that Ethernet technology is utilized for establishing service bindings in the network.
Still another advantage is that the service access relations can be established as unicast relations or as multicast relations.
Yet other advantages are that no coordination of VLAN use between users is required in the unicast case, standard Ethernet components can be utilized both in the access system and in the user networks and the invention makes possible a simple administration and configuration of the access network.
The invention will now be described more in detail with the aid of embodiments and with reference to the enclosed figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 7 shows a block with addresses;
The embodiment in
As mentioned, the network ETH1 and the users U11-Um1 utilize Ethernet technology. The Eternet technology therefore will be shortly commented below.
In
In
In
In a common Ethernet, on one hand, the different participants within each VLAN can communicate with each other freely and efficiently, which is a basic principle of the Ethernet. A first user that wants to contact a second user sends broadcast an address resolution protocol ARP with a request “Who has this IP address?”. Everybody in the network can listen and the second user, that has the IP address in question, sends back his MAC address to the first user. A relation between the users is established. In an access system, on the other hand, a fundamental service is to both enable establishment of service bindings between users and service providers and, in such bindings, provide a transport service through the access system such that the service can be delivered to the user with high security and without any quality degradation. In a multi-service, multi service provider scenario several such bindings must be possible for each user at any given point in time, without interference between the bindings or between bindings for different users. In the present description will be disclosed how a multiservice access system, e.g. the access system ACC1, will fullfill these requirements on the services using Ethernet technology.
To get the access network ACC1 to work, first the users decide which services they select and which VLAN they decide for a certain of the services. Each user can make his own decisions for the correspondance between VLAN and service, independently of the other users. In the present example the user U11 selects the service from the service provider SP1 and decides the VLAN with the tag TAG1 for this service. The user U11 also selects service from provider SP2 and decides the VLAN with the tag TAG2 for this service. Correspondingly the user U11 selects service provider SP3 on the VLAN with the tag TAG3 and service provider SP4 on the VLAN with the tag TAG4. Other users can select other services and decide other VLAN:s. The user U12, for example, selects the service from service provider SP1 and decides the VLAN with the tag TAG3 for this service. The user U12 also selects service from the service provider SP3 and decides the VLAN with the tag TAG1 for this service. The users then send their decisions to the administrative unit AD1 in the edge access server EAS, the users defining themselves by their respective user port. This sending can be performed by any suitable means, e.g. by assigning a web page, by a common letter or by a telephone call. The administrative unit AD1 also has the information about the correspondence between the service providers SP1-SPn and the service agents SA1-SAn. The administrative unit thus has triplets of information containing service agent, VLAN tag and user port. Gradually, when the users U11-Um1 send their information, the administrative unit AD1 will build up the register REG1 in the broadcast handler BH1, as shown in
In the example above the user U11 selected the service from service provider SP1 and decided the VLAN with the tag TAG1. The administrative unit dynamically allocates a unique MAC address SAMAC1 to the service port PT1 of the service agent SA1, connected to the service provider SP1. The address is allocated from a set of locally administrated addresses, LAA. This address is written on the list L11 for the user port UP11 and in a field pointed out by the VLAN tag TAG1. This means that the allocated MAC address SAMAC1 is bound to solely one information pair which has the user port UP11 and the identification tag TAG1 of the VLAN. Now the relation R11 is defined by the address SAMAC1 for the service port PT1, the address being bound to the user port UP11 and the VLAN tag TAG1. It should be noted that no other participant but the service provider SP1 and the user U11 can utilize the relation R11. Following the above examples, a unique MAC address SAMAC2 is dynamically allocated to the service port PT2 of the service agent SA2 and is written in a field defined by the VLAN tag TAG2 on the same list L11. A new relation R21 is created, which is defined by the address SAMAC2 and is bound to the user port UP11 and the VLAN with the tag TAG2. Also a MAC address SAMAC5 is allocated to the service agent SA3, service port PT3, in a field with the tag TAG3 and a MAC address SAMAC6 is allocated to the service agent SA4, service port PT4, in a field with the tag TAG4.
For the user U12 with the user port UP12 a unique MAC address SAMAC3 is dynamically allocated to the service port PT1 of the service agent SA1 and this address is written in a field pointed out by the VLAN tag TAG3 on the list L12. For the user U12 also a MAC address SAMAC4 is dynamically allocated to the service agent SA3, service port PT3, and this address is written in a field pointed out by the VLAN tag TAG1 on the list L12.
It appears from the above that, in the embodiment, each of the service ports PT1-PTn can get associated with a set of the unique MAC addresses for the service agents and that each of these MAC addresses is associated with only one particular of the user ports UP11-UPk1.
The relations between user port and service agent are built up as described above and are stored in the register REG1, but still the user devices can't utilize their respective service. It is in fact not even necessary until now that the user devices are connected. When the users intend to utilize the services they connect their user devices to the wires W11-Wk1 via the VLAN:s as is shown by an example in
The user device UD11 sends a frame FR2 with the addresses and payload as is shown in
In a corresponding manner the other devices of the user U11 send their DHCP requests with their MAC addresses and corresponding VLAN tag, the tags appearing from
Note that the user device UD13 has to send two DHCP requests with the tags TAG2 respective TAG3.
The relation R11 is now established on an IP level. When the service agent SA1 gets an IP packet with the address IPUD11 it finds the information in the table TAB1 and sends the packet to the correct receiver with the MAC address UMAC1. The user device UD11 also has the IP address IPSA1 to the service agent, its “default gateway”. The user device UD11 utilizes in conventional manner an ARP request (Address Resolution Protocol) to get a MAC address to the IP address IPSA1. The user device UD11 therefore transmits broadcast the ARP message which is received by the handler H1 in the penult P1 via the user port UP11. The handler adds the identification for the user port and sends the message unicast to the broadcast handler BH1 in the edge access server EAS. The broadcast handler looks in its register REG1 on the list L11 for the user port UP11. On the VLAN tag TAG1 the broadcast handler finds the service agent MAC address SAMAC1. It transmits the address SAMAC1 to the handler H1, which in turn responds with the address SAMAC1 to the user device UD11. With the aid of the address SAMAC1 the user device UD11 now can utilize the relation R11 and get the service from the service provider SP1.
In an alternative embodiment the handler H1 in the penult P1 successively creates the register REG, shown in
REG11 instead of sending the request to the broadcast handler BH1. The handler H1 finds the requested address SAMAC1 on the VLAN tag TAG1 and sends the address immediately back to the user device UD11.
In still an embodiment the register REG11 in the handler H1 is built up when the register REG1 in the broadcast handler BH1 is built up.
Below will be described a number of alternative embodiments.
In the above embodiment is described that a user first made the DHCP request via the access system ACC1 to get the IP addresses. This request then was followed by the ARP request. In an alternative embodiment the configuration is performed in an alternative way by alternative means. The request for the IP addresses can e.g. be performed by so called static configuration. After this configuration the user device makes the ARP request as described above to get the MAC address to its default gateway, the relevant service agent. In the same way as described above all ARP requests from the users, also when not preceeded by a DHCP request, will be intercepted by the penult and result in the address to the respective default gateway. In this way all communication between different users is forced to flow to the service agent. It was also described that the dynamically allocated MAC addresses were locally administrated addresses, LAA. An alternative is that a set of MAC addresses is bought from the IEEE.
The service agent successively builds up a list for translating between IP addresses and user device MAC addresses. When it receives a packet it reads the IP address and if this address is whitin the service agent's own administrated subnet it looks for the IP address and finds the user MAC address. The service agent forwards the packet to this user MAC address and packets with any other IP address will be forwarded to the service provider.
In connection with
In the embodiment in connection with
With the abovementioned further service access relation identifier it is also possible, in an embodiment, that a plurality of MAC addresses are allocated to the port of one of the service agents. Each of these MAC addresses is then bound to a set of relations, each of the relations having its own further identifier.
In connection with
In an embodiment the VLAN tag is transmitted from the service agent to the penult to transmit a requested service to the correct user device. In an alternative embodiment no VLAN tag is transmitted to the penult but only the service agent MAC address, e.g. SAMAC1. The penult itself derives the VLAN identity, e.g. the VLAN tag, from the unique service agent MAC address, defining the service access relation.
In connection with
Above is described the use of DHCP request. For other types of services than IP or other types of establishment of a relation between a user device and a service agent, other types of broadcast service attachment requests can be used. By the broadcast handler also those alternative requests are replied to by a service agent MAC address, which is identified in the same way as for the DHCP. As an example can be mentioned the use of PPP over Ethernet, PPPoE, where a broadcast PPPoE request will be responded with a service agent MAC address to the service agent acting as PPPoE server. Also, the ARP request is mentioned above. For other protocols than the IP protocol similar procedures are utilized to bring about address resolution.
In connection with a flow chart in
The method of building up the correspondence between IP addresses and MAC addresses will be described in short in connection with flow charts in
The procedure when the service access relation R11 is established in the reverse direction, from the user side to the service agent side, will be described shortly in connection with the flow chart in
The above described arrangements and procedures are related to unicast access between the service agents and the user ports on the penults. In connection with
The aim with the multicast access relation MR11 is, naturally, to distribute a service from the service provider SP19 via the service agent SA19 to the users. Note that this distribution takes place only downstream, from the service provider to the users. The distribution is performed by branching up the service access relation MR11 in the edge access server, in the switches and in the penults. The relation MR11 to the users, which utilize the service from the provider SP19, is defined by one and the same MAC address, in the example a MAC address SAMAC19 allocated to the service agent SA19 by the administrative unit AD1. Each multicast flow from this service agent has a specific multicast address to which all participating users are listening. In the multicast frames transmitted via the relation MR11 the multicast bit M1 in
In connection with
The services from the service providers SP1-SPn must be delivered with a certain quality level. The resources within the access system ACC1 are however limited, which delimits the quality level. An example on a limited resource is the available bandwidth. Many relations, as the relation R11, are to be transmitted via the connections between the service agent and a switch, between the switch and the penult and between the penult and the user VLAN, which relations have to share the available bandwidth. The quality of service for the relations are deicided in agreements and are denoted for each relation in the register REG1 in
It can happen that a participant tries to make more use of the access system ACC1 than the agreement allows, e.g. sends more traffic than it is agreed. This means that the participant's traffic even after shaping takes more bandwidth than the bandwidth parameter allows. The system can look upon the unique service agent MAC address in the frames and compare with the agreement. In the relation that uses too much bandwidth the system can apply policing and delet some of the transmitted frames. Also for this function the system has to look on the further service access relation identifier in the alternative embodiment for identifying the relations.
It can also happen that the users exchange their MAC addresses by some means and tries to utilize the access system ACC1 for communication between themselves and not with the service providers. To prevent such a behaviour the penults can have a traffic filter, e.g. a filter F21 at the user port UP21 in the penult P2. The filter reads the addresses in the transmitted frames. Frames from the user devices may only have the service agent MAC addresses or the broadcast address as destination address. Frames to the user devices may only have the service agent MAC addresses as source address. Other addresses are not allowed and frames with such addresses are deleted in the filter. Also, broadcast messages from a user, which are not to be handled by any of the service agents, are deleted.
The MAC addresses can have an internal address structure that is adapted to the structure of the access network ETH1. This can simplify the implementation of the network and its components in the access system ACC1.
Claims
1-24. (canceled)
25. An access system for communication between service providers and users via service access relations, the system including:
- an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection for one of the service providers;
- at least one node having at least one user port for one of the users; and
- an interconnecting arrangement, supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the at least one node, the edge access server being arranged to dynamically allocate unique Ethernet MAC addresses to at least a part of the service agents, the unique Ethernet MAC addresses defining each one service access relation with one of the user ports,
26. An access system for communication between service providers and users via service access relations, the system including:
- an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection for one of the service providers;
- at least one node having at least one user port for one of the users; and
- an interconnecting arrangement, supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the at least one node, the edge access server being arranged to dynamically allocate at least one Ethernet MAC address to each one of at least a part of the service agents, the edge access server also being arranged both to bind said Ethernet MAC addresses to the service access relations to the user ports and to bind relation identifiers to said service access relations, said identifier appearing in a header of a transmitted Ethernet frame.
27. An access system for communication between service providers and users via service access relations, the system including:
- an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection for one of the service providers;
- at least one node supporting multicast access having at least one user port for at least one user Ethernet VLAN, and
- an interconnecting arrangement, supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the at least one node, said arrangement including switches supporting multicast, the edge access server being arranged to dynamically allocate Ethernet MAC addresses to at least one of the service agents, the Ethernet MAC address defining a multicast service access relation with at least one of the user ports, the edge access server being arranged to bind one and the same identification of one of the user Ethernet VLANs to the multicast service access relation, said user Ethernet VLAN identification being intended for the users participating in the multicast service.
28. The access system according to claim 25, said user port being intended for at least one user Ethernet VLAN, the edge access server being arranged to bind also an identification of one of the user Ethernet VLANs on said user port to the service access relation.
29. The access system according to claim 27 including a register in the edge access server for the service access relations, the register including the service agent MAC address, the user port and the identification of the user Ethernet VLAN.
30. The access system according to claim 27, further including:
- a handling system with a handler attributed to the at least one node and a broadcast handler attributed to the service agents;
- the handler being arranged to receive a broadcast service attachment request from a user device having a user MAC address, the request including the user Ethernet VLAN identification; and
- the handler in the at least one node being arranged both to add to said service attachment request an identification of the user port and to send the request with the user port identification to the broadcast handler.
31. The access system according to claim 30, wherein:
- the broadcast handler is arranged to identify the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification and the corresponding one of the service agent MAC addresses;
- the broadcast handler is arranged to find the relevant service agent via the service agent MAC address; and
- said service agent is arranged to allocate an IP address for said user device having said user MAC address.
32. The access system according to claim 31, wherein said service agent is arranged to transmit to said user device, via the service access relation, both said allocated user device IP address and its own IP address.
33. The access system according to claim 29, wherein:
- the handler is arranged to receive from the user device a broadcast address resolution protocol broadcast message including the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- the handler is arranged to add to said address resolution broadcast message an identification of the user port; and
- the handler is arranged to transmit said address resolution broadcast message with the user port identification to the broadcast handler.
34. The access system according to claim 33, wherein:
- the broadcast handler is adapted to identify the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification and to find the relevant service agent MAC address;
- the broadcast handler is adapted to transmit the service agent MAC address to the handler in the at least one node; and
- the handler is arranged to transmit the service agent MAC address to the user device.
35. The access system according to claim 34, including, in the handler, a handler register including the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification pointing out the service agent MAC address.
36. The access system according to claim 35, wherein:
- the handler is arranged to receive from the user device an address resolution protocol broadcast message including the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- the handler is arranged to find in the handler register the relevant service agent MAC address; and
- the handler is adapted to transmit the service agent MAC address to the user device.
37. A method in an access system for communication between service providers and users, the system including:
- an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection intended for one of the service providers;
- at least one penult having at least one user port intended for one of the users; and
- an interconnecting arrangement, supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the penults, the method including:
- dynamically allocating in the edge access server unique Ethernet MAC addresses to at least a part of the service agents; and
- binding the unique service agent MAC addresses to solely each one service access relation with one of the user ports.
38. A method in an access system for communication between service providers and users, wherein the system includes an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection intended for one of the service providers, at least one node having at least one user port intended for one of the users, and an interconnecting arrangement supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the at least one node, the method comprising the steps of:
- dynamically allocating in the edge access server at least one Ethernet MAC address to each one of at least a part of the service agents;
- binding said Ethernet MAC addresses to the service access relations to the user ports; and
- binding relation identifiers to said service access relations, said identifier appearing in a header of a transmitted Ethernet frame.
39. A method in an access system for communication between service providers and users via service access relations, wherein the system includes an edge access server having at least one service agent with a connection intended for one of the service providers, at least one node supporting multicast access having at least one user port intended for at least one user Ethernet VLAN, and an interconnecting arrangement, supporting exchanging of Ethernet frames, interconnecting the edge access server and the at least one node, said arrangement including switches supporting multicast, the method comprising the steps of:
- dynamically allocating in the edge access server Ethernet MAC addresses to at least one of the service agents, the Ethernet MAC address defining a multicast service access relation with at least one of the user ports; and
- binding one and the same identification of one of the user Ethernet VLANs to the multicast service access relation, said user Ethernet VLAN identification being intended for the users participating in the multicast service.
40. The method according to claim 37, wherein said user port is intended for at least one user Ethernet VLAN, the method further comprising the step of binding an identification of one of the user Ethernet VLANs on said user port to the service access relation.
41. The method according to claim 39, further comprising the step of creating a register in the edge access server for the service access relations, the register including the service agent MAC address, the user port and the identification of the user Ethernet VLAN.
42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the access system further includes a handling system with a handler attributed to the at least one nqde and a broadcast handler attributed to the service agents, the method further comprising the steps of:
- receiving in the handler a broadcast service attachment request from a user device having a user MAC address, the request including the user Ethernet VLAN identification;
- adding to said service attachment request an identification of the user port, the adding performed in the handler in the at least one node; and
- sending the request with the user port identification to the broadcast handier.
43. The method according to claim 42, the method further comprising the steps of:
- identifying in the broadcast handler the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- identifying the one of the service agent MAC addresses that corresponds to the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- finding the relevant service agent via the service agent MAC address; and
- allocating in said relevant service agent an IP address to said user device having said user MAC address.
44. The method according to claim 43, further comprising the step of transmitting, via the service access relation, both said allocated user device IP address and an IP address for the allocating service agent to said user device.
45. The method according to claim 44, further comprising the steps of
- receiving in the handler, from the user device, a broadcast address resolution protocol broadcast message including the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- adding to the message an identification of the user port; and
- transmitting from the handler said address resolution broadcast message with the user port identification to the broadcast handler.
46. The method according to claim 45, further comprising the steps of:
- noting in the broadcast handler the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- finding the relevant service agent MAC address;
- transmitting the service agent MAC address to the handler in the at least one node; and
- transmitting from the handier the service agent MAC address to the user device.
47. The method according to claim 46, further comprising the step of creating in the handler a handler register including the user port and the Ethernet VLAN identification pointing out the service agent MAC address.
48. The method according to claim 47, further comprising the steps of:
- receiving in the handler, from the user device, an address resolution protocol broadcast message including the Ethernet VLAN identification;
- finding in the handler register the relevant service agent MAC address; and
- transmitting from the handler the service agent MAC address to the user device.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 8, 2002
Publication Date: Jul 21, 2005
Applicant: TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (STOCKHOLM)
Inventors: Tonnby Ingmar (STOCKHOLM), Ulf Larsson (Stockholm)
Application Number: 10/504,414