Pipes having wedging circumferential grooves
Pipes and fittings having circumferential grooves proximate to their ends are disclosed. The grooves are formed of first and second side surfaces positioned in spaced apart relation to one another. A floor surface extends between the first and second side surfaces. The first side surface is positioned proximate to the end of the pipe and is oriented perpendicularly to the floor surface. The second side surface is formed of first and second surface portions. The second surface portion is positioned adjacent to the floor surface, and is oriented perpendicularly to it. The first surface portion is oriented at an angle to the floor surface. The second side surface may also have either a convex or a concave shape. Wedging action between the groove and a coupling is facilitated by having the width of each groove being greater at the surface of the pipe than it is at the floor surface.
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The invention concerns pipes having circumferential grooves and couplings for joining the pipes end to end and effecting a substantially rigid or flexible fluid tight joint therebetween.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONCouplings for joining pipes together end to end comprise arcuate segments that circumferentially surround co-axially aligned pipes and engage circumferential grooves positioned proximate to the ends of each pipe. The couplings are also used to connect pipes to fluid control components such as valves, reducers, strainers, restrictors, pressure regulators, as well as components to components. Although in the description which follows pipes are described, they are used by way of example only, the invention herein not being limited for use only with pipes per se. It should also be noted that the term “pipe” as used herein refers to straight pipes as well as elbows, tees and other types of fittings.
The segments comprising the couplings have circumferential keys that extend radially inwardly toward the pipes and fit within the grooves around the pipes. The keys are typically somewhat narrower than the grooves to permit them to fit within the grooves and bear against the shoulders formed by the grooves to hold the pipes together against internal pressure and external forces that may be applied to the pipes. External forces may arise due to thermal expansion or contraction of the pipes due to changes in temperature as well as the weight of the pipes or components such as valves attached to the pipes, which can be significant for large diameter pipes and valves. Wind loads and seismic loads may also be a factor.
It is advantageous that pipe couplings be substantially rigid, i.e., resist rotation of the pipes relative to one another about their longitudinal axes, resist axial motion of the pipes relatively to one another due to internal pressure, and resist angular deflection of pipes relative to one another. A rigid coupling will be less likely to leak, requiring less maintenance, and will simplify the design of piping networks by eliminating or at least reducing the need for engineers to account for axial motion of pipes in the network when subjected to significant internal pressure. Pipes joined by rigid couplings require fewer supports to limit unwanted deflection. Furthermore, valves and other components which may tend to rotate out of position because their center of gravity is eccentric to the pipe axis will tend to remain in position and not rotate about the longitudinal axis under the pull of gravity when the pipe couplings are substantially rigid.
Many couplings according to the prior art do not reliably provide the desired degree of rigidity mainly because they use keys having rectangular cross-sections that are narrower than the width of the grooves that they engage. This condition may result in inconsistent contact between the coupling and the pipes which allows too much free play and relative movement, for example, axially, rotationally or angularly, between the pipes. It is also difficult to ensure that such keys properly engage the grooves. Couplings which provide a more rigid connection may be ineffective to force the pipe ends apart at a desired distance from one another so that the keys and grooves are in proper alignment and the pipes are properly spaced. When properly spaced apart, the pipe ends and the coupling cooperate with a sealing member positioned between the coupling and the pipe ends to ensure a fluid tight seal. The movement of the pipes, although small, is effected as the couplings are engaged with each other and the pipe and may required that significant torque be exerted upon the fasteners used to clamp the coupling to the pipes. This is especially acute when pipes to be joined are stacked vertically one above another, and the action of engaging the coupling with the pipes must lift one of the pipes upwardly relatively to the other in order to effect the proper spacing between the pipe ends. For such couplings, it is also difficult to reliably visibly ensure that the couplings have been properly installed so that the keys engage the grooves and the pipes are spaced apart as required to ensure a fluid tight seal.
It would be advantageous to provide a coupling that provides increased rigidity while also reducing the force necessary to engage the coupling with the pipe ends to effect their proper spacing, and also provides a reliable visual indication that the couplings are properly installed on the pipes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention concerns a pipe or fitting having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof. The groove comprises a first side surface positioned proximate to the end of the pipe or fitting, and a second side surface positioned in spaced apart relation to the first side surface. The second side surface is positioned distally to the end of the pipe. A floor surface extends between the first and second side surfaces. One of the first and second side surfaces is oriented angularly with respect to the floor surface, the orientation angle being greater than 90°. In another embodiment, one of the first and second side surfaces has a first surface portion oriented at an angle relatively to the floor surface, and a second surface portion oriented substantially perpendicularly to the floor surface. Preferably, the second side surface is comprised of the first and second surface portions, the second surface portion is positioned adjacent to the floor surface and the first side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularly to the floor surface.
The invention also includes a pipe or a fitting having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof. The groove is formed in a surface of the pipe or fitting and it is defined by side portions positioned in spaced apart relation opposite to one another. A floor connects the side portions. The groove has a first width, measured at the surface of the pipe, and a second width, measured at the floor, the first width being greater than the second width. One of the side portions may have a convex or a concave cross-sectional shape.
Fittings according to the invention may include elbow fittings, flanged fittings, tee fittings, reducing fittings and valve fittings as well as others.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Although lugs are the preferred means for attaching the segments to one another end to end, it is recognized that there are other attachment means, such as circumferential bands, axial pins, and latching handles. These means are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,541,601, 2,014,313, 2,362,454, 2,673,102, 2,752,174, 3,113,791, and 4,561,678, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
For large diameter pipes, it is sometimes advantageous to form the coupling 10 from more than two segments. As shown in
As shown in
As best shown in
The use of keys having camming surfaces is not confined to couplings for joining grooved pipes to one another, but may be used on practically any coupling arrangement having at least one key.
As best shown in
Although surfaces 52 and 54 in
As shown in
Preferably, the grooves 34 and 36 that keys 30 engage have a shape that is complementary to the wedge-shape cross section of the keys. In general, it is advantageous that the keys have a cross sectional shape that substantially fills the grooves even when the shapes of the groove and key are not exactly complementary. Groove 36 is described in detail hereafter, groove 34 being substantially similar and not requiring a separate description. Groove 36 is defined by a first side surface 58 positioned proximate to end 14a of pipe 14, a second side surface 60 positioned in spaced apart relation to the first side surface 58 and distally from the end 14a, and a floor surface 62 that extends between the first and second side surfaces. The complementary shape of the groove 36 to the keys 30 is achieved by orienting the floor surface 62 substantially parallel to the radial surface 54, orienting the first side surface 58 substantially perpendicularly to the floor surface 62 (and thus substantially parallel to the inner surface 50), and orienting the second side surface 60 substantially parallel to the outer surface 52 (and thus angularly to the floor surface 62).
Preferably, the keys 30 and the lugs 20 and 22 are sized and toleranced so that when the lugs 20 are in pad-to-pad engagement with the lugs 22, i.e., in contact with each other as shown in
Analogous relationships between the key surfaces and the surfaces comprising the grooves are contemplated even when the keys do not have a shape complementary to that of the groove, as shown in
Alternately, as shown in
It is found that the preferred configuration defined by pad-to-pad engagement of lugs 20 and 22 in conjunction with the tolerance conditions as describe above provides several advantages. The engagement of inner surface 50 with first side surface 58 forces pipes 12 and 14 into substantially precise axial position relative to one another. Because these surfaces bear against one another when the coupling is installed on the pipes they will not shift axially when internal fluid pressure is applied. Thus, designers need not take into account lengthening of the piping network due to internal pressure during use, thereby simplifying the design. The relatively small gaps 64 and 66 (which could be zero) ensure adequate rigidity and prevent excessive angular displacement between the pipes and the couplings, while the tolerances necessary to limit the gaps within the desired limits allow the coupling 10 to be manufactured economically. It also allows the grooves in the pipes, valves or other fittings to be manufactured economically. The gaps work advantageously in conjunction with the normally encountered out of roundness of practical pipes to provide a rigid joint. The pad-to-pad engagement of lugs 20 and 22 provides a reliable visual indication that the coupling 10 is properly engaged with the pipes 12 and 14.
If it is desired to have a more flexible coupling 10 to allow greater angular deflection, then the gaps 64 at one or both ends of the coupling may be made larger than the aforementioned limit of 0.035 inches. For flexible couplings, it is found advantageous to have gap 64 between surfaces 52 and 60 preferably be ½ of the size of gap 38 between the ends of pipes 12 and 14 as shown in
It is also feasible to have keys 30 engage grooves 34 and 36 without a gap under all tolerance conditions. This configuration takes advantage of the wedging action of the keys to provide a rigid joint. It is not practical, however, to have this configuration and also maintain pad to pad engagement of lugs 20 and 22 because it is very difficult to economically manufacture couplings and pipes to the necessary tolerances to ensure both pad to pad engagement and full contact circumferential wedging engagement of the keys and grooves. For the configuration wherein pad-to-pad engagement is not nominally held, as shown in
As illustrated in
A roller tool 68 is used having a cross sectional shape at its periphery substantially identical to the desired shape of the groove. The roller tool 68 is forcibly engaged with the outer surface 70 of pipe 14 around its circumference, either by moving the roller tool around the pipe or moving the pipe about its longitudinal axis 48 relatively to a roller tool. Preferably, a back-up roller 72 engages the inner surface 74 of the pipe 14 opposite to the roller tool 68. The pipe wall 76 is compressed between the roller tool 68 and the back-up roller 72. Use of the back-up roller 72 provides a reaction surface for the roller tool. The back-up roller also helps ensure that accurate groove shapes are achieved by facilitating material flow during roll grooving.
During cold working to form the groove 36 having the angularly oriented second side surface 60, it is found that significant friction is developed between the roller tool 68 and the pipe 14. The friction is caused by the contact between the angled surface 78 on the roller tool 68 that forms the angularly oriented second side surface 60 of groove 36. Because it is angled, points along angled surface 78 are at different distances from the axis of rotation 80 of roller tool 68. Due to their different distances from the axis 80, each of the points on the surface 78 will move relative to one another at a different linear speed for a particular angular velocity of the roller tool 68. The points farthest from the axis 80 move the fastest and the points closest to the axis move the slowest. Thus, there is a velocity differential along the angled surface 78 which causes the surface to slip relatively to the second side surface 60 of groove 36 as the roller tool 68 rotates relatively to the pipe 14 to form the groove. The relative slipping between the roller tool and the pipe causes the friction. Excessive heat caused by the friction can result in a break down of the roller tool bearing lubricants and make the roller tool too hot to handle when changing tools for a different size pipe. The roller tool must be allowed to cool before it can be changed, resulting in lost time.
To mitigate the generation of excessive heat, the roller tool 82, shown in
The roller tool 82 has a circumferential surface 94 with a cross sectional shape complementary to groove 84, the shape comprising a first perimetral surface 99 oriented substantially perpendicularly to the axis of rotation 80 of roller tool 82, a second perimetral surface 98 positioned in spaced relation to the first perimetral surface 96 and oriented substantially perpendicular to the axis 80, a radial surface 100 extending between the first and second perimetral surfaces and oriented substantially parallel to axis 80, and an angled surface 102 positioned adjacent to perimetral surface 100 and oriented angularly to the axis 80. The angled surface 102 is preferably oriented up to about 70° relatively to axis 80, and most preferably at about 50°. Surface 102 slopes away from the second perimetral surface, thereby making contact with the pipe when forming the groove 84.
Wedging action between the keys 30 and grooves in the pipes can be achieved for groove cross sectional shapes other than those described above. The main criterion for wedging action is that the width of the groove at the surface of the pipe be greater than the width of the groove at the floor of the groove.
Roller tools for creating grooves as described above are shown in
Similarly, roller tool 109, shown in
Additional roller embodiments 117 and 119, shown in
Roller tool 127, shown in
Roller tool 133, shown in
As shown in
While grooves adapted to achieve significant wedging action with the keys of a coupling have been described applied to pipe ends, such grooves may also be used in conjunction with pipe fittings as well. For example,
As further shown in
Pipes and pipe couplings according to the invention incorporate the advantages of a rigid connection with a reliable visual indicator for confirming that the coupling properly engages the pipes to effect a fluid tight joint. The couplings have tolerances allowing them to be economically produced and still yield a substantially rigid joint between pipes.
Claims
1. A pipe having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove comprising:
- a first side surface positioned proximate to the end of said pipe;
- a second side surface positioned in spaced apart relation to said first side surface and distally to the end of said pipe; and
- a floor surface extending between said first and second side surfaces, one of said first and second side surfaces being angularly oriented relatively to said floor surface, said angular orientation being greater than 90°.
2. A pipe according to claim 1, wherein said second surface has said angular orientation.
3. A pipe according to claim 1, wherein said floor surface is oriented angularly with respect to a surface of said pipe.
4. A pipe according to claim 1, wherein said second side surface is comprised of first and second surface portions, said first surface portion being positioned adjacent to said floor surface and being oriented substantially perpendicularly thereto, said second surface portion being oriented at said angular orientation greater than 90°.
5. A pipe according to claim 2, wherein said first side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularly to said floor surface.
6. A pipe having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove being formed in a surface of said pipe and defined by side portions positioned in spaced apart relation opposite to one another, and a floor connecting said side portions, said groove having a first width, measured at the surface of said pipe, and a second width, measured at said floor, said first width being greater than said second width.
7. A pipe according to claim 6, wherein one of said side portions has a convex cross-sectional shape.
8. A pipe according to claim 6, wherein one of said side portions has a concave cross-sectional shape.
9. A pipe according to claim 6, wherein said floor is curved.
10. A pipe according to claim 6, wherein one of said side portions comprises a first angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said pipe surface and a second angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said floor.
11. A pipe according to claim 10, wherein the slope of said first angularly oriented portion is greater than the slope of said second angularly oriented portion.
12. A pipe according to claim 10, wherein the slope of said first angularly oriented portion is less than the slope of said second angularly oriented portion.
13. A pipe according to claim 6, wherein one of said side portions comprises a first angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said pipe surface and a second portion positioned adjacent to said floor, said second portion having a concave cross-sectional shape.
14. A pipe having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove being formed in a surface of said pipe and defined by side portions positioned in spaced apart relation opposite to one another, said side portions being angularly oriented relatively to one another to define a substantially wedge-shaped cross-section.
15. A pipe according to claim 14, wherein one of said side portions is oriented substantially perpendicularly to said surface of said pipe.
16. A fitting having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove comprising:
- a first side surface positioned proximate to the end of said fitting;
- a second side surface positioned in spaced apart relation to said first side surface and distally to the end of said fitting; and
- a floor surface extending between said first and second side surfaces, one of said first and second side surfaces being angularly oriented relatively to said floor surface, said angular orientation being greater than 90°.
17. A fitting according to claim 16, wherein said second surface has said angular orientation.
18. A fitting according to claim 16, wherein said floor surface is oriented angularly with respect to a surface of said pipe.
19. A fitting according to claim 16, wherein said second side surface is comprised of first and second surface portions, said first surface portion being positioned adjacent to said floor surface and being oriented substantially perpendicularly thereto, said second surface portion being oriented at said angular orientation greater than 90°.
20. A fitting according to claim 18, wherein said first side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularly to said floor surface.
21. A fitting according to claim 16, wherein said fitting is selected from the group consisting of elbow fittings, flanged fittings, tee fittings, reducing fittings and valve fittings.
22. A fitting having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove being formed in a surface of said fitting and defined by side portions positioned in spaced apart relation opposite to one another, and a floor connecting said side portions, said groove having a first width, measured at the surface of said fitting, and a second width, measured at said floor, said first width being greater than said second width.
23. A fitting according to claim 22, wherein one of said side portions has a convex cross-sectional shape.
24. A fitting according to claim 22, wherein one of said side portions has a concave cross-sectional shape.
25. A fitting according to claim 22, wherein one of said side portions comprises a first angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said fitting surface and a second angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said floor.
26. A fitting according to claim 25, wherein the slope of said first angularly oriented portion is greater than the slope of said second angularly oriented portion.
27. A fitting according to claim 25, wherein the slope of said first angularly oriented portion is less than the slope of said second angularly oriented portion.
28. A fitting according to claim 22, wherein one of said side portions comprises a first angularly oriented portion positioned adjacent to said fitting surface and a second portion positioned adjacent to said floor, said second portion having a concave cross-sectional shape.
29. A fitting according to claim 22, wherein said fitting is selected from the group consisting of elbow fittings, flanged fittings, tee fittings, reducing fittings and valve fittings.
30. A fitting having a circumferential groove proximate to one end thereof, said groove being formed in a surface of said fitting and defined by side portions positioned in spaced apart relation opposite to one another, said side portions being angularly oriented relatively to one another to define a substantially wedge-shaped cross-section.
31. A fitting according to claim 30, wherein one of said side portions is oriented substantially perpendicularly to said surface of said pipe.
Type: Application
Filed: Mar 28, 2005
Publication Date: Sep 29, 2005
Applicant: Victaulic Company of America (Easton, PA)
Inventor: Douglas Dole (Whitehouse Station, NJ)
Application Number: 11/091,147