Microwave-assisted steam sterilization of dental and surgical instruments
A surgical and dental instrument sterilizer is described. Liquid water is rapidly vaporized by microwave heating and steam is generated to attain a steam pressure of approximately 47 psi and a temperature of approximately 135° C. in the region of the articles to be sterilized. Micron-size water-droplets are intermittently sprayed onto the articles which are arranged on a tray, from both the top and from underneath thereof so as to thoroughly wet the surfaces. A 30-90 s duration of droplet spray is followed by pulsed microwave irradiation of the top and underneath surfaces for a similar period, as an example; this is followed by a plurality of spray/microwave cycles. Sterilizing conditions in the sterilizer chamber are maintained in the presence of the water spray/microwave flashing cycles since introducing small aliquots of water will not affect the desired sterilizing condition provided by superheated steam augmented by microwave radiation necessary to kill microbes including spores; however arcing from metal instruments when subjected to microwave radiation is substantially reduced.
The present patent application is a continuation application of patent application Ser. No. 10/675,876 for “Microwave-Assisted Steam Sterilization of Dental and Surgical Instruments,” by Ravi Varma which was filed Sep. 29, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part application of patent application Ser. No. 10/071,340 for “Microwave Assisted Steam Sterilization Of Dental and Surgical Instruments,” by Ravi Varma and Worth E. Vaughan which was filed on Feb. 8, 2002, the entire disclosure of which patent applications are hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein for all that they disclose and teach.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates generally to sterilization of instruments and, more particularly, to the combined application of microwave and thermal energy in the presence of steam and liquid water to the sterilization of dental and surgical instruments and other objects.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONSeveral instrument sterilization procedures are presently in use. Autoclaving is most commonly employed, but slowly dulls sharp metal instruments. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,814 for “Automatic Sterilizer” which was issued to Bobby B. Childress on Sep. 12, 1989 a microprocessor-controlled heater which generates steam inside of a sealed chamber is described. The pressure level rather than the temperature is used to control the heater. Air is caused to be displaced from the sterilization chamber by the generation of the steam; however, this process does not remove all of the air. The presence of air interferes with production and maintenance of steam at the optimally desired temperature and pressure in the chamber and causes corrosion. Instances of failed sterilization using steam sterilizers are common. Such instances may be triggered by admixture of steam by trace air.
In “A Report Of An Outbreak Of Postoperative Endophthalmitis” by W. Swaddiwudhipong et al., J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 83, 902 (2000) defects in surgical sterilization including possible inadequacy in the autoclave sterilization of surgical instruments is reported. In “The Use Of Autoclaves In The Dental Surgery” by N. W. Savage and L. J. Walsh, Australian Dental Journal 40, 197 (1995), the authors state that although autoclaving is the absolute method of achieving instrument sterilization in any health-care setting, its effectiveness relies on an effective pre-sterilization routine for instrument handling and the subsequent correct loading and operating of the autoclaves. Similar findings are reported in “Autoclave Performance And Practitioner Knowledge Of Autoclave Use: A Survey Of Selected UK Practices” by F. J. T. Burke et al., Quintessence International 29, 231 (1998). In “Disinfection And Sterilization Practices In Mexico” by M. Zaidi et al., J. Hospital Infection 31, 25 (1995), the authors report the use of too short an exposure time in steam sterilizers or dry heat sterilizers as contributing to ineffective sterilization of surgical instruments.
Heat sterilization at approximately 160° C. is also used. However, this method requires heat generators capable of rapid heating which are not commonly available, and rubber and plastic parts may be damaged. Chemical sterilization techniques have the disadvantage that hazardous materials such as ethylene oxide or alkaline glutaraldehyde must be handled and disposed of in a hospital or dental clinic environment. Moreover, sterilization times are lengthy.
Sterilization of medical and dental instruments by directly and indirectly using microwaves is known. In both U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,359 for “Method And Apparatus For Rapid Sterilization Of Material” which was issued to Barry S. Kutner et al. on May 28, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,039,495 for “Apparatus For Sterilizing Articles Such As Dental Handpieces” which was issued to Barry S. Kutner et al. on Aug. 13, 1991, a liquid sterilant solution and the material to be sterilized are placed in a sealable, vapor-impermeable collapsible pouch. Microwave energy vaporizes the sterilant solution and the instruments are exposed either to the vaporized sterilant alone or to both microwave radiation and the vaporized sterilant. The vaporized sterilant prevents arcing and assists in sterilizing the instruments when used in conjunction with the microwaves. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,941 for “Microwave Powered Steam Pressure Generator” which issued to Bernard A. McNulty on May 23, 1995, an apparatus which produces high temperature and pressure steam derived from microwave energy is described. Microwave energy is coupled into a guiding structure such that essentially all of the energy is transferred to a reaction fluid contained in a holder located at the end of the guiding structure. The reaction fluid is rapidly vaporized and the resulting vapors expand into a high-pressure chamber through a metal screen that also prevents transmission of microwave energy. No mention is made of whether the resulting temperature and pressure permit steam sterilization to occur, whether the sterilization chamber is free of air during the sterilization cycle, or whether arcing of the metal parts is avoided.
In “Nonthermal Killing Effect Of Microwave Irradiation” by Seigo Sato et al., Biotech. Techniques 10, 145 (1996), the elucidation of the lethal effects of microwave radiation at constant temperatures is described. It was found that the death rates for E. coil exposed to microwave irradiation were higher than those obtained in conventional heat sterilization at the same temperatures. In “Heat Transfer Analysis Of Staphylococcus aureus On Stainless Steel With Microwave Radiation” by C. B. A. Yeo et al., J. Appl. Microbiol. 87, 396 (1999), the authors show that the microwave killing pattern of Staph. aureus is principally due to heat transfer from the stainless steel substrate which absorbs microwave energy in the surface regions, and that little direct energy is absorbed by the microbes from the incident microwave radiation. Complete bacterial inactivation was achieved at 61.4° C. with an irradiation time of 110 s.
Metallic instruments are problematic in microwave-assisted sterilization processes because such instruments reflect microwave energy and, when placed in microwave field, will arc. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,499 for “Method Of Microwave Sterilizing A Metallic Surgical Instrument While Preventing Arcing” which was issued to Jeffery S. Held and Robert F. Schiffmann on Feb. 4, 1997, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,612 for “Container For Microwave Treatment Of Surgical Instrument With Arcing Prevention” which was issued to Jeffery S. Held and Robert F. Schiffmann on Mar. 4, 1997, a container for preventing arcing of a metal object placed therein and subjected to microwave radiation is described. To reduce arcing between metal surgical instruments, the container includes a tray upon which the instruments are located a suitable distance apart. Moreover, the container has at least one surface for absorbing microwave energy which impinges on the exterior surfaces of the container for converting the absorbed microwave radiation into heat that sterilizes the instruments. Iron oxide (that is, Fe2O3) materials are employed for this purpose, and prevent substantially all of the microwave radiation impinging on the exterior surface of the container from entering the volume of space therein.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,956 for “Microwave/Steam Sterilizer” which issued to Calice G. Courneya on Aug. 29, 1989 a microwave/steam sterilizer is disclosed. The authors state that the sterilizer hydrates potential pathogens, including spores, and subjects them to relatively uniform electromagnetic energy without arcing and without self-destruction of the microwave source from reflected microwave energy. According to Courneya et al. microwave energy is used to vaporize water forming steam which is rapidly absorbed by dry spores making them vulnerable to killing by direct microwave energy. The water vapor also keeps electrical charges sufficiently low that arcing and sparking are overcome. The sterilizer provides an adequate availability of water, as steam, to allow the dry spores to hydrate without flooding with excess water which acts as a coolant and prevents the formation of super-heated steam internally within the spores. Expected sterilizer temperatures are in the region of 98.9° C. Excess steam is preferentially attracted to the coolest area in the chamber, namely, the chamber walls. Thus, liquid water is not present on the instruments being sterilized. Additionally, 98.9° C. and steam at near atmospheric pressure are inadequate for sterilization of instruments based on experience with autoclaves.
In “A Microwave Based Device For Sterilisation/Disinfection Of Surgical And Dental Equipment” by Peter Nielsen et al., PCT/DK00/00146 having an International Publication Date of 5 Oct. 2000, the inventors describe two embodiments of a microwave-based sterilizer. In one embodiment, tools are placed on trays and irradiated using microwave radiation. In the second embodiment, tools are placed in a sealed chamber which is placed in a volume into which microwaves are introduced. A steam condenser in fluid communication with the chamber is located outside of the volume and permits steam generated from a water reservoir within the chamber to be removed from the chamber, condensed and returned to the reservoir to enable the generation of additional steam. A desired pressure of 3 atm at 130° C. is taught.
In “Influence Of Moisture On Microwave Arcing” by Elias J. Abou-Kasam et al., International Symposium on Microwave Technology In Industrial Development, Brazil, 22-25 Jul. 1985, ANAIS Proceedings, pages 393-396, 13100-Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, the authors state that moist air reduces the electric field around metallic objects; the higher the humidity, the higher the threshold microwave power for arcing. The effect on the electric field of a liquid water layer on the metal objects is not discussed.
As will be discussed hereinbelow, if a film of water (dielectric constant, εwater, ≈46 at 135° C. and 47 psi at 2.45 GHz) is present on the metallic object, for the same incident microwave power the electric field experienced by the object will be significantly reduced when compared with the electric field expected for the same object disposed in an environment of superheated steam (εsteam≈1.01) at the same temperature, pressure and microwave frequency (see, e.g., F. Buckley and A. A. Maryott in NBS Circular 589 (1958)). From page 41 of Dielectrics and Waves by A. von Hippel, Wiley, N.Y. (1954), the microwave power equation is given by P∝εE2, where ε is the dielectric constant of the medium in which microwave power, P, is incident and E is the electric field therein. From this equation one may observe that for the same applied microwave power, E2steam/E2water=εwater/εsteam≈46/1.01, where Esteam is electric field experienced by a metal object in the presence of steam and Ewater is the electric field experienced by that same object when coated with water, from which Esteam/Ewater≈7. Thus, the electric field experienced by a water coated object is seven times smaller than that experienced by the same object in the presence of steam, and the likelihood of arcing is correspondingly reduced.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for effectively sterilizing surgical and dental instruments using a combination of microwave radiation and thermal energy in the presence of both steam and liquid water without arcing.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for effectively sterilizing surgical and dental instruments using a combination of microwave radiation and thermal energy in the presence of both steam and liquid water without arcing, where air is substantially removed from the vicinity of the instruments before the sterilization process.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONTo achieve the foregoing and other objects, and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the sterilization apparatus hereof includes: a sealed first chamber capable of withstanding internal pressure and vacuum and having a sealable opening for introducing and removing articles to be sterilized; at least one tray disposed within the first chamber for holding items to be sterilized; a first microwave radiation generator; a first waveguide for directing microwave radiation generated by the first microwave radiation generator onto the articles to be sterilized; a sprayer for directing droplets of water onto the articles to be sterilized; means for generating steam at greater than one atmosphere of pressure and for introducing the steam into the first chamber; a pump for evacuating the first chamber before the steam is introduced thereto and for removing the steam after the sterilization process is completed; and means for detecting arcing in the first chamber and for shutting down the first microwave radiation generator in response thereto.
Preferably, means are provided for venting steam from the chamber after the sterilization process or in the event of a power failure, and passing the steam through a filter capable of removing pathogens.
Benefits and advantages of the present invention include rapid and complete sterilization of surgical and dental tools and other appliances without arcing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Briefly, the present invention includes a one or two cylindrical chamber surgical and dental instrument sterilizer. After evacuation of the sealed chamber to remove substantially all of the air therein, liquid water is rapidly vaporized by microwave heating with steam being generated at ≧47 psi and a temperature of ≧135° C. in the vicinity of the instruments to be sterilized. Micron-size, water-droplets are intermittently sprayed onto the instruments, which are arranged on a tray, from both the top and from underneath so as to thoroughly wet the instrument surfaces. A 30-90 s duration of droplet spray is followed by pulsed microwave irradiation of the top and underneath surfaces of the instruments for a similar duration, as an example; the sterilization process includes a plurality of such spray/microwave cycles. Sterilizing conditions in the sterilizer are maintained in the presence of the water spray/microwave flashing cycles since introducing small aliquots of water will not affect the desired sterilizing condition provided by superheated steam augmented by microwave radiation necessary to kill microbes including spores; however, arcing from the surfaces of the surgical and dental instruments that are exposed to microwave radiation during the sterilization cycle is significantly reduced or entirely eliminated by the presence of liquid water.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the inventions, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the Figures, similar structure will be identified using identical callouts. Turning now to
After the sterilization process is complete, dry nitrogen gas is caused to flow over the items to be sterilized 26 through jets, 50a and 50b, by gas control valve, 52, and is vented to the outside through escape valve, 54. This serves the dual function of rapidly cooling the items to be sterilized and driving the steam out of vessel 10. Vessel 10 can also be evacuated through valve, 56, using vacuum pump, 58. This permits the removal of substantially all of the air in vessel 10 before the sterilization process is begun and allows the sterilization conditions of a steam pressure of ≧47 psi at a temperature ≧135° C. to be achieved.
The pulsed irradiation of the items to be sterilized is achieved using a motor driven vane described in
Turning now to
A typical operating cycle of the sterilization chamber of the present invention is as follows:
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- (a) The articles to be sterilized are first loaded onto the trays which are then placed in the sterilization chamber, the chamber is sealed by closing the lid and the interior of the chamber which contains air at ambient pressure is evacuated;
- (b) After evacuation, the water is introduced into the water tray in the chamber and the magnetron or magnetrons and auxiliary heaters are activated;
- (c) The system temperature and pressure are monitored until the saturated steam reaches a temperature and pressure close to 135° C. and 47 psi, respectively, which is expected to take approximately 15 min.;
- (d) The articles to be sterilized are sprayed with liquid water at a chosen duty cycle, for example, between 30 s and 90 s, and then irradiated using pulsed microwave radiation for a similar period during the time when the spray process is not taking place, the subsequent spray and irradiation steps forming one cycle;
- (e) After a chosen number of spray/irradiation cycles, the steam is either pumped out or displaced by nitrogren gas and nitrogen gas or dry air is flowed over the instruments at ambient pressure until the instruments reach a temperature of about 40° C.
It is expected that the sterilization process should take approximately 20 min.
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, the chamber may have other than cylindrical shape so long as it can withstand temperatures in excess of 135° C. and pressures in excess of 47 psi. Moreover the SiC tray can be replaced by any microwave-absorbing high-temperature material; for example, ferrous-ferric oxide, Fe3O4. In addition to metallic items, the articles to be sterilized may also include ceramic or plastic materials that can tolerate the sterilization conditions set forth hereinabove.
The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
Claims
1. A sterilization apparatus comprising in combination:
- (a) a sealed first chamber capable of withstanding internal pressure and vacuum and having a sealable opening for introducing and removing articles to be sterilized;
- (b) at least one tray disposed within said first chamber for holding items to be sterilized;
- (c) a first microwave radiation generator;
- (d) a first waveguide for directing microwave radiation generated by said first microwave radiation generator onto the articles to be sterilized;
- (e) a sprayer for directing droplets of water onto the articles to be sterilized;
- (f) means for generating steam at greater than one atmosphere of pressure and for introducing the steam into said first chamber;
- (g) a pump for evacuating said first chamber before the steam is introduced thereto and for removing the steam after the sterilization process is completed; and
- (h) means for detecting arcing in said first chamber and for shutting down said first microwave radiation generator in response thereto.
2. The sterilization apparatus as described in claim 1, further comprising a filter capable of removing pathogens, and means for venting said sealed chamber through said filter.
3. The sterilization apparatus as described in claim 2, wherein said filter comprises a HEPA filter.
Type: Application
Filed: May 26, 2005
Publication Date: Oct 13, 2005
Inventor: Ravi Varma (Louisville, CO)
Application Number: 11/139,457