Antisense oligomers and methods for inducing immune tolerance and immunosuppression
A method and composition for inducing human dendritic cells to a condition of reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10 is disclosed. A population of dendritic cells is exposed to a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form a duplex structure between said compound and transcript having a Tm of at least 45° C. Formation of the duplex blocks expression of full-length CD86 in said cells, which in turn leads to reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60,538,655, filed Jan. 23, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to compounds and methods of inducing immunological tolerance using a peptide-antisense conjugate to selectively limit costimulation of naïve T-cells by mature dendritic cells and formation of a cytokine microenvironment that augments tolerized T-cells.
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Transplantation of allogeneic donor cells, tissues or organs (transplantation between genetically different individuals of the same species) is used to treat a variety of conditions (typically tissue, or organ-failure conditions) and is often the sole or highly preferred therapeutic option. The list of successfully transplanted cells, tissues and organs includes kidney, heart, lung, liver, corneas, pancreas, marrow, skin, and bones. However, allogeneic transplantation involves significant risks and drawbacks, including graft rejection, complications from immunosuppressive therapy and graft-versus host disease which are frequently highly debilitating or lethal.
Rejection of allografts is presently understood to be initiated by the recognition of allogeneic (i.e. donor) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by recipient T-lymphocytes, leading to upregulated cellular and humoral immunity through activation of T cells. The MHC antigens are typically presented to the recipient T-lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Although immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine may be used in an attempt to modulate rejection, these immunosuppressive agents have severe side effects and often fail to prevent continued rejection episodes.
Dendritric cells (DCs) are a family of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are present in virtually all tissues of the body. The ability of dendritic cells to capture foreign antigens, migrate to lymphoid tissues and redistribute antigen-MHC to the cell surface along with appropriate costimulatory signals are well known T-cell priming functions for these APCs. In addition to these immunostimulatory properties, dendritic cells are also known to play a role in down-regulating immune responses. Certain subpopulations of dendritic cells, acting as professional APCs, also maintain and regulate T-cell tolerance in the periphery. There is thus a need for therapeutic methods and compositions capable of inducing immunological tolerance with lower toxicity and improved efficacy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention includes, in one aspect, a method of inducing human dendritic cells to a condition of reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10. The method includes exposing a population of human dendritic cells to a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD-86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form, between the compound and transcript, a heteroduplex structure having a Tm of at least 45° C. The heteroduplex formation blocks expression of full-length CD86 in the cells, which in turn, produces inhibition of the expression of full-length CD86 on the surface of dendritic cells, and produces enhanced expression of extracellular IL-10 by mature dendritic cells.
In a preferred embodiment, the antisense compound to which the dendritic cells are exposed is composed of phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit. In an exemplary compound, the morpholino subunits in the compound are joined by phosphorodiamidate linkages, in accordance with the structure:
where Y1═O, Z═O, Pj is a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide, and X is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, amino or alkyl amino, and the heteroduplex structure formed has a Tm of at least 50° C. For example, X=NR2, where each R is independently hydrogen or methyl in the compound to which the dendritic cells are exposed.
The compound may be covalently linked, at one compound end, to an arginine-rich peptide effective to enhance uptake of the compound into the dendritic cells. Exemplary arginine-rich peptides are those having the sequences SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 2. Where the dendritic cells include a mixture of immature and mature dendritic cells, the arginine-rich peptide may be an rTAT peptide having the sequence identified by SEQ ID NO: 1. This peptide is effective to achieve a greater level of intracellular uptake of the antisense compound into the mature dendritic cells than is achieved (i) in the immature dendritic cells, or (ii) by exposing the mature dendritic cells to the antisense compound in the absence of the rTAT polypeptide.
More generally, the rTAT peptide may be coupled to any antisense or other therapeutic compound to achieve selective uptake of the compound into mature dendritic cells, relative to uptake in immature cells.
Where the antisense compound is effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive target region adjacent the start site of the processed human CD86 transcript, the compound may have a base sequence that is complementary to a target region containing at least 12 contiguous bases in a processed human CD86 transcript identified by SEQ ID NO:9, where the compound is effective to block translation of the processed transcript. The antisense compound may have, for example, one of the base sequence identified by SEQ ID NOS:21-23 and 32.
Where the antisense compound is effective to hybridize to a splice site of preprocessed human CD86, the compound may have a base sequence that is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of a splice site in a preprocessed human CD86 transcript, where the compound is effective to block processing of a preprocessed CD86 transcript to produce a full-length, processed CD 86 transcript. The splice site in the preprocessed CD86 transcript may have one of the sequences identified by SEQ ID NOS:10-14. The antisense compound may have, for example, one of the base sequences identified by SEQ ID NOS:24-28.
For use in inhibiting transplantation rejection in a human subject receiving an allograft tissue or organ, the compound is administered to the subject in an amount effective to inhibit the rate and extent of rejection of the transplant. The compound may be administered both prior to and following the allograft tissue or organ transplantation in the subject, and compound administration may be carried out for a selected period of 1-3 weeks. The compound may be further administered to the subject, as needed, to control the extent of transplantation rejection in the subject.
For use in treating an autoimmune condition in a human subject, the compound may be administered to the subject, in an amount effective to reduce the severity of the autoimmune condition. The compound may be administered over an extended period of time, as needed, to control the severity of the autoimmune condition in the subject.
In another aspect, the invention provides a composition for use in inducing dendritic cells to a condition of reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10. The compound comprises a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD-86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form a heteroduplex structure between said compound and transcript having a Tm of at least 45° C. Exemplary features of the compound are as described above.
These and other objects and features of the invention will become more fully apparent when the following detailed description of the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIGS. 2A-D show the repeating subunit segment of exemplary morpholino oligonucleotides, designated A through D, constructed using subunits A-D, respectively, of
I. Definitions
The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise.
The terms “CD80” and “CD86” refer to the costimulatory protein molecules that are expressed on the surface of mature, antigen presenting dendritic cells. T cell activation is dependent upon signals delivered through the antigen-specific T cell receptor and accessory costimulatory receptors on the T cell. The CD28 costimulatory receptor is constitutively expressed on T cells. Engagement of CD28 on naïve T cells by either CD80 or CD86 ligands on antigen presenting cells (e.g. mature dendritic cells) provides a potent costimulatory signal to T cells activated through their T cell receptor. The CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules are also known as B7-1 and B7-2, respectively. The term “B7 molecules” refer collectively to the CD80 and CD86 molecules.
The term “antigen-activated T cells” refers to T cells that become activated after the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and a co-stimulatory receptor (e.g. CD28 on naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells) are engaged to the extent that a signal transduction cascade is initiated. Antigen is bound by the TCR in the form of a foreign peptide in the context of a self MHC molecule, either Class I or Class II, in the case of CD4 and CD8 T cells respectively, conferring the antigen specificity of the T cell. Upon activation, T cells will proliferate and then secrete cytokines or carry out cytolysis on cells expressing the foreign peptide with self MHC. Cytokines are growth factors for other T cells or signals for B cells to produce antibody.
The term “antigen-activated B cells” refer to either of two different types of B cell activation, T cell dependent and T cell independent. T cell independent antigens contain repetitive identical epitopes and are capable of clustering membrane bound antibody on the surface of the B cell which can result in delivering activation signals. T cell dependent activation is in response to protein antigens where the B cell acts as a professional antigen presenting cell. Surface antibody bound to antigen is internalized by the B cell, the antigen processed and presented as peptides on the B cell surface bound to MHC II molecules. Responding T cells recognize the peptide as foreign in the context of self MHC and respond by secreting cytokines and expression of CD40L. Together these provide a co-stimulatory signal to the B cell. In either case of B cell activation the cell will proliferate and differentiate into plasma B cells capable of secreting antibodies against the antigen.
The terms “activated dendritic cells” and “mature dendritic cells” (DCs) refer to professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of expressing both MHC class I and II and co-stimulatory molecules including CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). Two different DC phenotypes are exhibited depending on maturation state and location in the body. Immature DCs reside in all tissues and organs as active phagocytic cells. Mature DCs traffic to secondary lymphoid organs (e.g. lymph node and spleen) and present peptides derived from processed protein antigens to T cells in the context of MHC molecules. Mature DCs also provide the necessary co-stimulatory signals to T cells by expressing the appropriate surface ligand (e.g. CD80 and CD86 on DCs bind to CD28 on T cells).
The terms “antisense oligonucleotides,” “antisense oligomer,” and “antisense compound” are used interchangeably and refer to a compound having a sequence of nucleotide bases and a subunit-to-subunit backbone that allows the antisense oligomer to hybridize to a target sequence in an RNA by Watson-Crick base pairing, to form an RNA:oligomer heterduplex within the target sequence. The antisense oligonucleotide includes a sequence of purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic bases, supported by a backbone, which are effective to hydrogen-bond to corresponding, contiguous bases in a target nucleic acid sequence. The backbone is composed of subunit backbone moieties supporting the purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic bases at positions that allow such hydrogen bonding. These backbone moieties are cyclic moieties of 5 to 7 atoms in length, linked together by phosphorous-containing linkages one to three atoms long.
A “morpholino” oligonucleotide refers to a polymeric molecule having a backbone which supports bases capable of hydrogen bonding to typical polynucleotides, wherein the polymer lacks a pentose sugar backbone moiety, and more specifically a ribose backbone linked by phosphodiester bonds which is typical of nucleotides and nucleosides, but instead contains a ring nitrogen with coupling through the ring nitrogen. A preferred “morpholino” oligonucleotide is composed of morpholino subunit structures of the form shown in
As used herein, an oligonucleotide or antisense oligomer “specifically hybridizes” to a target polynucleotide if the oligomer hybridizes to the target under physiological conditions, with a thermal melting point (Tm) substantially greater than 37° C., preferably at least 45° C., and typically 50° C.-80° C. or higher. Such hybridization preferably corresponds to stringent hybridization conditions, selected to be about 10° C., and preferably about 50° C. lower than the Tm for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. At a given ionic strength and pH, the Tm is the temperature at which 50% of a target sequence hybridizes to a complementary polynucleotide.
Polynucleotides are described as “complementary” to one another when hybridization occurs in an antiparallel configuration between two single-stranded polynucleotides. A double-stranded polynucleotide can be “complementary” to another polynucleotide, if hybridization can occur between one of the strands of the first polynucleotide and the second. Complementarity (the degree that one polynucleotide is complementary with another) is quantifiable in terms of the proportion of bases in opposing strands that are expected to form hydrogen bonds with each other, according to generally accepted base-pairing rules. An antisense compound may be complementary to a target region of a target transcript even if the two bases sequences are not 100% complementary, as long as the heteroduplex structure formed between the compound and transcript has the desired Tm stability.
As used herein the term “analog” with reference to an oligomer means a substance possessing both structural and chemical properties similar to those of the reference oligomer.
As used herein, a first sequence is an “antisense sequence” or “targeting sequence” with respect to a second sequence or “target sequence” if a polynucleotide whose sequence is the first sequence specifically binds to, or specifically hybridizes with, the second polynucleotide sequence under physiological conditions.
As used herein, “effective amount” relative to an antisense oligomer refers to the amount of antisense oligomer administered to a subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, that is effective to inhibit expression of a selected target nucleic acid sequence.
As used herein, an “expression-sensitive region” of a processed or preprocessed mRNA transcript refers to either (i) a region including or adjacent the AUG start site of a processed transcript, where formation of an antisense-transcript heteroduplex is effective to inhibit translation of the transcript or (ii) a region including or adjacent a donor or acceptor splice site junction in a preprocessed transcript, where formation of an antisense-transcript heteroduplex is effective to inhibit formation of a full-length processed transcript, either because one or more exons that would normally be included in the transcript have been deleted or because the transcript has been truncated at the target splice site.
“Dendritic cells” are specialized antigen presenting cells (APCS) with potent capacity to initiate and direct the antigen-specific responses of naïve T cells. This heterogeneous population of cells reside in blood and all tissues as two phenotypically and functionally distinct forms. “Immature DCs” are highly phagocytic, proficient for antigen processing and characterized by low-level expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and T cell costimulatory ligands of the B7 family, CD80 and CD86. Maturation can be triggered by various stimuli derived from either host or pathogen. In response to such stimuli, “mature DCs” cease phagocytic activity and significantly increase surface expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86. Consequently mature DCs are capable of providing sufficient ligand to trigger T cell activation through the T cell and costimulatory receptors.
Abbreviations:
-
- PMO=phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- AICD=activation induced cell death
- MHC=major histocompatibility
- TCR=T cell receptor
- DC=dendritic cell
- APC=antigen presenting cell
II. The Role of Antigen Presenting Cells in Transplantation and Autoimmune Disorders
There is evidence from the two signal model for T cell activation that costimulation by the engagement of dendritic-cell CD86 molecules with CD28 on T cells is necessary for the complete induction of T cell responses. The process of antigen presentation whereby MHC plus peptide antigen are presented by the dendritic cell to the T cell receptor (TCR) is termed “signal 1”. In circumstances where there is either insufficient or an absence of costimulation (termed “signal 2”) during the process of antigen presentation, antigen specific tolerance can occur.
Tolerance produced by a loss in signal 2 can be a result of clonal deletion (T cell death in the population of cells recognizing signal 1), anergy (non-responsiveness in the antigen-specific population on subsequent encounters) or through the generation of a regulatory population of antigen-specific T cells. Regulatory T cells can be induced through the presentation of antigen by immature dendritic cells which express reduced levels of CD86 compared to mature dendritic cells. Regulatory T cells provide a form of functional tolerance whereby they produce inhibitory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta) when encountering antigen and thus inhibit the organism from responding to the antigen (i.e., immuno-suppression). It has been shown that the process of generating T regulatory cells can be further facilitated by providing a third signal (“signal 3”) that is the type of cytokines produced by the antigen presenting cell while providing signal 1 and 2.
IL-10, previously termed “cytokine synthesis inhibiting factor” due to its ability to inhibit cytokine production of most immune cell types, can provide a signal 3 to T cells. During the early stages of T cell activation, upon responding to antigen, the cytokines produced by the dendritic cell presenting antigen will promote the resulting phenotype of the responding T cell. IL-12 and IL-4 produced by dendritic cells promote T cell responses of the Th1 and Th2 phenotypes, respectively. The T cell types in turn direct the production of cytotoxic T cells or antibodies, respectively, which are effector cells and molecules capable of rejecting transplants or producing autoimmune disease. Th3 T cells exhibit a regulatory phenotype that directly inhibits the development of any future T cell responses from becoming either a Th1 or Th2 cell capable of responding to the antigen recognized by the Th3 cell or the newly responding T cells. Dendritic cells producing IL-10 can thus induce a tolergenic response by diverting the development of T cell responses from Th1 and Th2 to a Th3 T cell type.
The present invention provides a means to precisely and specifically alter the manner in which dendritic cells elicit antigen-specific immune responses from T cells. In particular a diminution in the level of CD86 protein is achieved by antisense inhibition targeted to dendritic cells. Experiments conducted in support of the invention demonstrated that maturing DCs produce increased amounts of IL-10 as a result of diminished CD86 expression. Moreover, it was determined that the cytoplasmic region encoded by exon 10 is functionally linked to the regulation of this cytokine.
III. Antisense Compound for Targeting Activated Immune Cells
A. Antisense Compound
Antisense oligomers for use in practicing the invention preferably have the properties: (1) a backbone that is substantially uncharged, (2) the ability to hybridize with the complementary sequence of a target RNA with high affinity, that is a Tm substantially greater than 37° C., preferably at least 45° C., and typically greater than 50° C., e.g., 60° C.-80° C. or higher, (3) a subunit length of at least 8 bases, generally about 8-40 bases, preferably 12-25 bases, and (4) nuclease resistance. In addition, the antisense compound may have the capability for active or facilitated transport as evidenced by (i) competitive binding with a phosphorothioate antisense oligomer, and/or (ii) the ability to transport a detectable reporter into target cells.
Candidate antisense oligomers may be evaluated, according to well known methods, for acute and chronic cellular toxicity, such as the effect on protein and DNA synthesis as measured via incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-thymidine, respectively. In addition, various control oligonucleotides, e.g., control oligonucleotides such as sense, nonsense or scrambled antisense sequences, or sequences containing mismatched bases, in order to confirm the specificity of binding of candidate antisense oligomers. The outcome of such tests is important in discerning specific effects of antisense inhibition of gene expression from indiscriminate suppression. Accordingly, sequences may be modified as needed to limit non-specific binding of antisense oligomers to non-target nucleic acid sequences.
Heteroduplex formation. The effectiveness of a given antisense oligomer molecule in forming a heteroduplex with the target mRNA may be determined by screening methods known in the art. For example, the oligomer is incubated in a cell culture containing an mRNA preferentially expressed in activated lymphocytes, and the effect on the target mRNA is evaluated by monitoring the presence or absence of (1) heteroduplex formation with the target sequence and non-target sequences using procedures known to those of skill in the art, (2) the amount of the target mRNA expressed by activated lymphocytes, as determined by standard techniques such as RT-PCR or Northern blot, (3) the amount of protein transcribed from the target mRNA, as determined by standard techniques such as ELISA or Western blotting. (See, for example, (Pari, Field et al. 1995; Anderson, Fox et al. 1996). For the purposes of the invention, a preferred test for the effectiveness of the CD86 antisense oligomer is by measuring the induction of IL-10 expression and loss of CD86 expression in mature dendritic cells treated with a CD86 PMO antisense compound.
Uptake into cells. A second test measures cell transport, by examining the ability of the test compound to transport a labeled reporter, e.g., a fluorescence reporter, into cells. The cells are incubated in the presence of labeled test compound, added at a final concentration between about 10-300 nM. After incubation for 30-120 minutes, the cells are examined, e.g., by microscopy or FACS analysis, for intracellular label. The presence of significant intracellular label is evidence that the test compound is transported by facilitated or active transport.
In one embodiment of the invention, uptake into cells is enhanced by administering the antisense compound in combination with an arginine-rich peptide linked to the 5′ or 3′ end of the antisense oligomer. The peptide is typically 8-16 amino acids and consists of a mixture of arginine, and other amino acids including phenylalanine and cysteine, as discussed further below.
RNAse resistance. Two general mechanisms have been proposed to account for inhibition of expression by antisense oligonucleotides (Agrawal, Mayrand et al. 1990; Bonham, Brown et al. 1995; Boudvillain, Guerin et al. 1997). In the first, a heteroduplex formed between the oligonucleotide and the viral RNA acts as a substrate for RNaseH, leading to cleavage of the RNA. Oligonucleotides belonging, or proposed to belong, to this class include phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, and phosphodiesters (unmodified “natural” oligonucleotides). Such compounds expose the RNA in an oligomer:RNA duplex structure to hydrolysis by RNaseH, and therefore loss of function.
A second class of oligonucleotide analogs, termed “steric blockers” or, alternatively, “RNaseH inactive” or “RNaseH resistant”, have not been observed to act as a substrate for RNaseH, and act by sterically blocking target RNA nucleocytoplasmic transport, splicing, translation, or replication. This class includes methylphosphonates (Toulme, Tinevez et al. 1996), morpholino oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA's), certain 2′-O-allyl or 2′-O-alkyl modified oligonucleotides (Bonham, Brown et al. 1995), and N3′→P5′ phosphoramidates (Ding, Grayaznov et al. 1996; Gee, Robbins et al. 1998).
A test oligomer can be assayed for its RNaseH resistance by forming an RNA:oligomer duplex with the test compound, then incubating the duplex with RNaseH under a standard assay conditions, as described (Stein, Foster et al. 1997). After exposure to RNaseH, the presence or absence of intact duplex can be monitored by gel electrophoresis or mass spectrometry.
In vivo uptake. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a simple, rapid test for confirming that a given antisense oligomer type provides the required characteristics noted above, namely, high Tm, ability to be actively taken up by the host cells, and substantial resistance to RNaseH. This method is based on the discovery that a properly designed antisense compound will form a stable heteroduplex with the complementary portion of the RNA target when administered to a mammalian subject, and the heteroduplex subsequently appears in the urine (or other body fluid). Details of this method are also given in co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,351 for “Non-Invasive Method for Detecting Target RNA,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Briefly, a test oligomer containing a backbone to be evaluated, having a base sequence targeted against a known RNA, is injected into a mammalian subject. The antisense oligomer may be directed against any intracellular RNA, including RNA encoded by a host gene. Several hours (typically 8-72) after administration, the urine is assayed for the presence of the antisense-RNA heteroduplex. If heteroduplex is detected, the backbone is suitable for use in the antisense oligomers of the present invention.
The test oligomer may be labeled, e.g. by a fluorescent or a radioactive tag, to facilitate subsequent analyses, if it is appropriate for the mammalian subject. The assay can be in any suitable solid-phase or fluid format. Generally, a solid-phase assay involves first binding the heteroduplex analyte to a solid-phase support, e.g., particles or a polymer or test-strip substrate, and detecting the presence/amount of heteroduplex bound. In a fluid-phase assay, the analyte sample is typically pretreated to remove interfering sample components. If the oligomer is labeled, the presence of the heteroduplex is confirmed by detecting the label tags. For non-labeled compounds, the heteroduplex may be detected by immunoassay if in solid phase format or by mass spectroscopy or other known methods if in solution or suspension format.
Structural features. As detailed above, the antisense oligomer has a base sequence directed to a targeted portion of a cellular gene, preferably the region at or adjacent the start codon or a processed transcript or a region at or adjacent a splice site junction of the CD86 mRNA or preprocessed transcript. In addition, the oligomer is able to effectively inhibit expression of the targeted gene when administered to a host cell, e.g. in a mammalian subject. This requirement is met when the oligomer compound (a) has the ability to be taken up by dendritic cells and (b) once taken up, form a duplex with the target RNA with a Tm greater than about 45° C., preferably greater than 50° C.
The ability to be taken up selectively by activated immune cells requires, in part, that the oligomer backbone be substantially uncharged. The ability of the oligomer to form a stable duplex with the target RNA will depend on the oligomer backbone, the length and degree of complementarity of the antisense oligomer with respect to the target, the ratio of G:C to A:T base matches, and the positions of any mismatched bases. The ability of the antisense oligomer to resist cellular nucleases promotes survival and ultimate delivery of the agent to the cell cytoplasm.
Antisense oligonucleotides of 15-20 bases are generally long enough to have one complementary sequence in the mammalian genome. In addition, antisense compounds having a length of at least 12, typically at least 15 nucleotides in length hybridize well with their target mRNA. Due to their hydrophobicity, antisense oligonucleotides tend to interact well with phospholipid membranes, and it has been suggested that following the interaction with the cellular plasma membrane, oligonucleotides are actively transported into living cells (Loke, Stein et al. 1989; Yakubov, Deeva et al. 1989; Anderson, Xiong et al. 1999).
Morpholino oligonucleotides, particularly phosphoramidate- or phosphorodiamidate-linked morpholino oligonucleotides have been shown to have high binding affinities for complementary or near-complementary nucleic acids. Morpholino oligomers also exhibit little or no non-specific antisense activity, afford good water solubility, are immune to nucleases, and are designed to have low production costs (Summerton and Weller 1997).
Morpholino oligonucleotides (including antisense oligomers) are detailed, for example, in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685, 5,217,866, 5,142,047, 5,034,506, 5,166,315, 5,185, 444, 5,521,063, and 5,506,337, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein In one preferred approach, antisense oligomers for use in practicing the invention are composed of morpholino subunits of the form shown in the above cited patents, where (i) the morpholino groups are linked together by uncharged linkages, one to three atoms long, joining the morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to the 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, and (ii) the base attached to the morpholino group is a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide. The purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety is typically adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil or thymine. Preparation of such oligomers is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,444 (Summerton et al., 1993), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As shown in this reference, several types of nonionic linkages may be used to construct a morpholino backbone.
Exemplary subunit structures for antisense oligonucleotides of the invention include the morpholino subunit types shown in FIGS. 1A-D, each linked by an uncharged, phosphorous-containing subunit linkage, as shown in
Subunits C-D in FIGS. 1C-D are designed for 7-atom unit-length backbones as shown for structures in
As noted above, the substantially uncharged oligomer may advantageously include a limited number of charged linkages, e.g. up to about 1 per every 5 uncharged linkages. In the case of the morpholino oligomers, such a charged linkage may be a linkage as represented by any of FIGS. 2A-D, preferably
More generally, the morpholino oligomers with uncharged backbones are shown in
Antisense sequence. In the methods of the invention, the antisense oligomer is designed to hybridize to a region of the target nucleic acid sequence, under physiological conditions with a Tm substantially greater than 37° C., e.g., at least 45° C. and preferably 60° C.-80° C., wherein the target nucleic acid sequence is preferentially expressed in activated lymphocytes. The oligomer is designed to have high-binding affinity to the target nucleic acid sequence and may be 100% complementary thereto, or may include mismatches, e.g., to accommodate allelic variants, as long as the heteroduplex formed between the oligomer and the target nucleic acid sequence is sufficiently stable to withstand the action of cellular nucleases and other modes of degradation during its transit from cell to body fluid. Mismatches, if present, are less destabilizing toward the end regions of the hybrid duplex than in the middle. The number of mismatches allowed will depend on the length of the oligomer, the percentage of G:C base pair in the duplex and the position of the mismatch(es) in the duplex, according to well understood principles of duplex stability.
Although such an antisense oligomer is not necessarily 100% complementary to a nucleic acid sequence that is preferentially expressed in mature dendritic cells, it is effective to stably and specifically bind to the target sequence such that expression of the target sequence is modulated. The appropriate length of the oligomer to allow stable, effective binding combined with good specificity is about 8-40 nucleotide base units, and preferably about 12-25 nucleotides. Oligomer bases that allow degenerate base pairing with target bases are also contemplated, assuming base-pair specificity with the target is maintained. mRNA transcribed from the relevant region of a gene associated with CD86 expression is generally targeted by the antisense oligonucleotides for use in practicing the invention, however, in some cases double-stranded DNA may be targeted using a non-ionic probe designed for sequence-specific binding to major-groove sites in duplex DNA. Such probe types are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,315 (Summerton et al., 1992), which is hereby incorporated by reference, and are generally referred to herein as antisense oligomers, referring to their ability to block expression of target genes.
The antisense compound is targeted against an expression-sensitive region of a processed or preprocessed CD transcript, that is, a region which, when bound to the antisense compound, is effective to inhibit the expression of full-length CD86 in dendritic cells. In one general embodiment, the expression-sensitive region is one that includes or is adjacent the AUG start site of a processed transcript, where formation of an antisense-transcript heteroduplex is effective to inhibit translation of the transcript. Here the antisense compound has a base sequence that is complementary to a target region containing at least 12 contiguous bases in a processed human CD86 transcript, in the target region from about −20 to +30 bases with respect to the A nucleotide of the AUG start site at position 1, and which includes at least 6 contiguous bases of the sequence identified by SEQ ID NO: 9. Exemplary antisense sequences include those identified as SEQ ID NOS: 21-23, and 32.
In a more specific embodiment, the antisense compounds are designed to span or cover the three bases +12 to +14 bases (where the A nucleotide of the AUG start site represents +1). In this embodiment, the antisense compound may hybridize to a region spanning these bases, e.g., where the three bases are in the middle of the target region, or may hybridize to a region predominantly upstream of and including these bases, e.g., the target bases extending from −2 to +19 (SEQ ID NO: 23 below), or may hybridize to a region predominantly downstream of and including these bases, e.g., the target bases extending from +9 to +30 (SEQ ID NO: 32 below).
In another general embodiment, the expression-sensitive region is a splice-site target region that may include (i) an intron region adjacent, e.g., within 5 bases of, a splice-site donor or acceptor junction, (ii) a region spanning a donor or acceptor splice-site junction, or (iii) the exon region adjacent, e.g., within 5 bases of, a splice-site donor or acceptor junction. The target region preferably contains at least 12 contiguous bases in a preprocessed human CD86 transcript, and includes, in exemplary embodiment, at least 6 contiguous bases of one of the sequences identified by SEQ ID NOS: 10-14. Exemplary antisense sequences include those identified as SEQ ID NOS: 24-28.
However, in some cases, other regions of the CD86 mRNA (SEQ ID NO: 29) may be targeted, including one or more of, an initiator or promoter site, a 3′-untranslated region, and a 5′-untranslated region. Both spliced and unspliced, preprocessed RNA may serve as the template for design of antisense oligomers for use in the methods of the invention.
When the antisense compound is complementary to a specific region of a target gene (such as the region adjacent the AUG start codon of the CD86 gene) the method can be used to monitor the binding of the oligomer to the CD86 RNA.
The antisense compounds for use in practicing the invention can be synthesized by stepwise solid-phase synthesis, employing methods detailed in the references cited above. The sequence of subunit additions will be determined by the selected base sequence. In some cases, it may be desirable to add additional chemical moieties to the oligomer compounds, e.g. to enhance the pharmacokinetics of the compound or to facilitate capture or detection of the compound. Such a moiety may be covalently attached, typically to the 5′- or 3′-end of the oligomer, according to standard synthesis methods. For example, addition of a polyethyleneglycol moiety or other hydrophilic polymer, e.g., one having 10-100 polymer subunits, may be useful in enhancing solubility. One or more charged groups, e.g., anionic charged groups such as an organic acid, may enhance cell uptake. A reporter moiety, such as fluorescein or a radiolabeled group, may be attached for purposes of detection.
Alternatively, the reporter label attached to the oligomer may be a ligand, such as an antigen or biotin, capable of binding a labeled antibody or streptavidin. In selecting a moiety for attachment or modification of an oligomer antisense, it is generally of course desirable to select chemical compounds of groups that are biocompatible and likely to be tolerated by cells in vitro or in vivo without undesirable side effects.
B. Arginine-Rich Polypeptide Moiety
The use of arginine-rich peptide sequences conjugated to uncharged antisense compounds, e.g., PMO, has been shown to enhance cellular uptake in a variety of cells (Wender, Mitchell et al. 2000; Moulton, Hase et al. 2003; Moulton and Moulton 2003) (Iversen, Moulton et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 60/466,703, now U.S. publication No. 2004/0265879 A1, published Dec. 30, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment of the invention, the antisense compound is covalently linked at its 3′ or 5′ end to an arginine rich-peptide effective to enhance uptake of the compound into dendritic cells relative to uptake in the absence of the peptide. The arginine-rich peptide is detailed in the above references to Moulton et al., and described in U.S. patent application. Preferably, the peptide is composed of d-amino acids, 1-amino acids, non-natural amino acids or a combination thereof. Exemplary arginine-rich peptides include those identified by SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, of which those identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 are preferred.
The transport peptide may significantly enhance cell entry of attached uncharged oligomer compounds, relative to uptake of the compound in the absence of the attached transport moiety, and relative to uptake by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y. Such enhanced uptake is preferably evidenced by at least a two-fold increase, and preferably a four-fold increase, in the uptake of the compound into mammalian cells relative to uptake of the agent by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y. Uptake is preferably enhanced at least twenty fold, and more preferably forty fold, relative to the unconjugated compound.
A further benefit of the transport moiety is its expected ability to stabilize a duplex between an antisense oligomer and its target nucleic acid sequence, presumably by virtue of electrostatic interaction between the positively charged transport moiety and the negatively charged nucleic acid. The number of charged subunits in the transporter is less than 14, as noted above, and preferably between 8 and 11, since too high a number of charged subunits may lead to a reduction in sequence specificity.
The transport moiety may also lower the effective concentration of an antisense oligomer to achieve antisense activity as measured in both tissue culture and cell-free systems. Cell-free translation systems provide an independent means to assess the enhanced effect of the transport moiety on the antisense oligomer's ability to bind to its target and, through steric blocking, inhibit translation of downstream sequences.
C. rTAT (P002) Peptide
In studies conducted in support of the present invention, several different “arginine-rich” peptide sequences were conjugated to fluorescent tagged PMO (PMO-fl) and examined to determine the effect of peptide sequence on uptake into lymphocytes Enhanced uptake was observed for all arginine-rich peptide-PMO conjugates tested compared to unconjugated PMO. The P003 and P005 arginine-rich peptides (SEQ ID NOS: 2 and 3, respectively) provide enhanced uptake into lymphocytes regardless of the cell activation state. However, among the arginine-rich peptides examined, the rTAT (P002) peptide [NH2—RRRQRRKKRC—COOH] (SEQ ID NO: 1) PMO conjugate exhibited differential uptake into dendritic cells dependent on cell activation status. PMO uptake was greatly increased in mature dendritic cells as shown below as well as activated B cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells when compared to naïve lymphocytes (Mourich, Moulton et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 60/505,418). Furthermore, experiments in support of the invention demonstrate that the arginine-rich peptide-antisense compounds conjugates alone do not affect the maturation state of dendritic cells. This was shown by treating dendritic cells with arginine-rich peptide-PMO conjugates in the absence of a maturation stimulus and observing no activation of the dendritic cell population.
The rTAT peptide can be synthesized by a variety of known methods, including solid-phase synthesis. The amino acid subunits used in construction of the polypeptide may be either I- or d-amino acids, preferably all I-amino acids or all d-amino acids. Minor (or neutral) amino acid substitutions are allowed, as long as these do not substantially degrade the ability of the polypeptide to enhance uptake of antisense compounds selectively into activated T cells. One skilled in the art can readily determine the effect of amino acid substitutions by construction of a series of substituted rTAT polypeptides, e.g., with a given amino acid substitution separately at each of the positions along the rTAT chain. Using the above test for uptake of fluoresceinated PMO-polypeptide conjugate, one can then determine which substitutions are neutral and which significantly degrade the transporter activity of the peptide. Rules for neutral amino acid substitutions, based on common charge and hydrophobicity similarities among distinct classes of amino acids are well known and applicable here. In addition, it will be recognized that the C-terminal cysteine of SEQ ID NO: 1 is added for purposes of coupling to the antisense compound, and may be replaced/deleted when another terminal amino acid or linker is used for coupling.
The rTAT polypeptide can be linked to the compound to be delivered by a variety of methods available to one of skill in the art. The linkage point can be at various locations along the transporter. In selected embodiments, it is at a terminus of the transporter, e.g., the C-terminal or N-terminal amino acid. In one exemplary approach, the polypeptide has, as its C-terminal residue, a single cysteine residue whose side chain thiol is used for linking. Multiple transporters can be attached to a single compound if desired.
When the compound is a PMO, the transporter can be attached at the 5′ end of the PMO, e.g. via the 5′-hydroxyl group, or via an amine capping moiety, as described (Moulton and Moulton 2003) (Iversen, Moulton et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 60/466,703). Alternatively, the transporter may be attached at the 3′ end, e.g. via a morpholino ring nitrogen, as described (Moulton and Moulton 2003) (Iversen, Moulton et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 60/466,703), either at a terminus or an internal linkage. The linker may also comprise a direct bond between the carboxy terminus of a transporter peptide and an amine or hydroxy group of the PMO, formed by condensation promoted by, for example carbodiimide.
Linkers can be selected from those which are non-cleavable under normal conditions of use, e.g., containing a thioether or carbamate bond. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to include a linkage between the transporter moiety and compound which is cleavable in vivo. Bonds which are cleavable in vivo are known in the art and include, for example, carboxylic acid esters, which are hydrolyzed enzymatically, and disulfides, which are cleaved in the presence of glutathione. It may also be feasible to cleave a photolytically cleavable linkage, such as an ortho-nitrophenyl ether, in vivo by application of radiation of the appropriate wavelength.
For example, the preparation of a conjugate having a disulfide linker, using the reagent N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) or succinimidyloxycarbonyl α-methyl-α-(2-pyridyldithio) toluene (SMPT), is described (Moulton and Moulton 2003) (Iversen, Moulton et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 60/466,703). Exemplary heterobifunctional linking agents which further contain a cleavable disulfide group include N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 3-[(4-azidophenyl)dithio] propionate and others.
IV. Selective Uptake of rTAT-Antisense Oligomers into Activated Dendritic Cells
The present invention provides a method and composition for delivering therapeutic compounds, e.g., uncharged antisense compounds, specifically to activated immune cells, e.g., antigen-activated T cells, B cells, and mature dendritic cells.
The ability of the rTat (SEQ ID NO:1, P002) peptide to enhance uptake of a fluoresceinated PMO antisense compound selectively into activated mouse dendritic cells is demonstrated in the study described in Example 1, and with the results shown in
The property of activation-dependent uptake of peptide-antisense conjugate is not observed with other arginine-rich peptides, which are known to enhance drug transport into cells. This is also demonstrated by the study described in Example 1, and with the results shown in
In one aspect of the invention, therefore, the P002 peptide may be conjugated to a substantially uncharged antisense compound, to enhance its uptake selectively into antigen-activated, mature dendritic cells, including antigen-activated, mature human dendritic cells.
V. Treating Transplantation Rejection and Autoimmune Disorder
By manipulating the immune system's normal mechanism for the generation of immune tolerance to self antigens, the present invention provides a method and composition that alters the function and activity of mature dendritic cells in a way that is advantageous in the treatment of transplantation rejection or autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, lupis, myathenia gravis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
By employing an antisense compound against CD86 (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 21-28 and 32), the present invention provides a means to precisely and specifically block T cell activation to an antigen presented by a mature dendritic cell. This allows the generation of a tolerized T cell and dendritic cell population responding to transplanted tissue, when chronically activated as in an autoimmune condition, or by an immunogenic therapeutic protein. Where the antisense compound is linked to an rTAT peptide, the conjugate preferentially targets activated dendritic cells, thus allowing the therapy to be made highly specific for mature dendritic cells.
The generation of tolerized, anergic T-cells using the compounds and methods of the invention also provides a long-lasting tolerance that has a variety of therapeutic advantages.
A. CD86 Antisense Oligomers, T Cell Costimulation and IL10 Production by Mature Dendritic Cells.
Dendritic cells (DCs) reside and traffic through most tissues of the body in an immature state. Upon encountering an inflammatory stimulus changes in DC phenotype rapidly ensue. Hallmarks of this phenotypic shift termed “maturation” include the loss of phagocytic function, increased surface expression of MHC class I, II, adhesion molecules, distinct chemokine receptors and costimulatory molecules such as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Together these provide mature DCs the ability to traffic to lymphoid tissue and the capacity to be potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) to naïve T cells. The cascade of signaling events that follow when CD28 on the responding T cell is engaged by CD86 are well established. However, little is known about the reciprocity of events occurring in APCs due to the expression or engagement of CD80 and CD86 molecules. Studies to determine if antisense molecules could enter DCs and be used to inhibit the expression of CD86 molecules led unexpectedly to the observations described in the present invention that APCs, specifically dendritic cells, undergo important alterations when B7 molecules are engaged. These observations include a link between the expression of CD86 and the regulation of IL-10 expression in bone marrow-derived mature DCs.
Exemplary target sequences for the CD86 (B7-2) gene are listed in Table 1 below. The murine CD86 sequences are noted with “mu” and are derived from Genbank Accession No. AF065898. The human CD86 AUG target and targeting sequences are noted with “hu” and derived from Genbank Accession No. NM006889. The human Exon 6, 7, and 8 splice donor (sd) and splice acceptor (sa) target and targeting sequences are derived from Genbank Accession Nos. U17720, U17721 and U17722, respectively.
B. Treatment Methods
In one aspect, the invention is directed to methods of inducing immunological tolerance in vivo in a patient, by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide-conjugated CD86 PMO pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antisense oligomer to CD86.
The antisense oligomers of the invention can be effective in the treatment of patients by modulating the immunological response to allogeneic transplantation or elimination of chronically activated T cells in the case of autoimmune diseases.
In one embodiment, a subject is in need of tolerized dendritic cells and T cells when responding to an allogeneic transplantation. In this embodiment, a CD86 antisense compound is administered to the subject in a manner effective to result in blocking the formation of activated T cells. Typically, the patient is treated with the conjugate shortly before, e.g., a few days before, receiving the transplant, then treated periodically, e.g., once every 14 days, until immunological tolerance is established. Immunological tolerance can be monitored during treatment by testing patient T cells for reactivity with donor MHC antigens in a standard in vitro test, as detailed below.
For the treatment of an autoimmune disorder, such as multiple sclerosis, lupis, myathenia gravis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, the patient is given an initial single dose of the CD86 antisense conjugate, then additional doses on a periodic basis, e.g., every 3-14 days, until improvement in the disorder is observed. As above, development of immunological tolerance can be monitored during treatment by testing T cells from a blood sample for their ability to react with a selected, relevant antigen in vitro.
It will be understood that in vivo administration of such a CD86 antisense compound is dependent upon, (1) the duration, dose and frequency of antisense administration, and (2) the general condition of the subject. A suitable dose can be approximated from animal model studies and extrapolated to patient weight.
Typically, one or more doses of CD86 antisense oligomer are administered, generally at regular intervals for a period of about one to two weeks. Preferred doses for oral administration are from about 1 mg oligomer/patient to about 25 mg oligomer/patient (based on an adult weight of 70 kg). In some cases, doses of greater than 25 mg oligomer/patient may be necessary. For IV administration, the preferred doses are from about 1.0 mg oligomer/patient to about 100 mg oligomer/patient, preferably 5-50 mg oligomer/patient, (based on an adult weight of 70 kg). The antisense agent is generally administered in an amount sufficient to result in a peak blood concentration of at least 200-400 nM antisense oligomer.
In general, the method comprises administering to a subject, in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, an amount of a CD86 antisense oligomer, e.g., morpholino oligomer, effective to inhibit expression of CD86 and increase expression of IL-10 in dendritic cells.
Effective delivery of an antisense oligomer to the target nucleic acid is an important aspect of the methods described herein. In accordance with the invention, such routes of antisense oligomer delivery include, but are not limited to, inhalation; transdermal delivery; various systemic routes, including oral and parenteral routes, e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular delivery.
It is appreciated that any methods which are effective to deliver a CD86 PMO to the cells of an allogeneic transplant or to introduce the agent into the bloodstream are also contemplated.
In preferred applications of the method, the subject is a human subject and the methods of the invention are applicable to treatment of any condition wherein promoting immunological tolerance would be effective to result in an improved therapeutic outcome for the subject under treatment.
It will be understood that an effective in vivo treatment regimen using a CD86 antisense compound in the methods of the invention will vary according to the frequency and route of administration as well as the condition of the subject under treatment. Accordingly, such in vivo therapy will generally require monitoring by tests appropriate to the condition being treated and a corresponding adjustment in the dose or treatment regimen in order to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome.
C. Ex Vivo Treatment of Human Dendritic Cells
In another preferred application of the method, autologous dendritic cells isolated from a human subject can be treated ex vivo with the CD86 antisense compound in the presence of a selected, relevant antigen. Studies in several systems have demonstrated that when dendritic cells are pulsed with antigens ex vivo, and these cells are subsequently readministered to the human subject from whom they were isolated, specific immunity can be established (Lu, Arraes et al. 2004; Mohamadzadeh and Luftig 2004). A similar strategy can be used to establish, ex vivo, a tolerogenic population of dendritic cells using the methods and compositions of the present invention. Dendritic cells are isolated from the peripheral blood of a human subject using methods well-known to those skilled in the art. Growth and treatment of the dendritic cells with the relevant antigen and antisense CD86 antisense will induce the formation of dendritic cells that, upon readministration to the subject, will condition the dendritic cells to induce a T-cell response that suppresses the antigen-specific immunity. This application of the method is particularly useful in treating an autoimmune disorder where the immune system is reacting inappropriately to specific antigens and these antigens can be used to condition the dendritic cells. An example is the immune-mediated destruction of myelin in multiple sclerosis (MS). Myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) are host proteins which are thought to be the key antigens in the etiology of this autoimmune disease (Shevac 2002).
D. Administration of Anti-CD86 Antisense Oligomers
Transdermal delivery of an antisense oligomer may be accomplished by use of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One example of morpholino oligomer delivery is described in PCT patent application WO 97/40854, incorporated herein by reference.
In one preferred embodiment, the oligomer is an anti-CD86 morpholino oligomer, contained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and delivered orally. In a further aspect of this embodiment, the antisense oligomer is administered at regular intervals for a short time period, e.g., daily for two weeks or less. However, in some cases the antisense oligomer is administered intermittently over a longer period of time.
It follows that a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide composition may be administered in any convenient vehicle, which is physiologically acceptable. Such an oligonucleotide composition may include any of a variety of standard pharmaceutically accepted carriers employed by those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of such pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), water, aqueous ethanol, emulsions such as oil/water emulsions, triglyceride emulsions, wetting agents, tablets and capsules. It will be understood that the choice of suitable physiologically acceptable carrier will vary dependent upon the chosen mode of administration.
In some instances liposomes may be employed to facilitate uptake of an antisense oligonucleotide into cells. (See, e.g., Williams, 1996; Lappalainen, et al., 1994; Uhlmann, et al., 1990; Gregoriadis, 1979.) Hydrogels may also be used as vehicles for antisense oligomer administration, for example, as described in WO 93/01286. Alternatively, an oligonucleotide may be administered in microspheres or microparticles. (See, e.g., Wu et al., 1987).
Sustained release compositions are also contemplated within the scope of this application. These may include semipermeable polymeric matrices in the form of shaped articles such as films or microcapsules.
E. Monitoring Treatment
The efficacy of a given therapeutic regimen involving the methods described herein, may be monitored, e.g., by conventional FACS assays for the phenotype of cells in the circulation of the subject under treatment or cells in culture. Such analysis is useful to monitor changes in the numbers of cells of various lineages, in particular, activated T and B cells in response to an allogeneic transplant.
Phenotypic analysis is generally carried out using monoclonal antibodies specific to the cell type being analyzed. The use of monoclonal antibodies in such phenotypic analyses is routinely employed by those of skill in the art for cellular analyses and monoclonal antibodies specific to particular cell types are commercially available.
The CD86 PMO treatment regimen may be adjusted (dose, frequency, route, etc.), as indicated, based on the results of the phenotypic and biological assays described above.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated how various objects and features of the invention are met. The specific blockade of dendritic cell activation of T cells capable of rejecting transplanted tissues is an important therapy for numerous human diseases where immunological tolerance is beneficial. The present invention provides a method of specifically blocking the activation of these cells through the use of antisense oligomers designed to inhibit CD86 expression, or specific portions of CD86, during the stage of antigen-specific activation and the generation of anergic, tolerized T cells. Antisense CD86 mediated suppression of either chronically activated T cells (i.e. autoimmunity) or naïve T cell responding to alloantigens (transplantation) provides a potent and specific therapeutic effect.
Additionally, this treatment method is long lived because the immune system is unable to replenish antigen-specific T cell clones once the precursor population is removed from the T cell repertoire. In addition, by specifically targeting the antisense CD86 oligomer to mature dendritic cells, immature dendritic cells would be unaffected, allowing for the patient to respond normally to foreign antigens as soon as the therapy is withdrawn. Moreover, the immune status of the patient prior to the antisense CD86 therapy (e.g. immunity provided by previous vaccinations or infections) would remain intact.
The following examples illustrate but are not intended in any way to limit the invention.
Materials and Methods
A. Antisense Oligomers and Peptide Conjugates
PMO synthesis, peptide conjugation and purification were preformed at AVI BioPharma Inc. (Corvallis, Oreg.) as previously described (Summerton and Weller 1997). Oligomer sequences were designed to either block translation by binding to bases surrounding the AUG start site (CAT) or alter RNA splicing by blocking splice donor or splice acceptor sites, sa or sd, respectively. An oligomer with the same base composition of the B7-2 (AUG) in a scrambled order was synthesized to serve as a control for oligomer treatment. B7-1 and B7-2 antisense oligomer sequences were designed using Genbank sequences accession numbers X60958 and U39459-66, respectively, The PMO sequences and designations are as follows; B7-1 (AUG) 5′-GCA AGC CAT AGC TTC AGA TGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:29), B7-2(AUG) 5′-CT GGG GTC CAT CGT GGG TGC-3′(SEQ ID NO: 15), EXON 7sa 5′-GCG TCT CCA CGG AAA CAG C-3′ (SEQ ID NO:17), EXON 9sd 5′-CCT GCT MG CTG ATT CGG C-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18), EXON 10sa 5′-AGA GGC TGT GTT GCT GGG C-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19), EXON 11 sa 5′-CAC TCT GCA TTT GGT TTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20), SCRAMBLE 5′-CGT GGT GCA CTG CGT GTG GC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:30), 705-FL 5′-CCT CTT ACC TCA GTT ACA-FL-3′ (SEQ ID NO:31). The 3′ fluorescein conjugated oligomer 705-FL targets an irrelevant gene (human b-globin intron 2) and was used to analyze the intracellular delivery properties of different peptides into cultured DCs. Three different arginine rich peptide sequences were conjugated separately to the PMOs used in this study; P002=N-RRRQRRKKRGYC-CONH2 (SEQ ID NO:1), P003=N-RRRRRRRRRFFC-CONH2(SEQ ID NO:2) and P005=N-RRRQRRKKRGYFFC-CONH2 (SEQ ID NO:3).
B. Generation and Culturing of Bone Marrow Derived DCs
Murine DCs were generated by culturing marrow flushed from the femur and tibia of female BALB/c mice obtained from Jackson Laboratory aged 6-12 weeks. The marrow was minced through a 70 micron nylon cell strainer (BD Falcon) and washed twice after centrifugation in DMEM+1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin streptomycin and glutamine (PSG). Cell suspension were made in culture medium (RPMI+10% FBS, PSG and 5×10−5 M 2-mecapotoethanol) supplemented with recombinant mouse GM-CSF (eBioscience) [25 ng/ml] and seeded onto a 100 mm bacteriological Petri dish (Falcon) at 2×105 cells/ml. After 3 days an additional 5 ml of fresh medium was added containing GM-CSF. The culture supernatant was removed on the 6th day and centrifuged to recover any dislodged cells. The cell pellet was suspended in 10 ml fresh media with GM-CSF, placed back on to the original 100 mm dish and cultured for an additional 2-4 days prior to treatment with PMO.
Non-adherent cells were harvested by gentle pipetting of the medium which was then transferred to a tube for centrifugation at room temperature. The cell pellet was washed twice and then enumerated. The wells of a 12 well plate were seeded with 1.5 ml [5×105 cells/ml] in fresh culture medium containing GM-CSF. PMO working stock [1 mM] in sterile water was added directly to the wells to obtain a final concentration ranging from 2-20 μM 2-4 hours prior to inducing maturation. Control culture wells were treated with the equivalent amount of sterile water. Maturation was induced by the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli 026:B6 (Sigma) [1 μg/ml] or anti-CD40 (eBioscience) at [5 μg/ml] for 16 hours following PMO treatment. Culture conditions to block binding of cell associated ligand to B7 molecules was carried out by addition of [5 μg/ml] recombinant chimeric CTLA-4 FC non-cytolytic molecule (Chimerigen Allston, Mass.). Cultures used for analysis of IL-4 and IL-12 cytokine production were treated with 1 μl of the protein transport inhibitor brefeldin A GolgiPlug (BD Pharmingen) for the last 4 hrs of incubation.
C. Flow Cytometric Analysis
Cells were removed from culture wells by scrapping with a 25 cm cell scraper (Sarstedt) and rinsing with 1 ml cold FACS buffer [PBS+2% FBS+0.2% sodium azide]. The cells were washed twice in cold FACS buffer after centrifugation and suspended in 50 ml FACS buffer containing 1 μg anti-mouse CD16/CD32 FC blocking antibody (eBioscience) for 15 min on ice. The FC blocked samples were centrifuged and suspended in 50 ml antibody staining reagent for 30 min on ice. The surface staining reagents used were; CD111c-APC (BD Bioscience) and CD86-PE, CD86-FITC and CD80-PE (eBioscience) diluted in 50 ml cold FACS buffer. Stains were combined in the 50 ml when dual surface staining was needed for analysis. Cells were washed thrice by centrifugation in FACS buffer prior to analysis or use in additional staining procedures.
Intracellular cytokine staining was performed immediately following surface staining and washes. The cells were fixed and permeabilized in 100 μl Cytofix/Cytoperm (Pharmingen) buffer for 20 min on ice. Cell pellets were suspended in 50 μl of 1× PermNVash buffer (Pharmingen) containing either IL-10-FITC or IL-12-APC and IL-4-FITC (Pharmingen) and incubated for 30 min on ice. The cells were washed thrice and suspended in 300 ml FACS buffer prior collection of flow cytometric data on a FACS caliber cytometer (Becton Dickinson). Cytometric data was analyzed using FCS Express Software (Denovo Software).
D. RT-PCR
After treatment with PMO conjugates for 4 hours and then for 16 hours with LPS [1.0 μg/ml] total cellular RNA was isolated from the cultured cells using RNAeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) according to manufacture's instructions. The isolated RNA was treated with RNAse free DNAse I (2 U) for 30 min at 37° C. to eliminate contaminating genomic DNA followed by heating to 70° C. for 20 min to inactivation the enzyme. This material was used as template for single-tube reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction using SuperScript One-Step RT-PCR with Platinum Taq enzyme (Invitrogen). Primers spanning 870 bp of the B7-2 mRNA, forward primer 5′-GGCAATCCTTATCTTTGTGACAGTC-3′ and reverse primer: 5′-TTTGCTGMGCMTTTGGGG-3′ were used to examine splice altering activity of the PMOs. Primers to detect mouse IL-10 mRNA forward primer 5′-GATCCAGGGATCTTAGCTMCGG-3′ and reverse primer 5′-TTCTCTTCCCMGACCCATGAGT-3′ spanning 406 bp were derived from the Genbank sequence accession number NM—010548 bases 675-1081.
The resulting amplicons were fractionated on an EtBr stained 3.0% agarose gel to determine size. Altered splicing patterns and continuity of the open reading frames were confirmed by sequencing after insertion into plasmid vector using the TOPO TA cloning kit according to manufacture's instructions (Invitrogen). At least three clones harboring the different amplicons were examined. Identity and sequence alignments were performed by BLAST search analysis.
EXAMPLE 1 Arginine-Rich Peptides Enhance Uptake of Oligomers into Mature Dendritic Cells Delivery of antisense molecules without substantial manipulation of the cellular membrane has been an impediment to targeting gene expression in DCs and other immune cell types. These procedures often result in extensive damage to the membrane allowing for only short lived experiments to be conducted. Numerous arginine-rich peptides were examined as to their ability to deliver oligomers to various cell types with no manipulation beyond direct addition to cells cultured under normal conditions. The PMO chemical structure and peptides used in this study are shown in
Using a fluorescein linked PMO,
The data presented in
To determine if the enhanced uptake of the PMO into DCs provided by the peptide conjugates would translate into functional antisense activity we chose to synthesize oligomers targeting the translational start site of CD86 (B7-2 AUG1, SEQ ID NO:15) and a sequence scrambled control oligomer (5′-CGTGGTGCACTGCGTGTGGC-3′). A considerable reduction in the level of CD86 (B7-2) was observed in cultured DCs after treatment with the sequence-specific oligomer and LPS compared to controls (
The data in
In light of the results seen in Example 2 we examined the cytokine production profile of the CD86 antisense treated DCs. IL-4 and IL-12 production was not significantly altered in the DCs receiving the B7-2 AUG1 CD86 antisense oligomer (SEQ ID NO:15) compared to controls (data not shown). However, IL-10 production was evident when DCs were treated with a maturation stimulus such as LPS in conjunction with the CD86 antisense oligomer-P002 conjugate (SEQ ID NO:15) and not the P002 peptide alone or a scrambled control sequence conjugated to P002 as shown in Table 3 below. The same result was seen when other delivery peptides were used with SEQ ID NO:15 or alternate sequences targeting the translational start site (SEQ ID NO:16). Furthermore, IL-10 staining was detectable when the DCs were not permeabilized indicating that IL-10 was being secreted from the cells where it could exert an autocrine or paracrine effect (data not shown).
The data presented in Table 3 was generated using murine bone marrow derived DCs treated in duplicate with either P002 peptide (SEQ ID NO:1) alone, P002 conjugated to PMO antisense CD86 (SEQ ID NO:15) or scrambled PMO sequence (5′-CGTGGTGCACTGCGTGTGGC-3′, SEQ ID NO:30) at 20 mM or media alone for 4 hours. LPS [1.0 mg/ml] was then added to the appropriate cultures for 16 hours. The cell were washed, FC blocked, then stained with antibody specific for mature DCs (CD11c-APC) and antibody specific for CD86 (CD86-PE). Intracellular staining with anti-IL-10-FITC antibody was carried out after fixation and permeabilization of the cells. The numbers indicate the percentage of CD11c positive cells (mature DCs) staining positive for IL-10 and CD86 respectively.
We also examined whether the regulation of IL-10 in the mature DCs was due to the loss of some interaction with a yet unknown ligand that is present in bone marrow derived DCs cultures or whether it might be due to the loss of control through the absences of CD86 (B7-2). A recombinant form of the CTLA-4 molecule, a receptor on T cells for CD86, was used to block interactions of the CD86 molecule in cultured DCs. DCs receiving this treatment were compared to CD86 antisense-treated DCs as to the levels of IL-10 produced under two different conditions of DCs maturation. DCs received a maturation stimulus from either LPS or anti-CD40 and were then stained for intracellular IL-10. Under either maturation condition IL-10 was only significantly produced in the P002-conjugated CD86 antisense (SEQ ID NO: 15) treated cells compared to control untreated cells (
The data in
To further examine the question regarding the role of CD86 in the regulation of IL-10 production in maturing DCs we determined what components of the CD86 polypeptide might be responsible. The approach taken was to systematically alter the CD86 protein by limiting expression of either intracellular or extracellular polypeptide domains. This was done by using antisense oligomers with sequences targeting splice sites within the unprocessed message thereby forcing alterations in the mature message to exclude particular exons (Target and targeting sequences are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively).
Employing RT-PCR on total RNA isolated from murine DCs treated with the different oligomers shows that the predicted alterations to the CD86 mRNA could be achieved (
The data in
In addition to molecular evidence of the effect of the splice altering oligomers as described in Example 4, phenotypic changes in the treated DCs were also observed. Specifically, DCs treated with the Exon 10 antisense oligomer (SEQ ID NO: 19) exhibited the greatest production of IL-10 and maintained an immature phenotype when exposed to LPS (Table 4, below and
Claims
1. A method of inducing human dendritic cells to a condition of reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10, comprising
- (a) exposing a population of human dendritic cells to a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form a heteroduplex structure between said compound and transcript having a Tm of at least 45° C.,
- (b) by said forming, blocking expression of full-length CD86 in said cells, and
- (c) by said blocking, producing inhibition of the expression of full-length CD86 on the surface of dendritic cells, and enhanced expression of extracellular IL-10 by mature dendritic cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antisense compound to which the dendritic cells are exposed is composed of phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the morpholino subunits in the compound to which the dendritic cells are exposed are joined by phosphorodiamidate linkages, in accordance with the structure: where Y1═O, Z═O, Pj is a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide, and X is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, amino or alkyl amino, and said heteroduplex structure formed in step (a) has a Tm of at least 50° C.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein X═NR2, where each R is independently hydrogen or methyl in the compound to which the T cells are exposed.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the dendritic cells which are exposed to said compound include mature dendritic cells, and said blocking step (b) is effective to enhance expression of extracellular IL-10 by the dendritic cells.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound is covalently linked, at one compound end, to an arginine-rich peptide effective to enhance uptake of said compound into the dendritic cells.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said arginine-rich peptide has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said dendritic cells which are exposed to said compound include a mixture of immature and mature dendritic cells, said arginine-rich peptide is an rTAT peptide having the sequence identified by SEQ ID NO: 1, and the rTAT peptide is effective to achieve a greater level of intracellular uptake of the antisense compound into the mature dendritic cells than is achieved (i) in the immature dendritic cells, or (ii) by exposing the mature dendritic cells to the antisense compound in the absence of the rTAT polypeptide.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said antisense compound is effective to hybridize to a target region adjacent the start site of the processed human CD86 transcript, the compound has a base sequence that is complementary to a target region containing at least 12 contiguous bases in a processed human CD86 transcript identified by SEQ ID NO:9, and said blocking step (b) is effective to block translation of said processed transcript.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the antisense compound includes a base sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS:21-23 and 32.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the antisense compound is effective to hybridize to a splice site of preprocessed human CD68, and has a base sequence that is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of a splice site in a preprocessed human CD86 transcript, and said blocking step (b) is effective to block processing of a preprocessed CD86 transcript to produce a full-length, processed CD86 transcript.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the splice site in the preprocessed CD86 transcript has a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS:10-14.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the antisense compound includes a base sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS:24-28.
14. The method of claim 1, for use in inhibiting transplantation rejection in a human subject receiving an allograft tissue or organ, wherein said exposing includes administering the antisense compound to the subject, in an amount effective to inhibit the rate and extent of rejection of the transplant.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is carried out both prior to and following the allograft tissue or organ transplantation in the subject.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein said administering is carried out for a selected period of 1-3 weeks.
17. The method of claim 16, which further includes further administering the antisense compound to the subject, as needed, to control the extent of transplantation rejection in the subject.
18. The method of claim 1, for use in treating an autoimmune condition in a human subject, wherein said exposing includes administering the antisense compound to the subject, in an amount effective to reduce the severity of the autoimmune condition.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein said administering is carried out over an extended period of time, as needed, to control the severity of the autoimmune condition in the subject.
20. A method of inducing mature human dendritic cells to a condition of increased production of extracellular IL-10, comprising
- (a) exposing the population of cells containing mature dendritic cells to a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD-86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form a heteroduplex structure between said compound and transcript having a Tm of at least 45° C.,
- (b) by said forming, blocking expression of full-length CD86 in said cells, and
- (c) by said blocking, enhancing expression of extracellular IL-10 by the mature dendritic cells.
21. A composition for use in inducing dendritic cells to a condition of reduced capacity for antigen-specific activation of T cells, and, in mature dendritic cells, increased production of extracellular IL-10, said conjugate comprising,
- a substantially uncharged antisense compound containing 12-40 subunits and a base sequence effective to hybridize to an expression-sensitive region of a preprocessed or processed human CD-86 transcript identified, in its processed form, by SEQ ID NO:33, to form a heteroduplex structure between said compound and transcript having a Tm of at least 45° C.
22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the antisense compound is composed of phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit.
23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the morpholino subunits in the compound to which the dendritic cells are exposed are joined by phosphorodiamidate linkages, in accordance with the structure: where Y1═O, Z═O, Pj is a purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide, and X is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, amino or alkyl amino, and said heteroduplex structure has a Tm of at least 50° C.
24. The composition of claim 27, wherein X═NR2, where each R is independently hydrogen or methyl in the compound to which the T cells are exposed.
25. The composition of claim 21, which further includes an arginine-rich peptide covalently linked to one end of said antisense compound, and said peptide is effective to promote uptake of the composition into dendritic cells.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein said arginine-rich peptide is an rTAT peptide having the sequence identified as SEQ ID NO: 1, and said peptide is effective to achieve a greater level of intracellular uptake of the antisense compound into the mature dendritic cells than is achieved (i) in the immature dendritic cells, or (ii) by exposing the mature dendritic cells to the antisense compound in the absence of the rTAT polypeptide.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 21, 2005
Publication Date: Oct 20, 2005
Inventors: Dan Mourich (Albany, OR), Patrick Iversen (Corvallis, OR)
Application Number: 11/041,164
