Refinement to the construction systems for structures in reinforced concrete or some other material of high-precision intergral modular forms

Abstract

Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering of the type of systems that use standardized panels preparing integral cofferings in which the reinforcements and various installations are placed, building the coffering on a foundation slab with the help of a layout template, in which the foundation slab is built using a mould based on modular pieces whose faces form a straight dihedral and squares for the corners the pieces of which are fixed with centering clips with angular reinforcements to fix stabilizers and anchorings, these pieces to having lugs for centering the layout template. Wall templates are also used to lay out the partitions and walls, with all their installations, and new means and panels for specific building solutions.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/697,203, filed Oct. 30, 2003, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to prior foreign application No. 2002 02648, filed in Spain on Nov. 18, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

This invention refers to improvements and changes to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete and other materials that are allowed to harden using high precision modular, integral coffering, described in the prior patent U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135 by this applicant, which describes the basic principles of this formula for industrialized building.

To frame and describe the new aspects provided by this invention to the building sector and to explain its operation in the sequential process to which it belongs, certain elements, parts and procedures of the prior patent (U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135) are mentioned.

BACKGROUND

Traditional building based on a structure of steel, concrete or load-bearing walls, exterior walls and interior divisions based on masonry and the arrangement of installations with cutting, covering and finishing (rendering, plastering or tiling) is expensive and laborious and requires craftsmanship to achieve good finishes. Other systems, such as the use of plasterboard partitions speed up the building work and improve the finishes, but they are expensive and provide fragile partitions that are not very satisfactory.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135 by this applicant is known, which proposes solving these problems by using panels with a maximum tolerance of tenths of a millimeter and a very high quality surface finish for building an integral mould or coffering for fences, walls and integral structures and buildings, cofferings inside which the reinforcements, anchorings and various installations, etc. are placed so that once the concrete has been poured in and has set and the coffering removed, the precision of the structure obtained is such that it is not necessary to apply finishes afterwards and since the installations are integrated, no cutting is needed.

These cofferings consist of reinforced panels with a stud around the entire perimeter with aligned holes for quickly and precisely joining them together using clamps or self-centering means, e. Holes have also been provided in the panels for inserting spacers that help to maintain the distance between facing panels in the coffering and to resist the pressure on them caused by the concrete pouring and setting. A variation for making these holes involves making semi-circular notches on the edges of the panels to form a complete circle when they align with the notches in the adjacent panel.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135 also includes the possibility of inserting pieces of heat and/or sound insulation in the coffering before the concrete is poured so that they are embedded in the finished walls. The general placement of the coffering is carried out on a finished foundation slab using a layout template to facilitate the placing of the panels without the need for adjustments or retouches.

The patent also includes the use of auxiliary means such as telescopic props or stabilizers for building exterior walls.

However, the patent has some limitations that are covered by the improvements proposed in this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The improvements to the invention serve for optimally creating high-precision coffering for the industrialized building of various types of building.

According to the invention, the improvements mainly consist of the use of a high-precision mould to build the foundation slab.

Another main improvement consists of the use of wall templates to lay out the partitions and walls with all their installations.

Finally, the improvements also chiefly involve the use of improved methods for building details such as the overlaps of walls and others and the use of special tools for handling the panels and other elements of which they consist as well as the introduction of new types of panels for special uses, for example, to form the boxes of blinds and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are included for the better understanding of the invention, in chronological order according to the operating procedure with the improvements to the invention, where:

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a complete, installed wall coffering.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show details of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a view of FIG. 1 showing the layout template before the concrete is poured.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the fixing of the two parts of the layout template using self-centering clips.

FIG. 6 shows that of the FIG. 4 with all the installations, slab reinforcement mesh, wall start rods and slab insulation, already placed and centered.

FIG. 7 is a cross-section in elevation of the previous figure.

FIG. 8 is a general view of a wide area of the coffering for the foundation slab without the layout template and with all the necessary elements already placed for pouring the concrete to make the foundation slab.

FIG. 9 shows a view of FIG. 8 after concreting, and after refitting the layout template to check the correct layout and to mark the location of the pieces that will guide the placement of the wall templates.

FIG. 10 is a view that shows the placement of these pieces.

FIG. 11 shows the concrete slab with the pieces in place, emerging installations and connections for the exterior walls and interior partitions.

FIG. 12 is a view of the coffering of the slab for stepped slabs.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the finished stepped slab.

FIG. 14 shows a general perspective of the placement of the walls template, showing the location of doors and windows, electrical boxes and sanitary pipes and also the location of steps for the staircase inside the house.

FIG. 15 is a plan view of the concreted foundation slab with the walls template in place, showing the doubled reinforcements and insulation for outside walls and single reinforcement for interior partitions.

FIG. 16 is a view of FIG. 14 showing the installation of the reinforcements.

FIG. 17 shows a perspective detail of the second phase of installing the wall template elements before installing the mould, showing the placement of the insulation in the outside walls of the house with respect to the holes in the walls template itself for doors, windows and all types of necessary installations.

FIG. 18 shows a perspective of one side of the walls template with the outside wall insulation, the double reinforcements and the permanent spacers to fix the assembly.

FIG. 19 is a detail of one of the spacers shown in the previous figure, fitted on the reinforcements and the wall insulation.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an area of the walls template showing the water and electrical installations fitted before concreting and the provision 1o for the placement of the relevant mechanisms.

FIG. 21 is a general perspective view of the ground floor of a house with all its general electrical and sanitary installations in place.

FIG. 22 shows a basic rectangular modular panel for installing and preparing the entire mould.

FIGS. 23 and 24 show rectangular wedge and counter-wedge panels to facilitate the start of the removal of the coffering.

FIGS. 25 and 26 are views of the inside and outside squares for the mould, respectively.

FIG. 27 shows a perspective of a conical spacer with its blocking clip.

FIG. 28 is a lateral cross-section showing the use of the conical spacer in FIG. 27.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of the use of the conical spacer in FIG. 27.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a variation of the conical wall spacer with a threaded tip and corresponding threaded fixing washer for closing it.

FIG. 31 is a lateral cross-section showing the use of the spacer in FIG. 30.

FIGS. 32, 33 and 34 are perspective views of the tools according to the invention for installing, removing and adjusting the panels.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the telescopic lift for placing and removing the panels for forming the ceiling and tops of walls.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a triangular support for a crane for moving assemblies of wall panels.

FIG. 37 shows a detail of the bars of the support shown in the previous

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a spacer mechanism for moulds for doors and other openings.

FIG. 39 is an elevation cross-section of a modular coffering for a house with exterior overhangs showing three types of support props.

FIG. 40 is a ladder, adjustable in height, for working on steps.

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a modular lid for forming the opening for a blind roller.

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of a modular lid to guide a blind designed in the system.

FIG. 43 is a perspective view of a modular lid for a window sill also designed in the system.

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of a mould formed by preformed modular panels for a solid interior staircase.

FIG. 45 is a perspective view of a solid staircase outside a house with a second floor being built with the mould.

FIG. 46 is a perspective view of an area of a wall coffering using lids for the ends of continuous perimeter walls to allow their continuous concreting.

FIG. 47 shows a detailed elevation of the previous figure.

FIG. 48 is a perspective view of a detail of the result of using the lids in the previous figure on a ceiling and wall.

FIG. 49 is a general perspective view of a complete installed wall using appropriate alignment beams.

FIG. 50 shows a general perspective view of a group of two-storey houses, the upper floor still partially coffered, showing the safety walkways, according to the invention.

FIG. 51 shows an elevation cross-section of the placement of the walkway on a finished lower wall for coffering an upper wall to be built.

FIG. 52 shows perspective details of two different views of the folding crossbeam for the walkway referred to in the previous figure.

FIG. 53 shows two perspective details of corner pieces, arranged in different orientations, joining the handrails of the safety walkways.

FIG. 54 is a perspective detail of part of a safety walkway showing the corner piece in the previous figure and a support piece for handrails at the ends of the walkways.

FIG. 55 shows a perspective detail of the underside of the support piece in the previous figure.

FIG. 56 shows the vertical placement of fixing and movement rails and the safety walkways for high-level constructions.

FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a coffering for a house with a sloping roof, showing the constructional details that can be incorporated in the mould such as chimneys, parapets, overhangs and extensions.

FIG. 58 is a general perspective view of a typical two-storey house, completely concreted to give an integral, solid structure with the details described above.

FIG. 59 is a general perspective view of a line of terraced houses with the upper floors in various stages of building, showing the work sequence: one in the initial phase with reinforcements for the outer walls, another in the intermediate phase with the complete modular coffering installed and the most advanced already concreted and with the coffering completely removed.

FIGS. 60 and 61 show perspective views of various double wall spacers together.

FIG. 62 is an elevation cross-section detail of the use of the two types of double wall spacers shown in FIGS. 60 and 61.

FIG. 63 is a general perspective view showing overlap mechanisms for the outer walls of contiguous houses.

FIG. 64 is a plan view of the continuous overlap mechanisms for outer walls as in FIGS. 63 and 62.

FIG. 65 is a perspective view of a template and its use to form a foundation band for a wall or partition.

FIG. 66 shows a detail of the template in the previous figure.

FIG. 67 shows the same general perspective view of FIG. 65 already concreted and with the layout template removed.

FIG. 68 is a perspective view of a wall mould with a low wall and column installed on the foundation band shown in the above figures.

FIG. 69 shows a perspective view of the above foundation consisting of a low wall and column after concreting.

FIG. 70 is a perspective view of another possible variation of modular coffering for a wall without a foundation slab in which stabilizers with reinforcement planks and alignment beams are also used at various heights in the mould.

FIG. 71 shows an elevation view of a telescopic stabilizer used to reinforce and support the wall mould at various heights.

FIG. 72 shows the wall shown in FIG. 70 after concreting and the removal of the mould which formed it.

DESCRIPTION OF A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF MANUFACTURING THE INVENTION

The improvements of the invention apply to the technique of coffering with modular high precision panels which are generally installed on a foundation slab laid on the ground, sanitary and other structures (garages, basements, etc). The building of the foundation slab is therefore the first phase of the building sequence for which two essential elements are used, the foundation coffering and the layout template.

FIG. 1 shows the foundation coffering (1) in plan. This can be of various forms, thicknesses and dimensions depending on the architectural design. This coffering consists of single standard modular pieces, straight (3) for the straight sections and squared (4) for the corners. These pieces generally have the form of a straight dihedral with angular reinforcements (6) to which stabilizers (2) and anchorings (11) are fixed to consolidate the leveled and solid support on the ground. The pieces (3) and (4) are temporarily joined with self-centering clips (9) similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135 (although other designs and forms can be used according to requirements) which pass through oblong holes (8) provided in perimeter bars (7) of these pieces.

Pieces 3 and 4 also have projecting upper lugs (5) to self-centre a layout template (12) for the building's layout.

The detail in FIG. 3 shows the connection of the stabilizers (2) to the angular structural reinforcements (6) of the pieces (3) and (4) using safety studs (10), as well as the use of anchorings (11) to consolidate the placing of the pieces (2) and (3), providing a strong and self-aligning coffering, easily mechanically installed and removed and that has an essential feature, high precision for making a suitable foundation slab.

After the foundation slab coffering has been installed and anchored, the next element to be installed in the invention's building sequence is the layout template (12), which is placed on the coffering (1), as shown in FIG. 4, self-centered by the adjustment lugs (5). The layout template is similar in form to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, consisting of frames or sections secured with straps (13) for greater rigidity but with the new feature that these frames are held together with self-centering clips (9) which pass through the relevant holes, as shown in FIG. 5, providing greater agility and precision for delimiting and centering the various elements in the foundation slab.

FIG. 6 shows a view of FIG. 4 in which all the elements in the plan for the house or structure to be built have been included very precisely; the lack of manual alignments makes the laying out a mechanical task in which all the elements are shown: location, dimension and thicknesses of the outside walls (14) and of the interior partitions (15) in the house, location of doors (16) and windows (17) as well as the pipe outlets (18) using centerers, not shown, and of the moulds for the sanitation catch pits (19) to connect these sanitation elements. It also contains the reinforcements (20) and starting rods (21), as well as the insulation (22) for the slab before the concrete is poured, as shown in FIG. 17, which shows the sanitary pipes (18) connected to their catch pits (19) and collector (23) to the exterior. After the foundation coffering is filled with liquid concrete or another, similar material, the foundation slab hardens inside this mould to form a compact and solid block with all the elements described above built into it.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of 7 once the layout template has been removed and before the concrete has been poured. It shows the coffering itself (1) and all the elements built in using the exact references of the template: reinforcement meshes (20), wall start rods (21), sanitary pipes (18) and the moulds for the sanitation catch pits (19).

After the layout template is removed, the next step in the building sequence is to pour the suitable concrete into the coffering (1) to form the flat foundation slab. As shown in FIG. 9, the filling results in a concreted slab (24) onto which the layout template (12) is placed, this being self-centered again thanks to the adjustment lugs (5). When the template (12) is re-fitted, the correct location of each element described above can be checked.

As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the U-shaped stop bars (25) are then fixed to the concreted slab at the points shown by the profiles in the template (12). These U-shaped stops (25) set the positions, centers and thicknesses of the outside walls and interior partitions of the house or building to be built. The mould or coffering based on modular high precision panels is then installed, supported on them. FIG. 11 also shows the elements built into the slab during the previous phases, such as the opening for the sanitation catch pit (19), the electrical (39) and water (40) installations and the wall start rods (21).

Stepped slabs (24) can be built on uneven ground, as shown in FIG. 12, the solution shown in this figure being understood as non-limiting. In this case, modular panels (28) of variable heights according to requirements are used, supported directly on the ground and fixed together by double squares (27a) and self-centering clips (9) and aligned by placing standard beams (27) supported by corbels (26) fixed to the squares (27a), both above and below. Stops (30) can also be used to help with the lower alignment. In this case stabilizers (2) are also used, which may have varying sizes and heights according to requirements.

After the concrete has been poured and the coffering removed, the standard slab (24) is obtained, such as the one shown in FIG. 13, containing all the elements placed using the appropriate layout template. The rest of the building process is also carried out following the same principles as those described for the flat slab.

Once the foundation slab has been built, a walls template (31) is installed, which is a new aspect compared to U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, since it favors the placing and centering of all the walls and partitions in the house and all their elements such as reinforcement meshes, insulation, electrical and sanitary installations, location of doors, windows and interior stairs and any other elements without the need for measuring.

This walls template (31), as shown in FIG. 14, consists of various bodies that are joined together by self-centering clips (9) and safety connectors (35). Once installed on the foundation slab (24) and supported on the sizing bars' U-shaped stop (25), they determine the exact and complete skeleton of the house being built. The bodies of this template consist of square cross-section tubes with evenly-spaced circular transverse drillings (32) which mark the positions for fitting the wall spacers that help with the installation of the coffering modules, similarly to that of U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135. Likewise, the template (31) serves to align precisely the outside walls and partitions, to define their thicknesses and locations, to determine precisely the spaces for electrical boxes (33), outlets for drains and pipes (18), doors (16) and windows (17), etc, delimiting them and placing them in their exact places with centerers in the coffering panels. This template (31) also specifies the locations of the wall reinforcements so that their concrete rendering is of the legally-specified thickness at all times and in all places. The walls template body also sets the location of other elements such as the house's interior stairs (34) where necessary.

Wall reinforcement meshes (20) are then installed in the walls template (31), care being taken that the rods do not align vertically or horizontally with the transverse holes (32) for the spacers (51) that hold the coffering panels or mould. Neither must the reinforcements cross the openings for doors (16), windows (17), electrical boxes (33), pipe outlets (18) or others. Tie reinforcements (37) are used to consolidate the placement of the reinforcements; all of these details are shown in FIGS. 15 and 16.

FIG. 17 shows the next step in the sequence which consists of installing the insulation (36) in the outside walls following the guides marked by the walls template (31). It is centered between the multiple reinforcement meshes (20) in the outside walls and held by spacer/fixer bars (38) of the appropriate form and size for each case—for example, of angular cross-section and slots to form a comb-like configuration to hold the reinforcements, as shown in FIG. 19. The insulation (36) must be suitably perforated through the holes (32) for the walls template pipework (31) to determine and check the free passage for the conical wall spacers which are then installed with the mould. All these elements—reinforcements (20), insulation (36), bars (38) and reinforcements (37)—are embedded in the set concrete to provide the wall or parapet being built with appropriate properties of insulation and strength.

FIG. 18 shows a more detailed perspective of all the elements referred to in FIG. 17.

As shown in FIG. 19, once the bars (38) have been installed, they are bent so that their contact areas with the wall are minimal to prevent their being rusted by contact with air. These bars work as structural elements to solidify both parts of the wall on both sides of the insulation, endowing them with load-bearing capabilities.

The building process continues, as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, with the installation of the electrical (39) and plumbing (40) installations in the wall skeleton, followed by the electrical boxes (33) with a certain degree of flexibility to allow their centering after installation in the mould, and fixing the plumbing and sanitary pipes (23) and the electrical conduits (39) to the reinforcements so that they do not obstruct the flow when the concrete is poured into the mould. The pipe outlets (23) are left open to the outside so that they may later be centered in spaces provided in the mould at equal distances and with the same sizes as those of the walls template itself. This is carried out with any other type of installation such as those for telephone, telecommunications or similar. This laying out of the walls allows duplication with a high degree of mechanization that can easily be checked and making only the necessary connections.

The next phase of the building process consists of installing the complete mould or coffering for the house or building phase being undertaken.

The complete mould or coffering consists of modular panels of various forms and sizes to give full versatility in the design and undertaking of the work. Their general construction is similar to that of the panels in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, with some alterations and some new types of panel to complement and increase their possibilities.

FIGS. 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 show the panels shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, these being, respectively, a standard straight panel (28), wedge (44) and counter-wedge (45) panels that facilitate the start of the removal of the coffering, an internal corner panel (47) and an external corner panel (49). These panels are basically the same as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, that is, with side bars (48) with oblong holes (8) and reinforcements (43) on their inner surface, semicircular peripheral notches (41) and panels and 47 and 49 can be given the precise angles, and especially, as well as oblong holes (8), their perimeter bars also include circular centering holes (29), which facilitates the alignment and flush fitting of the panels. The invention also allows the lightening of the reinforcements (43) by drillings with oblong holes for easier handling by the operator.

Another innovation introduced by the invention for the mould panels consists of the incorporation of sharp-edged quarter-circle slots (42) which, when four panels are installed in a corner, provide the necessary holes for the spacers (51) that fasten the facing panels. In U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, these holes are made only by semi-circular peripheral cuts (41) but not in the corners, which could cause moulding defects in the panels' corners where the concrete pressure is critical.

The joining of the modular panels when installing the complete mould is also carried out using the conical spacers (51), fixing the perimeter bars (48) of some panels with those of others through their equally-spaced holes using self-centering clips (9) or others of an alternative design but equal function or by other methods, such as bolts, for example, in the case of a group of fixed panels such as those for the exterior walls that are installed and removed together.

FIG. 27 shows a type of conical wall spacer (51) used according to the invention. Its general construction is very similar to that of the spacers in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, with a slightly tapered stem (53) that facilitates removal after the concrete has set, a double tapered head (55) in which the blocking clip (52) is fixed into the second neck during the mould installation, but with the special new feature that there is a double handle (54) instead of a ring for its placement, adjustment and removal, making this work easier.

As shown in FIGS. 28 and 29, the spacers pass through the circular holes formed by the slots (41) and (42) without touching the reinforcements (20), holding the panels at a pre-determined fixed distance to set the thickness of the concrete wall.

A new variant of embodiment of the spacers, shown in FIGS. 30 and 31, has a threaded point (57) which allows the distance between the panels (28) to be adjusted exactly, with the aid of a threaded washer (61). This variation of the spacer also has a circular head (58) at one end with an adjustment stop (59) with the relevant panel (28), to the head of which in this case there is a double lever with asymmetric ends (60) to facilitate its handling.

As a complement, the system that forms the object of this invention has a series of special tools designed to make possible and facilitate the installation and removal of the complete mould. These are described below.

FIG. 32 shows one of these tools. The centering hook (62) consisting of an extended bar with a flat end (63) with slots (64) and with the other end rounded and ending in a point (65). This tool mainly serves to level contiguous panels vertically and horizontally in the mould assembly using the holes in their bars. The end used depends on the space available for moving and on the requirements of each case. Once the panels are leveled, they are fixed using the appropriate self-centering means described previously.

FIG. 33 shows another tool, a multi-use lever (66), in two positions. It consists of a sufficiently long bar with different ends, one being a structure comprising a cylindrical side pivot (67), a small support step (68), a slot (69) with a sloped interior wall and rounded rear stops (70), while the other end consists of an expansion with a straight slot (69a), wider than that described above, and two rear pivots (71), and, near to this expansion, a rear heel (72) that forms a support point during use. This lever is used to level contiguous panels vertically and horizontally before fixing using the appropriate self-centering means, where greater force is required than that provided by the centering hook and to facilitate the installing of the conical wall spacers since it allows their points to be stretched for fixing the blocking clip. It allows the placing and removal of the self-centering panel fixing clips and facilitates the unblocking of the perimeter bars of two contiguous panels during removal after the complete mould has been concreted.

FIG. 34 shows another tool (73) consisting of a bar of suitable length that operates as a lever for moulds. One end is wedge shaped (74) with a central slot (69b), while the other end is also a wedge (74) similar to the first one but inverted; as well as the central slot (69) it has two cylindrical pivots (75) extending from its sides. As well as its main use for lifting modular panels in contact with the slab during removal, this lever (73) is also used in the same way as described for the multi-use lever, with this tool providing more force due to its design and size.

FIG. 35 shows another tool consisting of a device to aid the sequence of installing, removing and general handling of the modular panels, especially at the tops of walls and in ceilings. It consists of a lift truck (76) with wheels (77) at the front and two support legs (78) at the rear and is moved using two rear handles (79). The lift truck has a swinging support (80) in the form of a lattice frame to which the panels (28) are fixed in hooks (81) specifically designed for them; the panels may have any slope angle, always depending on the needs for 30 each case.

This lift truck (76) reaches variable levels thanks to a side handle connected to a pulley system (82) with two safety cables (85) to extend the two telescopic sections (83) inside the fixed section (84) located at the lowest point. Another advantage of the lift truck (76) is that its structure includes crossbeams (86) that function as steps and two landings (87) which, as well as reinforcing the structure, are used as an alternative stair to allow the operator to ascend and manipulate the swinging support (80) and work with it.

FIG. 36 shows an auxiliary means for moving entire exterior walls with a crane. It consists of a triangular support (88) for a crane, the special feature of which is the double paired crosspiece structure of the hook (89), shown more clearly in FIG. 37, showing one of the positions, in this case vertical, in which this hook (89) allows the grasping of the panels (28) by their contiguous bars (7), this fixing being secured with two standard safety studs (10). This hook (89) consists of two equal U-shaped plates joined at one part and leaving the four ends of the U separated so that a double space is created between them at both the front and the sides of the piece, forming a double slot (90); these spaces allow the easy insertion and fixing of the perimeter bars (7) of the panels (28), both vertically and horizontally.

FIG. 38 shows another installation tool consisting of a spacer mechanism (91) for doors and spaces. This element allows the fixing and maintaining at a suitable distance of the lower panels formed by these elements so that the high pressures on the mould while the concrete is setting inside it—above all at the bottom—do not move them and cause deformities in the resulting concrete structure. The spacer (91) has a central shaft (92) with two adjustment stops (93) for setting the appropriate intermediate measurement in each case without the need for measuring by retracting or extending an internal mobile telescopic section (83a) into or out of the fixed section (84a). This spacer is fixed to the mould by self-centering clips (9) through the oblong holes (8) on the respective end fixing plates (94) that are fixed to the facing holes in the perimeter bars (7) of the mould panels (28) that form the door openings themselves.

FIG. 39 shows three types of props (96, 97 and 98) to fix the ceiling panels (28), both interior and exterior overhangs. In all cases, these props support alignment beams (27b) that rest on an upper U-shaped support (95) on the props themselves. The prop (96) was described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, this invention proposing the other two that are not supported on the foundation slab (24). One consists of a prop with a straight structure (97) consisting of three tubular sections, two—the upper and lower ones—fixed (100) and the other telescopic and extendable (99) with respect to the upper fixed section; this is adjusted to a suitable height using a safety stud (10). The lower section of this prop has a structure (103) consisting of a crosspiece, slots and safety studs similar to that described in FIG. 36 for fixing to the bars (7) of the panels. The prop (97) also has a threaded and counter-threaded stem with a handle (101) joining both sections (100) to allow the prop to be extended and adjusted.

The other prop, designed for overhangs (98) has an angular structure and has the same function as that of the prop (97), but its lower section is angular and reinforced by a triangular bar (104), there being in this case no upper telescopic section since it is designed for use with smaller overhangs in which the straight prop (97) has no space for turning the handle (101).

As a complement, for the general installation and removal of the mould, the system has special ladders (117) designed for working on discontinuous steps, as shown in FIG. 40, the rear legs of which consist of two square or rectangular cross-section bodies, one fixed (84b) and the other telescopic (83b) which is inserted into the former to achieve the required height; both bodies have through holes (32a). The bodies are fixed using safety studs (10) inserted in the holes (32a) when their positions align.

The invention also includes the design of new panels for specific cases in the mould without the need for later, specialized work.

In this sense, FIG. 41 shows a group of panels (106) and (107) for moulding the roller box of a blind, consisting of two contiguous halves with the protuberance (105) for the box to be moulded having sloping sides to facilitate the removal of the mould. These panels are joined to the mould assembly with self-centering clips through the already described oblong holes (8) and circular centers (29).

FIG. 42 shows another new modular piece which consists of a lid (108) with a generally rectangular structure and with a central, longitudinal rib (109) to form the blind guide and with the oblong holes (8) and circular centers (29) for fixing the rest of the mould using self-centering clips. The lid (108) has a lower step (110) to perfectly fit the piece on which it rests, consisting of a lid to form a window sill (111).

This lid (111) is shown in FIG. 43, and consists of a bent rectangular stepped plate (112), suitably sloping to allow rainwater to run off, including the above mentioned installation holes (8) and (29).

Some systems for building stairs according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 44 and 45. FIG. 44 is an interior staircase (113) and FIG. 45 is an exterior staircase (115), showing the upper joining of the step plates by means of clips (9) and simple fixing and reinforcement squares (114).

FIG. 45 shows an exterior staircase (115) for a block of flats with a concreted ground floor and coffered upper floor. All the panels (28) and modular pieces forming the exterior staircase may have any geometry and design. To form a complete staircase mould for concreting together with the service core or house, as relevant, safety walkways (116) can be used to complement the mould, as described below.

The improvements of this invention also allow the modular building of 1o continuous overlapped walls with no interruption between them except expansion joints as required by local legislation.

Thus, FIG. 46 shows an assembly of overlapped contiguous wall elements consisting of three lids (118) for continuous walls that allow the insertion of the double reinforcement meshes (20) inside the mould (56), unlike U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135, which did not provide for the insertion of these rods. The lids are held together by reinforcement squares (119) and through these, using any type of self-centering clips (9) to the modular panels (28) forming the perimeter wall. Thus another mould can be installed next to the previously-set structure, sharing the reinforcement meshes (20), making it possible to build a line of constructions joined together precisely with clean joints that are almost invisible.

FIG. 47 shows greater detail of the same assembly of three lids (118). The reinforcement squares help by supplying sufficient strength to withstand the pressure of the concrete before it sets, matching in length the thickness of the wall. The mechanism is the same for continuous interior partitions, with the difference that a set of two lids will be used since the reinforcements are usually single, not double, in these cases.

FIG. 48 shows the building's walls and ceilings after the coffering has been removed, showing the passage of the reinforcement meshes (20) to the outside of the concrete structure for fitting the other coffering that shares these interior reinforcements to allow the joining of the contiguous sections to create houses or other buildings that are aligned and overlapped.

According to the sequence of phases described above, FIG. 49 shows a perspective view of a complete standard mould (120). As well as all the elements described above, there are also two alignment beams (27) that are fixed to the mould by fixing corbels (26) and that make the mould rigid and reinforce it for concreting and then facilitate the movement of the assembly by a crane during removal. There is also a spacer (91) for doors and the lids for ceilings (121) to close the tops of the rooms in the building for the concreting of the complete structure. For buildings of more than one level, the intermediate slabs will be coffered with lids of this type and will include the relevant reinforcement. The building process for the upper floors is carried out following the same steps in the sequence described: layout template and its processes, walls template and its processes and installation of the mould and its concreting.

Therefore, building to heights can be carried out in phases from bottom to top. FIG. 50 shows the general view of the installation of an upper floor mould (120) on a standard ground floor that has already been concreted (145). Safety walkways (116) that also form part of the invention can be used in these cases.

FIG. 51 shows a detailed cross-section of the walkway (116) showing anti-slip platforms (122) held by a trapezoid support (124) to horizontal rails or double horizontal profiles (125) fixed to the concrete at the necessary height in each case. The rails (125) are fixed to the walls (130) using bolts (127) with U-shaped heads (128) which prevent their bending or moving within the rails (125) themselves and that fix the entire walkway to the wall of the immediately lower floor that has already been concreted, using the circular holes left in the concrete by the conical wall spacers when they were removed and threaded blocking washers (61). The overlap of the moulds' panels (28) with the concrete of the lower wall (130) is maintained by a piece in the form of a folding cross beam (131) shown in the following figure.

The walkway (116) fixing is adjustable in height independently of the height of the circular holes and the wall. Flanges (126) are used, fixed with safety studs (10) to holes (32) provided for the purpose in the trapezoid supports (124), allowing the movement of the walkway with respect to the rails (125). The entire assembly is stabilized with an adjustment stop (129) at the bottom of the trapezoid support (125) which rests against the concrete wall (130) itself.

FIG. 52 shows perspectives from two different points of view of one of the above mentioned folding beams (131) which, as shown in the previous figure, is adjusted to the main platform floor (122) of the safety walkway from its inside using the longitudinal hinge (132). Since this beam is horizontal, it rests on the modular panel using a longitudinal tubular piece (134) on its front. The beam is removed with the aid of a folding stud (135) which allows it to be levered upwards easily.

The walkway also has handrails (136), the corner construction of which is shown in FIG. 53, which are fixed with props (123) rising from the supports.

The shorter sides of the platform (122) are also closed by a handrail supported on L-shaped auxiliary support pieces (137) which are joined to the reinforcing crossbeams (138) on the underside of this platform, as shown more clearly in FIGS. 54 and 55.

FIG. 56 shows the layout of the safety walkways (116) for building at heights. Its elements in this case are similar to those described in previous figures except that the layout of the rails (125) and the lifting mechanism will be vertical for moving the walkways in height.

The following describes various modular pieces suitable for forming the various architectural parts of a house as an illustrative reference and not a limitation.

FIG. 57 illustrates some of these elements: it shows the structure of a chimney (139) open centrally with a pipe inside it; the mould for the area on the perimeter under tiles (140) that forms a small wall in the centre of the building fixed by conical spacers and upper bars (144) that reinforce and help to maintain the exact distances; the lintel (142) over the window; as well as a small decorative overhang (141) on the front. To prevent the poured concrete from overflowing, the parapet coffering includes brake pieces (143), with lengths that depend on the height of the parapet itself.

FIG. 58 shows a general perspective view of a two-storey house that has already been concreted (145) (in the “grey work” state) with all details previously installed in the mould such as, for example, the chimney (139), parapets (140), window lintels (142) and the upper overhang of the house (141) as well as doors and windows and all the installations in the house itself. The finishes are applied to this grey work: floors, tiling, woodwork, painting and installation of apparatus and mechanisms.

FIG. 59 shows a summary of the phased building of terraced houses showing a large part of the building sequence described up to now, with the lower floor finished to grey work stage and the upper floor in three stages of the building sequence: as a skeleton of reinforcement meshes (20) placed as described in the familiar templates, a complete mould (120) installed for concreting and, finally, upper floors that have already been completed (145) and the coffering removed. The walkways can also be seen on the concreted lower floors (116).

To build terraced houses, such as those in the previous figure, the invention includes suitable means for the overlapping of walls that allow a complete mould to be installed, adjusted, next to a structure that has already been concreted without losing the alignment of the walls and perimeter partitions, both internal and external, nor their verticality. These means consist of, on the one hand, double parallel wall spacers (146) and, on the other, longitudinal overlap mechanisms of moulds for external walls.

FIG. 60 shows the spacer (146) in detail, which consists of an end grip washer (147), the double tapered head (55) on the opposite end for the hook for the blocking clip (53), while its stem is of suitable length to span the double wall and has a first tapered section (52) and a second cylindrical section (148) next to the tapered head (55).

FIG. 61 shows a variation of the above spacer with the same conical and cylindrical structure for the stem (52 and 148) but with a threaded point (57) and blocking washer (61), also threaded, to adjust the traction, as shown in FIG. 30.

The use of this type of spacer is shown in the cross-section in FIG. 62 which shows the cylindrical part (148) inserted in the holes made in the set grey work after removing the spacers used to build it and by the notches (41) in the coffering panels (28) for the new wall to be built, with the tapered section (52) in the area to be concreted to facilitate its extraction once the new wall has hardened.

The longitudinal overlap in the outside walls is shown in FIGS. 63 and 64. The overlap means (149) that fix and align the panels (28) of the walls to be built with the finished wall (130) consist of an extended piece with a U cross-section (152) with oblong holes drilled in its base, with a spacer stop (153) at one end, equal in length to the width of the wings (48) of the modular panels (28) forming the mould so that the overlap between this and the concreted wall (130) is built without clearance. This piece is complemented by a threaded strap (150) which passes through the oblong holes in it and the circular holes in the concreted wall generated after removing the spacers, and is fixed to the inside by a threaded blocking washer (61).

FIGS. 65 to 72 show the application of the invention for building walls with foundations and a structure of pillars, such as fences, walls and similar. In a first case, a foundation band (160) can be built using a template (154) consisting of a double profile (156) that can be adapted to building on ground with steps or differing levels in a similar way as that specified for the foundation slabs for houses (see FIGS. 12 and 13). The template (154) rests on the previously excavated and prepared ground (155) and is fixed to it by suitable anchor rings (11) inserted through the holes in the side bars (157). This fixing is reinforced and the transverse separation distance maintained using joining angles (119) fixed with self-centering clips (9) to the ends (293) of the profiles (156). The wall or partition pillars are built in excavations (158) in the ground holding the reinforcements (20) which are joined by stirrups (159) at higher levels.

The reinforcements (20) and rods (21) for the wall remain embedded after the band (160) has been concreted, as shown in FIG. 67.

Panels (28) can be used for coffering on the finished band, including spaces for the electrical boxes (33), water meters (161) and other necessary installations, obtaining after the concrete has poured and has set, FIGS. 68 and 69, showing the coffering and the grey work for the finished wall (163). Other elements may be included, such as interior profiles with textures, chamfered forms, or ornaments or even spaces for the later installation of tubes or bars for grilles.

According to the invention, walls directly seated on the ground may also be built, as shown in FIGS. 70-72, using telescopic stabilizers (164) with reinforcement plates (166) and using alignment beams (27) for the mould, held to the mould of the wall itself with normal corbels (26) in the case of upper ones and inverted ones for those below.

The principles and functions of the stabilizer (164) are similar to those of the stabilizer described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,401,135 but with the difference that it has a cylindrical telescopic section (99) which slides and fixes into another fixed section (100) using a stud (10) as well as an adjustable foot which allows the better stabilization of walls and of different heights, improving its stabilization still further by reinforcement plates (166) on the supports (165). To summarize, the new procedures and means described in this invention allow the industrialization of building without architectural limits since the design of the mould matches that of the project to be built, there being no limits with regard to shapes, dimensions or structures.

All the elements, tools and procedures belonging to the system that forms the object of this invention are focused towards the carrying out of an orderly and rationally organized building sequence, divided into logical phases and which, when suitably combined, mechanize building and propose a multitude of advantages compared to traditional building systems and other known partial coffering systems.

Claims

1. Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering that uses panels with standardized forms and dimensions and within tolerance margins of less than one millimeter and high quality surface finish, preparing integral building cofferings in which, as well as the reinforcements, the various installations are placed, these panels including perimeter studs with oblong holes for joining together using self centering clips as well as holes in their mid part or notches in their sides for generating holes when installed, these holes aligning with those of the facing panels to allow the insertion of spacer straps or conical spacers with a blocking stop that help to maintain the separating distance, and which may also include portions of insulation that will be built into the finished wall, there being also spatial panels, including some with a wedge and counter wedge that facilitate the start of the removal of the coffering, others in squares to form the corners of the coffering and also implementing auxiliary means for installing and removing the coffering, the coffering being installed on a previously built foundation slab with the use of the layout template equally used before the concreting of this foundation slab for laying out the installations to be embedded in or under it such as catch pits and sanitary conduits; wherein the foundations slab (24) is built with the use of coffering based on modular pieces (3) and (4) the faces of which form a straight dihedral and in a square for the corners, fixed together using self-centering clips (9) that pass through oblong holes (8) in some side bars (7) and with angular reinforcements (6) to which stabilizers (2) and anchorings (11) are fixed while the pieces (3) and (4) have protruding upper self-centering lugs (5) for the layout template (12).

2. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the layout template (12) may be made of various separated bodies reinforced by straps wherein these bodies are joined using self-centering clips (9), with the template also incorporating centerers for marking the exits of pipes, drains and the like.

3. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein modular panels of suitable height are used to prepare stepped foundation slabs, directly supported on the ground and held using double squares (27a) and self-centering clips (9) these double squares in turn being supported by height-adjustable stabilizers (2). Upper alignment beams (27) may be used, fixed on corbels (26) which can be fixed in the oblong holes in the double squares, or lower ones fixed by stops (30).

4. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvements include the use of a walls template (31) that aligns walls and partitions and that contains all the elements such as doors and windows and has the necessary centers for electrical boxes, pipe outlets and drains, as well as profiles indicating steps for interior stairs and other elements. This walls template is fixed by adjusting it against U-shaped stop bars (25) on the foundation slab.

5. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the walls template (31) is preferably based on various bodies joined together by self-centering clips (9) and safety connectors (35), these bodies being formed on the basis of square cross-section tubes with transverse drillings (32) aligned with the holes in the panels to allow the spacers or conical spacers (51) or (146) to pass.

6. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein reinforcements (20) are placed on the walls template (31) and portions of insulation (36) if relevant, such that these reinforcement rods do not align with the drillings (32) in the template and with holes being made in the insulation in the positions of these drillings to facilitate the passing of the spacers (51) and (146).

7. Improvements according to claim 1, where the spacers have a slightly tapered stem (53), a double tapered head (55) end with neck for the blocking clip (52) and a ring on the opposite end, wherein these spacers have a double end handle (54) instead of the ring.

8. Improvements according to claim 7, wherein a variation of the spacer replaces the double tapered point with a threaded point (57) which, in co-operation with a threaded washer (61), allows the distance between panels to be adjusted exactly.

9. Improvements according to claim 7, wherein a variation of the spacer (146) for adjacent double walls comprises a first tapered section (52) next to the end ring (147) and a second cylindrical section (148) next to the double tapered head (55), the stem being of sufficient length to span the thickness of the double wall.

10. Improvements according to claim 9, wherein a variation of the spacer for adjacent double walls (146) replaces the double tapered point with a threaded point (57) with a threaded washer (61) to allow the panel to be adjusted exactly.

11. Improvements according to claim 6, wherein the fixing of the reinforcements (20) to the walls template (31) is consolidated by means of reinforcements (37).

12. Improvements according to claim 6, wherein in outside walls there are multiple reinforcements (20) in the coffering fixed by the reinforcements (37) and separation/fixing bars (38) which are bent to remain embedded in the concrete and that work as a structural element, with the insulation (36) centered between the reinforcements (20).

13. Improvements according to claim 12, wherein the bars (38) have an angular cross-section and slots, forming a comb-like configuration to hold the reinforcements (20).

14. Improvements according to claim 1, where the panels include perimeter studs (48) with oblong holes (8) wherein the studs also have round holes (29).

15. Improvements according to claim 1, where the panels include notches (41) in their sides to form holes for the passing of the spacers, wherein the panels may also include notches (42) in the form of a quarter circle at the corners for the same purpose.

16. Improvements according to claim 1, including a centering hook (62) formed by a rod with a flat end (63) with slots (64), the other end being rounded and finishing in a point (65) for leveling contiguous panels.

17. Improvements according to claim 1, including a multi-use lever (66) with two ends, one of which has a cylindrical side pivot (67), a small support step (68), a slot (69) with sloping inside walls and rounded rear stops (70), while the other end consists of an extension with a straight slot (69) with two rear pivots (71) and a rear heel (72) near to these, also for centering and leveling contiguous panels and to facilitate the placing of the conical spacers, the placing and removal of the self-centering clips and to facilitate the removal of the coffering.

18. Improvements according to claim 1, including a lever (73) for moulds consisting of a bar with a wedge (74) at one end with a central slot (69) and another equivalent inverted wedge (74) at the other end with two protruding cylindrical side pivots (75) for lifting panels in contact with the foundation slab and other uses.

19. Improvements according to claim 1, including a lift truck (76) with front wheels (77) and rear support legs (78) with rear handles (79) for moving it. It has a swinging support (80) in the form of a lattice frame for fixing the panels (28) in hooks (81). The support (80) is installed on a telescopic mast consisting in a fixed body (84) and two telescopic sections (83) using a pulley system (82) operated by a handle. The truck's structure includes steps (86) and landings (87) for placing and removing coffering at heights.

20. Improvements according to claim 1, including a support (88) for a crane equipped with a double crosspiece panels hook (89) for their bars, each crosspiece hook (89) consisting of two equal U-shaped plates joined together by one part and leaving the ends of the U separated to form a double slot (90) to insert the panels' bars perpendicularly, fixed by safety studs (10).

21. Improvements according to claim 1, including a spacer mechanism (91) for doors or other spaces to maintain the distance between coffering panels in this type of span, resisting the pressure caused by the weight of the concrete, this mechanism consisting of a central shaft (92) with adjustment stops (93), a telescopic body (83a) and a fixed one (84a) that allow the adjustable extension of fixing end plates (94) with oblong holes (8) that are fixed to the panels that enclose these spans using self-centering clips (9).

22. Improvements according to claim 1 that include props for fixing panels using girders (27b) in coffering panels for ceilings and overhangs, wherein these props consist of three tubular sections, the upper and lower ones fixed (100) and straight, connected by a counter-threaded handle (101) to adjust the extension, and another extensible telescopic section (99) using a safety stud (10) with respect to the upper fixed section, the lower tubular section (100) having a double crosspiece (103) for its side fixing to the bars (7) of the panels without a lower support.

23. Improvements according to claim 1 that include props for fixing panels using beams (27) of coffering panels for ceilings and overhangs wherein said props consist of two fixed tubular sections (100), the upper one being straight and the lower one being angular, with a reinforcement (104), the two being connected by a counter-threaded handle (101) for adjusting their length, the lower tubular section (100) having a double crosspiece (103) for its lateral fixing to the bars (7) of the panels without lower support.

24. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvements include special ladders (117) for placing on other ladders, the rear legs of which are telescopic, based on fixed (84b) and telescopic (83b) sections that can be locked together by safety studs (10).

25. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvement include special panels for moulding blind boxes, consisting of two contiguous halves (106) and (107) with the protuberance (105) for moulding the box and having studs with holes (8) and (29) for fixing it, the sides of both halves being sloping and matching to facilitate removal from the mould.

26. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvement include a special type of panel consisting of a rectangular lid (108) provided with a longitudinal central rib (109) for moulding a blind guide with the relevant fixing holes (8) and (29) and a lower step (110) to match the window sill panel or lid (111), which in turn comprises a rectangular bent plate with fixing holes (8) and (29) forming a step (112) and suitably sloped to allow water to run off.

27. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the panels forming the coffering of a staircase are joined with fixing clips (9) and squares (114) and reinforcement.

28. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvement include an element for the overlap of contiguous walls, consisting of lids (118) that form spaces between them for the passage of the reinforcements (20) and which are fixed together by reinforcement squares (119) and by means of these to the panels forming the wall using self-centering clips (9), all to allow the reinforcements to be shared with the next wall, the element for the overlapping of the outside walls including three lids (118) with two spaces for the passage of two reinforcements, and the overlap element for interior walls having two lids (118) with a space for the passage of the single reinforcement for these walls.

29. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein for the longitudinal overlap of a perimeter wall contiguous to one already built (145) the improvements comprise using lengthened U cross-section pieces (152) with oblong holes drilled in their bases, having a spacer stop (153) in one of its ends of equal length as the width of the panels' perimeter studs to support them without free play, the pieces (152) being complemented with threaded straps (150) that pass through the oblong holes and through the holes in the finished wall generated by the spacers and fixed by the relevant threaded washer (61).

30. Improvements according to claims 9 or 10, wherein the coffering for building a wall adjacent to one already built with the help of the relevant spacers comprises the inserting of its cylindrical section (148) in any of the holes in the finished wall, the tapered section (52) remaining in the area to be concreted to facilitate its removal and helping to maintain the internal space of the relevant coffering panel.

31. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the improvement include the installation of alignment beams (27) for the mould's panels using corbels; the beams also allowing the handling of the panels assembly.

32. Improvements according to claim 1 that include safety walkways (116) for working at heights, wherein some of the walkways serve for working on the forming of the coffering for upper floors from a lower, finished floor and consisting of supports (124) which can be fixed in a sliding manner to double rails (125), one of which is fixed to the finished wall (130) and the other to the support (124), the rails (125) being fixed by bolts (127) with U-shaped heads (128) which run on the relevant rail, the bolt stem rising from this head which, in the case of the wall fixing (130) passes through any of the holes made by the conical spacers for fixing to a threaded washer (61), and in the case of the fixing to the support (124) are fixed to a flange (126) fixed by safety studs (10) to holes (32) in the support (125), which allows it to be adjusted in height, the upper part of the support (124) having a stop (129) to support it on the wall (130) and with anti-slip platforms (122) resting on the supports (124), having front folding crossbeams (131) for adjustment to the panels forming the upper floor's coffering, a handrail (136) being fixed to the supports (124) and the ends (122) of the walkways being closed with handrails (136) fixed by auxiliary L-shaped support pieces (137) joined to reinforcement crossbeams (138) under the platforms.

33. Improvements according to claim 32, wherein the folding crossbeams (131) are joined by means of a longitudinal hinge (132) to the relevant platform, with a stud (135) for unfolding them and a frontal tubular piece (134) for support on the coffering panels.

34. Improvements according to claims 32 or 33, wherein the rails (125) can be installed horizontally or vertically, allowing the horizontal or vertical movement of the walkways (116).

35. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the cofferings for chimneys (139) are formed by placing a tube inside.

36. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the parapet coffering includes upper bars (144) to maintain the exact width and lower wings (143) to prevent the concrete from overflowing during filling.

37. Improvements according to claim 1 used in the building of walls with foundations wherein a template (154) is used to build a support band, this template being made of a double profile (156) adaptable using sacking for level differences as necessary, and which are fixed to the ground by anchorings (11) inserted in the holes in side bars (157), forming joining angles (119) to maintain the transverse spacing, with the pillar reinforcements (20) remaining in the hardened band as well as reinforcement rods (21) for the wall, and building the wall coffering on the band with the relevant openings for installations.

38. Improvements according to claim 1, in which walls can be built without foundations using stabilizers (164) with reinforcement planks (166) on supports (165) and alignment beams (27) wherein the stabilizers comprise a cylindrical telescopic section that slides inside a fixed section (100) and is locked by a stud (10), there also being an adjustable foot to improve its stability.

39. Improvements to systems for building structures of reinforced concrete or other materials using high precision modular, integral coffering, according to all the above claims, wherein the building procedure is carried out in the following phases:

a) Installation of the coffering to build the foundation slab. Installation of the insulation and of the reinforcement meshes of the foundation slab, as well as of the sanitary work.

b) Installation of the adjusted layout template on the foundation coffering to locate and centre the outlets for the necessary sanitary and electrical installations and welding the starting reinforcement rods for the walls to the slab's reinforcement meshes.

c) Removal of the layout template and concreting of the inside of the coffering to build the foundation slab with all the planned installations built into it.

d) Re-installation of the layout template on the concreted slab to check the payout and fix the U-shaped stop pieces (25) at the places indicated by the template's sizing bars.

e) Removal of the layout template, removal of the foundation slab coffering and installation of the walls template, supported on the U-shaped pieces (25).

f) Installation of the walls' reinforcement meshes, with the walls' installations and insulation and fixing this assembly using the fixer/spacer bars.

g) Removal of the walls template, leaving the wall's complete internal frame or skeleton suitably located.

h) Installation of the complete mould joining the modular panels with self-centering clips or similar means and wall spacers, fitting the electrical boxes, pipe outlets and other installations in the centerers in the panels provided for such purpose.

i) Complete concreting of the mould to give a “grey work” construction with all the elements and installations built into it.