Particles of HCV envelope proteins: use for vaccination
The present invention is based on the finding that the envelope proteins of HCV induce a beneficial immune response in chronically HCV-infected chimpanzees. The immunization can preferentially be carried out using HCV envelope proteins in the form of particles which are produced in a detergent-assisted manner. The envelope proteins when presented as such to chronic HCV carriers are highly immunogenic and stimulate both the cellular and humoral immune response.
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The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/414,219, filed Apr. 16,2003 (pending), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.09/355,040, filed Jul. 23, 1999 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,257), which is a 371 of U.S. National Phase of PCT/EP99/04342, filed Jun. 23, 1999, which claims benefit of EP 98870142.1, filed Jun. 24, 1998 and EP 99870033.0, filed Feb. 22, 1999, the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention is based on the finding that the envelope proteins of HCV induce a beneficial immune response in chimpanzees which are chronically infected with a heterologous subtype 1a or subtype 1b HCV strain. More specifically, the present invention relates to the finding that envelope proteins are highly immunogenic and result in the stimulation of both the cellular and humoral immune response. Moreover, the present invention relates to the finding that blocking of cysteines by alkylation results in even more immunogenic proteins. In addition, the envelope proteins of the present invention can be incorporated in particles which display a high immunogenecity and immunoreactivity. It was further demonstrated that such particles may incorporate other proteins.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem in both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that about 1 to 5% of the world population is affected by the virus. HCV infection appears to be the most important cause of transfusion-associated hepatitis and frequently progresses to chronic liver damage. Moreover, there is evidence implicating HCV in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Consequently, the demand for reliable diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic agents is high. Also sensitive and specific screening methods of HCV-contaminated blood-products and improved methods to culture HCV are needed.
HCV is a positive stranded RNA virus of approximately 9,600 bases which encode at least three structural and six non-structural proteins. Based on sequence homology, the structural proteins have been functionally assigned as one single core protein and two envelope proteins: E1 and E2. The E1 protein consists of 192 amino acids and contains 5 to 6 N-glycosylation sites, depending on the HCV genotype. The E2 protein consists of 363 to 370 amino acids and contains 9-11 N-glycosylation sites, depending on the HCV genotype (for reviews see: Major and Feinstone, 1997; Maertens and Stuyver, 1997). The E1 protein contains various variable domains (Maertens and Stuyver, 1997), while the E2 protein contains three hypervariable domains, of which the major domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein (Maertens and Stuyver, 1997). The latter envelope proteins have been produced by recombinant techniques in Escherichia coli, insect cells, yeast cells and mammalian cells. The usage of an expression system in higher eukaryotes and especially in mammalian cell culture leads to envelope proteins that are effectively recognized by antibodies in patient samples (Maertens et al., 1994).
It has been suggested that the E1 envelope protein needs the E2 envelope protein to reach a proper folding status (Deleersnyder et al., 1997). In addition, it has been suggested that E1 and E2 form heterodimers which may form the basic unit of the viral envelope (Yi et al., 1997). In WO 98/21338 to Liang et al. these presumptions have been used to construct HCV particles, which consist of E1 and E2, as well as Core and P7. In other words, the usage of E1 or E2 separately for immunization and other purposes is not suggested in the prior art. But, Houghton (1997) reported that repeated immunizations with recombinant gpE1E2 (4×25 μg) of 3 chronically HCV-infected chimpanzees did not induce a significant immune response. The inventors of the present application reasoned that the induction of an anti-envelope immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis C would indeed be desirable and beneficial to the patient, since higher levels of such antibodies seem to correlate with good response to interferon therapy, and may therefore help the patient to clear the virus (PCT/EP 95/03031 to Maertens et al.). The inventors of the present invention further reasoned that, as the antibody levels against E1 in chronic HCV carriers are among the lowest of all HCV antibodies, it may be beneficial to raise those antibody levels, and possibly the cellular response, to induce control or even clearance of the infection by the host. Also higher levels of cellular immunity against E1 seem to correlate with good response towards interferon therapy (Leroux-Roels et al., 1996).
Besides the importance of anti-E1 immunity in relation to interferon therapy, other indications point-out that some other parts of the HCV genome may be important to induce a specific immune response which may allow control of the infection. Also T-cell reactivity against the C-terminal region of the core protein has been observed more frequently in patients responding to interferon therapy (Leroux-Roels et al, 1996). Potentially neutralizing antibodies against the NS4B protein were demonstrated in patients clearing HCV after liver transplant (Villa et al., 1998). Also within NS3 several T-cell epitopes have been mapped which seem to correlate with clearing of HCV during the acute phase (see: PCT/EP 94/03555 to Leroux-Roels et al.; Leroux-Roels et al., 1996; Rehermann et al., 1996 and 1997; Diepolder et al., 1995 and 1997). Furthermore, antibodies to NS5A, like E1 antibodies, show higher levels at baseline before interferon-alpha therapy in long term responders (LTR) as compared to non-responders.
At present, therapeutic vaccination for HCV has not been successful. Also prophylactic vaccination has only been shown to be effective against a homologous strain of HCV (Choo et al., 1994). The present invention relates to the surprising finding that administration of an HCV envelope antigen can dramatically improve the state of chronic active hepatitis in an individual infected with a heterologous strain or isolate, both in a heterologous subtype 1a or heterologous subtype 1b infection. Indeed, chronically infected chimpanzees who were administered six doses of 50 μg E1s (i.e. aa 192-326 of E1) surprisingly showed vigourous humoral and cellular immune responses, which had not been mounted over the entire period of chronic infection before the latter vaccination. Moreover, viral antigen became undetectable in the liver over a period of two to five months and remained undetectable for at least 5 months post-vaccination. Although HCV-RNA titers in the serum did not decrease, liver enzyme levels in the serum showed a clear tendency to normalize. Most importantly, liver histology improved dramatically in both vaccinees. The present invention further relates to the surprising finding that the E1 protein used for vaccination, which was expressed as a single HCV protein without its hydrophobic anchor, forms stable particles. It should also be noted that, to avoid induction of an immune response against non-relevant epitopes, the E1 protein used for vaccination was constructed as a consensus sequence of individual clones derived from a single serum sample from one chronic carrier. In addition, the present application relates to the finding that the induction of such anti-E1 responses may be increased by using antigens of a different genotype than the ones of the infection present in the host. Moreover, the present application relates to the finding that when cysteines of HCV envelope proteins are alkylated, for instance by means of N-(iodoethyl)-trifluoroacetamide, ethylenimine or active halogens, such as iodoacetamide, the oligomeric particles as described above display an even higher immunogenicity. Finally, the present invention relates also to the finding that mutation of cysteines of HCV envelope proteins to any other naturally occuring amino acid, preferentially to methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine or lysine, in the oligomeric particles as described above also results in higher immunogenicity, compared to the original envelope proteins.
AIMS OF THE INVENTIONIt is clear from the literature that there is an urgent need to develop reliable vaccines and effective therapeutic agents for HCV. Therefore, the present invention aims at providing an antigen preparation, which is able to induce specific humoral and cellular immunity to HCV envelope proteins, even (but not solely) in chronic HCV carriers. The same antigens can be used for diagnosis of the immune response.
More specifically, the present invention aims at providing an antigen preparation as defined above, which consists of stable particles of single envelope proteins of HCV. It should be clear that, at present, such particles or a method to prepare such particles, are not known in the art. Moreover, there is no indication in the art that any antigen preparation, including such stable particles or such purified single HCV envelope proteins, could successfully be used as (heterologous) prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against HCV. The present invention thus also aims at providing a method to produce stable particles, which can be successfully used as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent against HCV, in addition to provide DNA vaccines encoding HCV antigens. More specifically, the present invention aims at providing a method to produce the latter particles based on detergent-assisted particle formation (see further). Furthermore, the present invention aims at providing methods to prepare particles consisting of antigens obtained from different HCV genotypes.
Moreover, the present invention aims at providing an antigen which is a consensus sequence from individual clones, which may allow a more correct folding of the proteins. This in order to avoid stimulation of immunity against non-relevant epitopes.
Furthermore, the present invention aims at providing an antigen formulation, in particular for therapeutic vaccination, based on the genotype of HCV by which the chronic carrier is infected. In this regard, the present invention aims at providing an envelope protein of either a different or a homologous genotype or subtype compared to the genotype or subtype of the chronic carrier.
A further aim of the invention is to provide a method for treating or therapeutically vaccinating chronically infected patients using the above-indicated antigens or DNA vaccines, possibly in combination with other compounds. The present invention also aims to provide a method to prophylactically vaccinate humans against HCV.
Another aim of the invention is to provide oligomeric particles which have a superior immunogenicity, due to the mutation of at least one cysteine residue of HCV envelope protein into a natural occuring amino acid, preferentially methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine or lysine. Alternatively, alkylation of at least one cysteine residue of HCV envelope protein may be performed. In particular, the latter protein can be alkylated by means of ethylenimine, N-(iodoethyl)trifluoroacetamide or active halogens. In this regard, the instant invention aims to provide the additional use of oligomeric particles as vehicles for presenting non-HCV epitopes efficiently.
It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a method to treat patients, acutely or chronically infected, with an anti-envelope antibody, such as anti-E1 antibody, e.g. anti-E1 V2 region antibody, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Another aim of the invention is to provide a T cell stimulating antigen such as Core, E1, E2, P7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, or NS5B along with the envelope proteins of the invention.
All the aims of the present invention are considered to have been met by the embodiments as set out below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TABLES AND DRAWINGSTable 1 provides sequences of E1 clones obtained from a single chronic carrier, the E1 construct used for production of a vaccine is the consensus of all these individual clones. V1-V5, variable regions 1-5; C4, constant domain 4; HR, hydrophobic region; HCV-B con, consensus sequence at positions that are variable between clones and HCV-J.
Table 2 provides sequences of the E1 vaccine protein and the E1 protein as found in the infected chimpanzees Phil and Ton. The subtype 1b isolate of Phil differed by 5.92% from the vaccine strain. The difference between the vaccine and the subtype 1a isolate of Ton was 20.74%.
Table 3 provides a schematic overview of the changes induced by therapeutic vaccination in two chronically infected chimpanzees (Ton and Phil). Analysis was performed as explained for
Table 4 provides sequences of peptides used to map the B-cell epitopes. Note that HR overlaps with V4V5.
Table 5 shows the rearrangement of NS3 in order to make a shorter protein carrying all major epitopes correlating with viral clearance.
Table 6 shows the reactivity in LIA of E1s-acetamide versus E1s-maleimide with sera of chronic HCV carriers. Proteins were immobilized on the LIA membranes. E1s-acetamide was sprayed as such on the LIA strips while E1s-maleimide (also containing biotin-maleimide) was complexed with streptavidin before spraying. Antigens were bound to LIA-membranes, and strips were processed essentially as described in Zrein et al. (1998). Human antibodies directed against these antigens were visualized using a human-anti-IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. NBT and BCIP were used for color development of the strip. Staining was scored from 0.5 to 4, as explained in Zrein et al. (1998). Using a cut-off for this assay of 0.5 the number of positive samples (#pos) and percentage (% pos) is mentioned at the bottom of the table.
The invention described herein draws on previously published work and pending patent applications. By way of example, such work consists of scientific papers, patents or pending patent applications. All these publications and applications, cited previously or below are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to HCV vaccination. For the first time successful immunotherapy of chimpanzees with severe chronic active hepatitis C could be achieved by vaccination with an HCV antigen. The vaccine not only induced high immune responses, but also induced clearance of viral antigen from the liver, and considerable improvement of the histological activity and of liver disease. The present invention further relates to purified single HCV envelope proteins and in particular to oligomeric particles. The oligomeric particles consist essentially of HCV envelope proteins and have a diameter of 1 to 100 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering or possibly electron microscopy. In this regard it should be stressed that the particles can be formed by E1 and/or E2 proteins only, or parts thereof (see infra). Therefore, the oligomeric particles of the present invention differ fundamentally with the HCV-like particles described in WO 98/21338, which necessarily consist of E1 and E2 and Core and P7. The terms “oligomeric particles consisting essentially of HCV envelope proteins” are herein defined as structures of a specific nature and shape containing several basic units of the HCV E1 and/or E2 envelope proteins, which on their own are thought to consist of one or two E1 and/or E2 monomers, respectively. It should be clear that the particles of the present invention are defined to be devoid of infectious HCV RNA genomes. The particles of the present invention can be higher-order particles of spherical nature which can be empty, consisting of a shell of envelope proteins in which lipids, detergents, the HCV core protein, or adjuvant molecules can be incorporated. The latter particles can also be encapsulated by liposomes or apolipoproteins, such as, for example, apolipoprotein B or low density lipoproteins, or by any other means of targeting said particles to a specific organ or tissue. In this case, such empty spherical particles are often referred to as “viral-like particles” or VLPs. Alternatively, the higher-order particles can be solid spherical structures, in which the complete sphere consists of HCV E1 or E2 envelope protein oligomers, in which lipids, detergents, the HCV core protein, or adjuvant molecules can be additionally incorporated, or which in turn may be themselves encapsulated by liposomes or apolipoproteins, such as, for example, apolipoprotein B, low density lipoproteins, or by any other means of targeting said particles to a specific organ or tissue, e.g. asialoglycoproteins. The particles can also consist of smaller structures (compared to the empty or solid spherical structures indicated above) which are usually round (see further)-shaped and which usually do not contain more than a single layer of HCV envelope proteins. A typical example of such smaller particles are rosette-like structures which consist of a lower number of HCV envelope proteins, usually between 4 and 16. A specific example of the latter includes the smaller particles obtained with E1s in 0.2% CHAPS as exemplified herein which apparently contain 8-10 monomers of E1s. Such rosette-like structures are usually organized in a plane and are round-shaped, e.g. in the form of a wheel. Again lipids, detergents, the HCV core protein, or adjuvant molecules can be additionally incorporated, or the smaller particles may be encapsulated by liposomes or apolipoproteins, such as, for example, apolipoprotein B or low density lipoproteins, or by any other means of targeting said particles to a specific organ or tissue. Smaller particles may also form small spherical or globular structures consisting of a similar smaller number of HCV E1 or E2 envelope proteins in which lipids, detergents, the HCV core protein, or adjuvant molecules could be additionally incorporated, or which in turn may be encapsulated by liposomes or apolipoproteins, such as, for example, apolipoprotein B or low density lipoproteins, or by any other means of targeting said particles to a specific organ or tissue. The size (i.e. the diameter) of the above-defined particles, as measured by the well-known-in-the-art dynamic light scattering techniques (see further in examples section), is usually between 1 to 100 nm, more preferentially between 2 to 70 nm, even more preferentially between 2 and 40 nm, between 3 to 20 nm, between 5 to 16 nm, between 7 to 14 nm or between 8 to 12 nm.
The invention further relates to an oligomeric particle as defined above, wherein said envelope proteins are selected from the group consisting of HCV E1, HCV E1s, HCV E2 proteins, SEQ ID No 13 or SEQ ID No 14, or parts thereof. The proteins HCV E1 and HCV E2, and a detailed description of how to purify the latter proteins, are well-described and characterized in PCT/EP 95/03031 to Maertens et al. HCV E1s, SEQ ID No 13 or SEQ ID No 14, or parts thereof, can be purified similarly as described for HCV E1 or HCV E1s in PCT/EP 95/03031 to Maertens et al. It should be stressed that the whole content, including all the definitions, of the latter document is incorporated by reference in the present application. The protein HCV E1s refers to amino acids 192 to 326 of E1, and represents the E1 protein without its C-terminal hydrophobic anchor. The term “or parts thereof” refers to any part of the herein-indicated proteins which are immunogenic, once they are part of a particle of the present invention.
The invention further pertains to oligomeric particles as described herein, wherein at least one cysteine residue of the HCV envelope protein as described above is alkylated, preferably alkylated by means of alkylating agents, such as, for example, active halogens, ethylenimine or N-(iodoethyl)trifluoroacetamide. In this respect, it is to be understood that alkylation of cysteines refers to cysteines on which the hydrogen on the sulphur atom is replaced by (CH2)nR, in which n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and R═H, COOH, NH2, CONH2, phenyl, or any derivative thereof. Alkylation can be performed by any method known in the art, such as, for example, active halogens X(CH2)nR in which X is a halogen such as I, Br, Cl or F. Examples of active halogens are methyliodide, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide, and 2-bromoethylamine. Other methods of alkylation include the use of ethylenimine or N-(iodoethyl)trifluoroacetamide both resulting in substitution of H by —CH2—CH2—NH2 (Hermanson, 1996). The term “alkylating agents” as used herein refers to compounds which are able to perform alkylation as described herein. Such alkylations finally result in a modified cysteine, which can mimic other aminoacids. Alkylation by an ethylenimine results in a structure resembling lysine, in such a way that new cleavage sites for trypsine are introduced (Hermanson 1996). Similarly, the usage of methyliodide results in an amino acid resembling methionine, while the usage of iodoacetate and iodoacetamide results in amino acids resembling glutamic acid and glutamine, respectively. In analogy, these amino acids are preferably used in direct mutation of cysteine. Therefore, the present invention pertains to oligomeric particles as described herein, wherein at least one cysteine residue of the HCV envelope protein as described herein is mutated to a natural amino acid, preferentially to methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine or lysine. The term “mutated” refers to site-directed mutagenesis of nucleic acids encoding these amino acids, ie to the well kown methods in the art, such as, for example, site-directed mutagenesis by means of PCR or via oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis as described in Sambrook et al. (1989).
The term “purified” as applied herein refers to a composition wherein the desired components, such as, for example, HCV envelope proteins or oligomeric particles, comprises at least 35% of the total components in the composition. The desired components preferably comprises at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, still more preferably at least about 60%, still more preferably at least about 70%, even more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least about 98% of the total component fraction of the composition. The composition may contain other compounds, such as, for example, carbohydrates, salts, lipids, solvents, and the like, without affecting the determination of the percentage purity as used herein. An “isolated” HCV oligomeric particle intends an HCV oligomeric particle composition that is at least 35% pure. In this regard it should be clear that the term “a purified single HCV envelope protein” as used herein, refers to isolated HCV envelope proteins in essentially pure form. The terms “essentially purified oligomeric particles” and “single HCV envelope proteins” as used herein refer to HCV oligomeric particles or single HCV envelope proteins such that they can be used for in vitro diagnostic methods and therapeutics. These HCV oligomeric particles are substanially free from cellular proteins, vector-derived proteins or other HCV viral components. Usually, these particles or proteins are purified to homogeneity (at least 80% pure, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, more preferably 95%, more preferably 97%, more preferably 98%, more preferably 99%, even more preferably 99.5%, and most preferably the contaminating proteins should be undetectable by conventional methods such as SDS-PAGE and silver staining).
The present invention also relates to an oligomeric particle as defined above wherein said envelope proteins are any possible mixture of HCV E1, HCV E1s, HCV E2, SEQ ID No 13 and/or SEQ ID No 14, or parts thereof, such as, for example, a particle of the present invention can substantially consist of HCV E1- and HCV E2 proteins, HCV E1- and HCV E1s proteins, HCV E1s- and HCV E2 proteins, and HCV E1-, HCV E1s- and HCV E2 proteins. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to an oligomeric particle as defined above wherein said proteins are derived from different HCV strains, subtypes or genotypes, such as, for example, said proteins are derived from genotype 1b and genotype 4, or are a mixture consisting of HCV envelope proteins from one strain or genotype of HCV and at least one other strain or genotype of HCV. The different HCV strains or genotypes are well-defined and characterized in PCT/EP 95/04155 to Maertens et al. It is stressed again that the whole content, including all the definitions, of the latter document is incorporated by reference in the present application. Thus, the present invention relates to oligomeric particles comprising envelope proteins derived from any HCV strain or genotype known in the art or to particles comprising a mixture of proteins derived from any HCV strain or genotype known in the art. In this regard the present invention also relates to a consensus sequences derived from individual clones as exemplified below and in the examples section (see further).
The present invention further relates to an oligomeric particle as described herein obtainable by a method, as well as to said method to produce said oligomeric particle. Said method is characterized by the following steps:
(I) Purifying HCV envelope proteins, possibly including the use of an optionally first detergent. In essence, the purification procedure of step (I) has been described extensively in PCT EP 95/03031 to Maertens et al. Importantly, according to the present invention, the blocking step in the purification procedure as described in PCT EP 95/03031, eg with NEM-biotin, is carried out with an alkylation step as described in the present application, preferentially by using iodoacetamide. Moreover, the purification procedure of step (I) can possibly include the use of a disulphide bond cleavage agent, and possibly include the use of an alkylating agent. Finally, the procedure of step (I) results in purified HCV envelope proteins in a solution.
(II) Replacing the solution of said purified HCV envelope proteins with a detergent or salt, resulting in the formation of oligomeric particles.
(III) Recovering or purifying said oligomeric particles, possibly including further reducing the concentration of the detergent or salt of step (II), which further assists the formation and stabilization of said oligomeric particles, formed after said replacing.
More preferably, the present invention relates to an oligomeric particle as defined herein, as well as the method to produce said particle, wherein said optionally first detergent is Empigen-BB. More preferably, the present invention relates to an oligomeric particle as defined herein, as well as the method to produce said particle, wherein the detergent of step (II) is CHAPS, octylglucaside or Tween, more preferably Tween-20 or Tween-80, or any other detergent. More preferably, the present invention relates to an oligomeric particle as defined herein, as well as the method to produce said particle, wherein said salt is betaine. Even more preferably, the present invention relates to an oligomeric particle as defined above, as well as the method to produce said particle, wherein said Empigen-BB is used at a concentration of 1% to 10% and wherein said CHAPS or Tween is used at a concentration of 0.01% to 10%, or said betaine is used at a concentration of 0.01% to 10%. Even more preferably, the present invention relates to an oligomeric particle as defined above, as well as the method to produce said particle, wherein said Empigen-BB is used at a concentration of 3% and wherein said CHAPS or betaine are used at concentrations of 0.2% or 0.3%, respectively, after which buffer is switched and said CHAPS or betaine are used at concentrations of 0.05% or 0.1-0.5%, respectively. It is to be understood that all percentages used in the method described above are given as weight/volume. It should be clear that the method described above (see also PCT/EP 95/03031 and the examples section of the present application) is an example of how to produce the particles of the present invention. In this regard, the present invention also concerns any other method known in the art which can be used to produce the oligomeric particles of the present invention, such as, for example, omitting the reducing agent as described in PCT/EP 95/03031 and the examples section (infra), and using instead host cells, which have an optimised redox state in the Endoplasmic Reticulum for reducing cysteine bridges. In addition, it should be clear that a whole range of alkylbetaines can be used, such as, for example, with a Cn tail, in which n= a positive integer ranging from 1 to 20, as well as betaine derivatives, such as, for example, sulfobetaines.
Since for the first time successful immunotherapy of chimpanzees with severe chronic active hepatitis C was achieved by vaccination with a purified HCV antigen, the present invention also relates to purified single HCV envelope proteins, in particular E1 or E1s. Moreover, the present invention pertains to a composition comprising said single HCV envelope proteins, and the use thereof as an HCV vaccine, or for the manufacture of an HCV vaccine.
In order to avoid induction of an immune response against irrelevant epitopes, the HCV envelope protein used for vaccination is preferably constructed as a consensus sequence of individual subtypes, strains, or clones. Therefore, the present invention also pertains to the use of an HCV antigen (either in the form of peptide, protein, or a polynucleotide) for vaccination or diagnosis. Furthermore, the present invention also pertains to an oligomeric particle, as defined herein, and the use thereof, in which the HCV envelope protein is encoded by a consensus sequences based on quasispecies variability within an isolate (isolate consensus sequence) or based on the consensus sequence of different isolates within a subtype (subtype consensus sequence), type or species (type or species consensus sequence), or the complete HCV genus (genus consensus sequence). Consequently, the amino acid sequence of this consensus HCV envelope protein is a consensus sequence derived from an isolate-, subtype-, strain-, or genus consensus sequence. For the connotation of the term “consensus” is particularly referred to Maertens and Stuyver (1997), and references used therein.
The oligomeric particle of the present invention displays epitopes extremely efficiently (see infra). Hence, the oligomeric particle is a means to present epitopes in such a way that they can elicit a proficient immune response. In this context, it is comprehended that the HCV envelope proteins as defined herein do not need to contain HCV epitopes exclusively. The HCV envelope proteins, which form the oligomeric particles, may contain epitopes that are derived from HCV solely, and possibly contain epitopes that are derived from other exogenous agents, such as, for example, HBV or HIV. In other words, the oligomeric particle with an HCV envelope protein backbone, can be used as a vehicle to present non-HCV epitopes, possibly in addition to HCV epitopes. Therefore, the present invention also encompasses an oligomeric particle, as defined herein but possibly without HCV epitopes, and its applications and its manufacture, possibly containing non-HCV epitopes. The term “exogenous agent” as used herein, refers to any agent, whether living or not, able to elicit an immune response, and which is not endogenous to the host, and which is not HCV. Specifically, the latter term refers to the group consisting of pathogenic agents, allergens and haptens. Pathogenic agents comprise prions, virus, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. More specifically, virus comprise in particular HBV, HIV, or Herpesvirus, but not HCV. Allergens comprise substances or molecules able to provoke an immune response in an host on their own when a host is exposed to said allergens. Haptens behave similarly to allergens with respect to the ability of provoking an immune response, but in contrast to allergens, haptens need a carrier molecule.
The present invention also relates to a composition comprising an oligomeric particle as defined above. More particularly the present invention relates to a vaccine composition. The term “vaccine composition” relates to an immunogenic composition capable of eliciting protection against HCV, whether partial or complete. It therefore includes HCV peptides, proteins, or polynucleotides. Protection against HCV refers in particular to humans, but refers also to non-human primates, trimera mouse (Zauberman et al., 1999), or other mammals.
The particles of the present invention can be used as such, in a biotinylated form (as explained in WO 93/18054) and/or complexed to Neutralite Avidin (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg., USA). It should also be noted that “a vaccine composition” comprises, in addition to an active substance, a suitable excipient, diluent, carrier and/or adjuvant which, by themselves, do not induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition nor do they elicit protection. Suitable carriers are typically large slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric aa's, aa copolymers and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those skilled in the art. Preferred adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the composition include, but are not limited to: aluminium hydroxide, aluminium in combination with 3-0-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A as described in WO 93/19780, aluminium phosphate as described in WO 93/24148, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,918, N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamyl-L-alanine2-(1′2′dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)ethylamine and RIBI (ImmunoChem Research Inc., Hamilton, Mont., USA) which contains monophosphoryl lipid A, detoxified endotoxin, trehalose-6,6-dimycolate, and cell wall skeleton (MPL+TDM+CWS) in a 2% squalene/Tween 80 emulsion. Any of the three components MPL, TDM or CWS may also be used alone or combined 2 by 2. Additionally, adjuvants such as Stimulon (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass., USA) or SAF-1 (Syntex) may be used, as well as adjuvants such as combinations between QS21 and 3-de-O-acetylated monophosphoryl lipid A (WO94/00153), or MF-59 (Chiron), or poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] based adjuvants (Virus Research Institute), or blockcopolymer based adjuvants such as Optivax (Vaxcel, Cythx) or inulin-based adjuvants, such as Algammulin and GammaInulin (Anutech), Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) or Gerbu preparations (Gerbu Biotechnik). It is to be understood that Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) may be used for non-human applications and research purposes as well. “A vaccine composition” will further contain excipients and diluents, which are inherently non-toxic and non-therapeutic, such as water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, preservatives, and the like. Typically, a vaccine composition is prepared as an injectable, either as a liquid solution or suspension. Solid forms, suitable for solution on, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation may also be emulsified or encapsulated in liposomes for enhancing adjuvant effect. The polypeptides may also be incorporated into Immune Stimulating Complexes together with saponins, for example Quil A (ISCOMS). Vaccine compositions comprise an immunologically effective amount of the polypeptides of the present invention, as well as any other of the above-mentioned components. “Immunologically effective amount” means that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for prevention or treatment. This amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of the individual to be treated (e.g. human, non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to mount an effective immune response, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment, the strain of the infecting HCV and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. Usually, the amount will vary from 0.01 to 1000 μg/dose, more particularly from 0.1 to 100 μg/dose. The vaccine compositions are conventionally administered parenterally, typically by injection, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations suitable for other methods of administration include oral formulations and suppositories. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. The vaccine may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents. Therefore, the instant invention pertains to the use of an oligomeric particle as defined herein for prophylactically inducing immunity against HCV. It should be noted that a vaccine may also be useful for treatment of an individual as pointed-out above, in which case it is called a “therapeutic vaccine”.
The present invention also relates to a composition as defined above which also comprises HCV core, E1, E2, P7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and/or NS5B protein, or parts thereof. E1, E2, and/or E1E2 particles may, for example, be combined with T cell stimulating antigens, such as, for example, core, P7, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and/or NS5B. In particular, the present invention relates to a composition as defined above wherein said NS3 protein, or parts thereof, have an amino acid sequence given by SEQ ID 1 or SEQ ID 2 (see further in examples section).
The purification of these NS3 proteins will preferentially include a reversible modification of the cysteine residues, and even more preferentially sulfonation of cysteines. Methods to obtain such a reversible modification, including sulfonation have been described for NS3 proteins in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP99/02547). It should be stressed that the whole content, including all the definitions, of the latter document is incorporated by reference in the present application.
It is clear from the above that the present invention also relates to the usage of an oligomeric particle as defined above or a composition as defined above for the manufacture of an HCV vaccine composition. In particular, the present invention relates to the usage of an oligomeric particle as defined herein for inducing immunity against HCV in chronic HCV carriers. More in particular, the present invention relates to the usage of an oligomeric particle as defined herein for inducing immunity against HCV in chronic HCV carriers prior to, simultaneously to or after any other therapy, such as, for example, the well-known interferon therapy either or not in combination with the administration of small drugs treating HCV, such as, for example, ribavirin. Such composition may also be employed before or after liver transplantation, or after presumed infection, such as, for example, needle-stick injury. In addition, the present invention relates to a kit containing the oligomeric particles or the single HCV envelope proteins of the present invention to detect HCV antibodies present in a biological sample. The term “biological sample” as used herein, refers to a sample of tissue or fluid isolated from an individual, including but not limited to, for example, serum, plasma, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, oocytes, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs, gastric secretions, mucus, spinal cord fluid, external secretions such as, for example, excrement, urine, sperm, and the like. Since the oligomeric particles and the single HCV envelope proteins of the present invention are highly immunogenic, and stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune response, the present invention relates also to a kit for detecting HCV related T cell response, comprising the oligomeric particle or the purified single HCV envelope protein of the instant invention. HCV T cell response can for example be measured as described in the examples section, or as described in PCT/EP 94/03555 to Leroux-Roels et al. It should be stressed that the whole content, including all the definitions, of this document is incorporated by reference in the present application.
It should be clear that the present invention also pertains to the use of specific HCV immunoglobulins for treatment and prevention of HCV infection. It is here for the first time demonstrated that sufficient levels of HCV antibodies, especially HCV envelope antibodies, induce amelioration of Hepatitis C disease. It is also demonstrated for the first time that sufficient levels of antibodies can bind circulating virus, and that the presence of Ab-complexed virus coincides with disappearance of HCV antigen from the liver, and with amelioration of liver disease. HCV envelope antibodies may be induced by vaccination or may be passively transferred by injection after the antibodies have been purified from pools of HCV-infected blood or from blood obtained from HCV vaccinees. Therefore, the present invention pertains further to specific antibodies, generated against an oligomeric particle as described above or against a composition as described above, or a single HCV envelope protein. In particular, the present invention relates to a kit comprising said antibodies for detecting HCV antigens. The term “specific antibodies” as used herein, refers to antibodies, which are raised against epitopes which are specific to the oligomeric particle as disclosed in the present invention. In other words, specific antibodies are raised against epitopes which result from the formation of, and are only present on oligomeric particles. Moreover, there are various procedures known to produce HCV peptides. These procedures might result in HCV peptides capable of presenting epitopes. It is conceivable that the HCV peptides, obtained by these various and different procedures, are capable of presenting similar epitopes. Similar epitopes are epitopes resulting from different production or purifying procedures but recognizable by one and the same antibody. However, the oligomeric particles of the instant invention present epitopes extremely efficient. Consequently, the epitopes on the oligomeric particles are highly immunogenic. Therefore, the present invention also pertains to epitopes on oligomeric particles, said epitopes are at least 10 times, preferentially at least 20 times, preferentially at least 50, preferentially at least 100 times, preferentially at least 500 times, and most preferentially at least 1000 times more immunogenic than epitopes on HCV-peptides, which are not produced according to the present invention, ie not produced by detergent-assisted particle formation. It will be appreciated by the skilled that said immunogenecity can, for example, be detected and therefore compared by immunising mammals by means of administering comparable quantities of peptides, produced by either method. Moreover, the term “specific antibody” refers also to antibodies which are raised against a purified single HCV envelope protein. As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. The term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody composition having a homogeneous antibody population. The term “antibody” is not limiting regarding the species or source of the antibody, nor is it intended to be limited by the manner in which it is made. In addition, the term “antibody” also refers to humanized antibodies in which at least a portion of the framework regions of an immunoglobulin are derived from human immunoglobulin sequences and single chain antibodies, such as, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778, to fragments of antibodies such as Fab, F′(ab)2, Fv, and other fragments which retain the antigen binding function and specificity of the parental antibody.
Moreover, the present invention also features the use of an oligomeric particle as described above, or a composition as described above to detect antibodies against HCV envelope proteins. As used herein, the term “to detect” refers to any assay known in the art suitable for detection. In particular, the term refers to any immunoassay as described in WO 96/13590.
The terms “peptide”, “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably in the present invention. “Polypeptide” refers to a polymer of amino acids (amino acid sequence) and does not refer to a specific length of the molecule. Thus, oligopeptides are included within the definition of polypeptide. It is to be understood that peptidomimics are inherent in the terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein”
Also, the present invention relates to the use of an oligomeric particle as described herein for inducing immunity against HCV, characterized in that said oligomeric particle is used as part of a series of time and compounds. In this regard, it is to be understood that the term “a series of time and compounds” refers to administering with time intervals to an individual the compounds used for eliciting an immune response. The latter compounds may comprise any of the following components: oligomeric particles, HCV DNA vaccine composition, HCV polypeptides.
In this respect, a series comprises administering, either:
- (I) an HCV antigen, such as, for example, an oligomeric particle, with time intervals, or
- (II) an HCV antigen, such as, for example, an oligomeric particle in combination with a HCV DNA vaccine composition, in which said oligomeric particles and said HCV DNA vaccine composition, can be administered simultaneously, or at different time intervals, including at alternating time intervals, or
- (III) either (I) or (II), possibly in combination with other HCV peptides, with time intervals.
In this regard, it should be clear that a HCV DNA vaccine composition comprises nucleic acids encoding HCV envelope peptide, including E1-, E2-, E1/E2-peptides, E1s peptide, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, NS3 peptide, other HCV peptides, or parts of said peptides. Moreover, it is to be understood that said HCV peptides comprises HCV envelope peptides, including E1-, E2-, E1/E2-peptides, E1s peptide, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, NS3 peptide, other HCV peptides, or parts thereof. The term “other HCV peptides” refers to any HCV peptide or fragment thereof with the proviso that said HCV peptide is not E1, E2, E1s, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, or NS3. In item II of the above scheme, the HCV DNA vaccine composition comprises preferentially nucleic acids encoding HCV envelope peptides. In item II of the above scheme, the HCV DNA vaccine composition consists even more preferentially of nucleic acids encoding HCV envelope peptides, possibly in combination with a HCV-NS3 DNA vaccine composition. In this regard, it should be clear that an HCV DNA vaccine composition comprises a plasmid vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an HCV peptide as described above, operably linked to transcription regulatory elements. As used herein, a “plasmid vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they have been linked. In general, but not limited to those, plasmid vectors are circular double stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form, are not bound to the chromosome. As used herein, a “polynucleotide sequence” refers to polynucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA). The term should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of either RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and single (sense or antisense) and double-stranded polynucleotides. As used herein, the term “transcription regulatory elements” refers to a nucleotide sequence which contains essential regulatory elements, such that upon introduction into a living vertebrate cell it is able to direct the cellular machinery to produce translation products encoded by the polynucleotide. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, transcription regulatory elements operably linked to a nucleotide sequence are capable of effecting the expression of said nucleotide sequence. Those skilled in the art can appreciate that different transcriptional promoters, terminators, carrier vectors or specific gene sequences may be used succesfully.
Finally, the present invention relates to an immunoassay for detecting HCV antibody, which immunoassay comprises: (1) providing the oligomeric particle or the purified single HCV envelope protein as defined herein, or a functional equivalent thereof, (2) incubating a biological sample with said oligomeric particle, or said HCV envelope protein under conditions that allow the formation of antibody-antigen complex, (3) determining whether said antibody-antigen complex comprising said oligomeric particle or said HCV envelope protein is formed.
The present invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following examples which set forth particularly advantageous embodiments. However, it should be noted that these embodiments are merely illustrative and can not be construed as to restrict the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Expression, Purification, and Detergent-Assisted Homo-Oligomerization of the HCV E1 Protein The HCV E1s protein (amino acids 192-326) was expressed and purified from RK13 cells using recombinant vaccinia virus pvHCV-11A according to the protocol described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP 95/03031). In addition, the purified E1 protein in 3% Empigen-BB which displays an apparent molecular weight corresponding to an E1 homo-dimer (approximately about 60 kDa;
In order to confirm the unexpected result that particles have been created, E1s preparations in 0.05% CHAPS and 0.1% betaine, prepared according to example 1, or in 0.1% betaine, prepared by dilution of preparations in 0.5 % betaine, were subjected to analysis by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS).
The dynamic light scattering technique measures Brownian motion and relates this to the size of particles. The larger the particle, the slower the Brownian motion will be. The velocity of the Brownian motion is defined by a property known as the diffusion coefficient (usually given by the symbol D). The size of the particle is calculated from the diffusion coefficient by using the Stokes-Einstein equation: d(H)=kT/3B0D, in which d(H) is the hydrodynamic diameter, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, 0 is the viscosity. Notebly, the measured diameter is a value which refers to how a particle diffuses within a fluid. So, it is referred to as hydrodynamic diameter. The diffusion coefficient is derived from an autocorrelation function (variation of intensity fluctuation of light with time). The instrument uses a computer-controlled correlator to calculate the intensity of the autocorrelation function automatically.
For measuring size distributions, the above autocorrelation function is corrected to obtain linear curves and the instrument is equipped with a computer program for analysis of the size distribution. However, the technique has restrictive assumptions similar to those of the technique called multi angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and neither method can be considered to yield absolute data. The results of size distributions from DLS have to be interpreted as semi-quantitative indicators of polydispersity, rather than as a true representation of the distribution.
Samples containing E1s particles (80-400 μg E1s/ml PBS-0.05% CHAPS, 0.1% or 0.5% betaine) were pipetted in the measuring cell of an LSP 3.53 DLS instrument equipped with a 10 mW HeNe Laser (PolymerLabs). A readout of the analysis is provided in FIGS. 4 (E1s in 0.05% CHAPS) and 5 (E1s in 0.1% or 0.5% betaine).
These analyses indeed confirmed the unexpected result that the obtained E1s structures were spherical, monodisperse particles. The E1s particles in PBS/0.1% betaine showed an average size distribution of 21.3±4 nm, in PBS/0.5% betaine: 27.9±5 nm, whereas a diameter of 12.5 was obtained for E1s in PBS/0.05% CHAPS.
Example 3 Size and Shape Analysis by means of Electron Microscopy Ten μl of E1s (226 μg/ml in PBS/0.05% CHAPS; and 143 μg/ml in PBS 3% betaine) was visualized with a standard negative staining with 1% uranyl acetate on carbon stabilized formvar grids. The sample was applied for 30 seconds and then rinsed with dH2O before staining for 5 seconds and photography (
Statistical analysis yielded the following results: the E1s particle in CHAPS had a mean diameter of 8.7±0.27 nm (range 4.3-29.0; 95% CI 5.4) and that the E1s particle in betaine was less homogeneous with a mean diameter of 9.7±0.55 nm (range 4.3-40.5; 95% CI 11.0). Surprisingly, the 3% betaine preparation, which initially showed a MW of 250-300 kDa as analysed by SEC even shows larger particles than the 0.05% CHAPS preparation, which initially showed a MW of >600 kDa. We therefore hypothesized that intermediate homo-oligomeric forms of E1s obtained by 3% betaine may have formed higher order particles over time. This surprising effect points to other possibilities for obtaining higher-order particles. A size distribution of the particles (
A chimpanzee (Phil) already infected for over 13 years (5015 days before immunization) with an HCV subtype 1b strain was vaccinated with E1 (aa 192-326) which was derived from a different strain of genotype 1b, with a 95.1% identity on the amino acid level (see also Table 2), and which was prepared as described in examples 1-3. The chimpanzee received in total 6 intramuscular immunizations of each 50 μg E1 in PBS/0.05% CHAPS mixed with RIBI R-730 (MPLA+TDM+CWS) according to the manufacturer's protocol (Ribi Inc. Hamilton, Mont.). The 6 immunizations were given in two series of three shots with a three week interval and with a lag period of 6 weeks between the two series. Starting 150 days prior to immunization, during the immunization period and until 1 year post immunization (but see below) the chimpanzee was continuously monitored for various parameters indicative for the activity of the HCV induced disease. These parameters included blood chemistry, ALT, AST, gammaGT, blood chemistry, viral load in the serum, viral load in the liver and liver histology. In addition, the immune answer to the immunization was monitored both on the humoral and cellular level. During this period the animal was also monitored for any adverse effects of the immunization, such as change in behaviour, clinical symptoms, body weight, temperature and local reactions (redness, swelling, indurations). Such effects were not detected.
Clearly, ALT (and especially gammaGT, data not shown) levels decreased as soon as the antibody level against E1 reached its maximum (
E2 antigen in the liver decreased to almost undetectable levels during the period in which anti-E1 was detectable and the E2 antigen rebounded shortly after the disappearance of these antibodies. Together with the Core and E2 antigen becoming undetectable in the liver, the inflammation of the liver markedly decreased (see also Table 3). This is a major proof that the vaccine induces a reduction of the liver damage, probably by clearing, at least partially, the viral antigens from its major target organ, the liver.
The viraemia level, as measured by Amplicor HCV Monitor (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), remained approximately unchanged in the serum during the whole study period.
More detailed analyses of the humoral response revealed that the maximum end-point titer reached 14.5×103 (after the sixth immunization) and that this titer dropped to undetectable 1 year post immunization (
Analysis of the T-cell reactivity indicated that also this compartment of the immune system is stimulated by the vaccine in a specific way, as the stimulation index of these T-cells rises from 1 to 2.5, and remains somewhat elevated during the follow up period (
A chimpanzee (Ton) already infected for over 10 years (3809 days before immunization) with HCV from genotype 1a was vaccinated with E1 from genotype 1b, with only a 79.3 % identity on the amino acid level (see also Table 2), and prepared as described in the previous examples. The chimpanzee received a total of 6 intramuscular immunizations of 50 μg E1 in PBS/0.05% CHAPS each mixed with RIBI R-730 according to the manufacturer's protocol (Ribi Inc. Hamilton, Mont.). The 6 immunizations were given in two series of three shots with a three week interval and with a lag period of 4 weeks between the two series. Starting 250 days prior to immunization, during the immunization period and until 9 months (but see below) post immunization the chimpanzee was continuously monitored for various parameters indicative for the activity of the HCV induced disease. These parameters included blood chemistry, ALT, AST, gammaGT, viral load in the serum, viral load in the liver and liver histology. In addition, the immune answer to the immunization was monitored both on the humoral and cellular level. During this period the animal was also monitored for any adverse effects of the immunization, such as change in behaviour, clinical symptoms, body weight, temperature and local reactions (redness, swelling, indurations). Such effects were not detected.
Clearly, ALT levels (and gammaGT levels, data not shown) decreased as soon as the antibody level against E1 reached its maximum (
E2 antigen levels became undetectable in the period in which anti-E1 remained above a titer of 1.0×103, but became detectable again at the time of lower E1 antibody levels. Together with the disappearance of HCV antigens, the inflammation of the liver markedly decreased from moderate chronic active hepatitis to minimal forms of chronic persistent hepatitis (Table 3). This is another major proof that the vaccine induces a reduction of the liver damage, probably by clearing, at least partially, the virus from its major target organ, the liver.
The viraemia level, as measured by Amplicor HCV Monitor (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), in the serum remained at approximately similar levels during the whole study period. More detailed analysis of the humoral response revealed that the maximum end-point titer reached was 30×103 (after the sixth immunization) and that this titer dropped to 0.5×103 nine months after immunization (
Analysis of the T-cell reactivity indicated that also this compartment of the immune system is stimulated by the vaccine in a specific way, as the stimulation index of these T-cells rises from 0.5 to 5, and remains elevated during the follow up period (
As the E1 antibody titers as observed in examples 4 and 5 were not stable and declined over time, even to undetectable levels for the 1b infected chimp, it was investigated if this antibody response could be increased again by additional boosting. Both chimpanzees were immunized again with three consecutive intramuscular immunization with a three week interval (50 μg E1 mixed with RIBI adjuvant). As can be judged from
Notable is the finding that, as was already the case for the first series of immunizations, the chimpanzee infected with the subtype 1b HCV strain (Phil) responds with lower anti-E1 titers, than the chimpanzee infected with subtype 1a HCV strain (maximum titer in the first round 14.5×103 versus 30×103 for Ton and after additional boosting only 1.2×103 for Phil versus 40×103 for Ton). Although for both animals the beneficial effect seems to be similar, it could be concluded from this experiment that immunization of a chronic carrier with an E1 protein derived from another subtype or genotype may be especially beneficial to reach higher titers, maybe circumventing a preexisting and specific immune suppression existing in the host and induced by the infecting subtype or genotype. Alternatively, the lower titers observed in the homologous setting (1b vaccine+1b infection) may indicate binding of the bulk of the antibodies to virus. Therefore, the induced antibodies may possess neutralizing capacity.
Example 7a Construction of a NS3 Protein Combining the Major Epitopes known to Correlate with Control of InfectionAlso other epitopes besides the ones in E1 may be linked with clearing of HCV during acute phase or by interferon therapy. Several of these epitopes are localized within NS3 (Leroux-Roels et al., 1996; Rehermann et al., 1996 and 1997; Diepolder et al., 1995 and 1997). Two of the major epitopes are the CTL epitope mapped by Rehermann and coworkers (aa 1073-1081), and the T-cell (CD4) epitope mapped by Diepolder and coworkers (aa 1248-1261). Unfortunately, these epitopes are scattered all over the NS3 protein. In order to have at least those epitopes available, a relatively large protein would be needed (aa 1073-1454). Producing such a large protein usually results in low yields, and may result upon vaccination in a response which is only for a small part targeted to the important epitopes. Therefore, production of a smaller protein would be a more suitable solution to this problem. In order to do so, some of the epitopes need to be repositioned within such a smaller protein. By taking advantage of the knowledge that exists, ie another CTL epitope (aa 1169-1177) which is not linked with HCV clearance (Rehermann et al. 1996, 1997), an NS3 molecule was designed to start at aa 1166 and to end at aa 1468 (Table 5). This construct already includes the epitopes described by Weiner and coworkers, and Diepolder and coworkers. By mutating the region 1167 to 1180 to the sequence of the region 1071 to 1084, the non-relevant CTL epitope was changed to the epitope Rehermann and coworkers found to be linked with viral clearance. The construct was additionally modified to contain a methionine at position 1166 to allow initiation of translation. This methionine will be cleaved off in E. coli since it is followed by an alanine. In this way, the introduction of new epitopes, which are not present in the natural NS3, is limited to a minimum. Alternatively, if the expression of this protein would be cumbersome, the CTL epitope may be linked to the C-terminus at aa 1468 as depicted in detail in Table 5.
The coding sequence of an HCV NS-3 fragment was isolated and expressed as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP99/02547; clone 19b; HCV aa 1188-1468 was used as starting material). The CTL epitope as described by Rehermann, and not present in the 19b NS-3 fragment was fused to this fragment. Both N-terminal and C-terminal fusions were constructed, since effects of the fusion on expression levels, susceptibility to proteolytic breakdown and functionality may be affected by the position of the epitope.
Using the pIGRI2NS-3 plasmid, which is an E. coli expression plasmid expressing the NS-3 19b fragment under control of the leftward promotor of phage lambda, as a template for PCR, NS3 19b coding sequences, fused respectively N— and C-terminally with the Rehermann CTL epitope (named NS-319bTn and NS-3 l9bTc, respectively), were first subcloned into the pGEM-T (Promega) cloning vector giving rise to vectors pGEM-TNS-319bTn and pGEM-TNS-319bTc. The PCR-amplified sequences were verified by DNA sequence analysis.
In the case of fusing the T-cell epitope sequence to the N-terminal region of NS-3, PCR was carried out with a long sense primer carrying the CTL epitope and a short antisense primer homologous to sequences 3′ of the NS-3 19b stopcodon. Primer sequences are depicted below.
In the case of the C-terminally fused NS-3, PCR was carried out with a short sense primer homologous to sequences 5′ of the NS-3 19b startcodon and a long antisense primer carrying the CTL epitope followed by in-frame stopcodons. Primer sequences are depicted below.
Starting from the coding sequences cloned into the pGEM-T vectors, the NS-3 19bT sequences are inserted into the pIGRI2 E. coli expression vector. For the N-terminally fused NS-3 19bT, the NS-3 19bT coding sequence was isolated as a 379 bp Ncol/SnaBI fragment and ligated with SnaBI/AllwNI and AlwNI/NcoI fragments from vector pIGRI2NS-3, resulting in the vector pIGRI2NS-3Tn. For the C-terminally fused NS-3 19bT, the NS-3 19bT coding sequence was isolated as a 585 bp SnaBI/Spel fragment and inserted into the SnaBI/Spel opened vector pIGRI2NS-3, resulting in the vector pIGRI2NS-3Tc.
Both pIGRI2NS-3Tn and pIGRI2NS-3Tc vectors were subsequently transformed to the E.coli expession strain MC1061(pAcI) and after temperature induction of the lambda PL promotor, expression levels were analysed on SDS-PAGE and Western blot, using a polyclonal rabbit anti NS-3 serum.
Amino Acid Sequence of the NS-3 19bTn Protein
Amino Acid Sequence of the NS-3 19bTc Protein
Nucleotide Sequence of the NS-3 19bTn Coding Region
Nucleotide Sequence of the NS-3 19bTc Coding Region
E. coli cell pasts from erlenmeyer cultures were broken by a cell disrupter (CSL, model B) at 1.4 kbar in 50 mM TRIS, pH 8. This lysate was cleared by centrifugation (15000 g, 30 min, 4° C.). The supernatant was discarded, since both for the N— and the C-terminal construct NS3 was recovered in the pellet. This pellet turned out to be highly stable for the N-terminal construct allowing thorough washing (first wash with 2% sarcosyl, 0.5 M guanidiniumchloride and 10 mM DTT, second and third wash with 1% Triton X-100, 0.5 M guanidiniumchloride and 10 mM EDTA) before solubilisation. This was not the case for the C-terminal construct. Purification was further pursued on the N-terminal construct. The washed pellet was finally dissolved in 6 M guanidiniumchloride/50 mM Na2HPO4, at pH 7.2 and was sulfonated as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP99/02547). The sulfonated pellet was first desalted on a Sephadex G25 column to 6 M Urea/50 mM triethanolamine, pH 7.5, and finally purified by two sequential anion-exchange chromatographies in the same buffer composition. The first anion-exchange was performed on a Hyper DQ (50 μm) column (BioSpra Inc. Marlborough, Mass. USA) and the NS3 was recovered between 0.11 and 0.19 M NaCl. After dilution, these fractions were applied to a second Hyper DQ (20 μm) column (BioSpra Inc. Marlborough, Mass. USA) and the NS3 was recovered in the fractions containing 0.125 M NaCl. These fractions were desalted to 6 M Urea in PBS, pH 7.5. The final purity was estimated >90% based on SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining. The N-terminal sequencing by EDMAN degradation showed that this NS3 has an intact N-terminus, in which the desired epitope is present in the correct sequence. It was also confirmed that the methionine used for the start of translation was cleaved of as predicted.
Example 8 Construction of an E2 Protein without Hypervariable Region IAn immunodominant homologous response has been noted to the HVR I region of E2. This response will be of little use in a vaccine approach, since a vaccine approach is a heterologous set-up (the vaccine strain is always different from the field strains). Therefore, deletion of this region would be necessary to have an E2 protein inducing antibodies against the more conserved, but less immunogenic regions of E2. By carefully analyzing the E2 leader sequence and the E2 hypervariable region the most ideal construct for expression of an E2 protein without HVR I was designed. This construct allows expression of an E2 peptide starting at position aa 409 instead of aa 384. As a leader sequence the C-terminal 20 amino acids of E1 were used. However, since the delineation of this HVR is not unambiguous, a second version was made (starting at aa 412), which has also a high probability to be cleaved at the right position.
Intermediate Construct pvHCV-99 (see also
In the expression cassette, the coding sequence of E2-715 should be preceded by an E1 leader signal peptide, starting at Met364. Therefore, in plasmid pvHCV-92 (
The plasmids pvHCV-100 and -101 should contain a deletion in the E2 sequence, i.e. a deletion of the hypervariable region I (HVR-I). In plasmid pvHCV-100, amino acids 384(His)-408(Ala) were deleted, while in plasmid pvHCV-101 aminoacids 384(His)-411(Ile) were deleted.
Construction pvHCV-100
For the construction of pvHCV-100, two oligonucleotides were designed:
PCR amplification (denaturation 5 min 95° C., 30 cycles of amplification consisting of annealing at 55° C., polymerization at 72° C., and denaturation at 95° C. for 1 min each, elongation for 10 min at 72° C.) of the pvHCV-99 template with Gpt-pr [3757] and HCV-pr 408 [8750] resulted in a 221 bp fragment, while amplification with HCV-pr 409 [87491] and TKr-pr [3756] resulted in a 1006 bp fragment. Both PCR fragments overlap one another by 19 nucleotides. These two fragments were assembled and amplified by PCR with the Gpt-pr [3757] and TKr-pr [3756] primers. The resulting 1200 bp fragment was digested with EcoRI and HinDIII and ligated into the EcoRI/HinDIII digested pgsATA18 [ICCG 1998] vector (5558 bp). This construct, pvHCV-100, was analysed by restriction and sequence analysis, and deposited in the strainlist as ICCG 3636.
Construction pvHCV-101
For the construction of pvHCV-101, two oligonucleotides were designed:
PCR amplification of the pvHCV-99 template with Gpt-pr [3757] and HCV-pr 410 [8748] resulted in a 221 bp fragment, while amplification with HCV-pr 411 [8747] and TKr-pr [3756] resulted in a 997 bp fragment. Both PCR fragments overlap one another by 19 nucleotides. These two fragments were assembled and amplified by PCR with the Gpt-pr [3757] and TKr-pr [3756]. The resulting 1200 bp fragment was digested with EcoRI and HinDIII and ligated into the EcoRI/HinDIII digested pgsATA18 [ICCG 1998] vector (5558 bp). This construct, pvHCV-101, was analysed by restriction and sequence analysis, and deposited in the strainlist as ICCG 3637.
All plasmids were checked by sequence analysis and deposited in the Innogenetics strainlist. For each plasmid two mini-DNA preparations (PLASmix) were made under sterile conditions and pooled. DNA concentration was determined and QA was performed by restriction analysis. Purified DNA was used to generate recombinant vaccinia virus as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP95/03031). The recombinant viruses vvHCV-100 and vvHCV-101 were, however, generated on WHO certified Vero cells. After two rounds of plaque purification the expression product was analysed by means of Western-blot analysis as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP95/03031). Proteins were visualised by a specific anti-E2 monoclonal antibody (IGH 212, which can be obtained from the inventors at Innogenetics N. V., Zwijnaarde, Belgium) of an estimated molecular weight of 69 and 37 kDa for vvHCV-100 and of 68 and 35 kDa for vvHCV-101. These molecular weights indicate the presence of both a glycosylated and non-glycosylated E2-protein, which was confirmed by treatment of the samples prior to Western-blot analysis with PNGaseF. This treatment results in the detection of only one single protein of 37 kDa and 35 kDa for vvHCV-100 and vvHCV-101, respectively.
Amino Acid Sequence of the Mature E2, Derived from pvHCV-100
Amino Acid Sequence of the Mature E2 Derived from pvHCV-101
As set out in example 1, the E1s protein was purified according to the protocol described in PCT/EP 95/03031 to Maertens et al. This protocol includes covalent modification of cysteines (free cysteines and cysteines involved in intermolecular bridging, the latter after reduction of these cysteine bridges using DTT) using maleimide derivates (N-ethyl maleimide and biotin-maleimide, both obtained from Sigma). As an alternative method for maleimide blocking, active halogens were also evaluated. These compounds, ie the active halogens, block free cysteines by means of alkylation. By way of example, an active halogen (iodoacetamide, Merck) was evaluated. The same protocol was used to purify E1 as described in Maertens et al. (PCT/EP 95/03031), but instead of maleimide compounds, iodoacetemide was used. The E1s protein obtained by this procedure behaved throughout the complete purification procedure similarly as the maleimide-blocked proteins. Upon final lowering of the detergent concentration to 0.05% CHAPS or switching to 0.5% betaine as described in example 1, similar particles were obtained as determined by DLS. The surprising effect was found, however, upon immunization of mice with this acetamide-modified E1s.
In total three series of 6 mice each were immunized with E1s using three injections with a three week interval, each injection consisting of 5 μg E1s at 100 μg/ml PBS and mixed with an equal volume of RIBI adjuvant (R-700). A first series received E1-maleimide formulated in 0.05% CHAPS, a second series received E1-acetamide also formulated in 0.05% CHAPS, while a third series received E1-acetamide formulated with 0.12% betaine. Finally, all mice were bled 10 days after the third immunization. End point titers (defined as the dilution of the serum still resulting in a OD 2 times higher then background values) for each animal individually were determined against E1-maleimide and E1-acetamide.
Consequently, the acetamide-modified E1 formulated in betaine was also used to reboost the chimpanzees Phil and Ton. Both chimpanzees were immunized again with two consecutive intramuscular immunisations with a three week time interval (50 μg E1 mixed with RIBI adjuvant as for the examples 4 and 5). As can be judged from
The E1s-acetamide as described in example 9 was further evaluated as antigen for the detection of anti-E1 antibodies in serum samples from human chronic HCV carriers. By way of example these antigens were bound to LIA-membranes, and strips were processed essentially as described in Zrein et al. (1998). Serum samples from 72 blood donors were evaluated first, in order to determine the optimal concentration of the E1 antigen which can be used in the assay in order to exclude “false” positives. For E1s-maleimide, this concentration proved to be 8 μg/ml, while for E1s-acetamide a concentration up to 50 μg/ml did not result in false positive results (no samples showing a relative color staining above 0.5). Using 8 and 50 μg/ml, respectively, for E1s-maleimide and E1s-acetamide 24 sera of HCV chronic carriers were screened for antibodies against E1s. As shown in Table 6, the E1s-acetamide clearly results in more samples scoring positive (67% versus 38% for E1s-maleimide). No sample was found which only scored positive on E1s-maleimide. For samples scoring positive both on E1s-maleimide and on E1s-acetamide, the reactivity on the latter is higher. From this example it can be concluded that alkylated envelope proteins of HCV are better antigens to detect human antibodies than maleimide-modified envelope proteins.
Example 11 Production of Mixed Particles Containing E1 and E2E1s and E2s (vvHCV-44) were produced and purified as described in Maertens et al. PCT/EP95/030301 except for the fact the maleimide-modificiation was replaced by alkylation using iodoacetamide. E1s and E2s in 3% empigen alone or as an equimolar mixture were injected on a Superdex-200 PC 3.2/30 column equilibrated in PBS/0.2% CHAPS. This column is designed to use with the SMART™ HPLC equipment from Pharmacia LKB (Sweden). The fractions were screened by means of three different sandwich ELISAs. For these ELISAs, E1-(IGH 207) and E2-(IGH 223) specific monoclonals were coated at 2 μg/ml. Fractions of the gel filtration were incubated in a 1/2500 dilution. Two other E1 (IGH 200) and E2 (IGH 212) monoclonals, conjugated with biotin were used for detection of the bound antigen. The streptavidin-HRP/TMB system was used to develop the bound biotin into a yellow color which was measured at 450 nm.
This ELISA system was used in a homologous (anti-E1 coating/anti-E1 detection or anti-E2 coating/anti-E2 detection) and a heterologous set-up (anti-E1 coating/anti-E2 detection). The latter theoretically only detects particles in which both E1 and E2 are incorporated. The reactive fractions were pooled, concentrated on a 10 kDa filter, and again chromatographed on Superdex-200 in PBS/0.05% CHAPS. All these fractions were tested for reactivity by using the different ELISA set-ups. As can be judged from
E1s of genotype 1b and of genotype 4 (vvHCV-72) were produced and purified as described in Maertens et al., PCT/EP95/030301 except for the fact the maleimide-modificiation was replaced by alkylation using iodoacetamide for the genotype 1b. E1s-1b and E1s-4 in 3% empigen alone or as an equimolar mixture were injected on a Superdex-200 PC 3.2/30 column equilibrated in PBS/0.2% CHAPS. This column is designed to use with the SMART™ HPLC equipment from Pharmacia LKB (Sweden). The major protein containing fractions were pooled, concentrated on a 10 kDa filter, and again chromatographed on Superdex-200 in PBS/0.05% CHAPS. All these fractions were tested for reactivity by using an ELISA set-up which should only detect particles containing E1 from both genotypes. For this ELISA streptavidin was coated at 2 μg/ml. Fractions of the gel filtration were incubated in a 1/2500 dilution. An E1 monoclonal antibody (IGH 200) which only recognizes E1 from genotype 1 and 10 was used for detection of the bound antigen. The goat-anti-mouse-HRP/TMB system was used for development of the assay into a yellow color which was measured at 450 nm. As can be judged from
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*Positions between aa 192 and 326 of E1s which are completely conserved are not indicated
Claims
1. A purified HCV envelope protein or a part thereof wherein at least one cysteine residue is alkylated.
2. The purified HCV envelope protein according to claim 1, wherein the hydrogen on the sulphur atom of said cysteine is replaced by (CH2)nR, in which n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and R═H, COOH, NH2, CONHO2, phenyl, or any derivative thereof.
3. The purified HCV envelope protein according to claim 1, wherein said envelope protein is E1 or E1s.
4. A composition containing the purified HCV envelope protein according to claim 1.
5. A specific antibody generated against the purified HCV envelope protein or parts thereof according to claim 1.
6. A composition containing the specific antibody according to claim 5.
7. Kit for detecting HCV antigens comprising the specific antibody according to claim 5 in a suitable container.
8. Kit for detecting HCV antibodies present in a biological sample comprising the purified HCV envelope protein or parts thereof according to claim 1, in a suitable container.
9. Kit for detecting HCV related T-cell response, comprising the purified HCV envelope protein or parts thereof according to claim 1.
10. A method for detecting antibodies to HCV in a biological sample, said method comprising the steps of:
- (i) providing the purified HCV envelope protein according to claim 1,
- (ii) incubating said biological sample with said HCV envelope protein of (i) under conditions allowing formation of a complex between said HCV envelope protein and said antibodies to HCV, and
- (iii) determining from (ii) whether said complex has formed and, therefrom, the presence of antibodies to HCV in said biological sample.
11. A method for detecting HCV antigens in a biological sample, said method comprising the steps of:
- (i) providing the specific antibody according to claim 5,
- (ii) incubating said biological sample with said specific antibody of (i) under conditions allowing formation of a complex between said antibodies and said antigens to HCV, and
- (iii) determining from (ii) whether said complex has formed and, therefrom, the presence of HCV antigens in said biological sample.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 2, 2006
Publication Date: Dec 7, 2006
Applicant: INNOGENETICS N.V. (Ghent)
Inventors: Erik Depla (Destelbergen), Geert Maertens (Brugge), Alfons Bosman (Opwijk), Frans Van Wijnendaele (Laarne)
Application Number: 11/445,274
International Classification: A61K 39/395 (20060101); A61K 39/12 (20060101);
