A content addressable memory including capacitor memory cell
A content addressable memory is realized, wherein capacitor stores data and diode controls to store data “1” or “0”, which diode has four terminals, first terminal serves as word line, second terminal serves as storage node, third terminal is floating, and fourth terminal serves as bit line. The plate of capacitor couples to second terminal, but it does not couple to first, third and fourth terminal. With no coupling, the plate can swing ground to high level, which can realize to remove internal negative voltage for memory operation and by turning off word line during standby no holding current is required to sustain data. In this manner, active current is dramatically reduced and standby current is only leakage current. The match line has compare circuits which include series MOS transistors for each memory cell, wherein the storage node is connected to the gate of first MOS transistor, and the comparand data is connected to the gate of second MOS transistor. Hidden refresh is asserted during precharge of match operation. The size of CAM is smaller than that of SRAM, DRAM-based CAM, and the height of cell is almost same as that of control circuit.
The invention relates to content addressable memory (CAM), and more particularly to CAM including capacitor memory cell which stores data in a capacitor.
BACKGROUNDA content addressable memory (CAM) device is a storage device that is particularly suitable for matching functions because it can be instructed to compare a specific pattern of comparand data with data stored in an associative CAM array. A CAM can include a number of data storage locations, each of which can be accessed by a corresponding address. Functionality of a CAM depends at least in part on whether the CAM includes binary or ternary CAM cells.
Typical binary CAM cells are able to store to states of information, a logic one state and a logic zero state. Binary CAM cells typically include a memory cell and a compare circuit. The compare circuit compares the comparand data with data stored in the memory cell and provides the match result to a match line. Columns of binary CAM cells may be globally masked by mask data stored in one or more global mask registers.
Ternary CAM cells are mask-per-bit CAM cells that effectively store three states of information, namely a logic one state, a logic zero state, and a don't care state for compare operations. Ternary CAM cells typically include a second memory cell that stores local mask data for the each ternary CAM cell. The local mask data masks the comparison result of the comparand data with the data stored in the first memory cell such that, when the mask bit has a first predetermined value (a logic low, for example) its compare operation will be masked so that the comparison result does not affect the match line. The ternary CAM cell offers more flexibility to the user to determine on an entry-per-entry basis which bits in a word will be masked during a compare operation.
In
Compare circuit 123 and 123′ compare the data stored in the memory cell 120 and 120′ with comparand data provided on compare signal lines 117 and 117′. Compare circuit 123 includes transistors 118 and 119 to discharge the match line 122 when both transistors are turned on. Compare circuit 123′ includes transistors 118′ and 119′ to discharge the match line 122 when both transistors are turned on. Transistors 118 and 119 are coupled in series to form a first path of the compare circuit 123, and transistors 118′ and 119′ are coupled in series to form a second path of the compare circuit 123′. The sources (drains) of transistors 118 and 118′ are coupled to the match line, while the drains (sources) of transistors 119 and 119′ are coupled to ground potential. These n-channel series devices perform the comparison function.
Regarding control inputs to each of the transistors 118, 119, 118′ and 119′, the gates of transistors 118 and 118′ are coupled to receive data from the first cell 120 and second cell 120′, respectively. The gate of transistor 119 receives comparand data from compare signal line 117 and the gate of transistor 119′ receives comparand data from compare signal line 117′. The sources (drains) of transistors 118 and 118′ are coupled to the match line. Compare circuit 123 and 123′ pull the pre-charged match line to a logic zero state when the comparand data does not match (i.e., mismatches) the data stored in the memory cell 110 and 110′. To mask compare operation, comparand 117 and 117′ have logic value “low” for both lines, which makes match line to keep pre-charged voltage. This makes match (i.e., matches). SRAM-based CAM has very good performance for storing data and comparing match line, but 6 transistor-based SRAM has relatively large die area and high subthreshold leakage current for whole chip even though single memory cell has very little leakage.
In
Compare circuit 241 and 241′ compare the data stored in the memory cell 230 and 230′ with comparand data provided on compare signal lines 236 and 236′. Compare circuit 241 includes transistors 237 and 238 to discharge the match line 242 when both transistors are turned on. Compare circuit 241′ includes transistors 237′ and 238′ to discharge the match line 242 when both transistors are turned on. Transistors 237 and 238 are coupled in series to form a first path of the compare circuit 241, and transistors 237′ and 238′ are coupled in series to form a second path of the compare circuit 241′. The sources (drains) of transistors 237 and 237′ are coupled to the match line, while the drains (sources) of transistors 238 and 238′ are coupled to ground potential. These n-channel series devices perform the comparison function.
However, DRAM requires multiple internal voltage, such that word line has VPP which is higher than that of bit line high level, the pre-charge level of bit line has half VDD (VDD is array voltage), the capacitor plate has half VDD, and the bulk of the access transistor 232, 233, 232′ and 233′ have negative voltage. And it is difficult to turn off NMOS device by the storage node because the storage node does not have full high level or full low level because the capacitor will discharge.
Another memory device can be applied for configuring CAM cell. A RAM device based on said Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) device or so-called thyristor device, U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,161 “Semiconductor capacitively-coupled negative differential resistance device and its applications in high-density high-speed memories and in power switches”, has been introduced. These NDR-based RAM devices typically include at least two active elements, including an NDR device. The NDR device can be any one of a variety of NDR devices ranging from a simple bipolar transistor to more complicated quantum-effect devices. The NDR-based RAM device supports a cell area smaller than conventional SRAM cells because of the smaller number of active devices and interconnections.
However, the NDR-based RAM cell stores data into the state of the thyristor which is on or off, therefore the holding current is relatively high for whole chip during standby even though each cell has very little holding current to sustain the turn-on state of thyristor when the stored data is high. Moreover, it has high active power consumption as well, to generate negative voltage for switching gate-like device, which is said second word line. The internal negative voltage cuts off subthreshold current of the gate-like device to couple NDR device. Without negative voltage for the second word line, the stored data will be lost by the subthreshold leakage through gate-like device.
Still, there is a need in the art for a content addressable memory, which realizes high density, low power and simple structure to fabricate on the wafer.
SUMMARY OF INVENTIONThe present invention is directed to a content addressable memory (CAM) including capacitor memory cell. The invention does not use static random access memory (SRAM) which has 6 transistor memory cell, or dynamic random access memory (DRAM) which stores data in a capacitor through MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) access transistor having subthreshold leakage and multiple internal voltage generators, or NDR-based memory which requires holding current and internal negative voltage generator.
Rather, the invention is drawn to a capacitor memory cell based CAM which stores data in a capacitor and a p-n-p-n diode controls to store or read data “1” or “0”, wherein diode is only turned on during storing or reading data. There is no need of complex MOS device to implement the capacitor memory cell. Diode need not be a high performance device nor have a high current gain. Moreover, capacitor memory does not require internal negative voltage generator for operation and area is smaller than that of DRAM and SRAM based memory. And diode current is generally much higher than that of MOS transistor, which diode can drive bit line quickly and achieve memory speed fast. Capacitor memory based CAM offers the advantages of capacitor memory without the speed penalty associated with refresh cycle. The present invention devotes a circuit including a capacitor memory cell to configure a CAM on the bulk of wafer and on the SOI wafer, and the height of cell is almost same as that of control circuit to integrate CAM cells and other control circuits on a chip, and a timing to refresh sustaining data for a predetermined time. In so doing, the invention answers the need to take advantage of capacitor memory in a CAM while preserving the high speed performance demanded of any CAM.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are illustrated in the various drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGSThe accompanying drawings which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention:
Reference is made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, which is a content addressable memory (CAM) including capacitor memory cell. While the invention is described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited by these preferred embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, as is obvious to one ordinarily skilled in the art, the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so that aspects of the invention will not be obscured.
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To write data “0”, a sequence clears the state of diode before writing to have the same stored level regardless of previous stored level, which stored level can be discharged after a long time. This sequence needs to turn-on diode first as shown 452 in
In the present invention, memory array can use single power supply as shown in
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This configuration removes complicated MOS device from the memory cell, as a result, the memory cell has a capacitor and a diode, which is simple to fabricate and analyze as long as reverse bias leakage and oxide leakage are controllable. Another leakage path is so-called back channel effect in the planar structure of wafer from the parasitic MOS transistor, such that the substrate 924 serves as gate, n-type region 916 and 918 serve as source/drain, p-type region 917 serves as body. Related references are disclosed, Chen et al, “Characterization of back-channel subthreshold conduction of walled SOI devices”, IEEE Transactions on electron Devices, Vol. 38, No. 12, pp 2722, December 1991, and Shin et al, “Leakage current models of thin film silicon-on-insulator devices”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 72, No. 10, March 1998. This back channel effect is reduced or removed by adding additional n-type ions near the bottom side of the third terminal 918, or applying high voltage (higher than the standby voltage of word line) to the substrate 924.
While the description here has been given for configuring the memory circuit and structure, an alternative embodiment would work equally well with reverse connection. In
A content addressable memory including capacitor memory cell is realized on the bulk or SOI wafer. Fabrication is compatible with CMOS process with additional steps. Memory cell area is minimized and smaller than that of DRAM, SRAM, or NDR-based CAM. There are many embodiments for implementing the memory cells and circuits depending on the applications.
Circuit implementation is simpler than that of these days memory having multiple power supply. The present invention has single or dual positive power supply for the memory operation.
The refresh cycles are hidden from the outside of the chip, which can reduce the complexity of upper level system configuration.
The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles and the application of the invention, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in its various embodiments and modifications according to the particular purpose contemplated. The scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A content addressable memory, comprising:
- capacitor memory cell wherein includes a capacitor and a diode, which capacitor stores data and diode controls to store data “1” or “0”, which diode has four terminals, first terminal is n-type and serves as word line, second terminal is p-type and serves as storage node, third terminal is n-type and floating, fourth terminal is p-type and serves as bit line, and plate of capacitor couples to second terminal, which plate has no coupling region to first, third and fourth terminal; and
- at least one compare circuit coupled among the memory cell and at least one match line to receive first and second signal sets and affect a logical state of the match line in response to a predetermined logical relationship between the first and second signal sets, the compare circuit including a first transistor set and a second transistor set, wherein the first signal set couples to control a conduction state of the first transistor set and the second signal set couples to control a conduction state of the second transistor set, wherein the first signal set includes stored data and the second signal set includes comparand data.
2. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein can be implemented an alternative embodiment with reverse configuration, such that diode has four terminals, wherein first terminal is p-type and serves as word line, second terminal is n-type and serves as storage node, third terminal is p-type and floating, fourth terminal is n-type and serves as bit line, and plate of capacitor couples second terminal, which plate has no coupling region to first, third and fourth terminal.
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12. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein the capacitor has higher dielectric constant than that of control circuit in the chip.
13. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein the diode is formed from silicon diode.
14. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein the fourth terminal of the diode uses metal to form metal semiconductor diode.
15. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein the diode is formed from compound semiconductor diode, such as GaAs, SiGe.
16. The content addressable memory of claim 1, wherein the diode is formed from germanium diode.
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Type: Application
Filed: Dec 19, 2005
Publication Date: Jun 14, 2007
Inventor: Juhan Kim (San Jose, CA)
Application Number: 11/306,161
International Classification: G11C 15/00 (20060101);