Method and apparatus for wavefront measurement that resolves the 2-pi ambiguity in such measurement and adaptive optics systems utilizing same
An improved wavefront sensor for characterizing phase distortions in incident light including optical elements that spatially sample the incident light and form a dispersed spot with a fringe pattern corresponding to samples of the incident light. An imaging device captures an image of the dispersed spot with said fringe pattern formed by said optical elements. And an image processor that analyzes the spectral components of the fringe pattern of a given dispersed spot to derive a measure of the local phase distortion without ambiguity in the corresponding sample of incident light. The optical elements may comprise refractive elements, diffractive elements or a combination thereof (such as a grism). The wavefront sensor may be part of an adaptive optic system (such as a large-aperture space telescope) to enable the measurement and correction of large phase steps across adjacent mirror segments of a deformable mirror.
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This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/647,908 filed Aug. 25, 2003; which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/906,388 filed Jul. 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,656; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/218,190 filed Jul. 14, 2000; and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/766,211 filed Jan. 19, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,649,895; each Application herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to wavefront sensors that measure and characterize the phase error in wavefronts, and adaptive optics systems, such as large aperture space telescopes, that utilize wavefront sensors to measure and compensate for phase errors (caused primarily by atmospheric turbulence) in the wavefronts captured therein, thereby overcoming the blurring in images that would otherwise be caused by such phase errors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAn adaptive optics system automatically corrects for light distortions in the medium of transmission. For example, if you look far down a road on a very hot and sunny day, you will often see what is usually called a mirage. What you are seeing is the response of the rapidly changing temperature in the air causing it to act like a thick, constantly bending lens. As another example, the twinkling of stars is due to the atmosphere surrounding the Earth. Although twinkling stars are pleasant to look at, the twinkling causes blurring on an image obtained through a telescope. An adaptive optics system measures and characterizes the phase distortion of a wavefront of light as it passes through the medium of transmission (and the optical components transmitted therealong) and corrects for such phase distortion using a deformable mirror (DM) controlled in real-time by a computer. The device that measures and characterizes the phase distortions in the wavefront of light is called a wavefront sensor.
In an adaptive optics based large-aperture space telescope 11, as illustrative in
The most commonly used approach in the wavefront sensor 23 is the Shack-Hartmann method. As shown in
In the Shack-Hartmann method, measurement inaccuracies due to optical distortion or misalignment of the sensor's optics are minimized by combining the received wavefront with an internal reference laser wavefront upstream of the lenslet array and measuring subaperture tilt/tip as the difference in spot position between the two waves. Since the reference wave suffers no atmospheric distortion, any displacement of the reference wave's subaperture spot position from that of the subaperture's chief ray is attributable to sensor distortion. The differential spot position between the two waves, therefore, provides an accurate measure of the received wavefront's distortion. The Shack-Hartmann sensor is more tolerant of vibration and temperature conditions which, together with its simplicity, allows it to be used in a greater number of adaptive optic applications outside of the laboratory.
However, the Shack-Hartmann method is sensitive to a phase step across the subaperture. Such a phase step may be introduced, for example, if the subaperture bridges the gap between the two segments of a mirror. If a phase step is introduced across the subaperture, the far-field spot formed by the aperture will take on the form of an unaberrated spot combined with a fringe pattern. For any given wavelength, this fringe pattern shifts with changing phase difference, but the pattern repeats for every one wavelength change in phase difference. This is commonly referred to as a 2π ambiguity in phase difference. Importantly, this 2π ambiguity leads to measurement errors for large phase steps.
In large aperture space telescopes, course adjustment is required to correct for large phase steps that are initially present within the system. As described above, the Schack-Hartmann method cannot accurately measure such large phase steps.
In addition, because the Schack-Hartmann method cannot accurately measure large phase steps, it is difficult and expensive to design and build Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors that can operate effectively in highly turbulent transmission mediums. Such sensors require complex and costly components that provide for high sampling frequencies to ensure that the phase step between two successive sampling periods is within the dynamic range of the instrument.
Thus, there is a great need in the art for an improved wavefront sensing mechanism that avoids the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior art Schack-Hartmann wavefront sensors.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAccordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide an improved wavefront sensor that is free of the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior art wavefront sensors.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved wavefront sensor that is capable of measuring large phase steps in a wavefront without ambiguity (i.e., with the 2π ambiguity resolved).
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved wavefront sensor that provides the benefits inherent in Shack-Hartmann sensing, including high tolerance to vibration and temperature variations.
Another object of the present invention is to utilize dispersed fringe techniques over multiple subapertures of a pupil plane of the wavefront sensor to form far-field fringe patterns corresponding to the subapertures.
Another object of the present invention is to utilize image processing techniques to analyze far-field fringe patterns corresponding to the subapertures of the wavefront sensor in order to derive a measure of the local phase distortion without ambiguity in the sample of incident light corresponding the subapertures.
Another object of the present invention is to integrate an improved wavefront sensor capable of measuring large phase steps without ambiguity, into an adaptive optic subsystem and systems (such as a large aperture space telescope).
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved space telescope embodying an adaptive optics subsystem capable of measuring and correcting large wavefront phase errors free of 2π resolution ambiguity.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent hereinafter and in the Claims to Invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFor a more complete understanding of the present invention, the following Detailed Description of the Illustrative Embodiment should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings.
Referring to the figures in the accompanying Drawings, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in great detail, wherein like elements will be indicated using like reference numerals.
In
As shown in
Long-baseline optical interferometers utilize a well known dispersed fringe technique (see, for example, Applied Optics vol. 35, #16, p. 3002). In the dispersed fringe system, the beams from two telescope apertures are combined in the pupil plane and brought to a common focus. If the path lengths from the two apertures are closely matched, there will be interference between the two beams and fringes will be formed. For any given wavelength, this fringe pattern shifts with changing path difference but the pattern repeats for every one wavelength change in path. This is known as a 2π phase resolution ambiguity. If this focal spot is spectrally dispersed, then the fringe pattern as a function of wavelength may be recorded. Since the ambiguity in path difference is one wavelength at the measurement wavelength, by measuring at multiple wavelengths it is possible to extend the unambiguous path difference measurement range very significantly.
According to the principles of the present invention, the wavefront sensing method employed in adaptive optics subsystem 115 generally comprises: using each subaperture of modified Hartmann sensor 123 to spatially sample incident light from the input beam and form a (far-field) dispersed spot image with a fringe pattern corresponding to each sample of incident light; and using an image camera 124 as part of sensor 123 to capture the image of the dispersed fringe pattern and an associated image processor 125 to analyze spectral components of the dispersed fringe pattern in order to derive a measure of the local phase distortion in each sample of incident light, in a way which is substantially free of the 2π phase error ambiguity characteristic of prior art wavefront sensing techniques.
More specifically, each subaperture in the wavefront sensor of the present invention forms a unique image of a spatial sample of incident light. If that subaperture, for example, bridges the gap between the two segments of deformable mirrors 117, 119 in the adaptive optic subsystem 115, then a phase step may be introduced into a subaperture. In such a case, the two halves of the subaperture would be analogous to the two apertures of a long baseline interferometer, as disclosed in Applied Optics, Volume 35, No. 16, page 3002, wherein a dispersed fringe analysis technique is disclosed. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, if such a phase step occurs within a subaperture and the image is dispersed, then a very distinctive fringe pattern is formed, and by analyzing this dispersed fringe pattern, the size of the phase step can be determined without 2π phase error ambiguity. In
Referring to
As illustrated in
Alternatively, the optical elements 117 of the wavefront sensor 123 of
Alternatively, as shown in
In addition, it is contemplated that the first and second dispersive elements 118A and 118B of the wavefront sensor 100 may be integrated into a single module.
This interferometric analog may be extended to understand the operation of illustrative embodiments of the wavefront sensor of the present invention. Just as in the dispersed fringe sensor, if the Hartmann spot is dispersed parallel to the edge of the phase step, we may observe the shape of the blur spot at many wavelengths.
Slicing horizontally through each image (which is perpendicular to the direction of dispersion) produces blur spots similar to
As illustrated in
Note that by examining the behavior of the light distribution along the dispersion direction, the wavefront sensor 100 derives a measure of phase distortion without ambiguity (e.g., the 2π ambiguity is resolved). For example, a slice through the image of such light distribution along the dispersion direction yields an intensity profile that is exactly analogous to the output of the dispersed fringe sensor. Such a slice produced by a simulation is shown in
The wavefront sensor of the present invention 123 shown in
In step 1205, the image processor 127 calculates a two-dimensional gradient of the image produced in step 1203 and derives slope of the fringe pattern from the gradient values. This slope provides the sign of the course estimate of phase step error as derived in step 1217.
In steps 1207-1213, a loop is performed over a predetermined number of slices (that are parallel to the direction of dispersion for the given subaperture) through the image produced in step 1203, wherein steps 1209 and 1211 are performed for each “parallel” slice. In step 1209, a fast fourier transform (FFT) is performed on the intensity values of the slice; and, in step 1211, a maximum value (corresponding to the peak spatial frequency of the spectral components in the fringe pattern) in the FFT of the slice is identified. After the loop 1207-1213 ends, operation continues to step 1215.
In step 1215, a spatial frequency value is derived from the maximums identified in step 1211 (for example, by calculating the average of such maximums). This spatial frequency value characterizes the spatial frequency of the spectral components in the fringe pattern.
In step 1217, a course estimate of the phase step error is derived from the sign (identified in step 1205) and the spatial frequency value calculated in step 1215. Because the phase step error is directly proportional to the spatial frequency of the spectral components in the fringe pattern, this operation preferably includes a multiplication of the spatial frequency value (calculated in step 1215) by a constant. Note that the 2π ambiguity is resolved in this measurement.
In step 1219, the coarse estimate of phase step error is output to a mirror correction routine to correct for this error and the operation of the first mode ends.
In step 1221, it is determined if the second mode of operation (e.g., the phase step error is less than ½ wave) for fine phase error measurement should be entered. If not, the operation returns back step 1203 to perform course phase measurement and correction; if so, the operation continues to perform a loop 1223-1231.
Loop 1223-1231 performs a loop over a predetermined number of slices (that are perpendicular to the direction of dispersion) through the image as produced in step 1203 wherein the operations of steps 1225, 1227 and 1229 are performed.
In step 1225, the image processor 127 identifies the location of the centroid of the fringe pattern within the slice. In step 1227, the image processor 127 calculates deviation of the centroid (calculated in step 1225) from location of a geometric null (e.g., location of a reference centroid measured by the same analysis of the fringe pattern from a reference source). This deviation provides a measure of the phase error for a given spectral component (wavelength) as a function of the wavelength of the spectral component. In step 1229, the wavelength corresponding to the phase error measured in step 1227 is identified, and this wavelength is used to convert such phase error to an absolute phase error value for the given spectral component This operation involves mapping the pixel coordinates of the slice to a wavelength. Such mapping is preferably accomplished in a calibration phase, whereby the wavefront sensor 123 is illuminated with a source with predetermined spectral components. The image processor 127 identifies such predetermined spectral components in its image plane (pixel coordinates), determines a mapping between pixel coordinates and wavelength, and stores such mapping in persistent storage for subsequent use.
After the loop ends in step 1231, the operation continues in step 1233 wherein the image processor 127 derives a fine phase step error from the absolute phase errors (step 1229) for the slices, for example, by averaging the absolute phase errors.
In step 1235, the image processor 127 outputs the fine phase step error to a mirror correction routine that corrects for the fine phase step error, and returns to the first mode of operation in step 1203.
The wavefront sensor of the present invention 123 as described above is preferably used as part of an adaptive optic system as illustrated in
The procedure for aligning and phasing this set of segments begins by using the central subaperture tip and tilt error signals to point the segment correctly. The tilt alignment is performed by deforming the mirror segment so that it tilts in the proper direction. Phase alignment is performed by moving a piston attached to the back of the segment and changing the height of the segment. The goal is to make all parts of the incoming wave as shown in
In addition, the improved wavefront sensor 123 and adaptive optic subsystem as described above is preferably used as part of a large aperture space telescope as illustrated in
Moreover, because of the large dynamic measurement range of the wavefront sensor, it can operate effectively in highly turbulent transmission mediums. Moreover, wavefront measurements for all segments can be made simultaneously using a single image of the wavefront.
While the present invention has been described with reference to a particular preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment and that various modifications and the like could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following Claims to Invention.
Claims
1-21. (canceled)
23-24. (canceled)
25. A dispersed Hartmann sensor, comprising:
- a Hartmann lenslet in combination with a dispersive element, whereby a Hartman spot formed by light passing through said Hartmann lenslet is dispersed at an angle to a phase step of said light.
26. A sensor according to claim 25, wherein said angle is zero so that said light passing through said Hartmann lenslet is dispersed parallel to said phase step of said light.
27. A sensor according to claim 25, wherein said dispersive element is a refractive element.
28. A sensor according to claim 25, wherein said dispersive element is a diffractive element.
29. A sensor according to claim 25, wherein said dispersive element is a combination of a diffractive element and a refractive element.
30. A sensor according to claim 29, wherein said dispersive element is a grism.
31. A sensor according to claim 29, wherein said dispersive element is a holographic grating.
32. A mirror array, comprising:
- a first layer having a plurality of mirror segments, each mirror segment consisting of a center portion and a surrounding non-center portion;
- a second layer having a plurality of Hartmann subapertures and a plurality of dispersed Hartmann subapertures;
- said Hartmann subapertures being arranged over said center portions of said plurality of mirror segments; and
- said dispersed Hartmann subapertures being arranged over those edges where said plurality of mirror segments join one another.
33. A method for measuring the size of a discontinuity in a wavefront of light, comprising the steps of:
- forming a single image of said wavefront;
- dispersing said image in wavelength using a combination of a Hartman lenslet and a dispersive element; and
- analyzing said dispersed image along a dispersion direction of said dispersed image to measure the size of said discontinuity.
34. A system for measuring the size of a discontinuity in a wavefront of light, comprising:
- means for forming a single image of said wavefront;
- means for dispersing said image in wavelength using a combination of a Hartman lenslet and a dispersive element; and
- means for analyzing said dispersed image along a dispersion direction of said dispersed image to measure the size of said discontinuity.
35-37. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 28, 2006
Publication Date: Aug 23, 2007
Applicant:
Inventor: Allan Wirth (Bedford, MA)
Application Number: 11/647,511
International Classification: G01J 1/20 (20060101);