Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure method and device
The present invention provides methods and devices for closing two overlapping layers of tissue in a mammalian heart, for example a patent foramen ovale (PFO). The closure devices may take a number of different forms and may be retrievable. In some embodiments, a device is sized and shaped to extend from septum secundum, into the left atrium, through septum primum, and into the right atrium, such that the first and second ends cooperate to provide a compressive force to the overlapping layers of tissue. In some embodiments, the closure devices may be delivered with a catheter capable of puncturing mammalian tissue.
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This Application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/341,802, entitled Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) Closure Method and Device, filed Jan. 14, 2003, and incorporated herein by this reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates to occlusion devices and methods for the closure of physical anomalies, like septal apertures, such as patent foramen ovale and other septal and vascular defects.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A patent foramen ovale (PFO) as shown in
The cause of ischemic stroke remains cryptogenic (of unknown origin) in approximately 40% of cases. Especially in young patients, paradoxical embolism via a PFO is considered in the diagnosis. While there is currently no proof for a cause-effect relationship, many studies have confirmed a strong association between the presence of a PFO and the risk for paradoxical embolism or stroke. In addition, there is good evidence that patients with PFO and paradoxical embolism are at increased risk for future, recurrent cerebrovascular events.
The presence of a PFO has no therapeutic consequence in otherwise healthy adults. In contrast, patients suffering a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the presence of a PFO and without another cause of ischemic stroke are considered for prophylactic medical therapy to reduce the risk of a recurrent embolic event. These patients are commonly treated with oral anticoagulants, which have the potential for adverse side effects, such as hemorrhaging, hematoma, and interactions with a variety of other drugs.
In certain cases, such as when anticoagulation is contraindicated, surgery may be used to close the PFO. To suture a PFO closed requires attachment of septum secundum to septum primum with either an interrupted or a continuous stitch, which is the common way a surgeon shuts the PFO under direct visualization.
Nonsurgical closure of PFOs has become possible with the advent of umbrella devices and a variety of other similar mechanical closure designs, developed initially for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD). These devices allow patients to avoid the potential side effects often associated with anticoagulation therapies.
Currently available designs of septal closure devices, however, present such drawbacks as technical complexity of implantation procedure, high complication rates (thrombus, fractures, conduction system disturbances, perforations, residual leaks), high septal profile, large masses of foreign material, and lack of anatomic conformability especially to the PFO flap-like anatomy, as most were originally designed to close ASD's, which are true holes. Additionally, some septal closure devices are complex to manufacture, which can result in lack of consistency in product performance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn one aspect, the present invention provides a method of closing two overlapping layers of tissue in a mammalian heart, e.g., a patent foramen ovale (PFO), using a closure device that applies a compressive force to at least one of the layers of tissue. The closure device may be retrievable, such that it may be removed after a period of time sufficient to allow the overlapping layers of tissue to fuse together. If necessary to sufficiently close the length of the layers of tissue, multiple closure devices may be administered. The closure devices may be delivered with a catheter capable of puncturing mammalian tissue in at least one location.
The closure device of the present invention may take a number of different forms. For example, the closure device may have first and second ends, both of which may be capable of puncturing mammalian tissue. The device may be a structure such as a ring with a gap, a folded ring, at least one grappling hook member joined to at least one curved arm by a joinder member, opposed grappling hook members joined by a central connecting member, a grappling hook member and a central connecting member, or a closure device anchor joined to a structure of sufficient diameter to hold the device in place against the overlapping layers of tissue. In some embodiments of the present invention, the closure device is sized and shaped such that it extends from septum secundum in the left atrium, into the left atrium, through septum primum, into the right atrium, and to septum secundum in the right atrium. Some retrievable devices include elongate tethers to facilitate their removal. Each of these devices has certain advantages, and one skilled in the art will be capable of selecting the device appropriate for a given application.
The ends of the closure device may also take a number of different forms. For example, at least one end may form a disc or a closure device anchor, such as a coil, hook, or corkscrew. These end structures help to maintain the device in place. One of the ends, for example the second end, may take the form of a knot or a structure similarly capable of holding the device in place and applying a sufficient compressive force to the overlapping layers of tissue. In some embodiments, the end structure may be adjusted to alter the compressive force applied to the overlapping layers of tissue. As previously mentioned, either or both of the first and second ends may be capable of puncturing mammalian tissue. In some embodiments, the first end of the device is a septal puncture needle.
The closure device may be formed of any of several materials, such as flexible polymer materials, bioabsorbable materials, shape memory materials, metals, noble metals, or swellable foams. In particular embodiments, the device includes nitinol. Some of the devices are formed from a single piece of material, while others are formed from multiple pieces of material joined together.
Some closure devices according to the present invention are intended to puncture septum primum upon insertion into the heart. For example, such a device may be inserted into the right atrium of the heart and puncture septum primum to enter the left atrium of the heart. At this point, the first end of the device may simply be deployed into the left atrium, or the first end of the device may be deployed into the left atrium and at least partially puncture septum secundum. In those embodiments where the first end of the device at least partially punctures septum secundum, the first end may be embedded in septum secundum or may completely puncture septum secundum such that the first end extends into the right atrium. The second end of the device may then be positioned against septum secundum in the right atrium, thereby providing a compressive force to the septal tissues. In other embodiments, the second end is also positioned in the left atrium while another portion of the device, such as a fold, is positioned in the right atrium, thereby compressing the septal tissues between the device.
Alternatively, some closure devices according to the present invention are intended to be inserted between the overlapping layers of tissue, e.g. through the PFO tunnel, to enter the left atrium. In these embodiments, the first end of the device is then deployed in the left atrium and the second end of the device is deployed in the right atrium, thereby providing a compressive force to the septal tissue. As discussed above, at least one of the ends of the device may partially puncture septum secundum.
These and other features will become readily apparent from the following detailed description wherein embodiments of the invention are shown and described by way of illustration.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring to
To deploy the PFO closure device 18, the catheter 38 is inserted from the right atrium 10 through the PFO tunnel, i.e. between septum primum 14 and septum secundum 16, into the left atrium 12. As shown in
The grappling hook members 20 and 22 may be formed of flexible, spring-like, bioabsorbable polymer material so as to permit movement from the compressed straight shape to the curved hook shapes following deployment from the catheter 38. The central connecting member 24 may also be formed of bioabsorbable material, such as an absorbable suture material, so the device will ultimately leave no foreign substance in either atrium. Alternatively, the grappling hook members 20 and 22 may be formed of spring metal or of a shape memory material, such as nitinol. When the PFO closure device is not formed of bioabsorbable material, it is possible to form the device with only the grappling hook member 20 and a central connecting member 24 so that the device is repositionable and retrievable. When the device is made of a bioabsorbable material or is not intended to be retrievable, the ends of grappling hooks 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36 may further include a barb to maintain the device in the septal tissue. In some embodiments, the grappling hook members 20 and 22 serve as tissue scaffolds, and are covered with a vascular material, such as polyester, biological tissue, bioresorbable polymer, or spongy polymeric material.
As shown in
As shown in
Multiple PFO closure devices 40, 90 or 100 can be inserted until the physician is satisfied with the resultant PFO closure. Again, the PFO closure devices may be formed of flexible, bioabsorbable polymer material, spring metal, other spring-like non-bioabsorbable material, or shape memory material. The choice of material will affect the degree to which the device conforms to the surrounding septal tissue. As shown in
A PFO may also be closed with one or more sutures. As used in the art and indicated in the Figures, “suture” refers to a single connection used to hold two pieces of material or tissue together and need not be a continuous stitch. However, to suture a PFO closed has conventionally required the attachment of septum secundum to septum primum with a continuous stitch. This need for a continuous stitch can be eliminated by implanting sutures across the PFO using implantable suture anchors. As shown in
The anchors are most likely fabricated from a shape memory alloy, such as nitinol, although they could be made from a flexible, bioabsorbable polymer or a noble metal, each having their own advantage—no long term implant issues with bioabsorbable anchors and excellent radiopacity with anchors fabricated from a noble metal, such as platinum-iridium. The remainder of the suture may be formed of any suitable material, including wire, polymeric materials, and bioabsorbable materials.
The suturing method includes using a standard septal puncture technique to locate and puncture septum primum. Following this, several approaches exist. One would be that the septal puncture needle would be withdrawn from the catheter and the suturing system then delivered through the catheter (the septal needle catheter would maintain position across septum primum during the exchange). Alternatively, a wire could be placed through the septal needle catheter to maintain position and the suture system could be delivered over the wire, or the septal puncture needle could become part of the suture system. Following delivery of the suture system, the proximal end of the suture may then be tied off so as to secure the system in place and keep the PFO closed. As described below for the rivet design suture system and shown in
In
In those cases where a true puncture through septum secundum can be made, an anchor can be placed entirely in the right atrium, leaving nothing but suture in the left atrium. These anchors may be short strips or cylindrical rods made from a metallic or polymeric material that is biostable or bioabsorbable, or a piece of swellable foam, such as Ivalon.
In another embodiment, the septal needle catheter crosses septum secundum in multiple locations simultaneously. In this embodiment, the final result, as seen from the left atrium in an end face view of septum primum and septum secundum, would be as shown in
A rivet design suture system 60 is shown in
The PFO closure device of the present invention may be formed in a manner to facilitate removal once septum primum and septum secundum are fused. An exemplary removable PFO closure device 70 is deployed in the manner illustrated by
To deploy the removable PFO closure device 70 according to one embodiment of the invention, the grappling hook member 74 is passed through septum primum 14 (
Once the PFO closure device 70 is in place, the catheter 72 is withdrawn and the free end of the tether 80 is attached to a button subcutaneously and allowed to remain in place for a period of time sufficient to allow the two septa to fuse together. Then the device is pulled through septum primum and into a recovery sheath by means of the tether 80 and removed.
The PFO closure device 70 can be deployed as shown in
Instead of a single opposed grappling hook 74 and curved arm 76, the PFO closure device can include a plurality of opposed grappling hooks and curved arms radially extending in a spaced relationship from the joinder member 78. Such a device 82 is shown in
The device 82 may be permanently deployed by inserting the catheter through the PFO channel between septum secundum and septum primum into the left atrium to deploy the grappling hooks 84. Then, the catheter is withdrawn back through the PFO channel to release the curved arms 86.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, it should be apparent that the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and may be modified in various respects, all without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, the foregoing drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not in a restrictive or limiting sense.
Claims
1. A device for closing two overlapping layers of septum primum and septum secundum dividing a left atrium and a right atrium in a mammalian heart, said device having first and second ends, wherein said device is sized and shaped to extend from septum secundum, into the left atrium, through septum primum, and into the right atrium, said first and second ends cooperating to provide a compressive force to the overlapping layers of tissue.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein said first end is embedded in, and does not extend through, septum secundum.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein said first end is formed into a coil, hook, corkscrew, or other anchor.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein said first end includes a material selected from the group consisting of bioresorbable materials, noble metals, shape memory materials, metals, polymeric materials, and swellable foams.
5. The device of claim 4, wherein said shape memory material includes nitinol.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein said first end includes a septal puncture needle capable of puncturing mammalian tissue.
7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a catheter containing said device in an elongated, low-profile form, said first end being expandable to form an anchor and said second end being adjustable to alter a compressive force applied to the overlapping layers of tissue.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is sized and shaped to further extend to septum secundum in the right atrium.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein said device includes a ring with a gap terminating in first and second opposed, pointed ends for puncturing mammalian tissue.
10. The device of claim 9, wherein said device includes a material selected from the group consisting of flexible polymers, bioabsorbable materials, spring metals, and shape memory materials.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein said device includes nitinol.
12. The device of claim 9, wherein said device consists essentially of a monolithic partial ring.
13. The device of claim 9, wherein said device includes a gap slightly smaller than the thickness of the overlapping layers of tissue to which it is connected.
14. The device of claim 9, wherein said device includes a gap slightly smaller than the thickness of septum secundum.
15. The device of claim 9, wherein said first and second ends overlap each other.
16. The device of claim 1, wherein said device includes a partial ring with first and second ends and at least one fold therebetween.
17. The device of claim 16, wherein said at least one fold cooperates with said first and second ends to apply a compressive force to said overlapping layers of tissue.
18. The device of claim 16, wherein said device consists essentially of a monolithic partial ring.
19. The device of claim 1, wherein said device is sized and shaped to further contact the surfaces of septum primum exposed in both the left and right atria.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 30, 2007
Publication Date: Nov 15, 2007
Applicant: NMT Medical, Inc. (Boston, MA)
Inventors: Andrzej Chanduszko (South Boston, MA), Steven Opolski (Carlisle, MA), Carol Devellian (Topsfield, MA)
Application Number: 11/796,937
International Classification: A61B 17/08 (20060101);