SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REDUCING WINDAGE LOSSES IN COMPRESSOR MOTORS
A method and system for reducing windage losses in compressor motors is provided. The compressor motor is cooled by circulating refrigerant from a closed refrigerant loop incorporating the compressor. A pumping device coupled to a liquid expander in the closed refrigerant loop circulates refrigerant through the motor cavity and produces a motor cavity pressure lower than evaporating pressure. The lower pressure in the motor cavity reduces the density of the gasses in the motor cavity, resulting in reduced windage losses of the motor. Additionally, the pumping device is powered by the recovered liquid expansion energy between the condenser and the evaporator.
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The present invention relates to a system and method of cooling a compressor motor by circulating refrigerant gas over the motor components. More specifically, the present invention is directed to reducing windage losses in a compressor motor by lowering the pressure and density of the refrigerant gas within the motor cavity.
High-speed motors typically have large windage losses, in part because of the large amount of cooling gas induced windage friction caused during high-speed rotor rotation, which impacts the motor's performance and efficiency. To reduce the windage losses, factors directly related to the motor such as the peripheral speed of the rotor, the flow of motor cooling gas around the motor, the rotor surface area and the roughness of the rotor surface are manipulated and controlled to optimize the performance of the motor.
One method for reducing energy losses in motors while cooling the motor is by suctioning refrigerant toward the motor windings. The reduction in temperature of the motor windings prevents the motor components from overheating and creates more operating efficiency. Another method for reducing energy losses in motors is to maintain constant pressure throughout the motor cavity. A pressure valve can be placed within the motor cavity to release higher-pressure gas build up that occurs in the motor cavity during operation. As the pressure in the cavity increases, the valve opens, thereby releasing high-pressure gases. The maintenance of constant pressure in the cavity increases motor efficiency. However, this method uses mechanical equipment and is not optimal for maintaining a true constant pressure in the motor cavity. Additionally, this method does not address the issue of the motor cavity temperature.
An additional method controls energy losses in motors by maintaining a constant pressure in the motor cavity, while also preventing the oil losses between motor components. The preservation of oil in the motor bearing components allows for greater lubrication for the movement of parts thereby reducing friction while not allowing oil to escape into the motor cooling cavity, preventing excessive oil churning and reducing energy losses. A hermetically sealed housing containing the refrigeration compressor transmission and oil supply reservoir is connected to the suction side of the compressor to equalize the pressure in the housing. The focus of the method is to prevent the boiling of refrigerant from the oil reserve. However, this system only holds the pressure in the motor cavity at a constant level, and only assists in reducing energy losses, rather than optimizing the motor efficiency.
For very high speed motors however, windage losses can still be substantial even after factors such as the peripheral speed of the rotor, the density and flow of motor cooling gas around the motor, the rotor surface area and/or the roughness of the rotor surface are optimized. The only remaining factor that can be manipulated to reduce windage losses is the density of the gas in the motor cavity. Windage losses decrease as the density of the gas in the motor cavity decreases resulting in better motor efficiency.
To reduce the gas density in these higher-speed motor cavities, vacuum pumps are used to lower the pressure surrounding the motors to reduce windage losses as much as possible. However, these systems lack the ability to both adequately cool the motor while providing a vacuum surrounding the motor cavity. One attempt to lower the gas density in the motor cavity while simultaneously cooling the motor involves the use of auxiliary positive displacement gas compressors powered by an independent power source to “pump down” the motor cavity while a complete chiller system is in operation. However in these systems, the auxiliary compressors consume more energy than they are saving in motor windage losses, therefore these systems are not a good solution to increasing motor efficiency.
Therefore, there is a need for a system that can reduce windage and other energy losses in a compressor motor while not expending more energy than is being saved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONOne embodiment of the present invention is directed to a refrigeration system including a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser connected in a closed refrigerant loop. A motor is connected to the compressor to provide power to the compressor. A liquid expander is connected in the refrigerant loop between the condenser and the evaporator. In conjunction with the refrigeration system, a motor coolant system is used to cool the compressor motor. The motor coolant system has a first connection with the refrigerant loop to receive refrigerant from the evaporator to the motor cavity for cooling, and a second connection with the refrigerant loop to return refrigerant to the evaporator from the motor cavity. The motor coolant system also has a pumping device to circulate refrigerant from the first connection through the motor cavity and to the second connection. The pumping device is powered by operation of the liquid expander and the pumping device lowers the pressure and density of the gaseous refrigerant in the motor cavity to reduce windage losses in the motor.
A second embodiment of the present invention is directed to a motor coolant system for a chiller system including a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser connected in a closed refrigerant loop. The motor coolant system includes a motor housing for a motor that powers the compressor of the chiller system. The motor coolant system also includes a liquid expander that is connectable in the closed refrigerant loop between the condenser and the evaporator of the chiller system. Additionally, the motor coolant system has a first connection connectable to the closed refrigerant loop to receive refrigerant from the evaporator and provide refrigerant to the motor housing and a second connection connectable to the closed refrigerant loop to return refrigerant to the evaporator. A pumping device is disposed in the second connection and is used to circulate refrigerant from the first connection through the motor housing to the second connection to cool the motor and maintain a predetermined pressure in the motor cavity. The pumping device is coupled to a liquid expander and is powered by operation of the liquid expander. Further, the predetermined pressure in the motor cavity is maintained at a constant level throughout the operation of the motor coolant system.
Another embodiment of the invention is a method for cooling a motor of a chiller system including the steps of providing a first connect with a refrigerant loop, where the first connection is configured to receive refrigerant from an evaporator. The next step involves providing a second connection with the refrigerant loop, where the second connection is configured to return refrigerant to the evaporator, and then providing a motor in a motor cavity, where the motor cavity is connected to the first connection and the second connection. The next step involves circulating refrigerant from the first connection through the motor cavity to the second connection with a pumping device, and then powering the pumping device with energy of expansion from a liquid expander, where the liquid expander is configured to expand refrigerant in the refrigerant loop between a condenser and the evaporator, wherein the circulation of refrigerant in the motor cavity by the pumping device cools the motor and lowers the pressure and gas density of a refrigerant in the motor cavity thereby reducing windage losses of the motor.
One advantage of the present invention is the reduction in windage and energy losses in the motor.
Another advantage of the present invention is the recycling of discharged energy by the liquid expander.
Still another advantage of the present invention is that the system effectively lowers the pressure of refrigerant gas in the motor cavity, cools the motor, and keeps energy expenses at a minimum. All this optimizes the reduction of windage losses and increases the efficiency of the motor.
Additionally, another advantage of the present invention is that the compressor for the motor cooling loop is load dependant. Therefore, the system only operates at the necessary level for the current load of the system and does not consume unnecessary energy.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. Referring to
The high pressure refrigerant vapor delivered by the compressor 302 to the condenser 112 enters into a heat exchange relationship with a fluid, such as air or water, and undergoes a phase change to a high pressure refrigerant liquid as a result of the heat exchange relationship with the fluid. The high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser 112 flows through an expander 128 to enter the evaporator 114 at a lower pressure. The liquid refrigerant delivered to the evaporator 114 enters into a heat exchange relationship with a fluid, e.g., air or water, and undergoes a phase change to a refrigerant vapor as a result of the heat exchange relationship with the fluid. The vapor refrigerant in the evaporator 114 exits the evaporator 114 and returns to the compressor 302 by a suction line to complete the cycle. It is to be understood that any suitable configuration of condenser 112 and evaporator 114 can be used in the system, provided that the appropriate phase change of the refrigerant in the condenser 112 and evaporator 114 is obtained.
A motor cooling loop is connected to the refrigerant loop discussed above to provide cooling to the motor 106. The motor cooling loop has a connection near the suction inlet of the compressor 302 that leads to the motor cavity of the motor 106. The circulated refrigerant gas for cooling the motor 106 exits the motor cavity and is sent to the evaporator 114. As discussed in greater detail with regard to
Similar to
As in
As shown in both
In addition, the connection of the pumping device 130 to the expander 128 permits the operation of the motor coolant system to be load dependant. When the load on the motor is reduced, the motor operates at a lower speed and can have a corresponding reduced cooling demand. Additionally, at lower load capacity, the coupled pumping device 130 receives less power from the expander 128 due to reduced flow of refrigerant through the primary refrigerant loop and the pumping device correspondingly provides a lower amount of suction on the motor cavity to siphon off refrigerant gasses cooling the motor 106. Since the system is load dependant, it never reduces the gas density of the refrigerant in the motor cavity lower than necessary or expends more energy than necessary.
As shown in
The motor 106 and motor cavity are maintained at a pressure much lower than the suction pressure of the compressor 302 at the suction line 524 to reduce windage losses. The motor 106 and motor cavity are in fluid communication with the suction line 524 and the compressor chamber 528 via conduit 526 (shown schematically in
Referring to
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A refrigeration system comprising:
- a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser connected in a refrigerant loop;
- a motor connected to the compressor to power the compressor, the motor being disposed in a motor cavity;
- a liquid expander connected in the refrigerant loop between the condenser and the evaporator; and
- a motor coolant system, the motor coolant system comprising: a first connection with the refrigerant loop to receive refrigerant from the evaporator; a second connection with the refrigerant loop to return refrigerant to the evaporator; a pumping device to circulate refrigerant from the first connection through the motor cavity to the second connection, the pumping device being powered by operation of the liquid expander; and wherein the pumping device lowers a pressure and gas density of the refrigerant in the motor cavity to reduce windage losses of the motor.
2. The refrigeration system of claim 1 wherein the liquid expander is configured to expand high-pressure refrigerant liquid from the condenser to low-pressure refrigerant liquid for the evaporator.
3. The refrigeration system of claim 2 wherein the liquid expander powers the pumping device by recovering energy from the expansion of refrigerant in the liquid expander.
4. The refrigeration system of claim 3 wherein the liquid expander comprises one of an eductor, a positive displacement expander or a turbine centrifugal expander.
5. The refrigeration system of claim 1 wherein the pumping device is a gas compressor.
6. The refrigeration system of claim 5 wherein the gas compressor comprises one of an aerodynamic compressor or a positive displacement compressor.
7. The refrigeration system of claim 6 wherein the gas compressor comprises one of a screw compressor, a reciprocating compressor, a scroll compressor, or a vane type compressor.
8. The refrigeration system of claim 7, wherein the refrigeration system has as a 1000 ton capacity, the gas compressor has a swept volume of about 310 CFM and a volume ratio of about 3.3, and the liquid expander is configured for a flow of at least 300 GPM and has a volume ratio of about 13.8.
9. The refrigeration system of claim 1 wherein the liquid expander is coupled to the pumping device by one of a mechanical connection or an electrical connection.
10. The refrigeration system of claim 1 wherein the liquid expander and the pumping device are combined as a single unit.
11. The refrigeration system of claim 1 further comprising a heat exchanger connected between the pumping device and the evaporator, the heat exchanger being configured to de-superheat refrigerant discharged from the pumping device.
12. The refrigeration system of claim 11 wherein the heat exchanger is configured to de-superheat refrigerant from the pumping device with condenser cooling tower water.
13. A motor coolant system for a chiller system having a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser connected in a closed refrigerant loop, the motor coolant system comprising:
- a motor housing for the motor;
- a liquid expander connectable to the closed refrigerant loop between the condenser and the evaporator of the chiller system;
- a first refrigerant connection connectable to the closed refrigerant loop to receive refrigerant from the evaporator and provide refrigerant to the motor housing;
- a second refrigerant connection connectable to the closed refrigerant loop to return refrigerant to the evaporator; and
- a pumping device disposed in the second refrigerant connection to circulate refrigerant from the first refrigerant connection through the motor housing to the second refrigerant connection to cool the motor and maintain a predetermined pressure in the motor housing, the pumping device being coupled to the liquid expander and powered by operation of the liquid expander.
14. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the predetermined pressure in the motor housing is maintained at a predetermined level throughout the operation of the motor coolant system.
15. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the coupled pumping device and liquid expander are connected by one of a mechanical connection or an electrical connection.
16. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the coupled pumping device and liquid expander are connected as one unit.
17. The motor coolant system of claim 13 comprising a heat exchanger disposed in the second refrigerant connection between the pumping device and the evaporator, the heat exchanger lowering the temperature of the refrigerant in the second refrigerant connection.
18. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the pumping device lowers the density of the refrigerant within the motor housing to reduce windage losses of the motor.
19. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the pumping device comprises one of an aerodynamic compressor or a positive displacement compressor.
20. The motor coolant system of claim 19 wherein the pumping device comprises one of a screw compressor, a reciprocating compressor, a scroll compressor, or a vane type compressor.
21. The motor coolant system of claim 13 wherein the liquid expander comprises one of an eductor, positive displacement expander or a turbine centrifugal expander.
22. A method for cooling a motor of a chiller system comprising the steps of:
- providing a first connection with a refrigerant loop, the first connection being configured to receive refrigerant from an evaporator;
- providing a second connection with the refrigerant loop, the second connection being configured to return refrigerant to the evaporator;
- providing a motor in a motor cavity, the motor cavity being connected to the first connection and the second connection;
- circulating refrigerant from the first connection through the motor cavity to the second connection with a pumping device;
- powering the pumping device with energy of expansion from a liquid expander, the liquid expander being configured to expand refrigerant in the refrigerant loop between a condenser and the evaporator; and
- wherein the circulation of refrigerant in the motor cavity by the pumping device cools the motor and lowers a pressure and gas density of a refrigerant in the motor cavity thereby reducing windage losses of the motor.
23. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of connecting the pumping device and the liquid expander by one of an electrical connection or a mechanical connection.
24. The method of claim 24 wherein the pumping device and liquid expander are combined as a single unit.
25. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of cooling the refrigerant in the second connection with a heat exchanger.
26. The method of claim 26 wherein the heat exchanger uses a cooling liquid for the condenser to cool the refrigerant in the second connection.
Type: Application
Filed: May 23, 2006
Publication Date: Nov 29, 2007
Applicant: JOHNSON CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY COMPANY (Holland, MI)
Inventors: Stephen H. Smith (York, PA), Dennis E. Stump (York, PA)
Application Number: 11/419,862
International Classification: F25B 31/00 (20060101); F25B 41/00 (20060101);