Method and apparatus for power conversion and regulation of two output voltages

A power supply converter is disclosed. An apparatus according to aspects of the present invention includes a power supply converter having an energy transfer element coupled between a power converter input and first and second power converter outputs. A switch is coupled between the power converter input and the energy transfer element. A control circuit is coupled to the switch to control switching of the switch to generate a first output voltage at the first power converter output and a second output voltage at the second power converter output. A sum of the first and the second output voltages is regulated in response to a first voltage reference. The second output voltage is regulated in response to a second voltage reference. A current in the energy transfer element is coupled to be increased when a voltage across the energy transfer element is a difference between an input voltage at the power converter input and the first output voltage. The current in the energy transfer element is coupled to be decreased when the voltage across the energy transfer element is the sum of the first and second output voltages.

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Description
BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1. Field of the Disclosure

The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits, and more specifically, the invention relates to circuits in which there is power regulation.

2. Background

Electrical devices need power to operate. Many electrical devices are powered using switched mode power converters. Some switched mode power converters are designed to provide multiple output voltages. One challenge with power converters of this type is to provide positive and negative DC output voltages. Known power converters of this type often rely on fixed values of Zener diodes to set the output voltages. In many such circuits, the Zener diodes conduct a substantial portion if not all the current in one of the loads. The power lost in the Zener diodes in these known circuits results in low efficiency that is unacceptable in many applications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 is a schematic that shows generally an example functional block diagram of a power converter or switching regulator with a positive and a negative output referenced to an input return in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic that shows generally a power converter including an example shunt regulator that regulates output voltages in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic that shows generally a power converter that includes an alternative example shunt regulator that regulates output voltages in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic that shows generally a power converter that includes an example shunt regulator circuit that regulates a desired output voltage in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic that shows generally a power converter that includes an example temperature compensated shunt regulator circuit that regulates a desired output voltage in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic that shows generally a power converter that includes an alternative example temperature compensated shunt regulator circuit that regulates a desired output voltage in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic that shows generally an example power converter in greater detail in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic that shows generally an alternative example power converter circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples related to power supply regulators are disclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill in the art that the specific detail need not be employed to practice the present invention. Well-known methods related to the implementation have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “one example” or “an example” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” “in one example” or “in an example” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined for example into any suitable combinations and/or sub-combinations in one or more embodiments or examples.

As will be discussed, some example power supply regulators in accordance with the teachings of the present invention utilize switched mode power conversion that provide two output voltages of opposite polarity with respect to a common reference that is the input return. Examples of the disclosed power supply regulators may be used in a variety of applications in which positive and negative direct current (DC) output voltages are provided from a higher input voltage without an isolation transformer. The example methods disclosed can provide two regulated output voltages at lower costs and higher efficiency than other known methods. More flexibility is provided by the disclosed power supply regulators and methods in the selection of output voltages than by other known methods that require high currents to flow in Zener diodes to set output voltages. Some target applications for the disclosed power supply regulator and methods are those that do not require galvanic isolation between input and output, such as power supplies for major household appliances.

To illustrate, FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram that shows an example generalized power converter or switching regulator 100 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention with a positive and a negative output 160 and 165, respectively, referenced to the input return. As shown, a DC input voltage VG 105 is coupled to switch S1 115, which is controlled by control circuit 170. In the various examples, control circuit 170 includes circuitry to employ any of a variety of switching techniques including at least one of a constant frequency pulse width modulation (PWM), variable frequency PWM, on/off control or the like. Control circuit 170 also uses a reference voltage VREF1 175 for the purpose of regulating an output. An energy transfer element, which is illustrated as inductor L1 125, is coupled between switch S1 115 and the outputs of the regulator circuit 100. In the illustrated example, the outputs are shown as output voltage V1 160 across load impedance Z1 150 and output voltage V2 165 across load impedance Z2 155. Capacitor C1 140 is illustrated as being coupled across load impedance Z1 150 and capacitor C2 145 is illustrated as being coupled across load impedance Z2 155. As shown in the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the outputs are each coupled to a ground terminal coupled to both load impedance Z1 150 and load impedance Z2 155.

In operation, DC input voltage VG 105 is converted to output voltage V1 160 across load impedance Z1 150 and output voltage V2 165 across load impedance Z2 155 by the action or switching of switch S1 115 in response to a control circuit 170. For explanation purposes, switch S1 115 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a single pole, multi-throw switch adapted to switch among three positions or settings. It is appreciated that switch S1 115 may be implemented using a variety of techniques such as for example using a circuit to provide the described switching function, or the like.

As shown in the example, switch S1 115 includes a terminal coupled to inductor 125 and can be coupled to be set in a first setting or position G to provide a conduction path for inductor 125 to receive current IG 110, or in a second setting or position F to provide a conduction path for inductor 125 to receive current IF 120, or in a third or off setting or position X, such that inductor 125 is not coupled to receive either current IG 110 or current IF 120. Thus, when switch S1 115 is in position G, the current IL 130 in inductor L1 125 is the same as the input current IG 110 supplied from the input voltage VG 105. When switch S1 115 is in position F, the current IL 130 in inductor L1 125 is the same as freewheeling current IF 120 derived from an output of the power converter as shown. When switch S1 115 is in position X, the current IL 130 in inductor L1 125 is zero.

In the illustrated example, control circuit 170 switches switch S1 115 between positions G, X, and F with sequence and durations to regulate one output according to the value of the reference voltage VVF1 175. In one mode of operation, (continuous conduction mode) the switch S1 115 spends no time at position X. The single regulated output may be V1 160, V2 165, or a combination of both. A shunt circuit 180 that is coupled across an output of power converter 100 uses another reference voltage VREF2 185. The shunt circuit 180 may increase or decrease current I1 135 or current I2 137 to regulate one additional output.

In operation, the switching of switch S1 115 produces currents IL 130, IG 110, and IF 120 that contain triangular or trapezoidal components. Capacitors C1 140 and C2 145 filter currents IL 130 and IF 120 respectively, which produce the respective DC output voltages V1 160 and V2 165 that have small alternating current (AC) variations relative to their DC values. Load impedances Z1 150 and Z2 155 with shunt circuit 180 produce currents I1 135 and I2 137 from the respective output voltages V1 160 and V2 165.

For the regulator of FIG. 1, switch S1 115 may be controlled to regulate only a single output voltage because controller 170 has only one reference voltage VRF1 170. Without further means of regulation, the other output voltage will change with currents I1 135 and I2 137 that are responsive to changes in load impedances Z1 160 and Z2 165. To regulate more than one output voltage requires another regulator to change current I1 135 or I2 137 in response to changes in output voltages V1 160 and V2 165. In the illustrated example, control circuit 170 is shown having three inputs including an input coupled to an end of load impedance Z1 150, an input coupled to an end of load impedance Z2 155, and an input coupled to a ground terminal.

In one example of the power converter or power supply regulator 100, control circuit 170 is not included or is instead adapted to switch switch S1 115 in a fixed pattern, which produces an unregulated output voltage V1 160 or V2 165. In this example, current IL 130 through inductor L1 125 increases when the voltage across inductor L1 125 is the difference between the input voltage VG 105 and output voltage V1 160, which is what occurs when switch S1 115 is in position G. Continuing with this example, the current IL 130 through inductor L1 125 decreases when the voltage across inductor L1 125 is the sum of output voltage V1 160 and output voltage V2 165, which is what occurs when switch S1 115 is in position F.

FIG. 2 shows generally a power converter or power supply regulator 200, which includes a shunt regulator 205 coupled to regulate an output voltage V2 165 by adding more or less current to the load current IZ1 235 from load impedance Z1 150 in response to the output voltage V2 165 on load impedance Z2 155. In the illustrated example, shunt regulator 205 changes current I1 135 independently in response to changes in output currents IZ1 235 and IZ2 240 to regulate the desired output voltage V2 165 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Output currents IZ1 235 and IZ2 240 may change in response to changes in the respective load impedances Z1 and Z2, or in response to a change in the input voltage VG 105. In operation, shunt regulator 205 only adds to the current in the load Z1 150 if the load impedance Z1 150 is insufficient to regulate the desired output voltage V2 165. In the example shown in FIG. 2, power supply regulator 200 includes power supply regulator 100 of FIG. 1 with the addition of shunt regulator 205 to perform the function of shunt circuit 180 with reference voltage VREF2 185. As shown in FIG. 2, control circuit 170 switches switch S1 115 to regulate an output voltage VO 245., which is the sum of V1 160 and V2 165.

In the illustrated example, shunt regulator 205 includes a transconductance amplifier 225 that produces unidirectional current from current source ISH1 250 coupled across load impedance Z1 150 to regulate voltage V2 165 across load impedance Z2 155. Since the controller 170 regulates the sum of V1 160 and V2 165, regulation of V2 165 by shunt regulator 205 also regulates V1 160. In operation, if there is a change in load to cause a decrease in current IZ2 240, the control circuit 170 will modify the switching of switch SI to regulate the value of output voltage VO 245 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Then current source ISH1 250 will decrease to maintain output voltages V1 160 and V2 165 at the values determined by the reference voltage VREF2 185. If there is a change in load impedance Z1 160 to cause a decrease in current IZ1 235, the current source ISH1 250 will increase in response to a decrease in output voltage V2 165 to regulate the output voltages V1 160 and V2 165. In various examples, shunt regulator 205 is included in an integrated circuit.

FIG. 3 shows generally a power converter or power supply regulator 300, which includes a shunt regulator 305 coupled to regulate an output voltage V1 160 by adding more or less current to the load current IZ2 240 from load impedance Z2 150 in response to the output voltage V1 160 on load impedance Z1 150. In the illustrated example, shunt regulator 305 changes current I2 137 independently in response to changes in output currents IZ1 235 and IZ2 240 to regulate the desired output voltage V1 160 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Output currents IZ1 235 and IZ2 240 may change in response to changes in the respective load impedances Z1 and Z2, or in response to a change in the input voltage VG 105. In operation, shunt regulator 305 only adds to the current in the load Z2 155 if the load impedance Z2 150 is insufficient to regulate the desired output voltage V1 160. In the example shown in FIG. 3, power supply 300 includes power supply regulator 100 of FIG. 1 with the addition of shunt regulator 305 with voltage reference VREF3 320 to perform the function of shunt circuit 180 with reference voltage VREF2 185. As shown in FIG. 3, control circuit 170 switches switch S1 115 to regulate an output voltage VO 245, which is the sum of V1 160 and V2 165.

In the illustrated example, transconductance amplifier 325 included in shunt regulator 305 produces unidirectional current from current source ISH2 350 coupled across load impedance Z2 155 to regulate voltage V1 160 across load impedance Z1 150. Since the controller 170 regulates the sum of V1 160 and V2 165, regulation of V1 160 by shunt regulator 305 also regulates V2 165. In operation, if there is a change in load to cause a decrease in current IZ1 235, the control circuit 170 will modify the switching of switch S1 to regulate the value of output voltage VO 245 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Then current source ISH2 350 will decrease to maintain output voltages V1 160 and V2 165 at the values determined by the reference voltage VREF3 320. If there is a change in load impedance Z2 165 to cause a decrease in current IZ2 240, the current source ISH2 350 will increase in response to a decrease in output voltage V1 160 to regulate the output voltages V1 160 and V2 165. In various examples, shunt regulator 305 is included in an integrated circuit.

It is preferable that the shunt regulator 205 or 305 should regulate the output voltage that requires the tighter regulation. Thus, the example of FIG. 2 is preferable when the voltage V2 165 requires tighter regulation than the voltage V1 160, and the example of FIG. 3 is preferable when the voltage V1 160 requires tighter regulation than the voltage V2 165.

FIG. 4 shows generally a power converter or power supply regulator 400, with one example of shunt regulator 205 that uses a resistor R1 415, a Zener diode 420, and an NPN transistor 405. Zener diode 420 sets a reference voltage VREF2 at the base of the NPN transistor 405. Resistor R1 415 provides current to the Zener diode 420 and to the base of the NPN transistor 405. In the example of FIG. 4, the voltage VO2 425 is regulated to be the voltage VREF2 reduced by the base to emitter voltage VBE of NPN transistor 405. Since the base to emitter voltage changes with temperature, output voltages VO1 410 and VO2 425 will also change with temperature.

FIG. 5 shows generally a power converter or power supply regulator 500, with another example of shunt regulator 205 that adds an NPN transistor 550 to the example circuit of FIG. 4. In the example of FIG. 5, the base to emitter voltage of transistor 550 is substantially equal to the base to emitter voltage of transistor 405 at all temperatures. Therefore, the output voltage VO2 425 in the example of FIG. 5 is regulated to be the voltage VREF2 from Zener diode 420, substantially invariant to changes in temperature. It is preferable for the NPN transistors 405 and 550 to be identical for the best temperature compensation.

FIG. 6 shows generally a power converter or power supply regulator 600 that combines the example of the shunt regulator 305 of FIG. 3 with the temperature compensating technique of FIG. 5. In FIG. 6, Zener diode 620 establishes the reference voltage VREF3 with current through a resistor R2 615 and PNP transistor 650. Another PNP transistor 605 performs the function of current source ISH2 350 of FIG. 3. It is preferable for the PNP transistors 605 and 650 to be identical for the best temperature compensation.

In the examples illustrated in FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6, it is appreciated that bipolar transistors 405, 550, 605, and 650 are illustrated as including single transistors. However, it is appreciated that the teachings of the present invention are not limited to single transistors and that additional transistors or other circuit elements may be added to bipolar transistors 405, 550, 605, and 650 as appropriate such as for example Darlington transistor pairs or the like to realize the desired circuit performance in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is one example schematic showing generally the power converter or regulator circuit of FIG. 5 with increased detail and optional components. In particular, the example of FIG. 7 shows switch S1 115 including a diode D1 710 and a transistor 745. Transistor 745 is included in an integrated circuit 705 with a control circuit 740 and a reference voltage VREF1 that is not shown to avoid obscuring the illustration with unnecessary detail. In the illustrated example, integrated circuit 705 may be a LNK304 produced by Power Integrations, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. In the illustrated example, integrated circuit 705 is coupled between the DC input voltage VG 105 and the inductor L1 125. In another example, integrated circuit 705 is not included and transistor 745 is therefore a discrete metal oxide semiconductor (MOSFET) or bipolar transistor and control circuit 740 is a separate controller in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Capacitor C4 735 is a bypass capacitor coupled to the BP terminal of integrated circuit 705 for the operation of integrated circuit 705. In the illustrated example, control circuit 740 receives a signal proportional to the output voltage VO that is on capacitor C3 730. Capacitor C3 charges to approximately the sum of output voltages VO1 410 and VO2 425 when diode D1 710 in switch 115 conducts the freewheeling current IF 120. In operation, diode D1 710 automatically configures the switch S1 115 to position F when the diode D1 710 is conducting and to position G or X when the diode D1 710 is not conducting. Optional resistor R5 750 reduces the power dissipation in NPN transistor 405, and also limits the current in NPN transistor 405. Resistors R6 755 and R7 760 provide minimum loading to the outputs should the load impedances Z1 150 and Z2 155 be removed.

FIG. 8 is another example schematic showing generally the power converter or regulator circuit of FIG. 7 with a single capacitor C5 810 coupled across the outputs replacing the previously described two capacitors C1 140 and C2 145 to reduce the cost of the power supply.

In the foregoing detailed description, the method and apparatus of the present invention have been described with reference to specific examples or embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the present invention. The present specification and figures are accordingly to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

Claims

1. A power converter, comprising:

an energy transfer element coupled between a power converter input and first and second power converter outputs;
a switch coupled between the power converter input and the energy transfer element; and
a control circuit coupled to the switch to control switching of the switch to generate a first output voltage at the first power converter output and a second output voltage at the second power converter output, wherein a sum of the first and the second output voltages is regulated in response to a first voltage reference, wherein the second output voltage is regulated in response to a second voltage reference, wherein a current in the energy transfer element is coupled to be increased when a voltage across the energy transfer element is a difference between an input voltage at the power converter input and the first output voltage, and wherein the current in the energy transfer element is coupled to be decreased when the voltage across the energy transfer element is the sum of the first and second output voltages.

2. The power converter of claim 1 further comprising a shunt circuit coupled across the first power converter output to regulate the second output voltage in response to the second voltage reference.

3. The power converter of claim 2 further comprising a Zener diode coupled to the shunt circuit to provide the second voltage reference.

4. The power converter of claim 1 wherein the energy transfer element comprises an inductor.

5. The power converter of claim 1 further comprising a first capacitor coupled across the first power converter output and a second capacitor coupled across the second power converter output.

6. The power converter of claim 1 further comprising a first capacitor coupled across the first and second power converter outputs.

7. The power converter of claim 1 wherein the first and second power converter outputs are coupled to a common ground terminal.

8. The power converter of claim 1 wherein the switch is coupled to provide a first conduction path when the current in the energy transfer element is coupled to increase when the voltage across the energy transfer element is a difference between an input voltage at the power converter input and the first output voltage, and wherein the switch is coupled to provide a second conduction path when the current in the energy transfer element is coupled to decrease when the voltage across the energy transfer element is the sum of the first and second output voltages.

9. The power converter of claim 1 wherein the control circuit further includes circuitry to employ at least one of constant frequency pulse width modulation (PWM), variable frequency PWM, or on/off control.

10. The power converter of claim 3 wherein the shunt circuit comprises a unidirectional transconductance amplifier coupled to the first power converter output to add unidirectional current at the first power converter output if the first load impedance is insufficient to regulate the output voltage.

11. The power converter of claim 10 wherein the unidirectional transconductance amplifier is coupled to the second voltage reference.

12. The power converter of claim 2 wherein the shunt circuit is included in an integrated circuit.

13. The power converter of claim 3 wherein the shunt circuit includes a first bipolar transistor coupled in series with a first resistor coupled across the first power converter output.

14. The power converter of claim 13 wherein the shunt circuit further includes a thermal matching bipolar transistor coupled to cancel variance of a voltage drop based on temperature on the first bipolar transistor.

15. The power converter of claim 1 wherein the switch is coupled to be set in one of three settings, wherein when the switch is in a first setting, a current in the energy transfer element is the same as an input current supplied from the power converter input, wherein when the switch is in a second setting, the current in the energy transfer element is the same as a freewheeling current from the power converter output, and wherein when the switch is in a third setting, the current in the energy transfer element is zero.

16. A power converter, comprising:

an energy transfer element coupled between a power converter input and first and second power converter outputs;
a switch coupled between the power converter input and the energy transfer element;
a control circuit coupled to the switch to control switching of the switch to generate a first output voltage at the first power converter output and a second output voltage at the second power converter output, wherein the first output voltage is regulated in response to a voltage reference, wherein a current in the energy transfer element is coupled to increase when a voltage across the energy transfer element is a difference between an input voltage at the power converter input and the first output voltage, wherein the current in the energy transfer element is coupled to decrease when the voltage across the energy transfer element is a sum of the first and second output voltages; and
a shunt circuit coupled across the second power converter output to regulate the first output voltage at the first power converter output in response to the voltage reference.
Patent History
Publication number: 20080143309
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 18, 2006
Publication Date: Jun 19, 2008
Patent Grant number: 7759914
Inventors: Arthur B. Odell (Cupertino, CA), Tiziano Pastore (Monza), Matteo Uccelli (Rivergaro (PC))
Application Number: 11/641,425
Classifications
Current U.S. Class: Switched (e.g., Switching Regulators) (323/282); Zener (323/231)
International Classification: G05F 1/10 (20060101); G05F 1/613 (20060101);