Method of Making Nanocrystalline Tungsten Powder

Abstract

There is described a method of making a nanocrystalline tungsten powder that comprises: (a) heating a tungsten-containing material in a reducing atmosphere at an intermediate temperature of from about 600° C. to about 700° C. for an intermediate time period; the tungsten-containing material being selected from ammonium paratungstate, ammonium metatungstate or a tungsten oxide; and (b) increasing the temperature to a final temperature of about 800° C. to about 1000° C. for a final time period.

Description

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/906,795, filed Mar. 13, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Depleted uranium (DU) has been a highly effective material for armor-piercing projectiles that are used against hardened targets and heavily armored vehicles. In addition to their high density and strength, DU kinetic-energy penetrators possess a unique ability to self-sharpen as they impact a target. This self-sharpening behavior is a result of adiabatic shear that occurs within the DU. Unfortunately, DU also possesses a certain low level of radioactivity and the use of DU penetrators is causing concern recently among those soldiers who are exposed to them.

Tungsten because of its comparable density would be an effective replacement for DU in kinetic-energy penetrators except for the fact that tungsten does not exhibit the self-sharpening behavior. Instead tungsten projectiles tend to flatten upon impact. In order to overcome the resistance of tungsten to form the shear bands that cause the self-sharpening behavior, it has been proposed to use nanostructured materials including nanocrystalline tungsten alloys and composites. Of course, the ability to fully investigate and implement these solutions depends to a degree on the availability of sufficient quantities of nanocrystalline tungsten powders.

Therefore, it would be an advantage to have a process to make nanocrystalline tungsten powders which could be used in such applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method for making nanocrystalline tungsten powders.

In accordance with an object of the invention, there is provided a method of making a nanocrystalline tungsten powder that comprises:

(a) heating a tungsten-containing material in a reducing atmosphere at an intermediate temperature of from about 600° C. to about 700° C. for an intermediate time period; the tungsten-containing material being selected from ammonium paratungstate, ammonium metatungstate or a tungsten oxide; and

(b) increasing the temperature to a final temperature of about 800° C. to about 1000° C. for a final time period.

The reducing atmosphere preferably comprises a hydrogen gas and more preferably consists essentially of dry hydrogen (˜−40° C. dew point). Other useful gas mixtures for the reducing atmosphere may include H₂/N₂, H₂/Ar, and H₂/He gas mixtures and even ammonia or hydrazine. The intermediate temperature is preferably about 650° C. and the intermediate time period is preferably at least 2 hours. A preferred final temperature is about 900° C. and the final time period is preferably at least 1 hour.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are SEM photomicrographs of freeze-dried AMT.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are SEM photomicrographs of freeze-dried AMT reduced at 650° C.

FIG. 5 is an STEM photomicrograph of W powder made from freeze-dried AMT (×100,000).

FIG. 6 is an SEM photomicrograph of W powder made from spray-dried AMT (×50,000).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims taken in conjunction with the above-described drawings.

As used herein, the term “nanocrystalline tungsten powders” means tungsten powders having crystallites that are less than about 200 nm in size.

Reduction tests were carried out in a laboratory-scale furnace using the following tungsten-containing starting materials: ammonium paratungstate tetrahydrate (APT), (NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]. 4H₂O, spray-dried ammonium metatungstate trihydrate (AMT), (NH₄)₆[H₂W₁₂O₄₀]. 3H₂O, freeze-dried AMT, and several tungsten oxides including tungsten trioxide (WO₃), and the tungsten blue oxides, WO_2.6, WO_2.973, and WO_2.911. The properties of the tungsten oxide starting materials are given in Table 1.

	TABLE 1
	Tungsten Oxide Starting Materials
Characterization	WO3	WO2.60	WO2.973	WO2.911
Overall	WO3	WO2.60	0.124NH3•0.133H2O•WO2.973	0.066NH3•0.092H2O•WO2.911
Composition
Phases (XRD)	WO3	WO2.72 (84%)	hexag W bronze/	hexag. W bronze
	(100%)	WO2.00 (16%)	orthorh. WO3/	(30%)
			amorph. fraction	orthorh. WO3 (25%)
				WO2.90 (15%)
				amorph. (30%)
Bulk Density	2.85	2.13	2.91	2.70
(g/cm3)
Tap Density	3.64	2.90	3.73	3.53
(g/cm3)
Hall Flow	∝	∝	34	∝
(sec/50-g)
K (ppm)	<10	<10	<10	<10
Na (ppm)	<5	<5	<5	<5
As-is	24.7	8.65	19.8	25.5
D50 (μm)	(bimodal)	(bimodal)	(unimodal)	(unimodal)
Rod-milled	0.83	1.15	3.89	4.06
D50 (μm)	(bimodal)	(bimodal)	(bimodal)	(trimodal)

Freeze-dried AMT was made by dropwise additions into liquid nitrogen of 30-mL volumes of an AMT solution (1,373 g AMT in 1,000 g water) using a burette. The flask with the frozen droplets was freeze-dried by using a commercial freeze dry system from Labconco Corp.

A small nickel crucible was loaded with 4-5 g of freeze-dried AMT and reduced in hydrogen in a laboratory furnace. A constant ramp of 6K/min and four different reduction regimes were used, specifically a 16-hr hold at 650° C., a 5-hr hold at 650° C. plus a 2-hr final hold at 900° C., a 1-hr hold at 900° C., and a 2-hr hold at 900° C., respectively. After cooling the sample in hydrogen down to about 250° C., the furnace was flushed with nitrogen and the crucible was moved into the cooling zone, cooled, and then removed. All samples preserved the shape of the starting droplets and were not pyrophoric. The oxygen content of the four samples was found to be 7000, 2600, 2800 and 1500 ppm, respectively. FIGS. 1 and 2 are photomicrographs of the porous freeze-dried AMT taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). FIGS. 3 and 4 are SEM photomicrographs of the tungsten powders reduced at 650° C. Tungsten particles with a size of about 100 nm are readily identifiable.

In addition, 5-g amounts of freeze-dried AMT and spray-dried AMT were reduced in parallel in hydrogen in a laboratory furnace. A constant ramp of 6K/min and three different reduction regimes were used, specifically a 16-hr hold at 650° C., a 10-hr hold at 750° C. and a 1-hr hold at 900° C., respectively. After cooling the samples in hydrogen down to about 50° C., they were flushed with nitrogen, moved into the cooling zone, cooled, and then removed. All samples were not pyrophoric. Oxygen content, BET surface area and particle size (D₅₀) (Microtrac Ultrafine Particle Analyzer) of the six tungsten powder samples are compiled in Table 2. Both starting AMT materials lead to nano-sized tungsten powders of a similar size. FIGS. 5 and 6 show scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and SEM photomicrographs, respectively, of tungsten powders reduced at 650° C. Tungsten particles with a size of about 200-nm and below are readily identifiable.

TABLE 2
Characterization of tungsten powders made from AMT
	5-g samples reduced at
	650° C.	750° C.	900° C.
Character-	Freeze-	Spray-	Freeze-	Spray-	Freeze-	Spray-
ization	dried	dried	dried	dried	dried	dried
Oxygen (ppm)	7200	7000	2200	2600	1400	1500
BET (m2/g)	5.45	6.97	3.30	4.26	2.37	2.29
D50 (μm)	0.39	1.03	0.78	0.58	0.50	0.59

Table 3 compiles the reduction conditions and the results of crystallite size determination of nanocrystalline tungsten powders made from the various starting materials. Crystallite size was measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using XRD-JADE-7 software (Materials Data Inc.) The calculation is based on the fact that as the crystallite size decreases the normally sharp diffraction maxima first become broader at their base, then broaden uniformly throughout until, finally, they become so broad that they are no longer clearly visible. The expression for the “particle-size-broadening” (Scherrer) is B=K·λ/L·cos θ, where B is the broadening of the line expressed in units of 2θ, K is a constant approximately equal to 1, L is the average length of the crystallite, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used and θ is the Bragg angle.

	TABLE 3
	6″ long round boat	Crystallite Size (nm) if No strain
	6 K/min	6 peaks	7 peaks
	Sample	Hold	Hold		3			3
Starting	Size	at	at	All	middle	Median	All	middle	Median
Material	(g)	650° C.	900° C.	peaks	peaks	peak	peaks	peaks	peak
WO2.60	70	NO	1	hr				134-230	161-177	167
	210	NO	2	hrs				252->500	275-297	289
	70	1	hr	1	hr				94-153	113-126	122
	210	2	hrs	2	hrs				174-281	199-215	213
	210	10	hrs	1	hr				91-148	96-98	98
WO2.973	20	NO	1	hr				195-344	213-263	240
	300	NO	2	hrs				304->500	408->500	442
	20	2	hrs	1	hr				90-117	93-99	94
	300	2	hrs	2	hrs				137-213	147-156	149
	210	10	hrs	1	hr				57-118	62-68	63
WO2.911	20	NO	1	hr				85-123	93-112	94
	20	2	hrs	1	hr				59-88	64-77	74
WO3	70	NO	1	hr	52-81	63-67	65
	210	NO	2	hrs	70-107	77-83	80
	70	1	hr	1	hr	58-76	60-64	62
	210	2	hrs	2	hrs	65-99	79-80	80
AMT	70	NO	1	hr	96-143	102-104	103
	210	NO	2	hrs	157-263	173-215	194
	70	2	hrs	1	hr	80-120	86-88	87
	210	2	hrs	2	hrs				122-150	128-143	138
	210	10	hrs	1	hr				61-97	65-67	66
APT	100	NO	1	hr				127-184	130-153	130
	300	NO	2	hrs				135-244	140-178	150
	100	2	hrs	1	hr				83-127	86-91	89
	300	2	hrs	2	hrs				119-265	126-138	131
	210	10	hrs	1	hr				65-96	66-68	67

The above results show that in most cases a reduction regime with a hold at 650° C. leads to powders with the smallest crystallite size as compared with the reduction without a hold at 6500C. It is believed that at temperatures between about 600° C. to about 700° C. a large amount of nuclei are produced which lead to smaller crystallites. It was further determined that the lower the bed height (smaller sample size) and the longer the hold time at about 650° C. the smaller the crystallite size and that reduction of WO₃, WO_2.6, AMT and APT resulted in tungsten powders with the smallest crystallite size.

A further advantage is that the method of this invention does not require any milling to make nanocrystalline (<200 nm) tungsten powders, which prevents the otherwise unavoidable contamination of the tungsten powder.

While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of making a nanocrystalline tungsten powder, comprising:

(a) heating a tungsten-containing material in a reducing atmosphere at an intermediate temperature of from about 600° C. to about 700° C. for an intermediate time period; the tungsten-containing material being selected from ammonium paratungstate, ammonium metatungstate or a tungsten oxide; and

(b) increasing the temperature to a final temperature of about 800° C. to about 1000° C. for a final time period.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing atmosphere comprises hydrogen gas.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the intermediate temperature is about 650° C.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the intermediate time period is at least 2 hours.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the final temperature is about 900° C.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the final time period is at least 1 hour.

7. A method of making a nanocrystalline tungsten powder, comprising:

(a) heating a tungsten-containing material in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere at an intermediate temperature of from about 600° C. to about 700° C. for an intermediate time period; the tungsten-containing material being selected from ammonium paratungstate, ammonium metatungstate or a tungsten oxide; and

(b) increasing the temperature to a final temperature of about 800° C. to about 1000° C. for a final time period.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the intermediate temperature is about 650° C. and the intermediate time period is at least 2 hours.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the final temperature is about 900° C. and the final time period is at least 1 hour.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the hydrogen-containing atmosphere consists essentially of dry hydrogen.

11. The method of claim 7 wherein the hydrogen-containing atmosphere is selected from an H2/N2, H2/Ar, H2/He gas mixture.