System And Method For Creating And Trading A Derivative Investment Instrument Over A Range Of Index Values
An investment instrument based on a range of index values is disclosed that allows investors to take risk positions relative to the size, or length, of the range. The investment instrument has a monetary value that increases as the index value increases within a low range interval of the range, decreases as the index value increases within a high range interval of the range, and is fixed or capped if the index value falls within a middle range interval of the range. Typically, one settlement amount will be zero and the other will be an amount greater than the investment instrument price.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/849,835, filed Sep. 4, 2007, pending, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present disclosure relates to methods of creating and trading derivative contracts whose value depends on the occurrence or non-occurrence of specified events.
BACKGROUNDTraditional derivatives contracts are well known investment instruments. For example, a buyer purchases the right to receive delivery of an underlying commodity or asset on a specified date in the future. Conversely, a seller agrees to deliver the commodity or asset to an agreed location on the specified date. Derivatives contracts, namely futures contracts, originally developed in the trade of agricultural commodities. Large consumers of agricultural products seeking to secure their future supply of raw ingredients like corn, wheat and other commodities would pay in advance for guaranteed delivery in the future. Producers in turn would sell in advance to raise capital to finance the cost of production. The success of agricultural futures soon led to futures activity surrounding other commodities as well. Today futures contracts are traded on everything from pork bellies to memory chips, and from stock shares to market indices.
Over the years derivatives contracts have evolved from simply a means of securing future delivery of a commodity into sophisticated investment instruments. Because derivatives contracts establish a price for the underlying commodity or asset in advance of the date on which the commodity or asset must be delivered, subsequent changes in the price of the underlying asset will inure to the benefit of one party and to the detriment of the other. If the price rises above the derivatives price, the seller is obligated to deliver the commodity or asset at the lower agreed upon price. The buyer may then resell the received product at the higher market price to realize a profit. The seller in effect loses the difference between the derivatives contract price and the market price on the date the goods or assets are delivered. Conversely if the price of the underlying commodity or asset falls below the derivatives price, the seller can obtain the commodity or asset at the lower market price for delivery to the buyer while retaining the higher price. In this case the seller realizes a profit in the amount of the difference between the current market price on the delivery date and the derivatives contract price. The buyer sees an equivalent loss.
As the preceding discussion makes clear, derivatives contracts lend themselves to speculating in price movements of the underlying commodity or asset. Investors may be interested in taking a “long” position in a commodity or asset, buying today at the present price for delivery in the future, in anticipation that prices for the commodity or asset will rise prior to the delivery date. Conversely investors may wish to take a short position, agreeing to deliver the commodity or asset on the delivery date at a price established today, in anticipation of falling prices.
As derivatives contracts have evolved away from merely a mechanism for securing future delivery of a commodity or asset into sophisticated investment instruments, they have become more and more abstracted from the underlying assets on which they are based. For example, whereas derivatives contracts originally required actual delivery of the underlying commodity or asset on the specified delivery date, today's derivatives contracts do not necessarily require assets to change hands. Instead, derivatives contracts may be settled in cash. Rather than delivering the underlying asset, cash settlement requires that the difference between the market price on the delivery date and the contract price be paid by one investor to the other, depending on which direction the market price has moved. If the prevailing market price is higher than the contract price, the investor who has taken a short position in the derivatives contract must pay the difference between the market price on the delivery date and the contract price to the long investor. Conversely, if the market price has fallen, the long investor must pay the difference between the contract price and the market price to the short investor in order to settle the contract.
Cash settlement allows further abstraction of derivatives contracts away from physical commodities or discrete units of an asset such as stock shares. Today derivatives contracts are traded on such abstract concepts as market indices and interest rates. Derivatives contracts on market indices are a prime example of the level of abstraction such contracts have attained. Delivery of the underlying asset is impossible for a derivatives contract based on a market index such as the S&P 500®. No such asset exists. However, cash settlement allows derivatives contracts to be written which allow investors to take positions relative to future movements in the value of an index, or other variable market indicators. A price is established based on a target value of the index on a specified “delivery” date. The difference between the target value price and the actual value of the index (often multiplied by a specified multiplier) is exchanged between the long and short investors in order to settle the contract. Traditionally, cash settlement occurs on the last day of trading for a particular contract. Thus, if the actual value of the index rises above the target value, the short investor must pay to the long investor an amount equal to the difference between the actual value and the target value times the specified multiplier. Conversely if the actual index value falls below the target value, the long investor must pay to the short investor the difference between the actual value and the target value multiplied by the multiplier.
The value of traditional derivatives contracts is inherently tied to the market price or value of the underlying asset and the agreed upon settlement price. The market value of the underlying asset itself, however, may be influenced by any number of external factors. For example, the amount of rainfall in Iowa in June could affect the value of corn futures for September delivery. The latest national productivity report may have a positive or negative impact on options on the S&P 500®. If the share price of a particular company reaches a certain value, it may impact the price investors are willing to pay for derivatives based on that company's shares. The factors that influence the value of traditional derivatives contracts may also have an impact on other investments and assets. For example, if the share price of a market leader in a certain economic sector were to reach a certain value, it may signal to investors that the whole sector is poised for significant growth and may pull up the share price of other companies in the same sector. Likewise, an unexpected change in interest rates by the Federal Reserve may affect share prices broadly throughout the capital markets.
When investors wish to take positions based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of various contingent events that may have broad impact across any number of individual investments, they may take a number of positions in various investments which the investor believes will all be affected in the same way by the occurrence or non-occurrence of a specific event.
SUMMARYIn order to provide for investing based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of certain events, methods for creating and trading derivative contracts over a range of index values, as well as methods and systems for trading such contracts on an exchange, are disclosed. A range option contract is an investment instrument in which investors can take risk positions that have a positive payout if the settlement value of the underlying index falls within a specified range length, detailed herein below, at expiration. In exchange for receiving a predetermined premium price from the long investor, a short investor in a range option contract agrees to pay a settlement amount to the long investor depending on the state of a variable at the expiration of the contract. If the variable is in a first state upon expiration of the option period, the short investor keeps the option price. However, if the variable is in a second state upon expiration of the option period, the short investor pays an amount between $0 and a maximum “capped” amount specified in the contract to the long investor. Typically the settlement amounts will be one of either $0 or some other value greater than the option price. However, the maximum payout amount will be capped and the specific cash settlement amount may vary based on where within a range length (defined herein below) the settlement value of the underlying index value falls. Thus, if the state of the variable is a first value that is outside the length of the range, the short investor pays nothing to the long investor, and if the variable is a second value the lies within the range, the short investor pays a variable, capped second amount less the option price.
According to an aspect of the invention, a derivative investment instrument is described including a range interval, the range interval having a value corresponding to at least a portion of an identified range length, and a monetary value that increases as the index value increases within a first range interval, is capped if the index value falls on or within a second range interval, and decreases as the index value increases within a third range interval.
Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be, or will become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description.
The present disclosure relates to a financial instrument in which investors may take positions on the contingent state of a variable at a specified time, and a system for trading such instruments. In one embodiment, the financial instrument may be considered a modified digital, or “range,” derivatives contract in that it will settle at or between one of two different settlement amounts in the based on the state of a variable at expiration. As with traditional derivatives contracts, a range contract according to the present invention is a set of mutual promises between two parties—a first investor who desires to take a long position with regard to the eventual state of a particular variable and a second investor who desires to take a short position with regard to the eventual state of the variable. The long investor agrees to pay a certain amount, the derivatives price, to the short investor in exchange for the short investor agreeing to pay to the long investor a settlement amounts depending on the state of the variable when the contract is settled. Typically, one of the possible settlement values will be $0 and another settlement value will be a non-zero capped value greater than the derivatives price.
For the purposes of this specification, the following definitions will be used:
“Range Option” means an option contract having a positive cash settlement amount if the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration falls within the specified Range Length.
“Settlement Value” means the underlying index value at expiration of the Range Option.
“Range Length” means the entire length of the range of values of the underlying index for which the option pays a positive amount if the settlement value of the underlying index falls within the specific Range Length at expiration. An exchange may set the Range Length at listing.
“Range Interval” means an interval amount that determines the range increments of both the Low Range and the High Range. In an embodiment, the minimum Range Interval amount is 5 index points. An exchange may set the Range Interval at listing.
“Low Range and Low Range Exercise Value”—The term “Low Range” means a segment of values along the Range Length (as determined by the Range Interval) that immediately precedes the Middle Range. For a Range Option, if the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration falls within the Low Range, the “Low Range Exercise Value” will be a variable amount that increases along the Low Range as the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration increases and is capped at the Maximum Range Exercise Value.
“High Range and High Range Exercise Value”—The term “High Range” means a segment of values along the Range Length (as determined by the Range Interval) that immediately succeeds the Middle Range. For a Range Option, if the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration falls within the High Range, the “High Range Exercise Value” will be a variable amount that decreases along the High Range as the settlement value of the underlying index increases and is capped at the Maximum Range Exercise Value.
“Middle Range and Maximum Range Exercise Value”—The term “Middle Range” means a segment of values along the Range Length that lies between the Low Range and the High Range and its length is equal to the Range Length minus twice the Range Interval. For a Range Option, if the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration falls within the Middle Range, the “Maximum Range Exercise Value” will be a fixed amount that does not vary based on where in the Middle Range the settlement value of the underlying index falls and represents the maximum payout amount for Range Options. The Exchange sets the Maximum Range Exercise Value at listing
“Contract Multiplier” as used in reference to Range Options means the multiple applied to the Low Range Exercise Value, or to the High Range Exercise Value, or to the Maximum Exercise Range Value (as applicable) to arrive at the cash settlement amount per contract. The contract multiplier is established on a class-by-class basis and shall be at least 1 and is preferably expressed in a dollar amount.
“Cash Settlement Amount” as used in reference to a Range Option means the amount of cash that a holder will receive and a writer will be obligated to pay upon automatic exercise of the contract. The cash settlement amount is equal to, as applicable, the Low Range Exercise Value, or to the High Range Exercise Value, or to the Maximum Range Exercise Value times the contract multiplier.
Range Options that are “in-the-money,” or “out-of-the-money” are a function of whether the settlement value of the underlying index at expiration falls within or outside of the Range Length. The structure of possible payout amounts for Range Options that are “in-the-money” resembles the shape of an isosceles trapezoid spread over a range of index values or the “Range Length.” The Range Length, or the bottom parallel (and longer) line of the trapezoid, defines the entire length of index values for which the option pays a positive amount if the settlement value of the underlying index falls within the specific Range Length. In other words, the Range Length equals the total span between two underlying index values, preferably as set by an exchange at listing, that is used to determine whether a Range option is in or out of the money at expiration.
As illustrated in
The first Range Interval 112 at the beginning of the Range Length 110 defines the Low Range interval 112a for the Range Option and if the settlement value of the underlying index value falls in the Low Range interval 112a (the “Low Range Exercise Value”), the option will pay an amount that increases as the index value increases within the Low Range interval 112a. To determine the cash settlement amount if the settlement value of the index falls within the Low Range interval 112a, the Low Range Exercise Value will be multiplied by a contract multiplier, which may be set by an exchange at listing. Such a contract multiplier may be, for example, a multiplier of or between 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and so on.
The second Range Interval 112 at the end of the Range Length 110 defines the High Range interval 112b for the Range Option and if the settlement value of the underlying index falls in the High Range, the option will pay an amount that decreases as the index value increases within the High Range interval 112b (“High Range Exercise Value”). To determine the cash settlement amount if the settlement value of index falls within the High Range interval 112b, the High Range Exercise Value will be multiplied by the contract multiplier, which may be set by an exchange at listing. Such a contract multiplier may be, for example, a multiplier of or between 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and so on. Lastly, the Low Range and High Range intervals 112a, b are segments of equal lengths at opposite ends on the Range Length 110 and if the settlement value of the underlying index falls at the starting value of the Low Range interval 112a, at the ending value of the High Range interval 112b or outside of either the Low Range or the High Range intervals 112a, b, the option will pay $0.
The third segment of the Range Option is defined as the Middle Range interval 118, and its length is equal to the Range Length 110 minus twice the Range Interval 112; or as illustrated in
Unlike other options, Range Options will only be of a single type, and there will not be traditional calls and puts. Additionally, the “strike” price for Range Options will be the Range Length 110 that, similar to a regular strike price, will be used to determine if the Range Option is in or out of the money. When applicable, the “strike price” for a Range Option (i.e., the Range Length 110) will be used to determine the degree that the option is in-the-money (capped at the Maximum Range Exercise Value) if the settlement value of the underlying index falls within either the Low or High Range intervals 112a, b of the Range Length 110.
It is intended that range options contracts according to the present invention will be traded on an exchange. The exchange may be a traditional open outcry exchange, or it may be an electronic trading platform such as the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) or Chicago Board Options Exchange Futures Exchange (CFE). Employing the method outlined in
In cases where the variable relates to the price or value of an underlying asset, commodity or market indicator, the step of identifying the variable requires identifying the underlying asset commodity or market indicator as well as defining a threshold value.
Once the variable has been defined, the exchange defines a standard Range Option contract (step S2) based on the defined variable. The standard contract created by the exchange will define the terms of the actual individual contracts that investors will enter when placing orders to take positions in the Range Option contracts. All of the details of the instrument must be spelled out. The variable must be defined; the settlement amounts established; the length of the contract; the date, possibly even the time when the variable will be evaluated; when and where the contracts may be traded; pricing conventions; delivery; and so forth. The trading platform may be, for example, the electronic trading platform CBOEdirect® which allows trading between the hours of 8:30 A.M.-3:15 P.M. Central Standard Time. Contract trading may be limited monthly contracts, i.e., Range Option contracts that settle at the end of each month. The standard contract may set pricing conventions such as the granularity of price increments. A minimum tick size such as $10 may also be established. Further contingencies can be spelled out. Finally, delivery provisions may be spelled out. For example, the buyer may be required to deposit the entire contract price, and the seller the greater of the two settlement amounts less the contract price. The two accounts may then be marked-to-market on a daily basis based on changes in the futures price. However, the accounts may be set up such that investors may not withdraw their funds until the business day after the final settlement date to ensure that sufficient funds are available to cover the contract. An example of Range Option contract specifications is seen in Table 1 below:
Step S3 from
The below examples and diagrams demonstrate the variations of payout amounts for Range Options. Assume the Exchange identifies the S&P 500 Index (“SPX”) as the underlying index and defines the Range Length as between 1340 and 1410. Also assume that the Exchange sets the Range Interval at 10 index points and the Maximum Range Exercise Value at 100 and the contract multiplier as $100.
Payout if Closing Value of Underlying Index Falls in Low or High RangesIf at expiration the underlying index value falls in either the Low Range or the High Range, the payout will be determined based on where the settlement value falls within the respective range. If the settlement value falls within the Low Range, the Low Range Exercise Value will equal a value that falls within a progressive upward slope that ends at the beginning of the Middle Range. For example, if the settlement value of the SPX is 1342, the cash settlement amount would be $100 ($100×1) or if the settlement value of the SPX is 1347, the cash settlement would be $700 ($100×7). If at expiration, the settlement value of the SPX is 1340 or lower, the option would expire worthless.
EXAMPLE 1 Low Range Exercise Value
If the settlement value falls within the High Range, the High Range Exercise Value will equal a value that falls within a regressive downward slope that starts at the end of the Middle Range. For example, if the settlement value of the SPX is 1402, the cash settlement amount would be $800 ($100×8) or if the settlement value of the SPX is 1406, the cash settlement would be $400 ($100×4). If at expiration, the settlement value of the SPX is 1410 or higher, the option would expire worthless.
EXAMPLE 2 High Range Exercise Value
If at expiration, the settlement value of the SPX is 1351, the option holder would be entitled to receive and the writer would be obligated to pay $1,000 ($100×10) and if the settlement value of the SPX is 1375, the cash settlement amount would also be $1,000. This is because if the settlement value of the SPX falls anywhere within the Middle Range at expiration, the payout is a fixed amount (Maximum Range Exercise Value times the contract multiplier) and does not vary depending on where in the Middle Range the SPX value falls.
EXAMPLE 3 Underlying Index Value Falls within Middle Range
Range Options provide advantages to the investing public that are not provided for by standard index options. First, Range Options offer investors a relatively low risk security where the risk reduction results from knowing the maximum risk exposure when the contract is written. While there may be variation in the amount of the cash settlement amount, the maximum cash settlement amount is set at listing and the risk is therefore limited and known at listing. Second, Range Options can be structured similar to a two-sided European binary option that provides additional flexibility because the option pays a reduced amount if the underlying index settles outside the main range covered by the option.
Essentially, once a contract is defined and listed, the CBOEdirect® electronic trading platform, in conjunction with other backend systems of the exchange, is responsible for all of the remaining steps of the method 200 shown in
Market makers may access the trading platform 320 directly through personal input devices 304 which communicate with the member interface 308. Market makers may quote prices for Range Option contracts. Non-member customers 302, however, must access the exchange through a member firm. Customer orders are routed through member firm routing systems 306. The member firms' routing systems 306 forward the orders to the exchange via the member interface 308. The member interface 308 manages all communications between the member firm routing systems 306 and market makers' personal input devices 304; determines whether orders may be processed by the trading platform; and determines the appropriate matching engine for processing the orders.
Although only a single matching engine 310 is shown in
Once orders are executed, the matching engine 310 sends details of the executed transactions to the exchange backend systems 312, to the clearing corporation systems 314, and to the member firms' backend systems 316. The matching engine also updates the order book to reflect changes in the market based on the executed transactions. Orders that previously were not marketable may become marketable due to changes in the market. If so, the matching engine 310 executes these orders as well.
The exchange backend systems 312 perform a number of different functions. For example, contract definition and listing data originate with the exchange backend systems 312. Pricing information for Range Option contracts is disseminated from the exchange backend systems to market data vendors 318. Customers 302, market makers 304, and others may access the market data regarding Range Option contracts via, for example, proprietary networks, on-line services, and the like. The exchange backend systems also evaluate the variable(s) on which the Range Option contracts are based. At expiration, the backend systems 312 determine the appropriate settlement amounts and supply final settlement data to the clearing system 314. The clearing system acts as the exchange's bank and performs a final mark-to-market on member firm margin accounts based on the positions taken by the member firms' customers. The final mark-to-market reflects the final settlement amounts for the Range Option and the clearing system 314 debits/credits member firms' accounts accordingly. These data are also forwarded to the member firms' systems 316 so that they may update their customer accounts as well.
In one embodiment, the Range Option contract is a put option contract based on an underlying asset or economic indicator with a strike price as detailed herein above.
In another embodiment, the Range Option contract is a call option contract based on an underlying asset with a strike price with a strike price as detailed herein above.
As illustrated in
Also included in the electronic trade engine 404 is the electronic book memory means 412 (EBOOK) of orders and quotes with which incoming orders to buy or sell are matched with quotes and orders resting on the EBOOK 412 according to the matching rules 408. The electronic trade engine 404 may be a stand-alone or distributed computer system. Any of a number of hardware and software combinations configured to execute the trading methods described below may be used for the electronic trade engine 404. In one embodiment, the electronic trade engine 404 may be a server cluster consisting of servers available from Sun Microsystems, Inc., Fujitsu Ltd. or other known computer equipment manufacturers. The EBOOK 412 portion of the electronic trade engine 404 may be implemented with Oracle database software and may reside on one or more of the servers comprising the electronic trade engine 404. The rules database 408 may be C++ or java-based programming accessible by, or executable by, the processor means 406.
Preferably, the incoming order has a range length and range interval associated therewith and is stored in the book memory means 412. The book memory means 412 is also for storing previously received orders, which also have a range length and range interval associated therewith. The system memory means 410 is included for storing predefined condition parameters for a plurality of predefined states corresponding to a plurality of potential outcomes for the selected financial instrument (Range Option contract). Additionally, a processor means 406 is included for associating the plurality of previously received orders in the book memory means 412 with at least one of the predefined condition parameters in the system memory means 410. It is preferred that the predefined condition parameters include at least one parameter for identifying an occurrence of at least one predefined state occurring before the expiration time of the Range Option. It is further desirable to have the allocating parameters include parameters for allocating preferentially against orders with larger size, time-priority, or parameters for calculating an allocation percentage based on a formula that allocates the order identified with the at least one market participant. Such a formula may be:
X %=siz[mp]/(siz[mp]+siz[pro])
where siz[mp] is the size of the order identified with the at least one market participant, and size[pro] is the sum of the sizes of professional orders not identified with the at least one market participant.
Further, the processor means 406 may be used to calculate a zero payout value for orders having the at least one predefined state that did not occur before an expiration of the derivative instrument and a greater than zero payout value for orders having at least one predefined state that did occur prior to the expiration of the derivative instrument.
While various embodiments have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that the following claims, including all equivalents, are intended to define the scope of this invention.
Claims
1. A derivative investment instrument comprising:
- a range interval, the range interval having a value corresponding to at least a portion of an identified range length; and
- a monetary value that increases as the index value increases within a first range interval, is capped if the index value falls on or within a second range interval, and decreases as the index value increases within a third range interval.
2. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the range length is the entire range of values of the underlying index for which the financial instrument pays a positive amount if a settlement value of the index falls within the range length at expiration of the financial instrument.
3. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the range interval is an interval amount that is used to determine the range increments of the first range interval and the third range interval.
4. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the first range interval is a low range interval.
5. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the second range interval is a middle range interval.
6. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the third range interval is a high range interval.
7. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the derivative investment instrument is an option contract.
8. The derivative investment instrument according to claim 1, wherein the derivative investment instrument is a futures contract.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 30, 2008
Publication Date: Mar 5, 2009
Applicant:
Inventors: Marty O'Connell (Hinsdale, IL), John Hiatt, JR. (Woodridge, IL), William Speth (Evanston, IL)
Application Number: 12/112,605
International Classification: G06Q 40/00 (20060101);