Air or water extracted fluid split cycle heat pump
The invention described herein represents a significant improvement in the efficiency of heating and cooling applications such as buildings. An air or water sourced fluid extraction process on the front end of an open loop heat pump system is provided. The extracted fluid is compressed in a heat pump compressor to achieve a heating function but no expansion of the compressed fluid is performed. The compressed fluid is instead stored for a subsequent cooling process or transported to a different location. After storage or transport, the compressed fluid is expanded to achieve a cooling function which requires no energy input other than the transport or storage. Once the fluid is expanded, it can be released back to the environment, can be converted to electricity in the case of hydrogen, or can be transported or stored for a heating application at a different place or time. The decision whether to release the fluid back to the environment is based upon the cheaper of the cost of air extraction compared to the cost of storage and transport.
This invention relates to heat pumps used in heating and cooling a wide range of applications such as in buildings, refrigeration, or industrial processes for example. More specifically, this invention relates to using an air or water sourced fluid concentrator on the head end the compression side of a heat pump. Wherein the extracted fluid is compressed to achieve a heating application and whereby during the heating application the fluid is only compressed and not expanded but is instead stored or transported for a subsequent cooling function. The compressed fluid is subsequently expanded to achieve a cooling function with no energy input (except for energy required to transport the compressed fluid from the heating application to the cooling application).
BACKGROUND—DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR INVENTIONHeat pumps are well known and have been used for heating and cooling applications for more than 100 years. As practice today, heat pumps se a full refrigeration cycle that comprises both a compression component and an expansion component. When compared to the present system, the prior systems, when used for heating waste a capacity to cool and when used for cooling waste a capacity to heat. By contrast, the present system divides the refrigeration cycle into two separate and distinct operations such that compression only is used for cooling and expansion only is used for heating. Many benefits accrue to such a system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,868 Alden, describes a process to divide a heat-pump process into two parts and adds intermediary steps of transporting or storing refrigerant such that energy utilized to compress a refrigerant for a heating function is stored in the form of a compressed fluid to later be expanded for a cooling function. The process in general as closed system where refrigerant is stored and/or transported in a high pressure state and also stored and transported in a low pressure state. By contrast the present invention transports refrigerant in a high pressure state and uses resources from the environment such as air or water as the low pressure inputs. Eliminating the low pressure storage and transportation cost reduces the operational costs for the refrigerant wheeling utility that will distribute stored energy capacity to cool in the form of a compressed fluid.
Air extraction of fluids including nitrogen, and oxygen is widely practiced and CO2 is practiced in some small measure. Electrolysis for extraction of hydrogen from water is known in the prior art.
BRIEF SUMMARYThe present invention integrates an air or water sourced fluid extraction process on the front end of an open loop heat pump system whereby extracted fluid is compressed to achieve a heating application and the compressed fluid is not expanded during the heating operation but is instead stored for later expansion to achieve a cooling function or transported to a different location to achieve a later cooling application at a subsequent time or in a different location. After performing the cooling function, the fluid can be return to the environment such as into the air or into the water.
OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGESAccordingly, several objects and advantages of the present invention are apparent. It is an object of the present invention to provide an energy efficient heating processes. It is an object of the present invention to utilize the energy from a heating function to also achieve a cooling function with no energy input (except that of transporting or storing a compressed fluid). It is an object of the present invention to minimize the cost to store and transport fluid. It is an advantage of the present invention that the low pressure fluid storage means is the air or water. It is an advantage of the present invention that only compressed fluid need be stored or transported. It is an advantage of the present invention that the cost to store and transport an equal mass of low pressure fluid is at least twice as expensive as the cost to transport an equal mass of high pressure fluid due to the significantly lower volumes of the latter. Additional objects and advantages are discussed under
Further objects and advantages will become apparent from the enclosed figures and specifications.
- 21 heating application
- 23 air separation process
- 23a gas concentrator apparatus
- 23b combined gas concentrator/heat pump apparatus
- 25 air
- 27 first electricity input
- 27a first mechanical energy input
- 29 first exhaust gas
- 31 first heat output for heating process
- 31a first waste heat output
- 33 fluid compression process
- 33a fluid compression apparatus
- 35 second heat output for heating process
- 35a second waste heat output
- 37 second electricity input
- 37a second mechanical energy input
- 39 compressed fluid storage step/apparatus
- 39a low pressure working fluid storage
- 41 compressed fluid transport step/apparatus
- 41a low pressure working fluid transport
- 43 third electricity input
- 43a third mechanical energy input
- 45 cooling application
- 47 fluid expansion process
- 47a fluid expansion apparatus
- 49 heat absorption for cooling process
- 51 second exhaust gas
- 53 low pressure gas storage/transport step/apparatus
- 61 first motor
- 61a concentrator/heat pump motor
- 62 separation cylinder
- 63 filter
- 64 low pressure storage tank
- 65 pressure sensor/control
- 67 first heat diffuser
- 67a concentrator/heat pump diffuser
- 71 second motor
- 73 heat pump cylinder
- 75 second heat diffuser
- 77 first fan
- 78 first thermostat sensor/control
- 81 second thermostat sensor/control
- 83 electric valve
- 85 fluid expander
- 87 third heat diffuser
- 89 second fan
- 91 ocean wave surface
- 92 second buoyant mass
- 93 first buoyant mass
- 94 piston in compression
- 95 piston in expansion
- 96 second cylinder
- 97 first cylinder
- 98 open exhaust reed valve
- 99 open intake reed valve
- 101 expansion apparatus integrated with concentrator/heat pump
- 103 anchor
- 201 operational cost advantage table
- 203 consumer savings advantage table
- 205 environmental objects table
- 211 condenser
- 213 throttle valve
- 215 evaporator
- 301 compressed CO2 pipeline
- 303 compressed hydrogen pipeline
- 305 conversion of hydrogen to electricity
An air 25 is the readily available air supply available in all areas on planet Earth and is used as an input to provide a working fluid for the processes described in an open ended system drawing from the air on one side of a heating and of a cooling process and returning to the air on the other side of a heating and of a cooling process. The air 25 also serves a low pressure storage means from which a working fluid can be extracted, then compressed to achieve a heating function, then stored or transported in a compressed state, then expanded to achieve a cooling function, and then returned again to the air at a low pressure. A first electricity input 27 powers the air separation process as further described in
The energy efficiency of the present system is determined by comparing the (delivered heat output to the heating application plus the delivered capacity to absorb heat in the cooling application) divided by (the first electricity plus the second electricity plus the third electricity) and calculations (not shown) reveal it is reasonable to assume that the efficiency in many scenarios will be on the order of 3 to 1 or a 300% efficiency or greater. The cost per BTU efficiency of the present system is determined by comparing the (the infrastructure cost of tanks, pipelines, separator, compressor, and expander/evaporator amortized over their useful life plus the first electricity cost plus the second electricity cost plus the third electricity cost) divided by (BTU heat out put to the heating application plus the delivered capacity to absorb BTU heat in the cooling application) and it has been calculated that for transportation distances and storage times similar to those common in natural gas utility industry the cost per BTU is lower than any combination of conventional heating plus conventional cooling systems costs. Efficiency and cost objects and advantages are further described in
Virtually any refrigerant or cryogen can be used in the compression, distribution, and storage methods described herein examples including the below. Further details describing heating and cooling potential and specific system design are available from many sources describing refrigeration and cryogenic cooling for each respective working fluid for example in engineering literature the following working fluids are referenced under their associated refrigerant numbers as follows; CO2 is R744, hydrogen is R702, neon is R720, nitrogen is R728, air is R729, argon is R740, and oxygen is R732. Each of these are some examples that can be utilized herein. Also many more complicated working fluid compression and expansion means are know in the prior at that can be utilized herein, one example being a cascade system.
Air is shown as an input fluid to this system with a separation process being provided for selecting one or more components from the air to be the working fluid used in ensuing processes. It is understood that the air itself can be selected to be the working fluid in which case the separation process may be altogether eliminated or it may be otherwise reduced to separating particulate matter from the input air stream or separating water vapor out of the input air stream. Such separation processes being widely practiced in the form of particulate filters and desiccants. Components within water including hydrogen and oxygen for example can be separated out to be utilized as the working fluid herein. In any case, a working fluid extracted from the environment can be return to the environment after use.
An expansion apparatus integrated with concentrator/heat pump 101 integration step can be added such that the fluid expansion apparatus 47a can be physically manufactured to be integrated into the combined gas concentrator/heat pump apparatus 23b such that a unit comprising the functions of working fluid extraction from air or water, heating, and cooling are all included in a single apparatus. Such a unit would provide for the heating and cooling function of a single building year round but operates differently than a conventional heat pump in that the compression of the working fluid is done at a first time for a heating function and the expansion of the working fluid is done at a second time for a cooling application and no energy input is required for the later.
As previously discussed CO2 can be utilized herein and can be presently held or sequestered within the network of pipes and tanks described herein. CO2 sequestration can be performed at a building level using air separation or another means, or the CO2 can be supplied by an existent pipeline that serves other purposes.
Depending upon the length of working fluid storage time and transportation distance, the heating and cooling according to the art described herein can be 50% cheaper than the cheapest conventional alternatives which at present are natural gas heating and heat pump cooling.
Similarly, depending upon the length of working fluid transportation distance, the heating and cooling according to the art described herein can require 50% less energy than the most efficient conventional alternatives which at present are natural gas heating and heat pump cooling.
The present system produces approximately 50% less thermal pollution than conventional alternatives mainly due to the fact that when utilizing a conventional heat pump for cooling approximately 100% of the electricity input is converted to heat thus the net thermal environmental effect is to warm up the environment. By contrast, the present system leverages the energy input to compress a working fluid for a heating function to be preserved for use in a cooling function with no energy input except that of transportation. Thus the present invention can eliminate the so called heat island effect now common in many cities by providing a cooling or heat absorbing capacity that does not have a concurrent net heat output.
Presently, in the US, a very high percentage of building heating applications are performed by burning fossil fuels such as natural gas and heating oil. In some embodiments, the present invention relies on electricity for energy input and it is assumed that eventually electricity production will be less based upon fossil fuels and more based upon alternatives including nuclear, solar, and wind for example. To the extent that electricity production migrates away from fossil fuel the present invention replaces fossil fuel for fulfilling a heating application and eliminates the corresponding CO2 emissions thereof. Also, since the present invention requires no electricity to perform the cooling function, fossil fuels that would have been burned to generate electricity to power conventional heat pumps is conserved.
The present invention operates more efficiently than conventional heat pumps for several reasons. The split cycle heat pump can perform heating functions in very cold environments where conventional heat pumps can not operate because the air and environment are too cold to enable efficient operation of the evaporator side of the refrigeration cycle. By contrast, during the heating process, the present invention has no concurrent evaporator side of the cycle. Thus the present split cycle heat pump system can perform heating functions anywhere and is not subject to the operational limitations of conventional heat pump systems.
The present invention operates more efficiently in hot environments as well. Whereas during summer operation, conventional heat pumps, absorb heat from a space such as a building and then dump that heat into a hot environment outside of the building, the present split cycle system does not have the need to concurrently dump absorbed heat into a hot environment. Instead the present system dumps heat in a heating application typically in a cold environment at a prior time and possibly different place.
The largest efficiency lever in the present system is the fact that it eliminates excess work by preserving energy input from a heating application in the form of compressed working fluid and then applies that compressed working fluid to a cooling function. If the storage and transportation costs included zero energy input and zero dollars, this would nearly double the efficiency of the use of the energy input for the heating application since the kilowatts input to heating would perform both heating and cooling.
Entropy is an important consideration especially in times such as these where global warming could have dire consequences. To date, humankind has never produce a cyclical process that has net cooling or heat absorption as an output. All cyclical processes devised by humankind have net heating as an output. For example, even the most efficient cooling processes devised to date include approximately 100% of input energy being converted to be a net heat output. Thus, as is the case with the present invention, when a process to absorb heat is given as a free byproduct of a heating process, it must be leveraged to the utmost as a means to reduce the thermal environmental effects we cause.
Hydrogen is becoming increasingly present as a means to store energy which can readily be converted to electricity with water being the waste product which can readily be utilized or disposed of in the environment. Accordingly, it is predicted by many experts that hydrogen supply channels will develop to make hydrogen a readily available commodity that will be accessible at a vast number of building locations and via a large network of pipelines similar to that which is utilized for natural gas distribution to buildings. The present invention can tap into such hydrogen supply networks such that hydrogen can be the input working fluid into the present invention instead of air. A compressed hydrogen pipeline 303 comprises a hydrogen pipeline infrastructure that carries hydrogen from production sites to distribution points. A spur from that pipeline can be built to utilize hydrogen as a working fluid input into a heating and a cooling infrastructure described herein. Hydrogen from the compressed hydrogen pipeline 303 can be expanded/evaporated as previous described above. The hydrogen is then transported or stored as a low pressure fluid for a subsequent heating application. The hydrogen can then be returned to the hydrogen pipeline or utilized in a subsequent cooling process. Alternately, after the hydrogen is utilized in a cooling process, it can be utilized in a conversion of hydrogen to electricity 305 process/step using well known processes.
As is well known, hydrogen is a component of H2O in the air and in water both of which are abundantly available at most buildings in the US. The separation process described in
Whereas in the Figures prior to
Operation of the invention has been discussed under the above heading and is not repeated here to avoid redundancy.
Conclusion, Ramifications, and ScopeThus the reader will see that the Wind Air extracted fluid split cycle heat pump of this invention provides an efficient, energy saving, greenhouse gas reducing, thermal pollution reducing, novel, unanticipated, highly functional and reliable means for heating and cooling buildings.
While the above description describes many specifications, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of a preferred embodiment thereof Many other variations are possible.
Claims
1. A heat transfer process comprising the steps of,
- Capturing a working fluid from one selected from the group consisting of; air and water,
- Compressing said working fluid to emit heat to perform a heating function in a first confined space and at a first time,
- Transporting or storing the compressed working fluid to one selected from the group consisting of; to a second confined space, and to a second time,
- Expanding said working fluid to absorb heat to perform a cooling function in the selected second confined space or the selected second time,
- And wherein the expanded working fluid proceeds to a step selected from the group consisting of; the working fluid is exhausted into the environment, the working fluid is stored as a low pressure working fluid for use in a heating application at a third time, the working fluid is transported as a low pressure working fluid for use in a heating application in a third space, and the working fluid is utilized in a process that generates electricity.
2. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein said working fluid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of; air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, CO2, argon, H2O, and neon.
3. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein said working fluid is subjected to a pressure change powered by one selected from the group consisting of; electricity, mechanical energy, energy from wind, and energy from water movement.
4. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein said working fluid undergoes a phase change selected from the group consisting of; from gas to liquid during the heating function, and from liquid to gas during the cooling function.
5. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein said working fluid capture process includes a heat output that contributes to the heating function of the first confined space at the first time.
6. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein said working fluid capture process comprises a step selected from the group consisting of; providing a filter means, electrolysis process, providing a desiccant, exhaust gas elimination, providing a motor, providing a process sensor, providing a compression means, and providing a working fluid storage means.
7. The heat transfer process of claim 1 wherein a single apparatus is provided that integrates the working fluid capture process together with the working fluid compression process such that both processes are performed by the single apparatus.
8. The heat transfer process of claim 7 wherein said single apparatus also integrates the working fluid expansion process together with said working fluid capture process and said working fluid compression process such that all three processes can selectively be performed by the single apparatus.
9. An energy conversion process comprising;
- a working fluid capture process for collecting a working fluid from one selected from the group consisting of; air, and water,
- providing an energy input process selected from the group consisting of; electrical energy input to compress the working fluid, wind energy capture and input to compress the working fluid,
- and water movement energy capture and input to compress a working fluid,
- wherein the compressed working fluid is expanded to absorb heat in a confined space.
10. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein the compressing of the working fluid emits heat that is used to heat a confined space.
11. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein the expanded working fluid proceeds to a step selected from the group consisting of; the working fluid is exhausted into the environment, the working fluid is stored as a low pressure working fluid for use in a subsequent heating application at a third time, the working fluid is transported as a low pressure working fluid for use in a heating application in a third space, and the working fluid is utilized in a process that generates electricity.
12. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein said working fluid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of; air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, CO2, argon, H2O, and neon.
13. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein said working fluid undergoes a phase change selected from the group consisting of; from gas to liquid during the compression, and from liquid to gas during the expansion.
14. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein said working fluid capture process includes a heat output that contributes to the heating of a confined space.
15. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein said working fluid capture process comprises a step selected from the group consisting of; providing a filter means, electrolysis process, providing a desiccant, exhaust gas elimination, providing a motor, providing a process sensor, providing a compression means, and providing a working fluid storage means.
16. The energy conversion process of claim 9 wherein a single apparatus is provided that integrates the working fluid capture process together with the working fluid compression process such that both processes are performed by the single apparatus.
17. The energy conversion process of claim 16 wherein said single apparatus also integrates the working fluid expansion process together with said working fluid capture process and said working fluid compression process such that all three processes can selectively be performed by the single apparatus.
18. A heat absorption process
- wherein a compressed working fluid is sourced from a supply pipeline,
- the working fluid is expanded and thereby absorbs heat to cool a confined space,
- the expanded working fluid is then subject to a process step selected from the group consisting of; subsequently compressed to perform a heating function, expelled into the environment, and converted to electricity.
19. The heat absorption process of claim 18 wherein said working fluid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of; air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, CO2, argon, H2O, and neon.
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 7, 2008
Publication Date: Jan 7, 2010
Inventor: Ray M. Alden (Raleigh, NC)
Application Number: 12/217,575
International Classification: F25B 29/00 (20060101); F25B 9/00 (20060101);