PRESCRIPTION COMPLIANCE DEVICE AND METHOD OF USING DEVICE
A prescription compliance device which aids patients in complying with instructions given by a physician for taking prescription medication. The device reminds a patient when the next dose of medication is to be taken and indicates whether a specified dose has been taken. The device includes a microcontroller, a display, a program memory for storing pre-programmed medication-taking regimens for single and multiple medications, a real time clock, a selector for selecting one of the regimens and for programming the device as to the time and day on which a first dose of medication is to be taken, a display which alternately displays the current time and a time at which a next dose of medication is to be taken and an alarm which alerts the patient at times when a dose of medication is to be taken. The selector includes an event switch which is activated by the patient after taking a dose of medication so as to record the taking of medication and to cause the microcontroller to effect the display of the next time at which a dose of medication is to be taken. A memory may also be included to record the times at which a patient takes doses of medication. The device also includes a remote programming feature via a wireless link.
This application is a Continuation of and is based upon and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/610, 412 filed Nov. 2, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,639,120, filed Dec. 14, 2007, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. Pat. No. 7,330,101 issued on Feb. 12, 2008, which is a National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US02/19940, filed Jun. 24, 2002; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/299,761 filed Jun. 22, 2001; the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus which aids patients in complying with instructions given by a physician for taking prescription medication, and more particularly, to a device which is programmable in accordance with the physician's instructions or desired regimen.
2. Discussion of the Background Art
A variety of devices have been proposed for recording intervals at which patients, especially those under the care of an attendant, take medication at periodic intervals prescribed by a physician. If the patient or his medical care provider ignores the proper instructions and repeats the dose too frequently or fails to administer or take medication at the proper time, the concentration of medication in the patient's body may become too high or too low. In order to ensure that medications are taken at the proper time, a variety of devices, such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,408, have been devised to generate audible and/or visible prompting or alarm signals that remind a patient or his caretaker to administer the correct dosages at the correct time. Such devices have been complex and costly, inconvenient to program, and have not been flexible enough in establishing varying time intervals at which the medication needs to be administered.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAccordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a low cost, easy to use prescription compliance device that has the flexibility of operating in accordance with various different medication-taking intervals.
Another object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device which is easily programmable either by activating a programmer on the device itself or by remotely programming the device via a wireless link. Multiple programming regimens which correspond to different medication-taking intervals and medication-types may also be programmed into the device.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device which records the event of taking a dose of medication and displays the time at which the next dose of medication is to be taken.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device having a timer which measures the time that has elapsed since the patient last took a dose of the medication and an alarm which is activated at times when the patient is to take the next dose of medication.
A further object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device that maintains a count of the number of doses remaining in a patient's prescription and displays the count so that a patient will know when to have the prescription refilled.
Another object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device that alerts a patient when the patient has missed a scheduled dose of medication or has taken a dose of medication at a non-scheduled time.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a prescription compliance device which records the times at which a patient takes each dose of medication in a format that can be easily accessed.
Another object of the invention is to provide a prescription compliance device which aids in the management of a multitude of medications.
These and other objects are accomplished by a prescription compliance device which includes a microcontroller, a program memory which stores data representing a plurality of pre-programmed medication-taking regimens for single and multiple medications, an oscillator which controls timing functions of the device, a selector selecting one of the regimens and programming the device in accordance with the selected regimen, a display which alternately displays the current time, the time at which a next dose of medication is to be taken in accordance with the regimen selected by the selector, and the number of doses remaining in a prescription, and an alarm which alerts the patient at times when the patient is scheduled to take a dose of medication. The device may also include a memory which records the times at which a patient takes each dose of medication in a format that can be easily accessed.
The selector includes an event switch which is activated by the patient after taking a dose of medication to record the taking of the medication, the event switch causing the microcontroller to effect the display of the next time at which a dose of the medication is scheduled to be taken, in accordance with the regimen selected by the selector.
The event switch and a function button are provided for programming the regimens by which the medication is to be taken, the day of the week on which the first dose is to be taken, the time at which the first dose is to be taken or the designation of meals during which the first dose is to be taken, and the number of doses in a patient's prescription.
Programming may be done either directly by using the function button and the event switch or remotely via a wireless link. To program from a remote location, the device is provided with a wireless transmitter/receiver and an external wireless transmitter/receiver configured to be connected to an input device. The external wireless transmitter/receiver communicates with the wireless transmitter/receiver via a wireless link to select one of the regimens and to program the device in accordance with the selected regimen.
The display includes a first display area which alternately displays the alerts, alarms and notifications, menu selections and other information, a second display area which alternately displays the name of the medication the name of the regimen or other information, a third display area which alternately displays the day of the week and time in addition to other information, a fourth display area which provides special alert message in addition to other information. Further, for each of the above listed display areas, other information may include the calendar date, the patient name, the patient phone number, and icon indicating the nature of the information currently displayed in the other display areas, AM, PM designations, historical data stored in the device memory, codes describing displayed information, advise on how medications is to be taken, etc.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to
The microcontroller receives inputs from the function and reset buttons 2a, 2b and from the event switch 4 and controls the device functions in accordance with the pre-programmed regimens stored in program memory 20. The microcontroller 9 is connected via an 8-bit bus 21 to display driver 11 which drives the display 3 to display relevant information in display areas 31-35. The display 3 is preferably a liquid crystal display (LCD) and the display driver 11 an ASIC LCD driver. Battery 12 is preferably a 3 volt battery and alarm circuit 8 may visually and/or audibly prompt the patient to take medication. However, equivalents are also within the scope of the invention.
The operation of the prescription compliance device according to this embodiment of this invention will now be described with reference to
First, the device must be switched from an OFF state to an ON state by pressing the reset button (Step S1). A “SET” icon is displayed in display area 35 to indicate that the device is in a setup mode. The patient first sets the current time (Steps S2 and S3) as follows.
The event switch 4 is pressed and the microcontroller 9 directs the display area 33 to blink hour digits “12”. Hours “1” through “12” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4 and the appropriate hour is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that hour is displayed.
The minutes tenth digit then blinks “0” and the digits “0” through “60” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4. The appropriate digit is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that digit is displayed.
The minutes unit digit then blinks “0” and the digits “0” through “9”, are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4. The appropriate digit is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that digit is displayed.
The display area 34 then blinks “A” and the patient selects AM or PM time designations using the event switch 4 to toggle between the two and the function button 2a to select. This completes the setting of the current time.
The patient now selects the regimen by which the prescription medication is to be taken. Upon depressing the event switch 4, the display area 35 displays “RGMN” and the display area 31 blinks “0”, prompting the patient to scan through and select a desired regimen using the event switch 4 (Step S4).
In
The patient presses the event switch 4 to advance through the programming regimens. During scanning, regimen numbers appear in display area 31 and descriptions of the regimens appear in display area 35 so that the patient knows which regimen each number corresponds to. For example, when “8” appears in display area 31, “3:D” appears in display area 35 to indicate to the patient that programming regimen 8 corresponds to taking medication three times daily.
When the desired regimen is displayed, the function key 2a is pressed (Step S5) and the display 3 prompts the patient to choose between standard, pre-programmed default times corresponding to the selected regimen or setting a specific time at which the first dose is to be taken. If the default times for taking the medication are acceptable, the patient presses the event switch 4 and is then prompted to enter the number of doses in the prescription (Step S21).
If the patient instead wants to set the time at which the first dose is to be taken, the microcontroller 9 directs the display area 33 to blink hour digits “12”. Unless the patient selects one of the meal regimens, the time of day at which the first dose of the medication is to be taken is next programmed (Steps S6 and S7). Hours “1” through “12” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4 and the appropriate hour is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that hour is displayed.
The minutes tenth digit then blinks “0” and the digits “0” through “60” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4. The appropriate digit is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that digit is displayed.
The minutes unit digit then blinks “0” and the digits “0” through “9” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4. The appropriate digit is selected by pressing the function button 2a when that digit is displayed.
The display area 34 then blinks “A” and the patient selects AM or PM time designations using the event switch 4 to toggle between the two and the function button 2a to select. This completes the setting of the time at which a first dose of medication is to be taken by the patient.
If one of the meal regimens is selected, the medication is to be taken with meals the times of which will vary from person to person. The program memory 20 has pre-programmed therein standard meal times (breakfast, lunch, dinner) during which most persons normally eat. However, the device is flexible enough to allow for different meal times, as will now be explained.
After a meal regimen is selected, display area 33 blinks “D” for default meal times. If the patient eats meals at the standard times programmed into the program memory 20, then the function button 2a is pressed when “D” is displayed (Step S8). If the patient eats at different times, then pressing the event switch 4 (Step S9) allows the patient to toggle between “D” and “S” (indicating ‘set’). Pressing the function key 2a when “S” is displayed (Step S10) allows the user to set his breakfast, lunch, dinner, and bedtimes as follows. After the function key 2a is pressed, “BRKF” appears in display area 35 and “12” blinks in display area 33. The patient's breakfast time (hour, minute, AM/PM) is entered as described above (Steps S11 and S12).
After programming the breakfast time, the operation varies according to the specific regimen selected. For explanatory purposes, regimens 1, 2, and 3 refer to the meal designations listed in
Once the time/meal designations have been programmed, the display area 32 then blinks “SU”, prompting the patient to program the day of the week on which the first dose is to be taken. The days “SU” through “SA” are scanned through by pressing the event switch 4 (Step S19) and the appropriate day is selected by pressing the function button 2a (Step S20).
The display area 35 then displays “CNT,” prompting the patient to enter the number of doses in the current prescription. Display area 33 blinks “0” and the patient scans up using the event switch 4 until the desired number is displayed (Step S21). The function button 2a is then pressed to select this number (Step S22).
The display area 35 then prompts the patient to enter the number of days that the current prescription is scheduled to last. Display area 33 blinks “0” and the patient can scan up using the event switch 4 until the desired number is displayed (Step S23). The function button 2a is then pressed to select this number (Step S24).
This completes the setup process. Display area 35 next displays “STRT” and display area 33 displays a question mark (“?”). When the user presses the event switch 4, the device is in an operation mode (Step S25). The operation mode is defined a mode the device resides in after the user has programmed the desired options. Display 3 may alternately display the current time or the time at which the next dose is to be taken. When the current time is displayed, display area 35 displays “TIME,” display area 31 displays the number of the regimen selected by the patient, display areas 33 and 34 display the current time of day, and display area 32 displays the current day of the week. When the time of taking the next dose of medication is displayed, display areas 33 and 34 display the time at which the next dose is to be taken, display area 32 displays the day of the week on which the next dose is to be taken, display area 31 continues to display the number of the selected regimen, and display area 35 displays “NEXT.”
After the device is programmed and the event switch 4 is pressed to enter the operation mode, the patient is aware of the day and time at which the first dose of the medication must be taken. At the time for taking the first dose, the microcontroller 9 directs the alarm circuit 8 to emit an audible and/or visible signal to alert the patient that the first dose must be taken at this time (Step S26). The alerting signal continues to be emitted intermittently until the patient takes the dose and presses the event switch 4 or until a prescribed time has elapsed (Step S27). During this time, display area 35 displays “TAKE” indicating that it is time to take the next dose. If the patient takes the dose more than a prescribed time before the scheduled time and presses the event switch 4, the alarm circuit 8 is activated (Step S28) and the display area 35 indicates “ERR” (Step S29) to indicate that the patient has not properly followed the selected regimen.
If the patient fails to take the dose within a prescribed time after the scheduled time while the alarm circuit 8 is activated, display area 35 displays “MISS” (Step S34) indicating that the patient has missed taking the scheduled dose. The display then indicates the time that the missed dose was scheduled to be taken (Step S35) and prompts the patient to direct the device as to how to proceed (Step S36). At this point the patient may press the event switch 4 to maintain the current regimen (Step 37) or may select a new regimen (Step S38).
Upon taking the first dose, the patient presses the event switch 4 which records the taking of the medication and causes the microcontroller to automatically calculate the time/meal at which the next dose of medication must be taken according to the selected regimen and to effect the display of this time on the display 3 (Step S39). The microcontroller also subtracts the dose taken from the total number of doses in the prescription to update the count of remaining doses. This number is displayed in display area 33 while “LEFT” is displayed in display area 35 to indicate the number of doses remaining (Step S40).
Likewise, at the end of each day the microcontroller subtracts one from the total number of days in the prescription to update the count of remaining days. This number is displayed in display area 33 to indicate the number of days remaining (Step S41).
These operating procedures are repeated for as long as the patient's prescription is valid. When the number of doses in the prescription has been nearly exhausted (i.e., six doses or less remaining), the display indicates “FILL” and the alarm circuit is activated (Step S42). If the patient has the prescription refilled at the direction of a physician, the operating procedures are resumed at Step S21. Otherwise, if the patient has completed his prescription and needs no further medication, the device is turned off by pressing the reset button 2b (Step S43).
Prescription Compliance Device for Multiple MedicationsIn addition to the central processor and supporting circuitry shown in
Referring to
As shown in
The multi-medicine prescription compliance device also includes a SNOOZE switch 57 and an EVENT switch 58. For the medication that is displayed in the fields F6 and F7, pressing the EVENT switch 58 causes the following events to occur. When the field F4 displays the word TAKE, the current date, time, and medication name is recorded, thus signifying the medication was taken. Then the field F4 displays the word NEXT and the next time to take the medication is displayed in the field F5. However, if other medications have earlier take times, the field F4 displays the appropriate NEXT or TAKE screen for that medication. When the field F4 displays the word NEXT and the time to take the medication is within a predetermined time range, the same sequence applies as when the F4 displays the word TAKE. However, when the field F4 displays the word NEXT and the time to take the medication has exceeded the predetermined time range, the current clock time and day are identified with the medication and the event is recorded. If the user fails to take the medication within the predetermined time range, the device advances to the appropriate next take time for that medication. In addition, the SNOOZE button 57 is used to silence the alarm. The alarm will then skip one interval before alerting the user again.
The operation of the prescription compliance device according to the second embodiment of this invention will now be described with reference to
The menu choices shown in
After the PROGRAM option is selected (Step S76) in
The information input by the patient or his medical care provider via a personal computer is transmitted by the wireless transmitter/receiver 42 and received by the wireless transmitter/receiver 40 and processed just as if it were directly input via the buttons described for the first and second embodiments. The wireless transmitter/receiver 40 transmits back to the external device the current status of the device and the information displayed on the display 3,51.
The device of
The wireless transmitter/receiver 40 preferably utilizes Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation to transmit/receive infrared energy to/from the external wireless transmitter/receiver. Infrared technology has been disclosed merely for illustrative purposes and other wireless technologies and modulation methods are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention.
In addition, each prescription compliance device has a unique identification number assigned thereto and stored in its program memory 20 for the purpose of identifying a particular device when programming from a remote location.
With regard to programming the device, parameters such as the day, time of day, and other parameters may be set in a global register, whereas medication specific parameters are programmed within a unique register. An additional capacity may be included to allow the user to review the information programmed into the device for each of the registers and to review any other pertinent information. This information may be reviewed at the level of the device itself and/or through the wireless computer interface.
The activation of the event switch 4,58 will cause temporal data to be stored in a non-volatile memory. In addition, such temporal data will have associated with it an identifying character so that a utilization of a specific medication or therapy can be tracked.
In addition to or as an alternative to identifying the individual registers by characters or symbols, the device may also provide user-friendly information, such as information identifying the specific medication associated with a register by name or description (i.e. yellow pill, water pill, etc.). Additionally, instructions may be provided in conjunction with an alarm providing the user with useful information (i.e. take with food; avoid milk, etc.). Both types of such additional information would be accessible to each register to recall and display at appropriate times in either voice or character formats as discussed below.
The wireless emissions of the device can also be used as transducing the elements to activate secondary apparatuses. Thus, the emission of a wireless signal in conjunction with an alarm can be used as a signal to activate secondary alarms. The secondary alarms can be used to alert individuals who are hearing or vision impaired, to alert delivery systems to dispense medication to individuals who are mentally or physically handicapped, or to activate any of a variety of other types of apparatuses.
Within institutional settings, emissions from the prescription compliance device which are triggered by the alarm logic, may be used in conjunction with medication or therapy dispensing stations, or similarly, to alert staff that the time has arrived to provide a specific medication or therapy to a patient. Thus, according to the present invention, scheduling and planning of therapy regimens in the pharmacy, by the physician, or by any other care provider, may be programmed into the prescription compliance device. In this embodiment, the device can perform a function of instructing staff to provide medication or therapy in a prescribed manner and/or at prescribed times.
In the present invention, this prescription compliance device is equipped with a capacity for wireless emissions that are output in conjunction with activation of the event switch or passively by opening the medicine bottle, etc. The wireless emissions carry the unique unit specific signature and can be collected by independent receivers. Therefore, collection of emission data can be used to evaluate and monitor the appropriate dispensing of medication and therapy, and to provide an alert/alarm condition if serious omission or error occurs (e.g., a medication was not dispensed properly).
Wireless emission output may also be used to effect concurrent signal emission by another apparatus or device. Concurrent wireless emission by the prescription compliance device and other apparatuses could be received by an independent recorder in very close time sequences, thus allowing temporal and proximity relation of action and instruments to be established. For example, the activation of the “Event Switch” on a prescription compliance device would emit a signal that would be collected by the independent receiver and would also cause an appropriate patient identifying device to emit a signal. This signal would also be collected by the receiver. Through correlation of the receiver identity, prescription compliance device identity, and patient identity, a data set can be generated establishing a relationship between a specific action, a specific place, a specific medication, and a particular patient.
AttachmentsThus, the prescription compliance device according to this invention may be attached to medication containers by adhesives, straps, velcro, mechanical attachment, integration as a component of the container itself, or by any other manner of attachment. The device also operates freestanding, and need not be attached to a medication container.
The device can be utilized in conjunction with or as a part of a wide array of medicine delivery systems and free standing units. Free standing units independent of the medical container include use as, or as a part of a clock, pendent, key chain or watch. Other free standing applications include configurations similar to those used for beepers or cellular telephones or any other similar configuration that can easily be carried by a person. In addition to attaching the device to the medicine container or integration as a part of the medicine container, the current invention describes prescription compliance devices that can be used with or are a part of blister packaging, medicine cabinets, pill box or any other container intended for distributing medication. Additionally, the device can be integrated with, or used in conjunction with a cabinet, cart or other similar apparatus that is used in conjunction with dispensing medicine or therapy in an institutional setting.
AlarmsAs discussed above, the device triggers circuits to alert the patient when to take a dose of medication. These alarm capabilities include, in addition to audio and visual signals, tactile signaling, such as a vibrator or comparable mode of signaling, voice signaling achieved through a recording or digital generation, and the use of a wireless output as a transducing element to activate a triggering of secondary devices (e.g., alarms, patient assistance equipment, etc.) or to alert medical personnel or other personnel that some form of action should be taken (e.g., providing medication or therapy). The avenue via which the prescription compliance device communicates information to the user includes tactile and visual and auditory signaling.
The use of tactile stimulation, such as the vibrator used in a pager, or some similar stimulus will provide the user with a discrete signal that can alert the user without alerting others in his/her company. Operation of a tactile stimulation will occur in a manner analogous to that described for the visual and auditory stimuli.
The device according to the present invention also includes the use of recorded signaling to provide the user with identification and/or instructional information. In order for prescription devices to achieve these capabilities, they may be equipped with a microphone, speaker and solid state recording device. In the recording mode, the user can provide vocal input regarding identification of medication and/or proper usage. Utilization of user (or medical care provider) recorded information will occur per logic employed at the level of the device's microprocessor(s) and may incorporate prerecorded information in addition to that recorded by the user. Thus, with the multi-medicine device described, the logic in a specific register may be used to dictate playback of a recorded sequence such as “10 PM; Take Yellow Pills; Take with food.” Such a sequence may combine user recorded and prerecorded signaling to alert the user to therapy identification, the time of utilization, special instructions, and any other parameters that might be appropriate. Such sequences are appropriately utilized within specific registers in multi-medication devices, thus providing the user with the proper timing and practical advice for the correct use of specific medications.
In addition, a user initiated action may be required to initiate the display of either visual or recorded identification and instructional information. Thus, the prescription device may first emit an audio, visual or tactile stimulus, and then an action by the user will cause the device to display the appropriate audio and/or visual information. Display of such audio or visual information may be accomplished in a manner so as to preserve the privacy of the user in hearing or viewing such information (e.g., an ear phone).
The device is preferably configured to include six different alarm sounds. For example, when it is time to take the medication, an alarm1 is sounded for approximately 15 seconds, every ten minutes. If the user is unable to take the medication, any button may be pressed to silence the alarm. The TAKE display is also updated to display the latest TAKE at the occurrence of a new take alarm or the clock alarm. An alarm2 occurs when a take event is recorded by selecting the TAKE 61 key. An alarm3 is produced when a skip event is recorded by pushing the SKIP 62 key. When any menu or other selection is made by pushing the SELECT 53 key, an alarm4 is sounded. An alarm5 is produced to notify the user to renew the battery or to refill a prescription. An alarm6 is produced to notify the user that the alarm clock is active. Note the alarm type selection only decides what type of alarm is activated at the time for a “take” event. Other audio alarms (alarm2 to alarm5 are active for both cases, even when the vibration alarm is selected).
The alarm1 is a repeating one short, one long beep; the alarm2 is two short beeps; the alarm3 is one long beep; the alarm4 is one small beep; the alarm5 is two long beeps; and the alarm6 is five short beeps repeated three times. All alarm sounds are preferably disabled for six seconds in the case of a device power failure or when batteries are replaced. Other alarm sounds may also be used.
Dosing SchedulesTABLE 1 summarizes dosing time intervals for morning, midday, afternoon, etc. Normally a patient is awake for 14 hours and it is over this interval that a patient is most likely to take medication prescribed in a given day. The 14 day is divided into a series of time intervals desirable for the patient to take medication. Alternatively, the dosing time intervals may correspond to meal times (e.g., with, before, and after breakfast, lunch, etc.).
Utilization of the specific times generated in such a matrix as shown in Table 1 allows simple definition of appropriate times for the patient to take medication under the most common regimens identified in
Programming the regimens shown in
For Regimen 5, the time for the first dose to be taken and the desired time interval is set. The time interval may be set as any number between 0 and 100 or it may be selected from the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 hr. The take times are automatically calculated by adding the interval time to the first dose time or the previously calculated take time.
For Regimen 6, the time interval is set as any number between 0 and 100 or it may be selected from the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 hrs. The take times are automatically calculated by adding the interval time to the time the first time or the previously calculated take time. When the user selects this regimen, the option is given to set the minimal interval in hours. The window to take the medication is active once the regimen is set, or appropriately activated. When the medication has been taken, the device counts the time integral before the take window reopens. Visual alarms for the take events associated with the asNEEDED (Regimen 6) regimen may be displayed as OK TAKE.
For Regimen 7, the time for the first dose to be taken is set. Then the days on (i.e., the number of consecutive days in which the prescription should be taken) is set. The days in the cycle (i.e., days in month or number of days), and the current date or number of days in the cycle is set. The starting date in the cycle is set and the take times are automatically calculated. The device additionally advises the user on what days in the cycle medication should be taken. When the user enters the first take time in a new cycle, the device will prompt the user to enter a new value for the day in the cycle. For example, assume the user wanted to take medication from the 16th to the 25th of each month and today is April 9th. In this case, Day ON=10, Days in Cycle=30, Current Date=9, and Starting Date=16. These take dates will repeat month after month with the provision that take events don't occur after the 28th day of any month. If the device is equipped with an electronic perpetual calendar the same result can be achieved by simply entering the monthly start and stop dates.
For Regimen 8, the user set or default time for Breakfast (8:00 AM), Lunch (12:00 PM), or Dinner (5:00 PM) are the times at which the patient is instructed to take medication. The ranges are set at 15 min before the mealtime up until 60 min past, for example.
For Regimen 9, the user scans and selects a default time for Breakfast (08:00 AM), Lunch (12:30 PM), and Dinner (6:00 PM) (and may alter the default time) and the take times are automatically calculated by adding 2 hours to the selected meal times.
For Regimen 10, the user scans default times for Breakfast (08:00 AM), Lunch (12:30 PM), and Dinner (6:00 PM) (and may alter the default time) and the take times are automatically calculated by subtracting 1 hour from the selected meal times.
For Regimen 11, the take times are the meal times plus two hours with an acceptable range of −15 minutes to +60 minutes. With both the EMPTY STOMACH and WITH FOOD regimens, alternative take times and take regimens may be equally acceptable. Once either the EMPTY STOMACH or the WITH FOOD regimen is selected, the user may select between turning ON or OFF this regimen for any given meal. The user can thus choose between taking medication once a day in association with any meal, twice a day in association with any two meals, or three times a day in association with all three meals. The setting of the meal times in the device is structured so that the minimal interval between breakfast and lunch is 4 hours, the minimal interval between lunch and dinner is 5 hours, with the additional feature that all meal times occur within a 14-hour period.
For Regimen 12, the user has an option to create a repeating protocol of take days and off days. This is achieved by providing the user with the option to select the total number of days in the cycle, starting on the first day of the cycle on which medication is to be taken, and which day of the fixed cycle is today's date. Once this data has been entered, the user is given the option to select the time of day at which time the medication is to be taken. The take range is plus or minus 4 hours.
For Regimen 13, the user is given the option to specify a start day and time and an end day and time for any of the other regimens. When this regimen is selected, the user is given the option to enter a month, date and time when the regimen is to start, and also is given the option to set the month, day and time when the regimen is to end. Once these parameters have been selected, the user is given the option to select between the several regimens that are available. Subsequent programming of the regimen is achieved by the sequence of data entry that is normal to that regimen.
For Regimen 14, the user is given the option to select on which days of the week to take a medication. Once this regimen is selected, the user is given the option to scan through the days of the week (i.e., Sunday to Saturday) and for each individual day to select an ON or OFF option. Once these parameters are entered, the user is given the option to select the time of day at which the medication is to be taken. The take range is plus or minus 4 hours.
Turning now to
In more detail,
In more detail,
As noted above,
Turning now to
Turning now to the MED menu option step S208 with reference to
In addition, to block entry of erroneous information into the last MED sub-option shown in
Turning now to the RENEW MED sub-option shown in
Turning now to
Next,
Turning now to
Upon selection of the year, the user may choose the appropriate month and date as shown in
Turning now to
Turning now to the MEALS sub-menu option shown in
Turning now to
Turning now to the operations for programming a regimen (i.e., the PRGM MED sub-menu option shown in
The regimens with food, after meals and before meals (i.e., regimen #'s 8, 9, 10 and 11 in
Turning now to
Upon selection of this value, the user may continue editing or saving this information via the EDIT/SAVE display shown in
Again, the user may scan the hour in the minus range by 0.25 hours, for example. The range allowed is preferably in increments of 0.25 hours and does not exceed one quarter the minimum time between two doses or four hours, whichever is less. Once the information is selected, the user may continue editing or save this program as discussed above. Further, note that the plus and minus intervals holds for all settings in a given custom regimen. The minimum interval between two doses is preferably one hour and the minimum plus/minus range is 0.25 hours.
Turning now to the MANUAL TAKE sub-menu option shown in
Turning now to
Note that the phrase “make a selection” etc. discussed above corresponds to pressing the SELECT 53 key.
Further, as discussed above, the device includes an IR interface with a PC interface. In conjunction with the interface, the free standing device can download stored information to the PC and the PC will have the capacity to download information to the freestanding unit regarding the operational parameters. The exchange of the data between the free standing unit and the PC can be accomplished in preferably less than one minute when data is being uploaded from the device to the PC and preferably in under 30 seconds when data is being downloaded to the device, for example.
The free standing unit also includes the nonvolatile memory that stores TAKE event information, patient/provider specific information and drug specific information, for example. TAKE event information will include sufficient time data to allow calculation of the day and time when the medication was last taken; a medication identifier and a flag indicating either TAKE, SKIP, MANUAL TAKE or ABORT (time window closes). The nonvolatile memory can store at least 60 days worth of such information and a maximum of 40 events a day, for example, and thus the device will have the capacity to store 60.times.40=2400 events. Note, that a time change event will use space for two events, and as for a time change event, it is required to store the amount by which the time has changed besides recording the instant at which the time was changed. The memory is preferably non-erasable in the free standing unit, but an option exists to erase TAKE event data via instructions from the PC. Additionally, each free standing unit produced preferably has a unique identifier associated with it.
In addition, patient information entered at the level of the free standing unit includes an eight character alpha/numeric identifier, meal times and a recalculate time, for example. Additional patient specific information can be downloaded from the PC to the device. This data includes a name, an ID number, an additional ID number, a daytime phone number, etc. With regard to the provider, the PC can download the information including an e-mail address, a fax phone number, a group ID number, etc.
Further, drug-specific information includes information that can be generated at the level of the free standing unit and includes a medication acronym, the regimen and the regimen specific parameters as described above. The PC also downloads additional drug-specific data to include a drug name, an NDC number and the medicine strength. Further, note that each free standing unit and software package has a unique identifier that can be stored. At the level of the PC, a mechanism can evaluate any data that conflicts that might exist between the PC and the free standing unit. Further, the PC will be able to command the activation and inactivation of several parameters without any adverse effect on operation of the free standing unit. These parameters include STATUS, MANUAL TAKE, RENEW and SET TIME, for example. The default mode of these parameters is that the feature is DISABLED. In addition to the individual feature control, the LOCK status is required to be in the LOCKED status for the feature to be disabled.
Turning now to
While the device is communicating with the PC, the message shown in
The event switch shown in the first, second, third and fourth embodiments should be of a size such that activation by an elderly person would not be difficult while at the same time safeguarding against accidental activation. The reset button is of a size such that activation thereof requires a thin, needle-shaped object so as to safeguard against the accidental turning off of the device.
The present invention also includes a time change algorithm, which is implemented to ensure that when a user changes the current time (e.g., due to daylight savings time, etc.), the next TAKE times are appropriately recalculated. That is, changing the clock time in the device, associated with daylight savings times, east to west coast travel, etc., necessitates readjusting as appropriate the various program regimens to assure that the time interval between doses of the medication is appropriately maintained. To achieve this object, an algorithm according to the present invention is implemented to ensure that a minimum time interval is maintained between doses of the medication. The algorithm tests each medication to recalculate a new TAKE time based on the LAST take in conjunction with the time change. For example, the following algorithm may be used:
1) LT=the last time a medication was taken. No take is 0;
2) KR=regimen specific constant; the minimum interval between doses;
3) TNI=the first next calculated take time;
4) TNX=the next consecutively calculated take time;
5) NT=the operational next take time;
6) TD=LT+KR;
7) N·T=TNI if TD is < or = to TNI;
8) NT=TNX if TD is < or = to TNX;
Thus, if the interval between the last TAKE of the medication and the NEXT take time of the medication is less than or equal to the regimen specific minimal interval constant, the next TAKE is that which has been previously calculated prior to the time change. However, if the interval is less than that specified by the regimen specific interval, a calculation is successively performed with the NEXT calculated take times until the condition is met where the next TAKE time is separate from the last take time by an interval equal to or greater than the regimen specific minimum time interval constant (KR) KR can vary from regimen to regimen and can have values that preferably range from 1.0 to 0.01 times the time interval between two doses of medication in the regimen. In the current embodiment, the KR is assigned to the respective regimens as follows:
1/DAY, withFOOD (1 dose per day), emptSTOM (1 dose per day), CYCLE FIXED and CYCLE MONTH—16 hr; 2/D—8 hr: 3/DAY—5 hr; 4/DAY—3 hr; breakfast and dinner withFOOD and emptSTOM—3 hr; D of W, XXHR, and CUST—⅔ times the minimum interval between two doses of medication. The KR values can be stored permanently in the device or the KR values specific to a given medication may be assigned by a data entry procedure with the freestanding unit of through the PC-IR interface.
The interval by which the time is changed can also have significant effects on the calculation of time for an appropriate dose of a given medication. For this reason, a constraint that the interval of time change not exceed more than plus or minus 24 hr is established. In the current embodiment, the maximum time change is limited to plus or minus 4 hr. This is because the device offers dosing regimens of greater than 24 hr and because fixed KR values are assigned on a permanent basis. If these constraints are changed expansion of the time change restraints is possible. The imposition of both the time limit value and the KR value for calculation are aimed at assuring patient safety by not having the device erroneously advise the patient to take two doses of medication so close together that there is medical danger.
In conjunction with the time change, the time for opening of the early take window is evaluated and if necessary recalculated in compliance with the requirements as set forth below. Note, these calculations are made on the basis of elapsed time.
Adjustment of the early take window according to the present invention is to prevent a situation in which a medication can be taken at a latest point in the early time take window and then in the earliest time in the next take window, which results in the medication being taken in intervals that are too close to each other. In more detail, the prescription compliance device offers the patient the life style latitude to take medication during a time window preceding the calculated take time (early take) and extending to a time after the calculated take time (late take). However, a situation may arise where medication taken at the late take time and then at an early take time violate the minimum interval requirements as defined by the KR values. For this reason, the time for opening of the early take window after taking a dose of medication is tested and recalculated by application of the following algorithm:
9) TE=the default early window opening time;
10) ET=the operational early opening window time;
11) ET=TD if TD>TE
12) ET=TE if TD< or = to TE
Thus, the opening of the early take window is adjusted to the time of the last take plus the value of KR if this sum produces a time that is later than the default. If the value of the last time plus KR is earlier than the default, the early window is opened at the default time.
The present invention also relates to a transient take feature. This function is provided by using the IR interface and the PC. For example, a healthcare provider or pharmacist gives the user or patient medication, but wants the patient to begin the medication as soon as possible. Using the transient take feature, the healthcare provider may program the device to begin taking the medication immediately, and then ease into one of the programmed regimens. For example, assume that a child is very ill and requires antibiotics to be taken everyday. If the child was to receive the prescription at 4 pm, for example, and was very ill and needed to take the medication right away, the pharmacist may program the device so as to allow the child to take the antibiotic at 4 PM, and then set the next time to be 10 AM, rather than at the regimen time of 8 AM. On the following day, the regimen could then be implemented so that the child takes the medication at 8 AM every day. Using this feature, the pharmacist may also program the device so that the patient is signaled to take the medication after a certain medical procedure, etc., is completed. For example, assume the patient is to begin taking antibiotics after stitches are removed from a region of the body. Thus, using this feature, the pharmacist or healthcare provider may program the device to begin taking medication in 5 days (after the stitches have been taken out) and to end on a particular date.
In more detail, when the prescription compliance device is programmed by a healthcare provider via the PC interface it may be desirable that take times be set to permit the user to get on a specific schedule or avoid missing a dose of a specific medication. For this reason, the transient take algorithm has been developed for programming specific take times into the device. At the PC, the operator has the opportunity to evaluate the various take events for each medication and determine if the adjustment is desirable. If this is the case, the healthcare provider enters a time at which a dose of medication is to be taken, which is separate from the standard regimen logic. The healthcare provider also has the option to instruct the prescription compliance device to skip one or several of the future take events. The firmware of the prescription compliance device is so structured that it implements these instructions as communicated via the interface.
As shown in
The present invention may also be used to gather medical information. Through the PC interface, appropriate medical emergency information such as the name of physicians, relations and healthcare providers and appropriate contact information, the patients medical status including medical conditions, medical history, allergies, and any other information which might be of value to the healthcare provider in an emergency situation may be entered. It is also possible to access this information either at the level of the device itself or though the PC interface.
People currently use a variety of electronic aids such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, pocket calculators, music storage, reproduction and receiving devices, etc. According to the present invention, the functions of the prescription compliance device may be integrated with a cellular telephone. Such a medi-phone provides users with the option of having both a cellular telephone and the prescription compliance device to carry around as a single unit. Not only would this provide better convenience, but it provides the user with significant cost savings since components such as case, LCD, battery, charger, electronic circuit components and microprocessors may be shared between the two functionalities.
Another feature includes combining the prescription compliance device with a personal digital assistant. The advantages of this is similar to those afforded by combination with the telephone. It is also be possible to integrate the cellular telephone, personal digital assistant and the prescription compliance device as a single unit with even greater advantages and savings. Similarly combination of the prescription compliance device with personal musical devices provide advantages.
The multi-use device is particularly advantageous in that implementing the features of the prescription compliance device within in a phone, etc. hides the fact that the person is taking the medication. That is, for people with diseases such as Aids, several medications must be taken during the day. Thus, if an ill person was in a public area (such as a train station), for example, it would be obvious to everyone within the vicinity that the person was using a medication device. However, according to the present invention, the medication functions of the programming compliance device may be implemented within the cellular phone. This hides the fact that the person is taking medication and is less embarrassing. Further, an elderly person may not be interested in having a cell phone, which can be problematic for a son or daughter, etc. who wishes to determine the status of their elderly parents throughout the day. That is, many elderly people may find cell phones to be not necessary. However, according to the present invention, the programming options of the prescription compliance device may be integrated within the cell phone, which will then make the elderly person who does not want a cell phone, to use the cell phone as a prescription compliance device. Thus, because the elderly person now use the cell phone, it will be easier to stay in contact with them. This also results in the cellular manufacturers, selling more cell phones.
In addition, the present invention also is particularly advantageous in that it logs information, which is medical information or any other information. That is, the device can be set so that it alerts someone that an action must be taken, and the alarms may be set using the preset regimens or may be set using the custom regimen. The actions scheduled may include the gathering of some data. In a medical scenario, it may be taking the temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, pulse rate or other similar things that require entry of numeric and/or alphabetic data. For example, assume that the physician wishes the patient to take their blood pressure one hour after taking a Viagra pill. According to the prescription compliance device of the present invention, an alarm may be set alerting the person to take their blood pressure or gather other data.
The device also provides the user the opportunity to enter relevant data. Procedures similar to those used for entering the name and phone numbers discussed above may be used for this purpose. The data thus routinely logged may also be downloaded to the PC for analysis. Alternatively, the log data may be viewed using the device (i.e., using the event log function). In addition to entering data, the device is capable of storing lists that can be reviewed and a yes or no answer can be provided and is logged. Medically, this could be done for things such as a headache, back pain, sore arm etc. That is, the user is able to enter possible side effects related to the medication, which may then be used to analyze different side effects for different people. In addition, for a watchman it could be to open, light on, alarm set, etc. The options can be tiered to make access easy through GI, neurologic, vascular, and items may be selected and then sub items addressed. Data from this feature can be prompted, logged and handled in a manner similar to that discussed above. Further, data entry protocols may be stored in the firmware of the device. Alternatively, the capacity of data entry may be stored in the firmware of the device and then tailored by using a PC. An alarm could alert the user to enter numeric data. The PC will then specify a screen display to indicate what data is to be entered and then provide a field in which to make the numeric entry. With menu driven data, the user would be alerted to enter information regarding a topic and then be taken through a menu similar to the menus discussed above.
Electronic Configuration and Programming ParametersThis invention may be conveniently implemented using a conventional general purpose digital computer or microprocessor programmed according to the teachings of the present specification, as will be apparent to those skilled in the computer art. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the software art. The invention may also be implemented by the preparation of application specific integrated circuits or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
The present invention includes a computer program product which is a storage medium including instructions which can be used to program a computer to perform a process of the invention. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical discs, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. The specific parameters mentioned in conjunction with the description of the invention have been set forth solely for illustrative purposes and are not limiting of the scope of the invention in any way. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
Claims
1. A method for monitoring patient compliance to medical therapy, comprising:
- repeatedly measuring therapy compliance of a patient and storing such information on a device;
- uploading the therapy compliance measurements stored on the device to a computing unit;
- evaluating patient compliance based on the received therapy compliance measurements;
- identifying instances where patient compliance fails to meet predetermined compliance requirements; and
- sending a notification, about one or more instances, to a party based on patient compliance whereby action can be taken by that party.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 20, 2011
Publication Date: Aug 11, 2011
Inventor: Ronald D. Sekura (Rockville, MD)
Application Number: 13/090,962
International Classification: G08B 23/00 (20060101);
