HORIZONTAL AXIS AIRFOIL TURBINE
A Horizontal Axis Airfoil Turbine (HAAT) for harnessing wind power is presented. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine has an airfoil design configured for low cut-in-speed and operational speeds, and for high torque operation. Multiple airfoil blade tips depend inwardly from a structural shroud along the periphery of the shroud. A number of full airfoil blades depend inwardly from the shroud along spokes providing mechanical engagement between the shroud and a central hub. Advantages are derived from a large wind swept area distributed to maximize leverage in order to enable high torque operation.
The present application claims priority to Canadian Application No. 2,732,543, filed Feb. 23, 2011, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe horizontal axis airfoil turbine described herein relates to the general field of wind turbines, and in particular to wind turbines operating at higher torque and lower cut-in-speed.
BACKGROUNDIn the field of wind power generation, harnessing wind power has been sought for some time. Initial designs concentrated on harnessing wind power for conversion into a mechanical motive force to actuate various machinery, for example for cutting wood or grinding seed. The simplest of these designs included a number of sails attached to a number of spokes on a hub and are generally referred to as wind mills emphasizing the early need for a motive force in processing raw materials. Some prior art wind mill designs include what can be generally referred as paddles instead of the sails. Such windmill designs operate simply by converting wind forces impinging over an area into a motive force employing general principles of sailing a sail ship.
Relatively recent research in fixed wing powered flight has brought an understanding of aerodynamic forces, such as lift and drag, which lead to aircraft wings having general tear shape cross-sections and to propellers having tear shape cross-section. War efforts have furthered the understanding of fixed wing power flight providing extensive empirical knowledge leading to extensively cataloguing the properties of airfoil cross-sections with an emphasis on tear shape derived airfoils. Recently propellers have been used “in reverse”, so to speak, to generate wind power, typically to convert wind forces into electrical power via an electrical power generator. These propeller inspired designs will be referred to herein as wind propeller generators. Currently wind power generation is dominated by wind propeller generators with three blades used for both residential applications and large wind farms. The cut-in-speed for this current technology is typically between 3 to 4.5 meters per second (“m/s”), wherein cut-in-speed is the speed at which the power production starts. Thus conventional wind propeller generators generally require high start speeds, which limits deployment to geographic regions benefiting from high winds. Additionally, despite requiring high wind speeds wind propeller generators generally produce low motive forces available for power conversion.
Much of the knowledge regarding the general field of aerodynamics is best supported by experimentation. In numerous cases theoretical models only approximate experimental reality due to air drag and air turbulence effects, which are not fully understood presently despite enormous prior research and development efforts. Theoretical analysis can explain linearly varying real world phenomena, a phrase reserved to characterize phenomena well approximated by some simple well behaved mathematical function(s). It is generally accepted and understood that actual real world phenomena do not fit perfectly such theoretical mathematical analysis. The phrases “well approximated” and “well behaved” have varying definitions: “well approximated” implies due consideration being given to measurement error, whereas “well behaved” implies smoothly varying with respect to some parameter. Measurement error is minimized in respect of laminar air flows; however, turbulent airflow defies functional mathematical modeling. Largely, turbulent airflow is modeled statistically. Real airflow phenomena are anything but well behaved and smoothly varying. A number of parameters such as air compressibility, air density, air pressure, etc. are not smoothly varying. For example, air compressibility and air density vary with temperature having abrupt discontinuities with temperature and air pressure (dew point); air pressure varies with airflow speed and airflow direction, having discontinuities at the sound barrier; etc. Much work has been done and much work remains to be done in aerodynamics in general and therefore in the field of wind power generation.
There is a need in the wind power generation industry to address the above-mentioned issues in order to more efficiently produce wind power.
SUMMARYIt was found that one of the prior art problems may best be described in terms of an acceptance by the scientific community that the energy in the wind is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity. In view of this relationship, some sources claim that the cut-in-speed does not matter because there is little energy in the wind at low speed levels. The present solution is contrary to this position:
It is pointed out that, assuming all other parameters remaining constant, employing the Weibull distribution for the wind in a chosen geographic location, each cut-in-speed decrease of 0.5 m/s results in an annual increase in the available energy by about 6 to 7%. The corresponding energy extraction percentage increase depends in a synergistic way on location, energy conversion apparatus and cut-in-speed reduction. Thus, it has been found that the cut-in-speed is actually very important, not only from the point view of energy production by also when considering areas apt for deployment. Geographic areas with lower wind speed particularly benefit from a lower cut-in-speed due to the fact that harnessing wind energy can be economically viable in these additional areas.
The proposed solution provides increased wind power production employing a Horizontal Axis Airfoil Turbine (HAAT) having an airfoil design configured for low cut-in-speed and operational speeds, and for high torque operation. HAAT implementations overcome the disadvantages of current technology by providing higher torque at all wind speeds. The main advantage of the proposed solution over conventional designs is that the increased torque at lower wind speed means that the cut-in-speed is reduced and therefore additional wind energy can be harnessed. While an increase in torque is associated with an increase of power and whereas a decrease in rotational speed is associated with a decrease in output power, field testing indicates that the overall effect is an increase in power out compared to conventional technologies.
In accordance with the proposed solution, the HAAT apparatus utilizes short radial airfoils that are primarily mounted on a periphery of the turbine, but include some full radius airfoils. The airfoil arrangement maximizes torque, yet captures wind energy across the cross-sectional area of the turbine.
In accordance with a broad aspect, there is provided a horizontal axis airfoil turbine for harnessing wind energy to provide a motive force for use in a power generator, the horizontal axis airfoil turbine comprising: a ring configured to provide structural support for an airfoil blade arrangement; a plurality of airfoil blade tips mechanically connected to, and depending radially from the ring, the blade tips being configured to interact with an airflow incident thereon, the airflow causing a deflection of the blade tips in a direction of rotation of the ring; a plurality of spokes mechanically connected to, and depending radially inwardly from, the ring, each spoke extending from the ring to a central hub, the spokes providing structural support for the ring and the airfoil blade arrangement; a plurality of full airfoil blades, each full blade being configured to provide airfoil characteristics to a corresponding spoke for reducing turbulent airflow past the spoke, mechanical engagement between the spokes and the hub providing torsional force transfer to the hub, the hub transforming the torsional force into the motive force for use in the power generator.
In other aspects, the ring further comprises an aerodynamically shaped leading edge for reducing resistance to incident wind. The ring may also have a structural shroud preventing radial airflow spill over distal ends of blades in the airfoil blade arrangement, each airfoil blade tip depending radially inwardly from the ring. The structural shroud may have an airfoil tear shaped cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow around the turbine. Each airfoil blade tip may be shaped to operate under one of drag or lift conditions causing the deflection of the blade tip in the direction of rotation of the ring and each airfoil blade tip may have an airfoil tear shaped cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow past the airfoil blade tip. Moreover, each airfoil blade tip may have an angle of attack between 30° and 50° and in particular substantially 40°. Each airfoil blade tip may extend radially inwardly from the ring between 10 to 40 percent of a radius of the ring and in particular substantially 25 percent of the radius of the ring.
In still other aspects, each full airfoil blade may be shaped to operate under one of drag or lift conditions causing additional deflection of the full airfoil blade in the direction of rotation of the ring. Each full airfoil blade having an airfoil tear shaped cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow past the full airfoil blade. Moreover, each full airfoil blade may have an angle of attack between 30° and 50° and in particular substantially 40°. Each full airfoil blade may extend radially inwardly from the ring between 80 to 95 percent of a length of the corresponding spoke and in particular substantially 88 percent of the length of the corresponding spoke.
In other aspects, each airfoil blade tip and each full airfoil blade may have a substantially equal angle of attack. The full airfoil blades may comprise an odd number of full airfoil blades for reducing harmonic resonant vibration and the odd number of full airfoil blades may be a prime number of full airfoil blades.
Advantages over conventional designs are derived from a lower wind speed required to start up the horizontal axis airfoil turbine and from higher torque operation in general.
The features and advantages of the HAAT will become more apparent from the following detailed description of several aspects of the proposed solution illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in detail in the figures, wherein:
In the attached figures like reference numerals indicate similar parts throughout the several views. As will be realized, the HAAT is capable for other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an enabling fashion the best modes of making and using various embodiments in accordance with the proposed solution. The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various embodiments of the HAAT and is not intended to represent the only embodiments contemplated by the inventor. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a comprehensive understanding of the HAAT. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the HAAT may be practiced without some of these specific details. For certainty, while the following description of the proposed solution concentrates on describing aspects of the horizontal axis airfoil turbine, some consideration will be been given, where appropriate, to aspects of an electrical generator needed to convert wind power to electrical power, and with respect to an overall necessary support structure of a typical installation.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the proposed solution, a frontal view of a Horizontal Axis Airfoil Turbine (HAAT) is illustrated in
With reference to
Returning to
Ring 40 can include a substantially cylindrical structure. Preferably ring 40 is a cylindrical structural shroud having an aerodynamic cross-section to reduce drag. The HAAT is not limited to shroud 40 having a tear shaped cross-section as shown in
With the spokes 30 providing mechanical connectivity between hub 20 and structural shroud 40, shroud 40 rotates with the hub 20. Such a rotating structural shroud 40 has the potential to store a large angular momentum (inertia). The angular momentum contribution of the shroud 40 is proportional to mass of the shroud 40 multiplied by the corresponding square of the radius of the shroud 40, and is proportional to the angular velocity of rotation. The angular momentum and inertia of the HAAT 10 have an impact on the implementation and operation thereof. The disadvantage of high angular momentum implementations is that yaw control can be more difficult. In some implementations a larger rudder may be required. In other implementations, a separate motor driven yaw control system may be required for larger units. In yet other implementations, the center of mass of the HAAT may have to be displaced further from the yaw axis to provide adequate drag induced yaw control. In order to minimize the angular momentum, HAAT implementations would benefit from utilizing the lightest economically viable and suitable (e.g. water resistant, corrosion resistant) materials available which provide sufficient strength. For example, durable non-corrosive carbon fiber reinforced plastic, fiberglass and other composites can be used. As well, angular momentum can be reduced by minimizing the amount of material used, for example by employing spin molding techniques to produce hollow shroud 40. As another example illustrated in
A balance needs to be struck between the need to minimize angular momentum to reduce stress on the anchoring structure of the HAAT 10 in operation, and operability of the HAAT 10 in gusty conditions. Higher inertia provides a more stable HAAT 10 for operation in gusty conditions, the advantage being less variation in power output easing operational requirements of the electrical power generator. Field tests have shown that the HAAT 10 sped up slower with increased angular momentum implementations; however, advantageously a HAAT 10, having a large angular momentum, slowed down more slowly in response to decreasing wind speed.
In accordance with the proposed solution, a number of airfoil blade tips 50 cooperate together in harnessing wind power (at slow speed) along the periphery of the shroud 40, such that in operation the structural shroud 40 rotates with the blade tips 50 it supports. As shown in
Referring back to
Without limiting the scope, each full airfoil blade 60 can have the same cross-section as the airfoil blade tips 50 illustrated in
While each full airfoil blade 60 provides a corresponding spoke 30 with an aerodynamic shaped shell to reduce turbulence while harnessing additional wind power, the full airfoil blades 60 need not extend from the shroud 40 all the way to the hub 20. For example full airfoil blades 60 extend radially inwardly from the shroud 40 between 80 to 95 percent of the length of the corresponding spokes 30, typically 88 percent. Spokes 30 rotate slower at the hub 20 and therefore contribute less turbulence. It has been discovered that a crossover point exists along the radius of the HAAT 10 for spokes 30 of constant angle of attack and constant chord length where the aerodynamic cross-section of each full airfoil blade 60 no longer provides a power extraction advantage, on the contrary the full airfoil blade 60 simply stirs air. The full airfoil blades 60 can extend inwardly only to the crossover point for the intended rotational speed range of the HAAT 10. Such limited extension can also reduce bulk and angular momentum. In accordance with the proposed solution all surfaces of the HAAT 10 are aerodynamically shaped. However this is not an absolute requirement, for example the spokes 30 near the hub 20 can be sufficiently aerodynamic.
While
It is envisioned that the airfoil blade tips 50 and full airfoil blades 60 can have either different cross-sections or different angles of attack. For example, the cross-section and/or angle of attack of the airfoil blade tips 50 can be configured to provide low cut-in-speed operation, while the cross-section and/or angle of attack of the full airfoil blades 60 can be configured to control rotational speed and therefore angular momentum.
Various airfoil cross-sectional shapes permit the airfoil blades to operate either under lift conditions or under drag conditions. Under drag conditions the airfoil blades 50/60 act as sails being deflected by the wind to cause HAAT 10 rotation, while under lift conditions the airfoil blades 50/60 minimize drag being deflected by an experienced lift which causes HAAT 10 rotation. Depending on the angle of attack, an airfoil blade having a cross-sectional shape capable of operation under lift conditions can be configured to operate under drag conditions. The available wind speed factors into which operating conditions are appropriate.
For certainty, the proposed solution includes a variation in the number, shape, dimensions and angle of attack for the airfoil blades 50/60 depending on the wind speed and diameter of the HAAT 10.
It is noted that current thinking in the art is that, in view of economic considerations, increasing rotor blade length of a wind propeller generator is cheaper and easier to sustain high wind speed operation than to utilize a shroud around a propeller. However, increasing rotor blade length without a shroud is limited by: material strength, angular momentum considerations, blade vibration, drag which increases nonlinearly with blade length, and at an extreme by tips rotating at very high speeds incompatible with the wind speed. In contrast, the shroud 40 proposed not only provides a support structure for the airfoil blade tips 50 but also restricts radial air spill.
Experiments and Results:With reference to
A variety of angles of attack were tried with airfoil blades 50, 60 having the cross-sectional profile shown in
Advantageously, the total wind swept area of the prototype illustrated in
As would be apparent to a person skilled in the art, the rotational speed vs. wind speed plots (
Surprisingly, the gusty wind conditions have shown that the low cut-in-speed overcome static friction on start up better and the additional angular momentum prevented, through inertial forces, the HAAT prototypes from falling back into the static friction regime between gusts.
Although various aspects of the proposed solution have been described herein including for example multiple airfoil blade tips, a full airfoil blades, and a shroud having an aerodynamic cross-section, it is to be understood that each of these features may be used independently or in various combinations, as desired, in a horizontal axis airfoil turbine.
While the above description of the proposed solution concentrates on the horizontal axis airfoil turbine, some consideration has been given in the above with respect to aspects of an electrical generator needed to convert wind power to electrical power, and with respect to an overall necessary support structure of a typical installation. For example, odd number airfoil implementations are preferred in order to reduce harmonic resonant vibration, low inertial mass designs are preferred in order to reduce toppling, shear, angular momentum restorative forces, etc.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments has been provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present horizontal axis airfoil turbine described. Various modifications to those embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the horizontal axis airfoil turbine. Thus, the present horizontal axis airfoil turbine is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular, such as by use of the article “a” or “an” is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more”. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described throughout the disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the elements of the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or “step for”. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
Claims
1. A horizontal axis airfoil turbine for harnessing wind energy to provide a motive force for use in a power generator, the horizontal axis airfoil turbine comprising:
- a ring configured to provide structural support for an airfoil blade arrangement;
- a plurality of airfoil blade tips mechanically connected to, and depending radially from said ring, said blade tips being configured to interact with an airflow incident thereon, said airflow causing a deflection of said blade tips in a direction of rotation of said ring;
- a plurality of spokes mechanically connected to, and depending radially inwardly from, said ring, each spoke extending from said ring to a central hub, said spokes providing structural support for said ring and said airfoil blade arrangement;
- a plurality of full airfoil blades, each full blade being configured to provide airfoil characteristics to a corresponding spoke for reducing turbulent airflow past said spoke, mechanical engagement between said spokes and said hub providing torsional force transfer to said hub, said hub transforming said torsional force into the motive force for use in the power generator.
2. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 1, said ring further comprising an aerodynamically shaped leading edge for reducing resistance to incident wind.
3. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 1,
- said ring further comprising a structural shroud preventing radial airflow spill over distal ends of blades in said airfoil blade arrangement; and
- each said airfoil blade tip depending radially inwardly from said ring.
4. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 3, said structural shroud having an airfoil cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow around said turbine.
5. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 4, said structural shroud having an airfoil tear shaped cross-section.
6. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 2, each said airfoil blade tip shaped to operate under one of drag or lift conditions causing said deflection of said blade tip in said direction of rotation of said ring.
7. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 6, each said airfoil blade tip having an airfoil tear shaped cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow past said airfoil blade tip.
8. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 6, each said airfoil blade tip having an angle of attack between 30° and 50°.
9. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 8, said airfoil blade tip angle of attack being substantially 40°.
10. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 3, each said airfoil blade tip extending radially inwardly from said ring between 10 to 40 percent of a radius of said ring.
11. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 10, each said airfoil blade tip extending radially inwardly from said ring substantially 25 percent of said radius of said ring.
12. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 2, each said full airfoil blade shaped to operate under one of drag or lift conditions causing additional deflection of said full airfoil blade in said direction of rotation of said ring.
13. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 12, each said full airfoil blade having an airfoil tear shaped cross-section for reducing turbulent airflow past said full airfoil blade.
14. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 12, each said full airfoil blade having an angle of attack between 30° and 50°.
15. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 14, said full airfoil blade angle of attack being substantially 40°.
16. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 2, each said full airfoil blade extending radially inwardly from said ring between 80 to 95 percent of a length of said corresponding spoke.
17. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 16, each said full airfoil blade extending radially inwardly from said ring substantially 88 percent of said length of said corresponding spoke.
18. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 2, wherein each said airfoil blade tip and each said full airfoil blade have a substantially equal angle of attack.
19. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 2, said plurality of full airfoil blades comprising an odd number of said full airfoil blades for reducing harmonic resonant vibration.
20. The horizontal axis airfoil turbine as claimed in claim 19, said odd plurality of full airfoil blades comprising a prime number of said full airfoil blades for minimizing harmonic resonant vibration.
Type: Application
Filed: May 16, 2011
Publication Date: Aug 23, 2012
Applicant: JET-AGE WIND INC. (Stephenville, NL)
Inventors: Paul A. Gallant (Stephenville), Bertram J. Alexander (Kippens), Louis G. MacDonald (Stephenville), Melvin L. Dean (Stephenville)
Application Number: 13/108,548
International Classification: F01D 5/22 (20060101);