ACTIVE/ADAPTIVE BUILDING STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
A building, comprises at least a first wall including a plurality of first members each having a fixed length and a plurality of second members each having a variable length, the first members and the second members being coupled in a lattice structure. The second members are configured to lengthen or shorten in response to structural strain or pressure caused by thermal cycling of the building.
1. Field
This disclosure relates to methods and system for building very large structures capable of actively compensating for thermal expansion and contraction and wind forces.
2. Background
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of presenting the general context of the disclosure. Nothing described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art, are expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
The idea of an “energy tower” capable of generating internal wind has been studied for several decades. Unfortunately, to be effective, such energy towers must be of an immense size. Unfortunately, conventional building techniques cannot be used to create such a structure for a variety of reasons not apparently appreciated by those in the relevant arts.
For example, thermal cycling due to daily exposure to sun followed by nighttime periods of cooler temperatures and rainstorms can cause the energy tower to tear itself apart. Accordingly, new building techniques capable of accounting for thermal cycling are desirable.
The features and nature of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which reference characters identify corresponding items.
The disclosed methods and systems below may be described generally, as well as in terms of specific examples and/or specific embodiments. For instances where references are made to detailed examples and/or embodiments, it should be appreciated that any of the underlying principals described are not to be limited to a single embodiment, but may be expanded for use with any of the other methods and systems described herein as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art unless otherwise stated specifically.
Moisture is added by a series of sprinklers (not shown) located at or near the top of the tower 100 with the sprinklers arranged in a radial web-like structure. In various embodiments, moisture can be controllably to air as a function of the atmospheric conditions at the top of the tower 100 as measured by a variety of sensors (not shown). For example, the moisture provided by the sprinklers may be increased with increased temperatures and/or lower humidity, or conversely the moisture provided by the sprinklers may be decreased with decreased temperatures and/or increased humidity. Further, the moisture provided may be changed based on any given set of conditions depending on whether it may be deemed desirable to increase, decrease or maintain a particular wind speed at the bottom of the tower 100.
Outside the cylindrical wall 250 extend thirty-eight (38) vanes 210 that, with the cylindrical wall 250, define thirty-eight (38) vertically elongated air pockets 212 where incident wind may be captured and directed to one or more wind tunnels. Note that the tower 100 is cylindrically-shaped, and the vanes 210 extend in a radial fashion from the energy tower 100 and provide structural support to the energy tower 100. To help direct incident wind, flaps 220 are incorporated within each pocket 212.
It is to be appreciated in light of the present specification that the vanes 210 have at least two functions: (1) to add structural integrity/support to the energy tower 100 as a buttress, and (2) to provide an additional form of energy generation by way of capturing wind energy. In this sense, the vanes provide two novel improvements over previously conceived/conventional energy towers.
While the variable-length members 320 are capable of changing length, it is to be appreciated by those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure that the variable-length members 320 may not freely change length without compromising the integrity of the overall structure as variable-length members 320 may need to be load-bearing members, i.e., they need to be able to provide structure and not appreciable expand or contract in response to external forces. To address this issue, the variable-length members 320 are constructed so as both have a static (structural load-bearing) mode where the length of the variable-length members 320 remains unchanged for forces acting upon it below a particular threshold, and a dynamic mode where the length of the variable-length members 320 can change for forces acting upon it above the threshold. By virtue of these characteristics, the variable-length members 320 can lengthen or shorten in response to imposed loads on the tower 100 thereby avoiding structural damage to the first members while at the same time provide load-bearing structure.
For the purpose of this disclosure the terms “pressure” and “force” are used interchangeably as the pressure (positive or negative) within hydraulic chamber 410 will generally be proportional to the force (stress or strain) applied between flanges 460 and 462. In the example of
However, for pressures that exceed these boundaries, the hydraulic valve 490 allows hydraulic flow to pass, which in turn allows the variable-length structural member 320A to increase or decrease in length. Thus, it is to be appreciated that a second/variable-length member can be “load bearing” in that it is appreciably resistant to movement when forces act upon them, but will vary in length in order to compensate for forces that might otherwise cause a structural failure.
Also in this example, the hydraulic valve 490 is replaced with a controller 480 and a bidirectional hydraulic pumping system 492 containing, for example a unidirectional pump with a bidirectional valve system. While the controller 480, can operate using a transfer function similarly to the hydraulic valve 490 of
In operation, the controller 480, which may include a variety of dedicated circuitry and/or a programmable processor with a central processing unit (CPU) and memory, can implement any number of transfer functions based upon linear position sensed by transducer 482 and/or pressure/force sensed by transducer 484. Upon sensing the states of interest, the controller 480 can implement the transfer function so as to develop an output command to the hydraulic pumping system 492, which will in turn cause the hydraulic pumping system 492 to force fluid flow to/from the hydraulic cylinder 410, which in turn causes the variable-length structural member 320B to increase or decrease in length.
In some embodiments, one, some or all variable length structural members in the same expansion/contraction joint may be coupled to a common hydraulic control system so as to be controlled by the bidirectional hydraulic pumping system 492.
Still further, while the structural matrices of
The various fixed and variable-length members above are structural members. Accordingly, facades and other wall coverings, such as steel plating, may be affixed to a lattice in order to form a wind barrier. In some embodiments and/or situations, such facades/coverings may be configured to slide relative to one another to compensate for expansion and contraction.
What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
It will be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principal and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A building, comprising:
- at least a first wall that includes a plurality of rigid load-bearing first members and a plurality of second members coupled together in a lattice structure, the plurality of first members each having a fixed length, and the plurality of rigid second members each having a variable length and cooperatively forming an expansion/contraction joint between different sets of first members;
- wherein the second members have a static load-bearing mode when incident forces are below a first threshold, and a non-static mode when incident forces are above the first threshold so as to lengthen or shorten in response to imposed loads on the building thereby avoiding structural damage to the first members.
2. The building of claim 1, wherein lattice is at least a two-dimensional lattice.
3. The building of claim 2, wherein lattice is at least a three-dimensional lattice.
4. The building of claim 2, wherein at least a first group of the second members are arranged parallel to one another.
5. The building of claim 4, wherein at least a second group of the second members are arranged non-parallel to the first group of the second members.
6. The building of claim 1, wherein each of the second members includes a hydraulic cylinder.
7. The building of claim 6, wherein each of the hydraulic cylinders are controlled by a hydraulic valve that causes the hydraulic cylinders to be static for a first range of force [0 to force F1], and moveable for a second range of force greater than force F1.
8. The building of claim 6, wherein each of the hydraulic cylinders are controlled by a hydraulic pumping system under direction of one or more controllers configured according to a transfer function.
9. The building of claim 8, wherein each of the hydraulic cylinders are controlled by a common hydraulic pumping system under direction of one or more controllers configured to control the hydraulic cylinders according to a transfer function.
10. The building of claim 8, wherein the transfer function causes the hydraulic cylinders to be static for a first range of force [0 to force F1], and moveable for a second range of force greater than force F1.
11. The building of claim 8, wherein the transfer function uses sensed forces from a plurality of second members to control the length or movement of at least one second member.
12. The building of claim 8, wherein the transfer function uses sensed lengths from a plurality of second members to control the length or movement of at least one second member.
13. The building of claim 8, wherein the transfer function uses sensed acceleration to control the length or movement of at least one second member.
14. The building of claim 4, wherein the first members and the second members are arranged in a Cartesian matrix.
15. The building of claim 4, wherein the first members and the second members are arranged in a triangular matrix.
16. The building of claim 4, wherein the first members and the second members are arranged in a hexagonal matrix.
17. The building of claim 1, wherein the imposed load is caused by thermal expansion or contraction of the building.
18. The building of claim 1, wherein the imposed load is caused by incident wind on the building.
19. The building of claim 6, wherein each first member includes a hollow drawn-steel portion.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 16, 2011
Publication Date: Dec 20, 2012
Inventor: Hanback John (Flint Hills, VA)
Application Number: 13/161,513
International Classification: E04H 9/00 (20060101); E04B 1/343 (20060101);