SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OFF-SHORE ENERGY PRODUCTION
The invention is directed to aquatic systems and methods for off-shore energy production, particularly to systems and methods for generating large amounts of methane via anaerobic digestion, purifying the methane produced, and sequestering environmentally deleterious by-products such as carbon dioxide. The energy production systems contain one or more flexible, inflatable containers supported by water, at least one of which is an anaerobic digester containing bacteria which can produce energy sources such as methane or hydrogen from aquatic plants or animals. Off-shore energy production facilities supported by water bodies offer many advantages over land-based digesters, including the use of large, available open water bodies as an alternative means of support and the potential for locating the facilities at sites that already contain, or can be easily modified to generate, sufficient amounts of feedstock onsite. In addition, the containers of the invention can be large enough to provide adequate amounts of energy to support off-shore activities and relatively easy to manufacture and ship to remote production sites. The systems can also be readily adapted to sequester carbon dioxide or replenish feedstocks growing nutrients on site.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/985,196, filed on Nov. 13, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the generation of renewable energy sources and, more particularly, to off-shore systems and methods for the production and purification of energy sources and sequestration of by-products produced thereby.
2. Description of the Related Art
Microorganisms can play a huge role in creating different types of energy by helping to produce usable sources of energy, including hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4). Anaerobic digestion is a biological, bacteria-mediated process that occurs when organic matter is deprived of oxygen. The process exists naturally in water bodies at every depth, in landfills, swamps, aboveground tanks, belowground tanks or ponds, anywhere from a ground surface to miles below the ground surface, in the sediments below water bodies, and in collapsible aboveground containers. It is a very robust process occurring over a wide temperature range, including the full range of ocean temperatures.
Anaerobic digesters can operate with temperatures and pH controlled within a few degrees and a few pH units, or they can operate with widely varying temperature and pH. Some digesters are mixed, some are unmixed, some are plug flow, and some employ multiple chambers. The refinements developed were historically oriented toward the more rapid reduction of waste materials into less harmful constituents of water and carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases were considered by-products. More rapid reduction allows a smaller container to accomplish the same waste reduction. If the methane by-product was not released to atmosphere, it was typically converted to water and carbon dioxide in a flare. More recently, with higher fossil fuel costs and concern for greenhouse gases, the methane is often burned to produce supplemental electricity.
Both natural and human operated anaerobic digestion processes typically release by-products such as carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere, including methane which is about 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide when released to atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. The greenhouse effect results primarily from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural activities, and the use of chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons and halons and, relatively speaking, non-fossil carbon dioxide released by anaerobic digestion does not contribute significantly to the global warming. The cumulative effect of such emissions over time, however, could be substantial for large, multiple digestion systems, such that not sequestering carbon dioxide or producing energy from the methane released by anaerobic digestion would be a missed opportunity.
Current technologies for reducing greenhouse gases either require energy to capture and sequester carbon dioxide, or produce energy without sequestering carbon dioxide, and it is difficult to reduce the rate of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations with either approach alone. For example, about 6% of world energy demand was met with renewable energy in 2000. If renewable energy increased to 60%, one would still need to sequester the carbon dioxide as a by-product of the 40% remaining energy provided by fossil fuels, and sequestering that amount of fossil carbon dioxide using existing resources would probably require new forests covering virtually all of North and South America, as well as fresh water to sustain them. Furthermore, even if those resources were available, forests do not sequester carbon for more than a few centuries and forest sequestering can be undone by fires or the lack of sufficient storage (to prevent release of carbon dioxide due to wood decay).
In light of the environmental damage caused by burning fossil fuels (e.g. the greenhouse effect) and the depletion of easily obtained fossil petroleum, substantial alternative energy sources should be quickly identified and developed. Furthermore, remote facilities without ready access to fossil oil and gas, for example, such as those on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), need to produce or support production, transportation, or transmission of energy from alternative energy sources in order to support the activities as such sites. Alternative energy technologies and areas about which industry has expressed a potential interest, and the ability to develop or evaluate in a reasonable time frame, include offshore wind, wave, and ocean current energy capture technologies. Other energy sources, such as solar power and the production of hydrogen, are not expected to be economically viable for the foreseeable future, particularly with respect to off-shore activities such as OCS research, demonstration, or commercial ventures.
Methane is a cost-effective renewable energy source (fuel), and the production of methane and other serviceable biogases by the anaerobic digestion of various organic wastes, particularly sewage sludge organic waste, is well known. Furthermore, the organic feed mixture which provides the substrate for anaerobic biodegradation may actually comprise a wide variety of organic carbon sources ranging from raw sewage sludge to municipal refuse, or biomass material such as plants and crop wastes. Many types of digester designs, feed stocks, mixtures and additives have been proposed to increase the methane yield and to provide greater conversion efficiency of organic materials to useful products, and numerous processes which optimize methane production (both rate of gas production and purity of methane, have been developed over the past millennium.
Although the methane produced as a by-product of terrestrial waste treatment facilities having anaerobic digesters can be used as a supplemental power source for such facilities, large scale production of methane as a commercially viable, alternative energy source requires a system dedicated to that purpose. However, such facilities are typically not cost-effective in that they require significant amounts of land and resources, including enclosures, support structures and a ready supply of the feedstock used to fuel digestion. The scale of energy generation required for cost-effective production, for example, is similar to that needed for generating ethanol, wind energy, solar photovoltaic energy, wave energy, and the like. Significant energy production using typical existing waste treatment technologies can, in fact, be approximately two or more orders of magnitude more than that which could be produced from a global supply of human waste.
Floating waste treatment technologies located on a naturally occurring body of water have therefore been proposed as a more cost-effective alternative for large-scale methane production. The surface of the ocean, for example, can be an essentially free region in which the cost of constructing such a facility might be substantially reduced compared with building a similar facility on land. In addition, the principles of fluid equilibrium can be utilized to reduce the stress upon the containment walls in such a facility, to a level small enough to allow relatively inexpensive and substantially flexible membranes to be used as the barrier separating the waste fluid being processed from the body of water in which a production facility is located. However, the water in the anaerobic digester also accumulates a variety of by-products from the organic and inorganic materials which bacteria don't digest (or digest much more slowly). The predominant by-products are plant nutrients or plant nutrient pre-cursors such as ammonia, phosphorus, and iron which can be utilized productively in other activities, such as fertilizing crops. However, an excess of either undigested waste organic matter or such by-product nutrients can pollute a water body by causing eutrophication of ponds and lakes, and “dead zones” in gulfs and seas. The potential for such detrimental environmental impacts is, in fact, one of the main reasons why water supported containers for processing human or animal waste material are not feasible in many situations. An accidental release of unprocessed waste material could also pose a significant threat to health in many situations.
Information relevant to attempts to address these problems can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,258,790; 7,186,339; 7,179,387; 7,169,296; 7,137,945; 7,128,777; 7,056,062; 6,984,305; 6,569,332; 5,304,356; 4,944,872; 4,424,064; 4,354,936; 3,981,803; 3,981,800 as well as U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2007/0028848 and 2006/0178547. However, each one of these references suffers from one or more of the following disadvantages:
(1) the method does not produce energy or sequester carbon;
(2) the method improves the value or purity of a gaseous energy source, but does not produce the gas itself;
(3) the method of energy production or carbon sequestering disclosed would be impractical for terrestrial use on a large, commercial scale;
(4) the flexible enclosures disclosed require external support;
(5) the digester volumes required for organic waste reduction are small relative to the tremendous volumes needed for renewable energy production and/or associated carbon dioxide sequestering;
(6) the process disclosed for generating a renewable energy source itself requires energy supplied by electrical currents and systems for maintaining such currents, which can significantly increase both construction and maintenance costs;
(7) aquatic feedstock must be transported to a remote terrestrial digester, or non-aquatic feedstock must be transported from a remote terrestrial source to an aquatic digester, either of which could require construction of lengthy or expensive transport means such as pipelines or equiducts;
(8) waste feedstock, including wastewater sludge or biosolids, is not natural to the aquatic environment and an accidental or deliberate release of such feedstock into a water body could pose a serious health or environmental hazard;
(9) the technologies or methods for producing renewable fuel or sequestering carbon dioxide do not replace sufficient feedstock growing nutrients to allow sustained operation of either process;
(10) carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gas by-products are released into the atmosphere;
(11) the technologies or methods for producing renewable fuel do not sequester carbon dioxide as a by-product of fuel production;
(12) the technologies or methods for sequestering carbon dioxide do not produce a renewable fuel in quantities that make the sequestering process cost effective;
(13) once released to atmosphere, the resulting low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (e.g. about 400 ppm or about 0.04%) hinders all attempts to sequester the carbon dioxide;
(14) the method sequesters carbon in a form that is not permanent or which will not remain sequestered for more than about a millennium;
(15) the typical existing anaerobic digestion processes anticipate mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic digestion, and neither temperature range applies to the deep ocean digester; and
(16) the carbon sequestering process discloses requires significant amounts of organisms which can be non-native additions to local ecosystems in many locations, resulting in the need for transport as well as a potential for environmental damage in the event of leakage.
Therefore, there exists a need for cost effective, off-shore energy production technologies with a sustainable capacity to wholly or substantially provide the world's energy needs. Furthermore, such technologies should be self-sustaining and should limit the release of carbon dioxide and other green house gases into the atmosphere.
SUMMARYBriefly, and in general terms, the invention is directed to aquatic energy production methods and systems that produce energy sources via anaerobic digestion. In particular, the invention relates to off-shore energy production method and systems containing one or more flexible, inflatable containers supported by water.
Off-shore energy production facilities supported by water bodies may offer many advantages over land-based digesters, including the use of large, available open water bodies as a cost-effective means of support and the potential for locating the facilities at sites that may already contain, or can be easily modified to generate, sufficient amounts of feedstock onsite in a sustainable manner. In addition, the containers and accessory components of the invention can also be relatively easy to manufacture and ship to remote production sites.
In one of several aspects, the invention relates to an aquatic method for producing methane, carbon dioxide, and plant nutrients that includes microbial anaerobic digestion of a feedstock by at least one bacterium where: the feedstock can include water and at least one plant or animal material; the feedstock may be digested in at least one first, flexible container supported by and submerged in a water body, thereby producing a methane gas and a carbon dioxide gas the concentration of methane gas dissolved in the at least one first container can be in excess of its equilibrium concentration and the concentration of the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the at least one first container can be below its equilibrium concentration; the gases generated in excess of their equilibrium concentration can collect at the top of the at least one first container and may pass upwards through at least one second container, and the water in the at least one first container may pass downward through at least one third container; the water exiting the at least one third container can contain at least one respective third, equilibrium concentration of dissolved methane and a fourth concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide, where the third and fourth concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively can be lower than the first and second concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively; and the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water exiting the at least one third container can be captured. Plant and animal material in the feedstock may include plant tissue and animal tissue, respectively. The method may be performed off-shore and can be automated or included in an automated system. Any quantity of methane produced by the method may be collected for use on or off-site, and the purity of the methane produced can be at least 70%. Higher purity methane in the range of about 87% to about 100% can be produced by the method.
Another aspect is an aquatic method for producing methane, carbon dioxide, and plant nutrients comprising microbial anaerobic digestion of a feedstock by at least one bacterium where: the feedstock can include water and at least one plant or animal material; the feedstock may be digested in at least one first, flexible container where the at least one first container is supported by and submerged in a water body, thereby producing a methane gas and a carbon dioxide gas where a first concentration of the methane gas dissolved in the at least one first container can be in excess of its equilibrium concentration and a second concentration of the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the at least one first container can be below its equilibrium concentration; the gases generated in excess of their equilibrium concentration can collect at the top of the at least one first container and pass upwards through a second container; the water in the at least one first container can pass downward through a third container; the water exiting the third container may contain a third, equilibrium concentration of dissolved methane and a fourth concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide, where the third and fourth concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, can be lower than the first and second concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively; and the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water exiting the third container can be captured. Plant and animal material in the feedstock may include plant tissue and animal tissue, respectively. The method may be performed off-shore and can be automated or included in an automated system. Any quantity of methane produced by the method may be collected for use on or off-site, and the purity of the methane produced can be at least 70%. Higher purity methane in the range of about 87% to about 100% can be produced by the method.
Yet another aspect is aquatic method for producing methane, the method including anaerobic digestion of at least one feedstock material by at least one bacterium where: the feedstock material may include at least one plant material or animal material; the feedstock material can be digested in at least one flexible container supported by and submerged in a first water body, thereby producing a gas comprising methane and a liquid comprising liquid phase carbon dioxide, where the gas and liquid are formed at a pressure of at least two atmospheres in a first location of the first water body; collecting the gas in at least one first storage container; collecting the liquid in at least one second storage container; purifying the methane in the gas by lowering the depth of the at least one first storage container or the gas, thereby liquefying a quantity of gas phase carbon dioxide in the at least one first storage container; purifying the carbon dioxide in the liquid by separating the liquid phase carbon dioxide from at least one other liquid in the at least one second storage container; reacting the liquid in the at least one second storage container to form a composition that can include solid carbon dioxide; and sequestering the carbon dioxide by transporting the at least one second storage container to a second location in the first water body or a second water body, or transporting the liquid phase carbon dioxide or the solid from the at least one second storage container to at least one third storage container located in the second location in the first or a second water body, where the density of the liquid phase carbon dioxide or solid in the at least one third storage container can be greater than the density of the first or second water body at the second location. Plant and animal material in the feedstock may include plant tissue and animal tissue, respectively. The method may be performed off-shore and can be automated or included in an automated system. Any quantity of methane produced by the method may be collected for use on or off-site, and the purity of the methane produced can be at least 70%. Higher purity methane in the range of about 87% to about 100% can be produced by the method.
These and other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example the features of the invention.
The following description presents preferred embodiments of the invention representing the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention whose scope is defined by the appended claims.
The invention provides aquatic energy production systems and methods that can produce energy sources via anaerobic digestion, including off-shore energy production systems that produce energy sources such as methane or hydrogen. The systems may contain one or more flexible, inflatable containers supported by water, at least one of which holds bacteria capable of generating an energy source from aquatic plants via anaerobic digestion. In some embodiments, the systems and processes can be uniquely sustainable in that they may simultaneously produce: (1) renewable natural gas from plankton; (2) liquid carbon dioxide for sequestering in the sea floor (thereby reduce greenhouse gases); and (3) recycled nutrients for production of more plankton. In contrast to the typical existing technologies for reducing greenhouse gases, which either require energy to capture and sequester carbon dioxide or produce energy without sequestering carbon dioxide, the systems and methods of the some embodiments of the invention can potentially produce up to about 60% of world energy demand while requiring only about 6% of Earth's water surface area to grow plankton. Furthermore, in some embodiments the systems and methods of the invention can also capture atmospheric carbon dioxide and store it within a tiny fraction of Earth's seafloor sediments where it can remain safely sequestered for many millennia, typically without expending much energy in the process relative to typical sequestration technologies.
Off-shore energy production facilities supported by water bodies can offer many advantages over land-based digesters, including without limitation large, available open water bodies as an alternative means of support, access to a wide range of pressure and suitable temperatures with good heat transfer and specific heat properties, and the potential for locating the facilities at sites that already contain, or can be easily modified to generate, sufficient amounts of feedstock onsite.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when taken together with the drawings, and from the claims. The following description presents preferred embodiments of the invention representing the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention whose scope is defined by the appended claims.
Before addressing details of embodiments described below, some terms are defined or clarified. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Also, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the invention. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
The following definitions refer to the particular embodiments described herein and are not to be taken as limiting; the invention includes equivalents for other undescribed embodiments.
As used herein, the term “aquatic” is intended to mean taking place in or on water, including without limitation operating, living, frequenting, or growing in or on water.
As used herein, the term “aquatic plant” is intended to mean any type of plant adapted to living in or on aquatic environments, including without limitation algae, phytoplankton, water hyacinth, duck week, sea kelp and sargassum. Aquatic plants typically grow in standing water and can, for example be found submerged, with floating leaves, or emergent such as rooted beneath the water surface, but growing above it.
As used herein, the term “automated” when referring to a system is intended to mean that the system, or one or more components thereof, may be automatically controlled by means that take the place of human labor, including without limitation mechanical, electronic, or communication devices, such as feed-back loop, feed-forward loop, and automation expert systems for measuring the properties of systems and for the purpose of operation, preventive maintenance, and research.
As used herein, the phrase “body of water” or “water body” is intended to mean any significant accumulation of water covering the Earth or another planet, including without limitation an ocean, a lake, or a river. A water body or body of water can be a naturally occurring geographical feature or a man-made or artificial feature, such as a pond, lake or harbor.
As used herein, the term “digest” is intended to mean to soften, decompose, or break down, including without limitation to digest using by heat and moisture, biological, or chemical action.
As used herein, the term “digester” is intended to mean a vessel, container, or chamber for digesting organic material, including without limitation plant or animal materials.
As used herein, the term “flexible” is intended to mean materials or structures which are not rigid or constricted, including without limitation materials or structures which are elastic or otherwise capable of ready change or easy expansion or contraction. A material that is flexible under some conditions can be rigid under other conditions.
As used herein, the term “incidental animal” is intended to mean animals whose procurement for feedstock purposes occurs merely by chance or without intention or calculation during the course of local operations such as off-shore activities, including without limitation coccolithophorids, jelly fish, insects, sharks, and marine mammals.
As used herein, the term “animal material” is intended to mean material inherent, intrinsic, or incidental to an animal including without limitation animal tissue and by-products consumed, synthesized or released by a living or deceased animal.
As used herein, the term “plankton” is intended to mean the passively floating or weakly swimming, and usually minute, animal and plant life of a body of water.
As used herein, the term “plant material” is intended to mean material inherent, intrinsic, or incidental to a plant including without limitation plant tissue and by-products which are consumed, synthesized or released by a living or deceased plant.
As used herein, the term “tissue” is intended to mean an aggregate of cells, usually an aggregate of a particular kind of cell, that form one of the structural materials of a plant or an animal, together with their intercellular substance, and excluding waste matter discharged from the body.
As used herein, the term “feedstock” is intended to mean raw material supplied to a device, machine, process, or processing system, including without limitation an anaerobic digester.
As used herein, the term “off-shore” is intended to mean located or positioned at a distance from the shore, including without limitation seaward or away from a lake shore.
Attention is now directed to more specific details of embodiments that illustrate but not limit the invention.
The invention can provide technologies and methods for generating significant quantities of renewable energy sources from organic materials via anaerobic digestion and, optionally, for sequestering green house gases produced as a by-product of the digestion process.
In particular, the invention can utilize a flexible, aquatic digester to generate renewable methane from the anaerobic digestion of plant and animal material. One embodiment of the invention can simultaneously either remove unwanted nutrients from water bodies or recycle those nutrients for sustainable algae production. In another embodiment, optionally, the invention may deliver greater than about 99% (99+%) pure methane, without the approximately 40% carbon dioxide that typically accompanies anaerobic digestion, and without parasitic energy loss. In yet another embodiment, as a further option, the invention may convert the produced carbon dioxide into a liquid which can then be available for sustainable sequestering in many ways, including without limitation in containers that lie on, in, or under seafloor sediments.
Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that occurs when organic matter is deprived of oxygen. It is a very robust process occurring over a wide temperature range. For the purposes of the invention, anaerobic digestion may occur over the full range of ocean temperatures, typically from the about 3° C. of the deep ocean bottom to the more than about 35° C. of the tropical ocean surface.
(a) ambient water, typically local water having dissolved or suspended constituents;
(b) feedstock, typically organic matter such as human waste, algae, plankton or the like. The feedstock may be composed of solids (as at a landfill) or thin slurry. Current terrestrial wastewater treatment facilities, for example, generally send a slurry of about 3% to about 5% solids to the digester 10;
(c) bacteria of a type adapted for gas production using the expected feedstock and conditions. Although naturally occurring, the bacteria may be cultured to increase their numbers within the digester 10;
(d) solid by-products of the bacterial decomposition.
(e) plant growth nutrients, including soluble by-products of bacterial decomposition;
(f) soluble (solubilized) methane or carbon dioxide gas;
(g) gaseous methane or carbon dioxide; and
(h) liquid carbon dioxide.
The proportions of these materials vary during the digestions process. The digester 10 typically also has several input/output means for adding or removing materials from the digester 10 before, during, or after processing. These include without limitation input ports 1 to feed organic matter (e.g. feedstock), usually in the form of a slurry 2b, to the digester 10; output means 3 to recover/capture gas 2d or allow it to escape; output ports 4 to remove/recycle excess water or bulk liquid 2c (e.g. landfill leachate or wastewater facility decant); and output means 5 to address undigested solids 2a (e.g. which may be left in the container/landfill or pumped out to recycle/dispose, as for biosolids from an typical existing wastewater treatment facility). A digester 10 may also contain one or more additional output ports, including recirculation ports (not shown in
When constructing terrestrial anaerobic digesters, there is interest in achieving a higher rate of digestion due to the value of ground space and the expense of the container. The walls of an aboveground container are stressed in a manner proportional to the height of the contained liquid, with higher pressures and stresses at the bottom of the liquid. The stress distribution is a consequence of the difference in density between the liquid inside and outside the container, and the stress must be countered with the added expense of using stress resistant materials in the walls of above ground digesters. The walls of a below ground containment are similarly stressed, although the earth provides a balancing force where the stresses can be countered by expensive excavation or stress resisting materials. Collapsible tanks, which have also been employed as pond liners/lids and suggested for aboveground digesters, present similar stress, space, and expense issues.
The types of support needed to alleviate such stressors for digesters placed above or in the ground are therefore costly and require significant amounts of space. However, by suspending a container of fluid in an ambient fluid of similar density, the skin stress (i.e. stress on the sheathing or casing forming the outside surface of a structure) can be nearly eliminated. If a minor stress is desired for maintaining a desired shape, the stress would be nearly uniform along the height (or depth) of the container. Note that with exactly equal density inside and out, the container would have no skin stress. Slight density differences cause the container to either float or sink. When the container reaches either the surrounding liquid's surface or floor, or it is prevented from sinking or rising, it would tend to spread out, introducing stresses in the skin that would be proportional to the inside-outside density difference. If the container achieves neutral buoyancy, balancing a modicum of gas against a higher than ambient density material in the bottom of the container, the container skin would likely experience vertical stress because the top of the container would be pulling against the bottom of the container. The skins of aquatic digesters could therefore be significantly thinner than those required on land.
The invention proposes an anaerobic digestion container that is relatively inexpensive for the volume. The flexible digester is suspended in a body of water in order to maximize methane production while minimizing both the expense of the container (by minimizing skin stress) and the use of significant areas of land. A water-supported digester can be relatively large, and may be installed at costs competitive with underground aquifer digesters, but in more locations and with easier access. The invention therefore achieves economic energy source production with an inexpensive but extremely large volume.
A digester of the invention could contain a mix of organic material and water that is close to the same density as the ambient water. If the ambient water is fresh water with a density close to 1,000 kg/m3, the inside could contain fresh water with the organic material. The density of the resulting slurry would differ only slightly from that of the ambient water. If the ambient water is seawater with a density close to 1,030 kg/m3, the inside could contain seawater with the organic material. Again, the density of the resulting slurry would differ only slightly from that of ambient seawater. In some cases, the inside water may be a blend of fresh water and organics that is even closer to the same density as seawater.
In one embodiment, a thin skinned digester (TSD) digester with volume greater than about 1,000,000 m3 could be made with the same thin plastic currently employed for 0.1 m3 trash bags (i.e. about 0.02 mm thick). The skin may also be thicker, perhaps as much as that employed for landfill lining, including without limitation a skin about 2 mm thick. Alternatively, the skin may be a composite of coated fabric, as is currently employed for collapsible water and oil tanks. The fabric may be any strong fiber, including without limitation nylon, Dacron, fiberglass, HDPE carbon, aramid, cotton, jute, or the like. Typical coatings include vinyl, PVC, HDPE or the like. The skin may also be differently constructed layers of the same material; a thin sheet of HDPE inside a woven HDPE such as that found in the Miratech Geotube® (Commerce, Ga.), for example. The scale of exceptionally large digesters can render even materials normally considered “stiff”, such as steel or reinforced concrete, substantially or totally flexible. For example, a kilometer of steel drill pipe dangling beneath a drill ship can behave more like flexible rope than rigid pipe under such conditions. Larger inside/outside density differences may also be accommodated, but only with proportionally greater stresses, requiring a stronger skin that may be thicker or a stronger material.
Also, leaks are much more of a concern when dealing with waste than with energy production according to the invention. In one embodiment, the digester could be filled with organic matter that grows, dies, and decomposes in the body of water naturally, rather than with waste. Algae, for example, typically bloom and then decompose in their typical life cycle. When algae decompose in the natural environment, bacteria absorb any dissolved oxygen, sometimes creating “dead zones,” and perhaps even producing carbon dioxide and methane. A “leak” of the contents of an algae filled digester would therefore be in keeping with natural processes. In other embodiments, two or more skins can prove useful for leak prevention and detection.
Furthermore, returning the nutrients produced by an algae fed anaerobic digester back to the ocean surface is important to the sustainability of both the methane production and the carbon sequestering. Algae require nutrients to grow and, in a natural state, the nutrients for growing algae remain in the water or settle slowly to the bottom of the water body. Problems can arise when this natural state is perturbed, such as when humans remove all the nutrients from the water or add unnatural nutrients (e.g. fossil fuel derived fertilizers and fecal matter from unnaturally high density animal/human populations), resulting in decreased fish population and reduced biodiversity. Therefore, unsustainable algae growth and decay (e.g. as a means to sequester carbon dioxide), or unsustainable algae growth and harvesting, should ideally be avoided.
There is a multitude of depths, sizes, and temperatures for a digester 20 according to the invention and not all can produce liquid carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a liquid at pressures as shallow as about 400 meters at about 5° C. or temperatures as high as about 30° C. at about 630 meters. The density of carbon dioxide increases with pressure, becoming denser than seawater at about 3,000 meters such that it can pool on an ocean floor. The density of seawater increases slightly with depth from about 1025 kg/m3 at the surface to 1,070 kg/m3 at 10,000 meters. Liquid carbon dioxide would, for example, be denser than seawater at 5° C., 1,040 kg/m3 at 3,000 meters and 1,130 kg/m3 at 10,000 meters. Table 1 shows several exemplary temperature and pressure conditions under which carbon dioxide changes phase from gas to liquid.
There are also many ways to operate an anaerobic digester. In one embodiment, additional carbon dioxide could be captured as a liquid when a batch process is employed with internal circulation, as shown in
In another embodiment of the invention, vertical tubes could be provided to contain the upwelling or down draft currents in the digester liquid 22c, as indicated by the respective upward and downward pointing arrows in
There are at several sequestering options for the liquid carbon dioxide, or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the liquid carbon dioxide could be pumped to depths in excess of about 3,000 meters, where its density will exceed seawater's density. In one embodiment, the liquid carbon dioxide might be injected into the seafloor sediments (aka ooze). The sediment should prevent the liquid from dissolving in the seawater above the sediment. Stable and naturally occurring liquid carbon dioxide has been found in seafloor sediments at a depth of only about 1,500 meters. Note that a pipeline reaching to about 7,000 meters could therefore be density powered because the denser lower liquid could pull down the less dense upper liquid. In another embodiment, such as for additional protection against the possibility of carbon dioxide dissolving back into the seawater, the liquid carbon dioxide could be placed in sealed containers with weights and dropped to the seafloor. The containers could embed deep in the sea floor ooze if provided minor structural integrity and a hydrodynamic shape. Also, a container could glide a long distance to deeper ocean, if provided with hydrodynamic “wings.” In yet another embodiment, the liquid carbon dioxide could be frozen to produce weight and structure. Carbon dioxide's solid density is 1,600 kg/m3. In a further embodiment, the liquid could be reacted to form a solid, such as a stable hydrate that would be denser than seawater and thus could be stored at or near the ocean floor. Many of these embodiments offer the potential for permanent or substantially permanent carbon sequestration, including without limitation sequestration on the order of millennia.
Preferably, a near-surface thin skin digester (TSD) should be substantially or completely flexible in structure, held loosely in position, and allowed to flex and translate with cyclical water motions (e.g. like a jellyfish). With a flexible mooring system, only steady state currents would induce stress in the skin.
Surface wave forces in a water body are cyclical and decrease rapidly with depth. Surface wave forces can be avoided entirely by placing the top of the TSD more than about a wave-length deep. That is on the order of about 100 meters in the ocean, much shallower in smaller water bodies. Once below the depth of surface waves, there are few forces that could act on a TSD. Tidal currents are only a major concern where sea bottom contours cause higher velocities. Tsunamis are a concern only very close to the earthquake epicenter and where sea bottom contours focus the wave forces in shallower water. Some ocean currents in some locations have velocities that would induce substantial forces on the TSD, however, if the TSD was prevented from moving with the current.
Turbidity currents, such as an underwater “landslide,” could be a concern for a TSD supported on a sediment-laden slope, which are common in areas where TSDs may be desired. In one embodiment of the invention, a TSD could float above the sea floor to avoid the turbidity current, as shown in
Other embodiments of the invention include optional components and methods for separating the methane from the carbon dioxide. The objective is to have a higher fraction of methane in the generated gas (i.e. purifying the gas). In one embodiment, this can be achieved by positioning the digester in relatively deep water. Carbon dioxide is on the order of 10 times more soluble in water than methane (as measured in gas volume or moles), and therefore one can remove liquid carbon dioxide from the methane produced in a submerged digester at the increased pressures inherently present in relatively deep water. A typical digesting slurry (e.g. water and feedstock), for example, preferentially absorbs carbon dioxide at about 2 to about 5 atmospheres, where 5 atm corresponds to the pressure at a depth of about 50 meters. Carbon dioxide solubility increases steeply up to depths of about 500 meters, then less steeply with additional depth. In contrast, methane becomes only slightly more soluble as depth increases. Therefore, at greater depths, a digesting slurry is inherently subjected to a relatively high pressure, and this can be achieved without expending additional energy once the digester is submerged. Furthermore, in other embodiments, one could similarly use the differential solubility between carbon dioxide and methane at greater depths to implement several steps of aqueous carbon dioxide removal, resulting in enhanced methane purification. Increased depth also provides potential energy for gas transmission; most natural gas transmission in the United States is at 500 psi, the pressure of about 340 meters of water (34 atm).
Nutrient laden liquid 42c in digester 40 may also exit via port 44 and thereafter be conveyed to the surface 200. Any gas 42d, coming out of solution in port 44 may lift the liquid 42c to a level above the ocean surface 200 in a shallow off-gassing chamber 150. Such additional height may be employed to spread nutrients in the liquid 42c via port 154 to areas at or near the water surface 200, or beyond. The gas 42d bubbling to the surface 200 via port 44 could be on the order of 90% carbon dioxide and 10% methane (by volume). This gas may be compressed (not shown) until the carbon dioxide therein liquefies for easier sequestering and the remaining compressed pure methane is captured. Alternatively, the methane and carbon dioxide may be separated using any suitable technology or process, including without limitation membrane or mass difference processes. Optionally, the methane could be flared and the carbon dioxide could return to the atmosphere from whence it came a few months earlier.
Note that seawater containing additional dissolved gas (i.e. fully or partially saturated) is denser than the ambient seawater, but not so dense as to overcome the pumping action of the gas bubbles. Seawater containing more dissolved carbon dioxide is also more acidic, and a stream of more acidic water descending to the seafloor may be locally detrimental. Interestingly, one important result of employing the deep ocean digester can be a net reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean leading to a return to pre-industrial pH levels. It is also possible for intense algae farming to temporarily and locally deplete dissolved carbon dioxide, thereby slowing local algae growth.
The CO2 removing chamber 120 in this embodiment can therefore be maintained with about three layers. The bottom layer may contain slurries 122e or liquids 122c, such as water with digesting feedstock, each of which may also contain dissolved carbon dioxide gas at the equilibrium concentration for the chamber 120 at that particular depth and temperature. The dissolved gases contained in the liquid 122c at the bottom of chamber 120 do not readily come out of solution (as described above for liquid 52c in port 121), and can be readily returned to digester 50 via port 124b. The middle layer can contain the liquid carbon dioxide 122e that came out of solution while rising up to or entering into chamber 120, as described above. The density of this liquid phase carbon dioxide 122e can be about 800 kg/m3 at chamber depths of about 500 meters. The top layer can be nearly pure methane gas 122d, the exact purity depending upon the carbon dioxide phase change equilibrium conditions at the depth of the CO2 removing chamber 120.
A nutrient-laden fraction of the liquid 122c (e.g. water) in the bottom layer of the CO2 removing chamber 120 can also be returned to the ocean surface 200 via output port 124, typically at a rate equal to the feed rate of water with feedstock into the digester 50 via input port 51. Such nutrients can be essential for the growth of more algae, which could then in turn be cycled back into the energy production process as feedstock. Bubbling effects in port 124, resulting from the release of gas 122d from liquid 122c within the port, can “pump” the nutrient-laden liquid 122c up to the surface 200. A typical combination of about 90% carbon dioxide gas and about 10% methane gas (by volume) bubbles could pump the water to the surface, for example. Preferable, about 90% of the bottom layer water is recycled back to the digester 50 to help maintain the bacteria population and to improve the amount of methane and carbon dioxide captured per unit of organic matter.
In another embodiment, a second digester 140 acting as mixing gas generator can be placed below the main TSD 50. This mixing gas container 140 could contain pressurized gas that is bubbled into the main digester 50 via port 143, in order to aid in mixing the contents of the main digester 50. The digestion mixture could, for example, typically contain water, feedstock, and bacteria, and an optional pump 147 may be used to assist circulation of the digestion mixture into the mixing gas container 140, via port 141 and exiting again via port 144. The generator 140 in this embodiment is therefore essentially a smaller TSD. Because of the generator's additional depth, the gas 142d that it produces experiences a higher external pressure than the water in the TSD 50. The high-pressure gas 142d can therefore be used mix the bulk contents of the TSD 50, either with coarse bubbles 148 or with large pulsed bubbles 149 such as that produced by a Pulsair™ mixer (Pulsair Systems, Inc., Bellevue, Wash.).
Chamber 90 is also positioned at about 1,000 meters in
Chamber 120 is positioned at about 500 meters deep in
The embodiment illustrated in
A water supported TSD and associated containers can be arranged in multiple configurations depending upon the need for energy production, gas separation, and carbon sequestering. The salinity of the water source for the TSD can range from fresh to very salty water, such as that found in the Dead Sea or the Salton Sea. The organic matter used as feedstock can be composed of any suitable material, including without limitation terrestrial brown biofuel plants, terrestrial animal components or excrement, free flowing or fixed aquatic plants, free floating or fixed aquatic animal, or aquatic wastewater. Typically, the methane from a wastewater treatment plant's anaerobic digester will supply on the order of about half the energy required by the wastewater treatment plant. On a global perspective, about 6 billion people produce on the order of about 2 million metric tons of solid waste per day that might be converted, using present waste treatment technologies, to about half that needed to properly treat their waste or about 1% of the world's current energy use. In contrast, the plankton grown on about 10% of the world's ocean surface could sustain production of about 100% of the world's current energy demand using the invention. Furthermore, the invention's carbon sequestering option allows plankton grown on about 5% of the ocean surface to supply about 50% of the energy needs of the world while allowing fossil fuels to supply the other 50% (because it sequesters the fossil carbon).
A Thin Skin Digester (TSD) should be relatively easy to manufacture and ship to methane production sites around the world. In one embodiment, the TSD can consist of a roll of plastic carefully packaged, complete with mooring, sensors, pumps, and control systems, such that one can simply drop it off a boat at a remote location and then fill it up on site. The only serious restraint may be the length of pipe that conveys the methane to shore. One simple embodiment of such deployment is shown in
When gas production drops below some economic limit, one can either abandon the TSD 70 in-place or recycle materials as shown in
The nutrients for growing more algae or for use in terrestrial agriculture are produced by bacteria in the TSD described above. A sustainable operation would include pumping the nutrient laden liquid from the TSD 70 to the water surface 200 and use this effluent to grow more algae locally or move it to land for growing food crops. As a product of the biologic reaction, ammonium will be present at relatively high concentration in the TSD 70 effluent. Metering or otherwise controlling the amount of the nutrient-rich TSD 70 effluent to the surface water or to land should allow sufficient time for the algae to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the surface water, thereby allowing the bacteria in the effluent to convert ammonium to nitrate and the algae to absorb the nitrate. A similar process has been employed for wastewater treatment. On land, unsaturated soils contain the necessary oxygen and bacteria for this conversion.
There are many suitable methods for harvesting microalgae, macroalgae, and plankton for use as feedstock, and potentially any means will work with a TSD. Because the TSD is likely to be filled via a collapsible input hose, it may be advantageous to concentrate the organic matter as the matter transits the hose on its way to the digester. The porous tube shown in
One could similarly form solid pellets 132a using algae pumped into porous filter bags 138 as shown in
After the bacteria have converted most of the organic matter in the solid pellets 132a into gas and nutrients, the TSD 130 roof may be opened, as illustrated in
Eutrophied Lake Revival
Live algae add oxygen to water, while dead algae remove oxygen as they decompose, and eurtrophication is a process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as nitrates and phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen. The algae growing in the lake could be become digester feed and thereby converted to water, methane, carbon dioxide, and fertilizer, and the nutrients captured in the digester could be safely recycled on land agriculture or landscape. Lake bottom nutrients might also be pushed to the surface to speed algae growth and further clean the lake. A moderately eutrophied lake about 1,000-hectares in size could feed a 5,000 m3 digester, which may float or be partially, substantially, or completely submerged. The water supported digester would be collapsible for easy relocation. One might also rotate the digester among several lakes, moving each year, for example. The digester could produce on the order of about 2,000,000 therms of methane a year and annual costs, including loan payments on the digester (after full development), could be on the order of half the value of the methane produced. Returns would probably diminish as the lake becomes cleaner. There are plenty of lakes with approximately 100,000,000 hectares of lake surface in the world. This shallow application produces renewable natural gas with gaseous carbon dioxide, but not liquid carbon dioxide.
Example 2Ocean Dead Zone Revival
Similar to the lake situation described in Example 1, but on a larger scale. The Gulf of Mexico dead zone occupies about 2 million hectares, the plankton from which may feed five TSDs, each having a volume of about 1 million cubic meters. The dead zone would then produce about 2 billion therms of natural gas annually. In shallow water (less than about 500 meters), the digester could produce about 90% methane and about 90% gaseous carbon dioxide in two separate gas streams. If the algae dead zone is near deep water, the digester(s) could include the liquid carbon dioxide sequestering option.
Example 3Algae Farming for Renewable Methane & Carbon Sequestering
Similar to the dead zone revival described in Example 2, but over larger areas. An initial dose of nutrients, which may be from deep water, or from the seafloor, could be followed by nutrient recycling to maximize algae production. The harvesting would typically need to be faster than the algae die and decay. There may also be incidental fish production from the algae farm. The Salton Sea Authority, for example, is already harvesting algae (when funding is available) to prevent fish kills resulting from the lack of oxygen when the algae die.
Example 4Algae Farming for Bio-Diesel Production
In near-shore applications, the TSD could provide a rich source of carbon dioxide to algae bio-diesel growing operations. Algae bio-diesel growth is easier to control with a rich (better than about 20%) carbon dioxide source because ambient air (about 400 ppm carbon dioxide) has other algae and harmful bacteria. The carbon dioxide from the digester gas and methane combustion (e.g. on site electricity generation) could boost oil-bearing algae production and nutrient uptake. After harvesting the algae-oil for bio-diesel, the remaining algae could be digested for methane production.
Example 5Dust Control
Lakes and seas are drying up in many places on earth, filling the air with unhealthy dust. For example, the Salton Sea and Dead Sea are both drying; both now lie below sea level, require substantial monetary resources for viability/restoration, and are subject to suggestions of connecting to the ocean. The expense of saving such seas and lakes could be offset by farming algae. The algae can also remove the nutrients that pollute the lake or sea.
Example 6OTEC Synergy
An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Deep Ocean Digester may share moorings, vertical water conveying pipes, heat exchangers and an electrical power line. Generating power at the digester could provide energy for freezing carbon dioxide, thereby changing it from liquid to solid phase. Solid carbon dioxide is much denser than seawater, and thus it could be frozen to provide shape and density for sequestering a combination of solid and liquid carbon dioxide deep in the seafloor ooze. Also, an OTEC array combined with an array of thin skin digesters could be used to weaken tropical storms by decreasing ocean surface temperatures. When a tropical storm traverses cooler ocean, it weakens, and when it traverses hotter ocean, it strengthens. Covering select areas of the ocean with OTEC and Deep Ocean Digester may reduce storm surge because both systems tend to cool the ocean surface.
Example 7Fresh Water
The TSD may share components with a seawater desalting process, using seawater to produce gas hydrates. In a gas hydrate, water molecules surround a gas molecule, typically six or eight water molecules for each gas molecule. Both methane and carbon dioxide form hydrates at the temperatures and pressures of the deep ocean. When the hydrate is deconstructed, the remaining water has less salt than the original hydrate formation water. The hydrates (also known as clathrates) are solids. Some hydrates are lighter than water, some are denser than water. The “left over” water could have a higher salt concentration and be denser than seawater. The higher salinity water or the hydrate might provide the higher density substance to share containers with, and sink, the liquid carbon dioxide produced by the deep ocean digester. Hydrate formation is exothermic and the heat released may improve the carbon dioxide removal chamber efficiency. In addition, endothermic hydrate deconstruction may aid with converting carbon dioxide from gas to liquid to solid.
The embodiments and examples set forth herein were presented to explain the nature of the invention and its practical application, and thereby to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the foregoing description and examples have been presented for the purposes of illustration and example only. The description as set forth is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teachings above without departing from the spirit and scope of the forthcoming claims. For example, while the use of an off-shore anaerobic digester for methane production is described herein, the invention contemplated is not so limited. One skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may potentially be applied in other types of locations which are not off-shore, and could generate energy sources other than methane, for example, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
REFERENCES
- B. van der Meer (2005) “Carbon Dioxide Storage in Natural Gas Reservoirs”, Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole, Vol. 60, pp 527-536.
- Zhenhao Duan and Shide Mao (2006) “A thermodynamic model for calculating methane solubility, density and gas phase composition of methane-bearing aqueous fluids from 273 to 523 K and from 1 to 2000 bar”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, pp 3369-3386.
Claims
1. An aquatic method for producing methane, carbon dioxide, and plant nutrients comprising microbial anaerobic digestion of a feedstock by at least one bacterium wherein:
- the feedstock comprises water and at least one plant or animal material;
- the feedstock is digested within at least one first, flexible container wherein the at least one first container is supported by and submerged in a water body, thereby producing a methane gas and a carbon dioxide gas wherein a first concentration of the methane gas dissolved in the at least one first container is in excess of its equilibrium concentration and a second concentration of the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the at least one first container is below its equilibrium concentration;
- the gases generated in excess of their equilibrium concentration collect at the top of the at least one first container and pass upwards through at least one second container;
- the water in the at least one first container passes downward through at least one third container;
- the water exiting the at least one third container contains at least one respective third, equilibrium concentration of dissolved methane and a fourth concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide, wherein the third and fourth concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively are lower than the first and second concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively; and
- the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water exiting the at least one third container is captured.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock comprises at least one plant material comprising plant tissue.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock comprises at least one animal material comprising animal tissue.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed off-shore.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is automated.
6. A quantity of methane produced according to the method of claim 1.
7. The methane of claim 6, wherein the purity of the methane is at least 70%.
8. The methane of claim 7, wherein the purity of the methane is in the range of about 87% to about 100%.
9. An aquatic method for producing methane, carbon dioxide, and plant nutrients comprising microbial anaerobic digestion of a feedstock by at least one bacterium wherein:
- the feedstock comprises water and at least one plant or animal material;
- the feedstock is digested within at least one first, flexible container wherein the at least one first container is supported by and submerged in a water body, thereby producing a methane gas and a carbon dioxide gas wherein a first concentration of the methane gas dissolved in the at least one first container is in excess of its equilibrium concentration and a second concentration of the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the at least one first container is below its equilibrium concentration;
- the gases generated in excess of their equilibrium concentration collect at the top of the at least one first container and pass upwards through a second container;
- the water in the at least one first container passes downward through a third container;
- the water exiting the third container contains a third, equilibrium concentration of dissolved methane and a fourth concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide, wherein the third and fourth concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively are lower than the first and second concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively; and
- the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water exiting the third container is captured.
10. An aquatic method for producing methane, the method comprising anaerobic digestion of at least one feedstock material by at least one bacterium, wherein:
- the feedstock material comprises at least one of a plant material and an animal material;
- the feedstock material is digested within at least one flexible container supported by and submerged in a first water body, thereby producing a gas comprising methane and a liquid comprising liquid phase carbon dioxide, wherein the gas and liquid are formed at a pressure of at least two atmospheres in a first location of the first water body;
- collecting the gas in at least one first storage container;
- collecting the liquid in at least one second storage container;
- purifying the methane in the gas by lowering the depth of the at least one first storage container or the gas, thereby liquefying a quantity of gas phase carbon dioxide in the at least one first storage container;
- purifying the carbon dioxide in the liquid by separating the liquid phase carbon dioxide from at least one other liquid in the at least one second storage container;
- reacting the liquid in the at least one second storage container to form a composition comprising carbon dioxide, wherein the composition is a solid; and
- sequestering the carbon dioxide by transporting the at least one second storage container to a second location in the first water body or a second water body, or transporting the liquid phase carbon dioxide or the solid from the at least one second storage container to at least one third storage container located in the second location in the first or a second water body, wherein the density of the liquid phase carbon dioxide or solid in the at least one third storage container is greater than the density of the first or second water body at the second location.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one feedstock material comprises at least one plant material comprising plant tissue.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one feedstock material comprises at least one animal material comprising animal tissue.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the method is performed off-shore.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the method is automated.
15. A quantity of methane produced according to the method of claim 10.
16. The methane of claim 15, wherein the purity of the methane is at least 70%.
17. The methane of claim 16, wherein the purity of the methane is in a range of about 87% to about 100%.
Type: Application
Filed: Mar 15, 2013
Publication Date: Aug 15, 2013
Inventor: Mark E. Capron (Oxnard, CA)
Application Number: 13/834,590
International Classification: C10B 53/02 (20060101);
