METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION
A method of establishing a secure communications path between a first local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network comprising: establishing a first secure communications connection between a second local server on the local network and the device; establishing a second secure communications connection between the second local server and the first local server, wherein the second local server impersonates the device for at least a portion of the connection request; and proxying data between the local server and the device
The present patent document relates to establishing secure communication connections between devices. In particular, the present patent document relates to methods, apparatuses and systems for authentication and communication on devices that do not have have direct network access to the target authentication servers.
BACKGROUNDToday, many businesses use computer applications to interact with customers, vendors, partners and employees. Traditional access to these business computer applications requires a simple username and password to gain access to the application. However, as the level of sophistication of thieves trying to intercept and steal data has increased, so has the need for increased security measures. Furthermore, as the proliferation of smart phones and tablets that need and establish access to company data and applications from remote locations has increased, so has the vulnerability of corporate networks.
Many methods of establishing a secure connection between a client and a server exist. Those methods may be categorized into symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography. In symmetric cryptography, the client and server encrypt and decrypt data using the same “private” key. As long as this key remains private, the data being transmitted is secure. One vulnerability with symmetric cryptography is the exchange of the private key. In many systems, the private key (often based on a username and password) may be initially exchanged in an unencrypted format. If the private key is exchanged in an unsecure manner prior to setting up the secure connection, the connection may be compromised. Retransmission of the private key every time a connection is desired further increases the likelihood that the key will be compromised.
One security implementation that completely avoids the transmission of the private key is asymmetric cryptography. Asymmetric cryptography or Public-key cryptography refers to a cryptographic system requiring two separate keys, one to lock or encrypt the data stream, and one to unlock or decrypt the encrypted data stream. Neither key will do both functions. One of these keys is published or public and the other is kept private. If the lock/encryption key is the one published then the system enables private communication from the public to the unlocking key's owner. If the unlock/decryption key is the one published then the system serves as a signature verifier of documents locked by the owner of the private key.
In asymmetric cryptography, a system simultaneously produces a mathematically linked key pair (i.e., a public and a private key) using an asymmetric key algorithm. The public key may be disseminated and used to transform a message into an unreadable form, decryptable only by using the different but matching private key. By publishing the public key, the key producer empowers anyone who gets a copy of the public key to produce messages only the producer can read—because only the key producer has a copy of the private key required for decryption. When someone wants to send a secure message to the creator of those keys, the sender encrypts the message using the intended recipient's public key; to decrypt the message, the recipient uses the private key. The public key can not be used to decrypt the message and accordingly, no one other than the holder of the private key, including the sender, can decrypt the message. One advantage of public-key cryptography is that private keys are never exchanged, thus eliminating a common security flaw found in symmetric key cryptography systems.
In addition to providing a secure connection, authentication, proving with increased certainty that the user trying to access the secure system is who they say they are, has become imperative to maintaining a secure system. While methods such as public-key cryptography and others have reduced or eliminated the unsecure transmission of secure login information, passwords and other secure login information may still be compromised through espionage or other methods. Accordingly, many networking communication systems employ a tiered or multifactor authentication approach using some type of security token.
Security tokens may be a physical device or software device that an authorized user of computer services is given to add another layer of authentication, two-factor authentication. Security tokens include smart cards, one-time password (OTP) tokens such as those from RSA Security, USB drives, and key fobs to name a few. Many security tokens provide a number that changes at set intervals and is synced with an authentication server. As long as the server and the token are in sync, the server can verify that the number entered by the user is valid within a certain time period and thus authenticate that the person logging in is in possession of the security token. In combination with a password or PIN, this provides multilevel authentication in that a potential intruder would need to compromise both the password and the security token to gain access. Other forms of security tokens may include biometric data such as fingerprint minutiae or digital signatures using a private key to further authenticate a client. Sometimes these additional authentication factors expire fairly quickly, for example within a minute, and much faster than a typical password to further increase security risks.
These additional authentication factors may be input to the client device in various ways. For disconnected tokens, a number may simply appear on the screen of the token and may then be input by hand into the client. Other tokens such as smart cards and USB tokens are physically connected to the client device. For security tokens that are physically connected, the client device must have supporting hardware such as a smart card reader or a USB port. This limits the ability of most mobile phones or tablets to use connected security tokens because most cell phones and tablets do not include the necessary hardware for reading smart cards or connecting USB devices.
In many security implementations verification of authentication information is handled by an authentication server. Authentication servers are servers that provide authentication services to users or other systems via a network. Remotely placed users and other servers provide passwords or security token information to be authenticated by such a server. Once the information is authenticated, the user or other system may receive cryptographic tickets which may then be exchanged to verify identity.
The use of an authentication server as a security measure limits access to only those user devices that are logged into a network that has direct access to the authentication servers. Although some authentication servers may be designed to authenticate clients outside the LAN, some authentication servers may be restricted to LAN access only in order to provide added security. A problem arises for corporations that would like to allow remote devices access to the services of these local authentication servers and the services they authenticate because the servers are not accessible outside the LAN. Accordingly, users may need to be directly connected to a dedicated network or use a virtual private network (VPN) technology like IPsec VPN or SSL VPN to get direct access to a the desired services.
The concept of using a VPN to enable remote users to access a dedicated network is well understood. However, in implementing VPNs as a security solution, it is assumed that the user device is owned and managed by the organization. The purpose of this ownership and management is to ensure the device does not have any rouge applications that can enter the dedicated network through a remote VPN established by the user. A rogue application may relay information to another source, install a virus or perform some other malicious activity.
With the new trend of using personally owned devices, enterprises no longer have full control over such devices. This creates a significant security hole for enterprises because a traditional existing VPN will give access to all applications on a device. Since the device is not owned or managed by the organization, there could be rouge applications on the device that exploit the VPN access established by the device.
One solution to some of the above problems and risks being employed by organizations is to disable VPN access to mobile devices and push end-users to web or web-service only front-end applications. While this strategy works well for simple authentication schemes like username/password, this model does not allow more complicated authentication schemes because the user device does not have access to authentication servers that reside on the organization's private dedicated network.
SUMMARYIn view of the foregoing, one aspect of the various disclosed embodiments in the present patent document is to provide improved methods and apparatuses for establishing secure communications paths between devices on a wide area network, for example a wireless network or the Internet, and servers on a local network. Preferably the methods and apparatuses address, or at least ameliorate, one or more of the problems described above. To this end, a method for establishing a secure communications path between a first local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network is provided. The method comprises establishing a first secure communications connection between a second local server on the local network and the device; establishing a second secure communications connection between the second local server and the first local server, wherein the second local server impersonates the device for at least a portion of the connection request; and proxying data between the first local server and the device.
In another embodiment, the device limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications. Limiting the access to the first secure communications connection ensures only intended applications have access to the communications connection established with the local network. Limiting the access only to authorized applications on the device helps ensure that an unauthorized application running on the device which might be a virus or intend harm to the local network does not have access to the secure communications connection established with the local network.
Access to the first secure communications connection may be limited in other ways. In yet another embodiment, the second server limits access to the first secure communications connection to selected applications.
In some embodiments, the second secure communications connection is established using a strong network authentication protocol. In some of those embodiments, the strong network authentication protocol is Kerberos. Using a second server on the local network to establish a second secure communications connection allows more complicated authentication protocols to be used without implementing them on the device, and without requiring the device to have direct access to the first server on the local network.
In some embodiments, the second local server impersonates the device using Kerberos unconstrained delegation. In some other embodiments, the second local server impersonates the device using Kerberos constrained delegation. In some other embodiments, the second local server impersonates the device by coordinating a Kerberos PKINIT authentication using a private key stored on the device.
In yet other embodiments, the second local server impersonates the device by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection and using the session key to authenticate on behalf of the device. In various embodiments, the second local server may impersonate the device at various steps during authentication and connection to the first local server. In addition, in some embodiments the second local server may impersonate the device to an authentication server or ticket granting server. In various embodiments, the impersonation may be performed using various methods. In a preferred method the device sends the second local server a session key which allows the second server to impersonate the device to the rest of the local network.
In various different embodiments, the first secure communications connection may be initiated in different ways. In some embodiments, the first secure communications connection is established after the second local server intercepts a request from the device to the first local server. In some of those embodiments, the second local server redirects the request back to the device with instructions to establish the first secure communications connection.
In yet other embodiments, the first secure communications connection is established when one of the authorized applications starts.
In some embodiments, the second local server intercepts a request from the device to the first local server and redirects the request back to the device with instructions to resubmit the request with additional security information. In a preferred embodiment, the additional security information includes a session key.
In different embodiments, the local servers may be located in different locations within the local network. In some embodiments, the first local server and the second local server are separated by a LAN firewall and the second local server is located in a DMZ zone of the local network. In such an embodiment, the first local server has limited or no access to communicate with the wide area network.
Although different embodiments may include various different types of devices, in a preferred embodiment the device is a mobile device and in some embodiments the device is a cell phone or a tablet.
In another aspect of the embodiments disclosed herein, a system for establishing a secure communications path between a local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network is provided. The system comprises: a firewall separating the local network from the wide area network; a server located on the local network and in communication with both the wide area network and local network, wherein the server is configured to: form a first secure communications connection with the device; form a second secure communications connection with the local server; impersonate the device for at least a portion of the connection request; and proxy data between the local server and the device.
In some embodiments of the system, the device further comprises an application running on the device that limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
In other embodiments of the system, the server limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
In yet other embodiments, the server impersonates the device by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection and uses the session key to establish the second secure communications connection. In some embodiments using a session key, the session key is decrypted by the device using a key the device knows. In some embodiments using a session key, the session key is encrypted by the device and sent to the server using a key the server knows. In some embodiments using a session key, the session key is decrypted using an intermediate key, where the intermediate key was previously decrypted by the device using a key the device knows. In some embodiments using a session key, the session key may be established on the device or server using a key exchange protocol, for example Diffie-Helman.
Different network configurations may be used with different embodiments. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a second firewall separating the server and the local server. In some embodiments, the system further comprises an authentication server on the local network, which authenticates connections to the local server. In some embodiments, the server is located in a DMZ zone of the local network. In a preferred embodiment, the local server and the authentication server have limited or no access to communicate with the wide area network.
The system may be used to support different authentication and security protocols. In some embodiments, the second secure communications connection is established using a strong network authentication protocol. In embodiments where a strong authentication protocol is used, the strong network authentication protocol may be Kerberos.
In some embodiments, the server impersonates the device to the authentication server by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection. In a preferred embodiment, the device is a cell phone or a tablet.
In yet another aspect of the present patent document, a method of establishing a secure communications path between a device on a wide area network and a server on a local network is provided. The method includes the steps of establishing a communications connection between the device and the server, wherein the connection is established by an application running on the device that limits access to the secure communications connection to select applications.
The secure communications connection may be initiated in various different ways. In some embodiments, the secure communications connection is established after the server intercepts a request from a select application on the device to a local server on a local network. In yet other embodiments, the secure communications connection is established after the application running on the device that limits access to the communications connection intercepts a request from a select application on the device to a local server on a local network. In yet other embodiments, the secure communications connection is established when the application running on the device that limits access to the communications connection starts. In yet other embodiments, the secure communications connection is established when one of the select applications starts. In some embodiments, the server redirects requests from select applications that occur outside the secure communications connection back to the application running on the device that limits access to the secure communications connection. In some of those embodiments the redirected requests are resubmitted inside the secure communications connection. In some of those embodiments the redirected requests are resubmitted outside the secure communications connection with additional security information.
The following detailed description includes representative examples utilizing numerous features and teachings, both separately and in combination, and describes numerous embodiments in further detail with reference to the attached drawings. This detailed description is merely intended to teach a person of skill in the art further details for practicing preferred aspects of the present teachings and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Therefore, combinations of features disclosed in the following detailed description may not be necessary to practice the teachings in the broadest sense, and are instead taught merely to describe particularly representative examples of the present teachings.
Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in terms of algorithms and sequences of operations which are performed within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm or sequence of operations is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the electronic device's memory or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
The embodiments disclosed also relate to an apparatus and/or system for performing the operations herein. This system may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose processor selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the electronic device. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk, including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, Flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms presented herein are not inherently related to any particular electronic device or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the embodiments as described herein.
Moreover, the various features of the representative examples and the dependent claims may be combined in ways that are not specifically and explicitly enumerated in order to provide additional useful embodiments of the present teachings. It is also expressly noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities disclose every possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purpose of original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed subject matter. It is also expressly noted that the dimensions and the shapes of the components shown in the figures are designed to help to understand how the present teachings are practiced, but not intended to limit the dimensions and the shapes shown in the examples.
The present patent document describes unique systems and methods for enabling devices, especially mobile devices, to establish secure connections using advanced authentication protocols, in particular strong authentication protocols. To this end, numerous protocols and standards are discussed and used in combination with the embodiments discussed herein. Although the embodiments described herein may be used in combination with any protocol or standard, the following protocols and standards are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: IETF RFC 2631 (Diffie-Hellman); IEEE 1363; IETF RFC 3280 (X.509 Public Key Infrastructure); IETF RFC 4120 (Kerberos V5); IETF RFC 4178 (SPNEGO); and IETF RFC 4556 (PKINIT for Kerberos).
One unique aspect of the embodiments disclosed in the present patent document is to allow authentication and connection by remote devices without direct network access. Many organizations are looking to enable strong authentication without providing traditional VPN access or any type of direct access to the internal dedicated network. Embodiments of the present patent document provide a simple yet powerful method that IT professionals may use to enforce end-user strong authentication credentials with strong authentication servers without giving the end-user device access to the dedicated network hosting the strong authentication servers. In a preferred embodiment, the device is authenticated and connects by using a server gateway that brokers connections between a secure container on the end-user device and servers on the local network that require authentication credentials. In various embodiments disclosed herein, an application on the end-user device may use the secure container authentication to gain access to applications provided by local servers on a secure LAN that requires authentication credentials from strong authentication servers.
The systems of the present patent document may include a server gateway and secure container on the end user device, wherein the server gateway is designed to virtualize the end-user device and broker authentication messages. In addition, the server gateway may further broker application access requests from the end-user device and applications that require authentication server credentials.
As used herein a server is a physical computer (a hardware system) or a virtualized computer (a software system) operating inside a software virtualization environment running a computer program (as a host) dedicated to performing one or more services to serve the requests of other programs (clients), or to serve the needs of users of the other computers on the network. A server may be a database server, gateway server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, authentication server, server running custom applications, or any other type of server.
WAN 14 may be any type of network including wired or wireless, public or private, or combinations of each. WAN 14 may be any type of telecommunication network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). For example, WAN 14 may be the Internet or public or private wireless system such as 3G, 4G, GSM, WiFi or any other type of wireless network or combinations of each.
LAN 22 may be any type of network with restricted access. LAN 22 may be any computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. In a preferred embedment LAN 22 is the network of a business, company, school, non-profit or other organization. While LANs are often defined by their physical proximity, there is no requirement that all computers on a LAN be physically close in proximity and in some embodiments, some computers on the LAN may be located at considerable distance as long as the necessary security is provided to the connection.
Firewall 16 may be any device that limits access to the LAN 22 from devices outside the network. Firewall 16 may be any device or set of devices designed to permit or deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules.
In a preferred embodiment, device 12 is a mobile device such as a smart phone, tablet, laptop, or other mobile computing device. However, device 12 may be any device including a wired or fixed device. The device 12 is located on the WAN 14 and is in communication with the WAN 14. The device 12 may be fixed or roaming to different locations.
As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
In a preferred embodiment, device 12 establishes a secure communication connection with second local server 18 using a protocol that is easily run on the device 12. For example, in embodiments where the device 12 is a mobile device such as a cell phone, secure communications connection 13 preferably uses a standard security protocol such as those implemented within the operating system already running on the phone. A couple of non-limiting examples of protocols that may be used for secure communications connection 13 are transport layer security (TLS) or secure socket layer (SSL). In a preferred embodiment, device 12 establishes an SSL communications connection with second server 18. In other embodiments, other protocols may be used.
Once a first secure communications connection 13 is established between the device 12 and the second local server 18, a second secure communication connection 15 is established between second local server 18 and the first secure server 24. The second secure communication connection 15 may use a different secure protocol than the first secure communications connection 13. In some embodiments, the second secure protocol may use a strong authentication method while the first secure protocol uses a weak authentication method. In a preferred embodiment, the protocol and/or authentication used for the second secure communications connection 15 is a protocol that is not implemented on the device 12.
In a preferred embodiment, the second secure communications connection 15 uses a strong authentication protocol. Strong authentication is any authentication protocol that uses two-factor authentication or more generally, multi-factor authentication, or that uses strong cryptographic algorithms or protocols. Strong authentication protocols include any protocol that uses a layered authentication approach relying on two or more authenticators to establish the identity of an originator or receiver of information.
Some examples of strong authentication protocols that may be used in establishing the second secure communications connection 15 are Kerberos (RFC 4120), Kerberos including PKINIT (RFC 4556), and SPNEGO (RFC 4178) over HTTP or HTTPS. In other embodiments, other authentication and encryption protocols may be used.
Once the first and second secure communications connections are established, a secure communications path 19 may be established. In some of the embodiments disclosed herein, a secure communications path 19 is created by the second local server proxying data between the first local server and the device 12 over the two secure communications connections 13 and 15. In the embodiments disclosed in the present patent document, the second local server establishes the second secure connection on behalf of the device 12 and proxies the data 17 between the first local server 24 and the device 12. By allowing the second local server to make the second secure connection on behalf of the device 12, the device 12 is alleviated from having to support the protocol for the second secure connection. In addition, the first local server 24 may be further protected by ensuring the first local server 24 does not connect directly with any device outside the local network. Thus, the present patent document teaches methods and systems that enable the use of strong authentication schemes without requiring dedicated network access using a traditional VPN.
In addition to establishing the second secure communications connection 15 on behalf of the device 12, the second local server 18 may also impersonate the device for a portion of the authentication routine, all of the authentication routine, a portion of the connection, all of the connection, or any combination thereof.
The second local server 18 may also be referred to as a gateway server because with respect to the embodiments disclosed herein, the second local server 18 may act as a gateway to communications between devices 12 on the WAN 14 and local servers 24 on the LAN 22. The gateway server 18 includes software running on the server 18 that allows it to receive connection requests from the device 12 and establish a second secure connection with the first local server 24 on behalf of the device 12 and proxy the data 17 to create a secure communications path 19. The software running on the gateway server may also provide the second local server 18 with the ability to impersonate the device 12 to the local network and the servers attached thereto.
The gateway server 18 is designed to securely virtualize the device's 12 strong authentication credentials and remote location and broker all interaction between the authentication servers and applications on the device 12. In some embodiments, the gateway server 18 may be a virtual server or appliance running on a commercial OS or embedded environment. In other embodiments, the gateway server 18 may be a dedicated server with a custom software application to implement the steps described herein.
In a preferred embodiment, the device 12 also has software running on the device 12 that facilitates establishing the secure connection path with the local server 24 as described herein. In the process of establishing the secure communications path, the software may also help the gateway server 18 to impersonate the device 12. For example, the device 12 may pass a security token, security key, or any other piece of security information to, or perform a cryptographic operation for, the gateway server 18 to allow the gateway server 18 to impersonate the device 12 to the servers on the local network.
In some embodiments, the software running on the device 12 may be a secure container that limits access to the first secure communications connection to authorized applications running on the device. The secure container on the device may be designed to establish mutually authenticated secure connections to the server gateway. The secure container may be a standalone software application, a java type container that executes code or a web browser, or a native presentation layer abstraction technology like those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/215,178 titled Methods and Apparatuses for Interaction with Web Applications and Web Application Data, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In a preferred embodiment, the secure container may accept or deny incoming requests from other applications. The secure container may be designed to allow only authorized external applications or container internal applications or abstractions to use the containers connection to the gateway server. The authorized applications may be a limited number of applications and such applications may have to register with the secure container or perform some other type of validation in order to gain access to the first secure connection and thus, the secure communications path 19.
In various different embodiments, the first secure communications connection 13 may be initiated in various different ways. In one embodiment, the first secure communications connection 13 may be established by the secure container or other application running on the device 12. In some embodiments, the establishment of the first secure communication connection 13 is initiated after the second local server 18 intercepts a communications request from any application running on the device 12 to the local server 24 located on the LAN 22. The communication request may be any type of communication request and includes but is not limited to an HTTP request, a TCP request, UDP request or even the very first packets sent to establish communication such as an ARP request. Communication requests may also include requests at higher protocol levels. In some embodiments, communication requests that originate from unauthorized applications may be dropped.
In yet another embodiment, the first secure communications connection 13 is established after the secure container or other application running on the device that is designed to limit access to the first secure communications connection 13 intercepts a communications request from any authorized application on the device to the local server 24 on the LAN 22.
In another embodiment, the secure communications connection 13 may be automatically established as soon as the secure container or other application running on the device designed to limit access to the first secure communications connection 13 starts. In yet another embodiment, the secure communications connection 13 may be automatically established as soon as one of a select number of authorized applications running on the device are initiated or start to execute.
In some embodiments, the first secure communications connection 13 may be established without establishing the entire secure communications path 19 from the device 12 to the first local server 24. In such embodiments, the second local server 18 may redirect communications requests from select authorized applications running on the device 12 that occur outside the secure communications connection 13 back to the secure container or other application running on the device designed to limit access. The secure container or other application designed to limit access may then assist in setting up the secure communications path 19 over the first secure communications connection 13 and through the second local server 18. For example in some embodiments, the redirected communications requests may be resubmitted inside the first secure communications connection 13. In some of those embodiments, the communications requests may be resubmitted with additional security information. In a subset of those embodiments, the additional security information may include a session key.
In yet other embodiments, second local server 18 may cause the communications requests to be redirected back to the secure container or other application designed to limit access running on the device 12, however, the redirected communications requests may be resubmitted outside the first secure communications connection 13 with additional security information. In some of these embodiments, the additional security information may include a session key.
Some embodiments may place the gateway server 18 outside a LAN firewall 26 and inside a WAN firewall 16. Placing the gateway server 18 between two firewalls, a.k.a. in a demilitarization zone or DMZ, provides addition security to the system 30. Connections to devices located on the WAN 14 may be restricted to only local servers including those servers located in the DMZ. Accordingly, an additional level of security is provided at the LAN firewall 26. To this end, authentication server 28 and the first local server 24 are limited to communications with servers located on the LAN including those located in the DMZ. Separating the authentication server 28 from other servers on the network also provides additional security.
In the embodiment of the system shown in
In a preferred embodiment, upon receiving the request to connect to the server 24, the gateway server 18 repackages the request and requests authentication for the connection from authentication server 28. The repackaging may be handled or directed by the software application running on the gateway server 18 designed to handle such requests from devices 12 located on the WAN 14. The repackaging may include repackaging the request to comply with an authentication protocol such as Kerberos or another authentication protocol. As explained above, having the gateway server 18 broker the authentication on behalf of device 12 prevents device 12 from having to have support for the authentication protocol located on the device. This is advantageous when the protocol is not commonly implemented on device 12 similar to the way Kerberos is not commonly implemented on mobile devices such as smart phones.
In some embodiments, the gateway server 18 may impersonate the device 12 to the authentication server and the other servers located on the LAN. In various embodiments, various methods of impersonating the device 12 may be incorporated by the gateway server 18. Impersonating device 12 includes substituting any information in, or adding any information to, the data packets sent to the LAN 22 to make the data packets coming from the gateway server 18 appear to the servers on the LAN 22 as if data packets originated from device 12. Impersonating device 12 may also include forwarding packets from the device 12 onto the LAN 22 and substituting information in, or adding information to, the data packets to make the packets appear to the servers on the LAN 22 as if they came from a device located on the LAN 22. Impersonating the device 12 may also include receiving some security information from the device 12 and then using the security information to insert the gateway device 18 in the place of the device 12 during the authentication and connection process with the authentication server 28 and the first local server 24. In different embodiments, the gateway server 18 may use any combination of the above impersonation techniques to impersonate the device 12 to the authentication server 28 and the other local servers located on the LAN 22.
In the embodiment shown in
Once the first secure communication connection 13 is established between the device 12 and the gateway server 18, the device 12 sends a connection request 44 to establish a communication path with application server 24. The connection request 44 is sent to the gateway server 18 over the already establishes first secure communications connection 13. Depending on the type of authentication protocols being implemented, the device 12 may send a security token to the gateway 18 to allow the gateway to authenticate to the authentication server 28 on behalf of the device 12. For example, the device 12 may include its public key and/or a signature using the device private key with the initial connection request.
The software application running on the server that is designed to set up the secure communication path receives the initial connection request from the device 12 and repackages the request in the appropriate protocol to send to the authentication server 42. In the embodiment shown in
If PKINIT is used in conjunction with the Kerberos protocol the device 12 may send its public key and a signature using its private key with the initial connection request. In other embodiments that use Kerberos with PKINIT, the signature using the device's private key may occur in reaction to a directive from the gateway server 18. In other embodiments that use Kerberos without PKINIT, the public key may not be sent and instead a user password or other credential may be subsequently used for authentication and/or encryption in place of the device's 12 public/private key pair.
The gateway server 18 sends the initial connection request 52 to a Kerberos KDC 42. Preferably, the Kerberos KDC is embodied in a server in communication with the LAN 22. In the embodiment shown in
The AS running on the KDC 42 verifies that the connection request 52 is coming from a device that is authorized to establish a connection. In some embodiments, the AS may verify the connection request 52 by checking the username against a database of usernames. In other embodiments, like those that use PKINIT, the AS may verify the public key/certificate and/or signature sent with the initial request 52. In still other embodiments, other authentication credentials may be used to verify the request 52 is coming from an authorized device. For example, strong authentication protocols often use various types of advanced credentials to authenticate a device or an end user. In some embodiments, the strong authentication credentials maybe smart cards or common access cards or secure universal serial bus (USB) tokens, soft tokens, digital certificates, the presence of other software components, biometrics, NFC input, gesture input, GPS or other sensor inputs.
Once the AS has verified the initial request 52, the AS may reply 54 with an encrypted security key. Kerberos uses symmetric keys but asymmetric keys may be used in other embodiments. In embodiments that include PKINIT, the AS may encrypt the symmetric key with the public key provided in the initial request 52, or with another intermediate symmetric key that is itself encrypted with the public key provided in the initial request 52. In other embodiments that use Kerberos, the symmetric key may be encrypted using a private password, or a key derived from the private password, known only to the AS and the device 12 or user. In still other embodiments, other types of key exchanges or encryption techniques may be used.
In embodiments that use Kerberos without PKINIT, the AS may encrypt the secret with a key derived by hashing the password of the user found in the database. In a preferred embodiment, the database may be Active Directory or any other type of database.
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Some embodiments may not pass any authentication information onto the device 12. In such embodiments, the gateway server 18 may have the secret key needed to decrypt the information in Message Part A and thus not need to pass Message Part A onto the device 12. The gateway server 18 may have obtained the secret key from the device 12 in a prior transmission or may be pre-programmed with the secret key.
In embodiments where only the device 12 knows the secret key to decrypt the information in Message Part A, the gateway server 18 passes Message Part A, or some part of the contents of Message Part A, onto the device 12 and the device 12 decrypts the information and replies 48 to the gateway server 18 with the decrypted information over the first established secure communication 13.
In a preferred embodiment that uses Kerberos, the decrypted information includes the decrypted Client/TGS Session Key and/or an intermediate symmetric key which itself encrypts the Client/TGS Session Key. In other embodiments, other information needed to authenticate or used in the authentication process may be supplied to the gateway 18 by the client 12 to allow the gateway server 18 to impersonate the device 12 during the remainder of the authentication.
The exchange of the information needed by the gateway server 18 to impersonate the device 12 may be handled by the software application running on the gateway server 18 and the software application running on the device 12. In the preferred embodiment, this includes passing Message Part A to the device, decrypting the Client/TGS Session Key and/or intermediate symmetric key by the device 12, and the communication of the Client/TGS Session Key and/or intermediate symmetric key back to the gateway server 18 among other tasks. In other embodiments that use authentication protocols other than Kerberos, other pieces of security information may be exchanged in order to allow the gateway server 18 to impersonate the device 12 to the servers on the LAN 22.
In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
Once the TGS reply is received by the gateway server 18, the gateway server 18 may establish a secure communications connection between the gateway server 18 and the local server 24. Once the secure communications connection between the gateway server 18 and the local server 24 is established, a secure communications path 19 may be established between the device 12 and the local server 24 via the gateway server 18. The secure communications path 19 is composed of the first secure communication connection 18 between the device 12 and the gateway server 18 and the second secure communications connection between the gateway server 18 and the local server 24. The gateway server 18 proxies, forwards, or relays data back and forth between the device 12 and the local server 24 over the two secure communications connections.
The embodiment of the system 50 shown in
The device 12, which may be a mobile client, may also include a web browser 4 and an email client 6. The web browser 4 and the email client 6 may be running in conjunction with the EVC 2 or stand alone. The gateway server 18 includes the gateway server application 8 and may also include a proxy to relay communications once the data path between the device 12 and the local server 24 is established. In the system shown in
In a preferred embodiment, gateway server 18 is running server software. Preferably, the server software is Apache HTTP Server. However in other embodiments, other server software may be used such as, NginX, Squid, Pound, Varnish, OpenVPN ALS, MS TMG, MS UAG, proprietary server software, or others. Custom extensions may need to be developed for the server software in order to implement the methods and systems described herein.
As shown in the example of
Because of the redirect response, the web browser on the device 12 forwards the communications request 604 (evc://prox.ext.com/auth?http&sp1.int.com) to the EVC 2. The EVC 2 then sends and HTTPS message 605 (https://prox.ext.com/auth?http&sp1.int.com) to the gateway server 18 requesting authentication to establish the communication connection with the local server 24.
The gateway server 18 again replies with a redirect response 606 (HTTP 302 http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz) including a gateway server session token for setting up a session with the gateway server 18. In order for the gateway server 18 to share authenticated user states between an initial SSL authentication from the EVC and subsequent HTTP/HTTPS requests from the mobile web browser, an encrypted session token may be generated by the gateway server 18 and passed back to the EVC 2 as a URL parameter, HTTP session cookie, or other parameter. The session token may then be resent to the gateway server 18 as a URL parameter, HTTP session cookie, or other parameter in subsequent HTTP/HTTPS requests. In some embodiments, the EVC 2 will maintain a local persistent cache with the session token in order to return the session token as a URL parameter, HTTP session cookie, or other parameter in a subsequent HTTP/HTTPS request for a different application or internal domain. The gateway server may maintain authenticated session states for each application or internal domain via an HTTP session cookie with the session token.
The EVC 2 receives the redirect response 606 from the gateway server 18 and forwards 607 (http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz) the communications connection request back to the web browser on the device 12. The session token is signed and the web browser on the device 12 forwards the request 608 (http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz) including the session token back to the gateway server 18 requesting connection to the local server 24.
When the gateway server receives the communication connection request including the session token 608, it forwards the communications request 609 (http://sp1.int.com) to the local server 24. The local server 24 replies 610 (HTTP 401 “WWW-Authorization: Negotiate”) with an unauthorized error letting the server know that authentication is required. In the embodiment shown in
To this end, the gateway server 18 sends 611 (HTTP 302 http://sp1.int.com+injectspnego) another redirect message 302 back to the device 12 such that the device requests SPNEGO authentication in the response 612 (http://sp1.int.com+injectspnego).
The gateway server 18 now has enough information to authenticate on behalf of the device 12 and it does so with a series of messages 613-617 (613: Krb5 Protocol Transition; 614: Krb5 TGT; 615: Krb5 Constrained Delegation; 616: Krb5 ST) to the authentication server 28.
Once the gateway server 18 authenticates on behalf of the device 12 with the authentication server, it requests 617 (http://sp1.int.com +Authorization: Negotiate <SPNEGO>) a connection to the local server 24. The secure connection between the gateway server 18 and the local server 24 is established and the local server 24 responds to the gateway server 18 in message 618 (HTTP 200+Response). The gateway server 18 proxies the response 619 (HTTP 200+Response) back to the device 12 and the secure communications path between the device 12 and the local server 24 is complete.
In other embodiments, the gateway server 18 may exchange the series of messages 613-617 at the time that it receives request 608, as opposed to waiting for the local server 24 to reply with an unauthorized error letting the gateway server know that authentication is required. In these embodiments, messages 609-12 are not exchanged. In still other embodiments the gateway server 18 may exchange the series of messages 613-617 at the time that it receives message 610 such that messages 611 and 612 are not exchanged.
In the embodiment shown in
In other embodiments, a fully distributed solution where the cached Kerberos TGTs, and by extension the gateway server session tokens, are not tied to a single gateway server instance may be used.
In the embodiment 800, once the gateway server 18 has the authentication server reply 809, the gateway server 18 sends a redirect 810 (HTTP 302 http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz) back to the device and the EVC 2 on the device 12 the communications connection request back to the web browser 811 (http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz). The browser replies 812 (http://sp1.int.com?stoken=xyz) to the gateway server 18. The gateway server 18 then requests 813 (http://sp1.int.com) a connection to the local server 24 on behalf of the device 12 and gets an unauthorized error 814 (HTTP 401 “WWW-Authenticate: Negotiate”) similar to message 610 in embodiment 600.
In embodiment 800, messages 815 and 816 (815: HTTP 302 http://sp1.int.com+injectspnego; 816: http://sp1.int.com+injectspego) are then exchanged between the gateway server 18 and the device 12 similar to messages 611 and 612 in embodiment 600. In embodiment 800, the gateway server 18 has all the information it needs to authenticate on behalf of the client after it receives message 816 and it finishes the Kerberos authentication by exchanging message 817 (TGS-REQ) and 818 (TGS-REP) with the Ticket Granting Server (TGS) 28 and then requesting a communications connection 819 (http://sp1.int.com +Authorization: Negotiate <SPNEGO>) with the local server 24 and establishing a communications path 820 (HTTP 200+Response) and 821 (HTTP 200+Response) between the local server 24 and the device 12.
In other embodiments, the gateway server 18 may exchange the series of messages 817-818 at the time that the gateway server 18 receives request 812, as opposed to waiting for the local server 24 to reply with an unauthorized error letting the gateway server know that authentication is required. In these embodiments, messages 813-816 are not exchanged. In still other embodiments the gateway server 18 may exchange the series of messages 817-818 at the time that it receives message 814 such that messages 815 and 816 are not exchanged.
Although, the embodiments disclosed herein create a secure communications path 19 that includes an intermediate gateway server 18 that authenticates, proxies, forwards, or relays data between the two ultimate connection points, the methods and systems described and taught herein work seamlessly with existing authentication protocols. For example, if Kerberos is used, nothing special needs to be done with the Kerberos KDC, AS or TGS in order to make it compatible with the embodiments disclosed herein. Once the gateway server 18 is configured with the server application and the device is equipped with the secure container, integration is seamless to the existing LAN services. Accordingly, embodiments described in the present patent document teach methods and systems for enabling strong authentication without direct network access to strong authentication servers.
Claims
1. A method of establishing a secure communications path between a first local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network comprising:
- establishing a first secure communications connection between a second local server on the local network and the device;
- establishing a second secure communications connection between the second local server and the first local server, wherein the second local server impersonates the device for at least a portion of the connection request; and
- proxying data between the first local server and the device.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the device limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second local server limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second secure communications connection is established using a strong network authentication protocol.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the strong network authentication protocol is Kerberos.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the second local server impersonates the device by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection and uses the session key to authenticate on behalf of the device.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the session key is decrypted by the device using a decryption key known only to the device.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the session key is decrypted by the second local server using an intermediate key that is decrypted by the device using a decryption key known only to the device.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the session key is established using a key exchange protocol.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein the session key is used to authenticate on behalf of the user by decrypting a Kerberos ticket.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first local server and the second local server are separated by a LAN firewall and the second local server is located in a DMZ zone of the local network.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first local server has limited or no access to communicate with the wide area network.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the second local server impersonates the device to an authentication server on the local network during the establishing a second secure connection step.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first secure communications connection is established after the second local server intercepts a communications request from the device to the first local server.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the second local server redirects the communications request back to the device with instructions to establish the first secure communications connection.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first secure communications connection is established when an authorized applications starts.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the second local server intercepts a communications request from the device to the first local server and redirects the communications request back to the device with instructions to resubmit the communications request with additional security information.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the additional security information includes a session key.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a cell phone or a tablet.
20. A method of establishing a secure communications path between a first local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network comprising:
- establishing a first secure communications connection between a second local server on the local network and the device;
- establishing a second secure communications connection using a strong network authentication protocol between the first local server and a second local server wherein the second local server establishes the second secure communications connection on behalf of the device by receiving a session key of the strong communications protocol from the device over the first secure communications connection and impersonates the device for at least a portion of the connection initiation; and
- proxying data between the first local server and the device via the second local server.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the device limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the second local server limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein the strong network authentication protocol is Kerberos.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first local server and the second local server are separated by a LAN firewall and the second local server is located in a DMZ zone of the local network.
25. The method of claim 20, wherein the first local server has limited or no access to communicate with the wide area network.
26. The method of claim 20, wherein the second local server impersonates the device to an authentication server on the local network during the establishing a second secure communications connection step.
27. The method of claim 20, wherein the device is a cell phone or a tablet.
28. A system for establishing a secure communications path between a local server on a local network and a device on a wide area network comprising:
- a firewall separating the local network from the wide area network;
- a server located on the local network and in communication with both the wide area network and local network, wherein the server is configured to:
- form a first secure communications connection with the device;
- form a second secure communications connection with the local server by impersonating the device for at least a portion of the connection request; and
- proxy data between the local server and the device.
29. The system of claim 28, further comprising an application running on the device that limits access to the first secure communications connection to select applications.
30. The system of claim 28, wherein the server impersonates the device by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection and uses the session key to establish the second secure communications connection.
31. The system of claim 28, further comprising a second firewall separating the server and the local server.
32. The system of claim 28, further comprising an authentication server on the local network, which authenticates connections to the local server.
33. The system of claim 28, wherein the second secure communications connection is established using a strong network authentication protocol.
34. The system of claim 33, wherein the strong network authentication protocol is Kerberos.
35. The system of claim 32, wherein the server impersonates the device to the authentication server by receiving a session key from the device over the first secure communications connection.
36. The system of claim 31, wherein the server is located in a DMZ zone of the local network.
37. The system of claim 32, wherein the local server and the authentication server have limited or no access to communicate with the wide area network.
38. The system of claim 32, wherein the server impersonates the device to the authentication server.
39. The system of claim 28, wherein the device is a cell phone or a tablet.
40. A method of establishing a secure communications path between a device on a wide area network and a server on a local network comprising the steps of:
- establishing a communications connection between the device and the server, wherein the connection is established by an application running on the device that limits access to the secure communications connection to select applications.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the connection is established after the server intercepts a request from the select application on the device to a local server on the local network.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein the connection is established after the application running on the device that limits access to the secure communications connection intercepts a communications request from the select application on the device to a local server on the local network.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein the connection is established when the application running on the device that limits access to the communications connection starts.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein the communications connection is established when one of the select applications starts.
45. The method of claim 40, wherein the server redirects communications requests from the select applications that occur outside the secure communications connection back to the application running on the device that limits access to the secure communications connection to select applications.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the redirected communications requests are resubmitted inside the secure communications connection.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the communications requests are resubmitted with additional security information.
48. The method of claim 47 wherein the additional security information includes a session key.
49. The method of claim 45, wherein the redirected communications requests are resubmitted outside the secure communications connection with additional security information.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the additional security information includes a session key.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 26, 2012
Publication Date: Aug 29, 2013
Patent Grant number: 9722972
Inventors: Ali K. Ahmed (Sunnyvale, CA), John Jules Alexander Boyer (Ottawa), Kenneth Montagna (Corpus Christi, TX), Timothy Michael Shephard (Gibsons)
Application Number: 13/405,357
International Classification: H04L 9/32 (20060101); H04L 9/00 (20060101); H04L 29/06 (20060101);
