Building Material Containing Latent Heat Storage Material and Methods of Making the Same

Abstract

A building material includes a paneled article having a first side and a second side. A layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material is disposed on the first side of the panel and a coating is disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material.

Description

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure generally relates to building material products comprising latent heat storage materials, and more particularly, to gypsum boards comprising phase change materials and methods of making the same.

There is a general desire in all technical fields to be energy efficient. In the building industry, for example, there is a permanent need to decrease the energy costs related to heating and cooling indoor rooms. A reduction in energy consumption can also have the added benefit of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Recently, governmental bodies world-wide are considering setting caps on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, which is creating a demand for more energy efficient buildings and building materials.

Accordingly, a continual need exists for improved building materials that aid in providing energy efficiency to buildings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are building materials, namely gypsum boards containing a latent heat storage material, and methods of making the same.

In one embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core; and a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core, wherein in an area proximate to the bond a latent heat storage material is disposed with a remainder of the gypsum core being substantially free of latent heat storage material.

In a second embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core having a main portion and a second portion, the second portion being more dense than the main portion, wherein the second portion comprises a latent heat storage material; and a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core.

In a third embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core; a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core; a layer of encapsulated latent storage material disposed on the first side; and a coating layer disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent storage material such that substantially no encapsulated latent heat storage material is exposed to an outer surface of the coating layer.

In a fourth embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core; a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core; and a coating layer disposed on the second side, wherein the coating comprises capsules of latent heat storage material.

In a fifth embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core; a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core; and a coating layer disposed on the second side, wherein the coating comprises capsules of latent heat storage material.

In a sixth embodiment, a gypsum board comprises a gypsum core; a first fiber mat comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core; a first coating penetrating the first fiber mat from the first side into the fiber mat; a second fiber mat comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core; a second coating penetrating the second fiber mat from the first side into the fiber mat; wherein both the first fiber mat and the second fiber mat each comprise glass fibers nominally about 10 to 16 microns in diameter and about one-quarter (¼) to about one (1) inch in length, the first fiber mat in the absence of coating has a basis weight of 1 to 3 pounds per 100 square feet; and wherein at least one of the first coating and the second coating each comprise a capsules of latent heat storage material and an organic binder.

In one embodiment, a method of making a gypsum board comprises: depositing a gypsum slurry for forming a set gypsum core onto a non-coated side of a pre-coated fiber mat, the fiber mat having a coating on a side opposite the non-coated side, the coating comprising an organic binder and a latent heat storage material; and drying the gypsum slurry to form a set gypsum core.

In a second embodiment, a method of making a gypsum board comprises: depositing a gypsum slurry for forming a set gypsum core onto a facing material; drying the gypsum slurry to form a set gypsum core; applying a latent heat storage material on the facing material on a side opposite in contact with set gypsum core; and applying a coating over the latent heat storage material.

In one embodiment, a building material comprises a paneled article having a first side and a second side; a layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material disposed on the first side; and a coating disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material.

The above described and other features are exemplified by the following Figures and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to the exemplary drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several Figures:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gypsum board comprising a phase change material in coating;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gypsum board comprising a phase change material disposed in a layer of the core of gypsum board;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gypsum board comprising a phase change material disposed on facing material with a coating disposed over the phase change material; and

FIG. 4 is shows a highly schematic view of an apparatus for making gypsum board.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein is building materials containing latent heat storage materials and methods of making the same. Examples of building materials include, but are not limited to, gypsum board, wafer board, particle board, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, fiberboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand lumber (OSL) parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), cement board, wood, wood veneer, wood-plastic composites, plastic, plastic-cement composites, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing.

In one embodiment, the building material comprises a paneled article having a first side and a second side; a layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material disposed on the first side; and a coating disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material. For ease in discussion, reference is hereinafter made to a gypsum board as an example of a building material for ease in discussion with the understanding that this disclosure can be adopted by a person of skill in the art to other building materials.

The term “latent heat storage” material is defined herein as a substance that has a phase transition temperature within a temperature range within which heat-transfer is intended. These materials are sometimes also referred to as phase change materials (PCMs). The PCMs disclosed herein have a solid/liquid phase transition in the temperature range from −20° C. (degrees Celsius) to 120° C.

Without wanting be bound by theory, it is believed that the location of the PCM in gypsum board can improve efficiency of heat transfer, thereby allowing less PCM material to be employed compared to, for example, homogenously distributing PCM in a gypsum core. More particularly, it is believed that the closer the PCM is to the surface of the gypsum board the more efficient the heat transfer will be. Embodiments are hereinafter described that have a stratified structure having a layer comprising a PCM.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of a gypsum board 10 is shown. The gypsum board 10 comprises a board core 12 faced with a first facing material 14 and a second facing material 16. The facing material 14 and 16 may be the same or different. For example, both facing material 14 and 16 may comprise glass fibers, both may comprise paper, or one may comprise paper and the other glass fibers. Other materials are envisioned for the facing materials 14 and 16 and are not a critical aspect of the invention. In one embodiment, both facing materials 14 and 16 comprise glass fibers nominally about 10 to 16 microns in diameter and about one-quarter (¼) to about one (1) inch in length, the first fiber mat in the absence of coating has a basis weight of 1 to 3 pounds per 100 square feet.

The board core 12 is basically of the type used in gypsum structural products commonly known as gypsum wallboard, dry wall, gypsum board, gypsum lath and gypsum sheathing. The core of such a product is formed by mixing water with powdered anhydrous calcium sulfate or calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate (CaSO₄.½H₂O), also known as calcined gypsum, to form an aqueous gypsum slurry, and thereafter allowing the slurry mixture to hydrate or set into calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄.2H₂O), a relatively hard material. The invention is not limited to any particular content of gypsum in the core.

A coating layer 18 is disposed on the first facing material 14. An optional coating layer 22 can be disposed on facing material 16. The coating material employed in coating layer 18 and 20 can be the same or different. In one embodiment, the coating layer 18 comprises a plurality of capsules 20 containing PCM. The capsules containing PCM are disposed within the coating such that substantially no capsules containing PCM is exposed to an outer surface of the coating layer 18. The term “substantially” free or substantially none is being used throughout this disclosure to mean less than 10% by weight, based on a total weight (as defined by context, e.g., weight of coating), specifically less than 5% by weight.

The coating material used in coating layer 18 is selected to be compatible with the encapsulation material of PCM capsules 20 and the desired application. For example, if the coating layer 18 is disposed on the facing material 14 to form a pre-coated facing material, the porosity of the coating is controlled to allow water to evaporate thru the coating layer 18. In “post” coating operations, porosity of the coating is less important. The term “post coating” is being used herein to refer to a coating operation after the gypsum board has been formed and dried in a drier. One potential advantage of post coating is less energy can be consumed compared to drying a gypsum board containing PCM, since the PCM absorbs heat energy.

Embodiments are envisioned where the coating layer comprises an organic binder, an inorganic binder or combinations of organic and inorganic binders. The choice of binder will vary depending on application and method employed in making the gypsum board 10.

In one embodiment, the coating material used in the coating layer 18 comprises an organic binder. Examples of organic binders include, but are not limited to, styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), ethylene-vinyl-chloride (EVCl), poly-vinylidene-chloride (PVdC), modified poly-vinyl-chloride (PVC), poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVOH), ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), and poly-vinyl-acetate (PVA). Asphalt is not generally used as a binder in making a coated mat useful in this invention.

The coating layer 18 can optionally comprise a filler material. Examples of filler materials include, but are not limited to, ground limestone (calcium carbonate), sand, mica, talc, gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), aluminum trihydrate (ATH), antimony oxide, or a combination of any two or more of these substances.

The PCM capsules 20 can be microcapsules, microcapsules, or a combination of the foregoing. The capsules comprise a capsule core of latent heat storage material and capsule wall of polymeric material, wherein about 90% or greater of the total weight of the capsule is the latent heat storage material. The term “microcapsule” is being used throughout this disclosure refers to capsules having a mean diameter of 1 to 100 μm (micrometers). The term “macrocapsule” is being used throughout this disclosure referred to any capsules having a mean diameter greater than 100 μm. The choice of capsule size will be variable dependent on desired application (e.g. fire rating).

Example of PCM materials and methods of making are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,355 and include, but are not limited to: 1) aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds such as saturated or unsaturated C₁₀-C₄₀-hydrocarbons which are branched or specifically linear, e.g. n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane, and cyclic hydrocarbons, e.g. cyclohexane, cyclooctane, cyclodecane; 2) aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, o- or n-terphenyl, C₁-C₄₀-alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, hexadecylbenzene, hexylnaphthalene or decylnaphthalene; 3) saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₃₀-fatty acids such as lauric, stearic, oleic or behenic acid, specifically eutectic mixtures of decanoic acid with, for example, myristic, palmitic or lauric acid; 4) fatty alcohols such as lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, myristyl and cetyl alcohols, mixtures such as coconut fatty alcohol and the oxo alcohols obtained by hydroformylation of α-olefins and further reactions; C₆-C₃₀-fatty amines such as decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine or hexadecylamine; 5) esters such as C₁-C₁₀-alkyl esters of fatty acids, e.g. propyl palmitate, methyl stearate or methyl palmitate, and specifically their eutectic mixtures or methyl cinnamate; 6) natural and synthetic waxes such as montanic acid waxes, montanic ester waxes, carnauba wax, polyethylene wax, oxidized waxes, polyvinyl ether wax, ethylene-vinyl acetate wax or hard waxes from Fischer-Tropsch processes; 7) halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroparaffin, bromooctadecane, bromopentadecane, bromononadecane, bromoeicosane, bromodocosane. An example of a commercially available microcapsule PCM is Micronal™ from BASF.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary embodiment of a gypsum board 100 is shown. This embodiment illustrates another potential location option to allow the PCM to be proximate to a surface of the gypsum board. The gypsum board 100 comprises a board core 112 faced with a first facing material 114 and a second facing material 116. A coating layer 118 is disposed on the first facing material 114. An optional coating layer 122 can be disposed on facing material 116. In this example, a plurality of capsules 120 containing PCM are located in a layer within the board core 112 itself. It is to be understood by a person of skill in the art that the choice of materials used in this embodiment can be the same as those mentioned above in relation to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

Referring now to FIG. 4, one convenient way to dispose the capsules in a layer within the board core is to meter them from a holding tank 401 into a separate stream of gypsum slurry at throughoutlet 417 to provide a relatively thin layer of aqueous calcined gypsum slurry 418 on the non-coated surface of sheet 416. The thin layer of gypsum slurry 418 is somewhat more dense than the aqueous slurry of gypsum that is used to form the main portion of the core of the gypsum board (main core slurry discharged through outlet 419 from mixer 420 to form gypsum slurry layer 423). The slurry used to form the thin layer 18 is about 18-20% more dense than the density of the slurry 23 used to form the main portion of the core. A portion of this denser slurry also is often used to form hard edges of the gypsum board as well. The continuous sandwich of slurry and applied facing materials (414 and 416) is carried down conveyors 422.

Other embodiments are envisioned where the PCM is applied downstream or upstream of the mixer such that the PCM is in proximity of the facing material. The challenge in these approaches is to provide a sufficient amount of gypsum slurry contact with the facing material. Vibrating tables may also be employed as a means of having the PCMs settle near the surface of the gypsum board. Additionally, the relatively more heavy macrocapsules compared to microcapsules can advantageously settle near the surface of gypsum board.

Referring now to FIG. 3, an exemplary embodiment of a gypsum board 200 is shown. This embodiment illustrates yet another potential location option to allow the PCM to be proximate to a surface of the gypsum board. The gypsum board 200 comprises a board core 212 faced with a first facing material 214 and a second facing material 216. A coating layer 218 is disposed on the first facing material 214. However, in comparison to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the plurality of capsules 220 containing PCM is present in a greater concentration near the surface of the facing material 214. The challenge in this approach is to provide a sufficient amount of coating contact with the facing material to create a bond.

While FIGS. 1-3 are discussed as separate embodiments for the purposes of illustration, it is to be understood that various combinations of these embodiments is envisioned. Embodiments are also envisioned where the facing material is eliminated. Further these boards can be laminated to other structures to provide multiple functions (e.g., sound abatement).

Advantageously, embodiments illustrated herein are helpful in creating a building material that when used in place of a similar building product without PCM provides greater energy efficiency in a build, which thereby can reduce carbon dioxide foot print of a building.

Ranges disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable (e.g., ranges of “up to about 25 wt %, or, more specifically, about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %”, is inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges of “about 5 wt % to about 25 wt %,” etc.). “Combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. Furthermore, the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another, and the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by context, (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term. Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “an embodiment”, and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, and/or characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments. In addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments.

While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalent elements may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core; and

a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core, wherein in an area proximate to the bond a latent heat storage material is disposed with a remainder of the gypsum core being substantially free of latent heat storage material.

2. The gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing phase change material.

3. The gypsum board of claim 2, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

4. The gypsum board of claim 2, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

5. The gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the facing material is a glass mat.

6. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core having a main portion and a second portion, the second portion being more dense than the main portion, wherein the second portion comprises a latent heat storage material; and

a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core.

7. The gypsum board of claim 6, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing phase change material.

8. The gypsum board of claim 7, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

9. The gypsum board of claim 7, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

10. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core;

a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core;

a layer of encapsulated latent storage material disposed on the first side; and

a coating layer disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent storage material such that substantially no encapsulated latent heat storage material is exposed to an outer surface of the coating layer.

11. The gypsum board of claim 10, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing phase change material.

12. The gypsum board of claim 11, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

13. The gypsum board of claim 11, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

14. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core;

a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core; and

a coating layer disposed on the second side, wherein the coating comprises capsules of latent heat storage material.

15. The gypsum board of claim 14, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing phase change material.

16. The gypsum board of claim 15, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

17. The gypsum board of claim 15, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

18. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core;

a facing material comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core; and

a coating layer disposed on the second side, wherein the coating comprises capsules of latent heat storage material.

19. The gypsum board of claim 18, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing phase change material.

20. The gypsum board of claim 19, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

21. The gypsum board of claim 19, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

22. A gypsum board comprising:

a gypsum core;

a first fiber mat comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the second portion of the gypsum core;

a first coating penetrating the first fiber mat from the first side into the fiber mat;

a second fiber mat comprising a first side and second side opposite the first side, the second side is bonded to the gypsum core;

a second coating penetrating the second fiber mat from the first side into the fiber mat;

wherein both the first fiber mat and the second fiber mat each comprise glass fibers nominally about 10 to 16 microns in diameter and about one-quarter (¼) to about one (1) inch in length, the first fiber mat in the absence of coating has a basis weight of 1 to 3 pounds per 100 square feet; and

wherein at least one of the first coating and the second coating each comprise a capsules of latent heat storage material and an organic binder.

23. The gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the latent heat storage material is in the form of capsules containing a phase change material.

24. The gypsum board of claim 23, wherein the capsules are microcapsules.

25. The gypsum board of claim 23, wherein the capsules are macrocapsules.

26. A method of making a gypsum board comprising:

depositing a gypsum slurry for forming a set gypsum core onto a non-coated side of a pre-coated fiber mat, the fiber mat having a coating on a side opposite the non-coated side, the coating comprising an organic binder and a latent heat storage material; and

drying the gypsum slurry to form a set gypsum core.

27. A method of making a gypsum board comprising:

depositing a gypsum slurry for forming a set gypsum core onto a facing material;

drying the gypsum slurry to form a set gypsum core;

applying a latent heat storage material on the facing material on a side opposite in contact with set gypsum core; and

applying a coating over the latent heat storage material.

28. A building material comprising:

a paneled article having a first side and a second side;

a layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material disposed on the first side; and

a coating disposed over the layer of encapsulated latent heat storage material.