Automatic Detection of Wireless Network Type
Techniques for facilitating automatic detection of a type of wireless network are described. In accordance with one or more embodiments, wireless network client(s) can automatically detect the “type” of a network (e.g., method of authentication and encryption) without requiring input from the user. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a wireless network detection system having a connection component and a detection component is provided. The connection component facilitates connection of a client system to at least one of a plurality of wireless networks. The detection component identifies a type of an available wireless network. Identification can be based, for example, upon information received in an information element and/or iterative probing of the wireless network beacon.
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/403,851, filed on Mar. 13, 2009, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/729,209, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,505,596, filed on Dec. 5, 2003, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.
BACKGROUNDComputer device(s) performing network communications over wireless links are becoming increasingly popular. Conventionally, when a user comes within range of a wireless network, the client device (e.g., computer system) is able to discern two pieces of information about that network, without connecting to it (e.g., from the wireless network beacon): (1) the service set identifier (SSID) of the network (e.g., essentially its name); and, (2) whether or not the network encrypts data. If the network employs encryption, an encryption key is required. The encryption key can be manually entered by the user and/or sent in accordance with the 802.1x protocol.
With the information that the client device can retrieve from the wireless network beacon, the client device can generally determine whether the network is of type unencrypted, encrypted or, with the addition of a Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) information element, encrypted using WPA-pre-shared key or encrypted using WPA. If it is unencrypted, then a user needs only to acknowledge that the network is insecure, and that they wish to use it in spite of that information. However, if it is encrypted and does not use WPA, then it either requires the user to enter a WEP key or it is an 802.1x-enabled network which distributes the WEP key automatically (requiring the client computer to enable 802.1x authentication to complete the connection).
Since the client computer cannot tell whether the non-WPA encrypted network requires the user to enter a WEP key or is an 802.1x-enabled network which does not support WPA, it typically requests input from the user. In the vast majority of cases, the user is in no position, from a technical knowledge perspective, to answer such a request.
SUMMARYThis Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Embodiments provide for a system and method facilitating automatic detection of a type of wireless network. In accordance with one or more embodiments, wireless network client(s) can automatically detect the “type” of a network without requiring input from the user. The “type” in this context, refers to the method of authentication and encryption that the network requires (e.g., unencrypted networks requiring no authentication, encrypted networks requiring the user to enter a WEP key, encrypted networks supporting 802.1x authentication, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) networks requiring the user to enter a WPA pre-shared key, 802.1x enabled network which do support WPA, and/or wireless provisioning services supporting networks). Thus, the system employs a technique for efficiently and safely determining which of the network types the user is attempting to connect to, thereby allowing the operating system to present the user with an appropriate user interface. For example, the system can provide a way to distinguish whether (1) a manually-entered WEP key or (2) 802.1x authentication is required by the wireless network.
In accordance with one or more embodiments, a wireless network detection system having a connection component and a detection component is provided. The connection component facilitates connection of a client system to at least one of a plurality of wireless networks. The detection component identifies a type of an available wireless network.
In one example, identification by the detection component can be based, at least in part, upon receipt of a specific information element from a wireless network beacon. In another example, the detection component iteratively probes the wireless network beacon in connection with identifying a type of the wireless network.
For example, the detection component can first attempt to connect to the wireless network as if it were a wireless provisioning services (WPS) supporting network. By waiting for certain kinds of failure(s) in the authentication sequence, the detection component can determine if the network requires the user to enter a WEP key.
If the failures are not observed, the detection component can wait a longer period of time (e.g., up to thirty seconds) for a particular piece of the authentication sequence (e.g., Protected extensible authentication protocol-type length value (PEAP-TLV)) that identifies a WPS network. In the absence of this piece of the sequence, the detection component can identify the wireless network as an 802.1x-enabled network to the connection component. If the particular piece of the authentication sequence is detected by the detection component, then the detection component can identify the network as a WPS supporting network to the connection component.
Accordingly, the user is not asked to determine the network type. This can lead, for example, to user(s) who are more successful in their use of wireless networks and further reduce user frustration with wireless network(s).
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends in accordance with one or more embodiments, certain illustrative aspects are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various embodiments may be employed, and embodiments are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and novel features of the embodiments may become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. It may be evident, however, that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing various embodiments.
As used in this application, the terms “component,” “handler,” “model,” “system,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). Computer components can be stored, for example, on computer readable media including, but not limited to, an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), CD (compact disc), DVD (digital video disk), ROM (read only memory), floppy disk, hard disk, EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory) and memory stick in accordance with one or more embodiments.
Referring to
“Type” of wireless network refers generally to the kind of authentication and encryption that the network requires. In one example, wireless networks can be divided into six types:
-
- (1) Unencrypted (e.g., open) networks which generally require no authentication.
- (2) Wired equivalent privacy (WEP) encrypted networks where the user needs to enter a WEP key
- (3) Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) encrypted network where the user needs to enter a WPA pre-shared key (WPAPSK)
- (4) 802.1x-enabled networks that do not support WPA.
- (5) 802.1x-enabled networks that do support WPA
- (6) Wireless provisioning services (WPS) supporting-enabled networks that do or do not support WPA
The IEEE 802.11 set of standards defines two network types: encrypted networks (e.g., WEP networks) and unencrypted networks. Owing to the well-known weaknesses of the WEP protocol, the wireless industry implemented support for the IEEE 802.1x standard as a mechanism for addressing the key deficiencies in the WEP protocol, those being user authentication, encryption key management and encryption key distribution. For WEP-encrypted networks, the user needs to provide an encryption key and for 802.1x enabled networks the key is provided automatically if the user has a valid credential (e.g., such as a digital certificate or username and password). For 802.11 networks which are encrypted, this presents a usability problem as it is currently not possible to determine a priori whether the user needs to enter the WEP key or whether the network supports 802.1x, in which case they do not have to enter it.
To address the underlying weaknesses of the WEP algorithm, which has been shown to be cryptographically weak, a security enhancement to the 802.11 set of standards was introduced, called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WPA also addresses some of the usability issues of the original 802.11 standard by specifying an information element which WPA-capable access points include in their beacon frame. This information element describes inter alia whether the network requires the user to enter the encryption key called WPA pre-shared key mode (WPA-PSK) or whether the key is provided automatically by virtue of the user's credential, referred to as “WPA mode”.
Having presented an overview of example implementations in accordance with one or more embodiments, consider now an example environment in which example implementations may by employed.
Wired Equivalent Privacy
WEP is defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard and is intended to provide a level of data confidentiality that is equivalent to a wired network. Due to the nature of wireless LAN networks, implementing a security infrastructure that monitors physical access to the network can be difficult. Unlike a wired network where a physical connection is required, anyone within range of a wireless access point (AP) can conceivably send and receive frames as well as listen for other frames being sent. This makes eavesdropping and remote sniffing of wireless LAN frames very easy.
WEP provides data confidentiality services by encrypting the data sent between wireless nodes. WEP encryption for an 802.11 frame is indicated by setting a WEP flag in the MAC header of the 802.11 frame. WEP provides data integrity for random errors by including an integrity check value (ICV) in the encrypted portion of the wireless frame.
The following tables illustrates the two shared keys that WEP defines:
WEP encryption employs the RC4 symmetric stream cipher with 40-bit and 104-bit encryption keys.
Wi-Fi Protected Access
WPA is a Wi-Fi standard designed to improve upon the security features of WEP. Unlike WEP, 802.1x authentication is required in WPA. With WPA, rekeying of both unicast and global encryption keys is required. For the unicast encryption key, the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) changes the key for every frame, and the change is synchronized between the wireless client and the wireless access point (AP). For the global encryption key, WPA includes a facility for the wireless AP to advertise the changed key to the connected wireless clients.
TKIP replaces WEP with an encryption algorithm that is stronger than the WEP algorithm. TKIP also provides for verification of the security configuration after the encryption keys are determined; synchronized changing of the unicast encryption key for each frame; and, determination of a unique starting unicast encryption key for each pre-shared key authentication.
WPA further employs a method known as “Michael” that specifies an algorithm that calculates an 8-byte message integrity code (MIC). The MIC is placed between the data portion of the IEEE 802.11 frame and the 4-byte integrity check value (ICV). The MIC field is encrypted together with the frame data and the ICV.
WPA is an interim standard that will be replaced with the IEEE's 802.11i standard upon its completion.
Wireless Provisioning Services (WPS) Supporting Networks
WPS allows Wi-Fi network providers and/or enterprises to send provisioning and configuration information to a mobile client as it connects to the Internet or a corporate network, providing seamless and automatic provisioning and configuration of the client with uniform sign-up experience. As a user logs onto a wireless network, the network recognizes the user, automatically sets up the session, and bills the user's account.
The security of a wireless session is improved because the automatic authentication and encryption provided by WPS minimizes the chances that a user's wireless session will be broken into by rogue access points or hackers. With WPS, a network can request substantially any type of information from the user, for example, a user name, a coupon code, and/or demographic information.
Distinctions Between Example Wireless Network Types
Turning briefly to
Wireless networks encompassed by the original 802.11 specification 210 include encrypted 214 and not encrypted 216. The 802.1x specification further facilitated automatic distribution of the WEP encryption key 222 and 802.1x authentication 224. The introduction of WPS further provides for 802.1x authentication 224 to be sub-divided into network(s) that support WPS 242 and network(s) that do not support WPS 244.
Alternatively, introduction of the WPA specification provided for wireless network supporting the 802.11 specification and further encompassing the WPA specification 230. These network(s) are encrypted 234 and can be sub-divided into WPA 236 (e.g., 802.1x-enabled networks that support WPA) and WPA PSK 238. With the introduction of WPS, the WPA node 236 can be further sub-divided into network(s) that support WPS 252 and network(s) that do not support WPS 254.
The Wireless Network Detection System 100
Returning to
Additionally and/or alternatively, the system 100 can employ an information element from the wireless network beacon 140 to facilitate determination of the network type.
As discussed previously, conventionally, when a user comes within range of a wireless network, the client computer is able to discern two pieces of information about that network, without connecting to it (e.g., from the wireless network beacon): (1) the SSID of the network (e.g., essentially its name); and, (2) whether or not the network encrypts data. If the network employs encryption, an encryption key is required. The encryption key can be manually entered by the user and/or via the 801.1× protocol. Thus, for each of the network types, the information the client computer requires from the user can be different.
However, with the information that the computer can retrieve from the network beacon, the computer can only determine whether the network is (a) unencrypted (type #1) or (b) encrypted (type #2 or #4) or, with the addition of the WPA information element, encrypted using WPA-PSK (type #3) or encrypted using WPA (type #5).
If it is unencrypted (e.g., type #1), then the user can acknowledge that the network is insecure, and that they wish to use it in spite of that information. However, if it is encrypted and does not use WPA, then it is either of type #2 or #4. If it is type #2, the user would need to enter a WEP key, and if it is type #4, the user not need to enter a WEP key, but the client computer needs to enable 802.1x authentication to complete the connection. Since the client computer cannot tell whether the network is #2 or #4, it essentially has to ask the user. In the vast majority of cases, the user is in no position (from a technical knowledge perspective) to answer such a question. The introduction of WPS network(s) has made the situation even more complicated (e.g., three different types of encrypted networks).
The wireless network detection system 100 efficiently and safely determines which of a plurality of network types the user is attempting to connect to, in order to present the user with appropriate user interface (UI). As noted previously, for each of the network types, the information the client computer needs from the user can be different. Thus, the system 100 can provide a way to distinguish whether (1) a manually-entered WEP key or (2) 802.1x authentication is required by the wireless network without significant user input.
In one example, the system 100 employs an information element (IE) from the wireless network beacon 140 to facilitate determination of the network type. The general concept of an IE is part of the 802.11 standard. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a specific IE, for example, two bits, can be used to provide information to distinguish between the types of network (e.g., three). The following table illustrated the structure and layout of an example IE:
In this example, the wireless network beacon 140 provides the IE to the detection component 120. Based, at least in part, upon the IE, the detection component 120 identifies the type of wireless network.
In another example, the system 100 employs a probing technique to determine the encryption type of a network, for example, performed the first time the user tries to connect to it. For example, the detection component 120 can first attempt to connect to the wireless network as if it were a WPS network. WPS networks are a subset of 802.1x networks (e.g., type #4 or type #5) and may or may not support WPA. By waiting for certain kinds of failure(s) in the authentication sequence, the detection component 120 can determine if the network is of type #2 (e.g., manually entered WEP key). For example, the probing can mitigate impact upon the user by recognizing a common type of network (e.g., manually entered WEP key).
If the failures are not observed, the detection component 120 can wait a longer period of time (e.g., up to thirty seconds) for a particular piece of the authentication sequence (e.g., Protected extensible authentication protocol-type length value (PEAP-TLV)) that identifies a WPS network. In the absence of this piece of the sequence, the detection component 120 can identify the wireless network as type #4 or type #5 to the connection component 110. If the particular piece of the authentication sequence is detected by the detection component 120, then the detection component 120 can identify the network as a WPS supporting network to the connection component 110.
Accordingly, the user is not asked to determine the network type. This can lead, for example, to user(s) who are more successful in their use of wireless networks and further reduce user frustration with wireless network(s).
It is to be appreciated that the wireless network detection system 100, the connection component 110, the detection component 120, the client system 130 and/or the wireless network beacon 140 can be computer components as that term is defined herein.
Turning briefly to
Embodiments may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more components. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
Referring to
If the determination at 320 is YES, at 340, up to a threshold period of time (e.g., 30 seconds) is waited for a receipt of a particular piece of authentication information that identifies a WPS network (e.g., PEAP-TLV sequence). At 350, a determination is made as to whether the particular piece of authentication information has been received. If the determination at 350 is NO, at 360, the network is identified as type #4 or type #5, and, no further processing occurs. If the determination at 350 is YES, at 370, the network is identified as WPS-supporting, and, no further processing occurs.
Next, referring to
If the determination at 408 is YES, at 420, a determination is made as to whether the network is WPA (e.g., based, at least, in part, upon information received from the wireless network beacon). If the determination at 420 is YES, at 422, at determination is made as to whether the network is WPA PSK (e.g., based, at least in part, upon information received from the wireless network beacon). If the determination at 422 is YES, at 424, the network is identified as WPA PSK. At 428, a user can be prompted to enter a WPA pre-shared key, and, no further processing occurs. If the determination at 422 is NO, processing continues at 432.
If the determination at 420 is NO, at 432, a determination is made as to whether the network supports 802.1x. For example, as discussed previously, the determination can be made by employing a probing technique and/or an information element received from the wireless network beacon. If the determination at 432 is NO, at 436, the network is identified as a manual WEP type. At 440, a user can be prompted to enter a WEP key, and, no further processing occurs.
If the determination at 432 is YES, at 444, a determination is made as to whether the network supports WPS. Again, the determination can be made by employing a probing technique and/or an information element received from the wireless network beacon. If the determination at 444 is YES, at 448, the network is identified as WPS-supporting. At 452, WPS information can be loaded and the connection continued, and, no further processing occurs.
If the determination at 444 is NO, at 456, the network is identified as an 802.1x network. At 460, connection to the wireless network can be continued using a default 802.1x authentication type, and, no further processing Occurs.
In order to provide additional context for various aspects of one or more embodiments,
With reference to
The system bus 618 can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, an 8-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
The system memory 616 includes volatile memory 620 and nonvolatile memory 622. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer 612, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory 622. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory 622 can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory 620 includes random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).
Computer 612 also includes removable/nonremovable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media.
It is to be appreciated that
A user enters commands or information into the computer 612 through input device(s) 636. Input devices 636 include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 614 through the system bus 618 via interface port(s) 638. Interface port(s) 638 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) 640 use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) 636. Thus, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to computer 612, and to output information from computer 612 to an output device 640. Output adapter 642 is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices 640 like monitors, speakers, and printers among other output devices 640 that require special adapters. The output adapters 642 include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device 640 and the system bus 618. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) 644.
Computer 612 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) 644. The remote computer(s) 644 can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to computer 612. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 646 is illustrated with remote computer(s) 644. Remote computer(s) 644 is logically connected to computer 612 through a network interface 648 and then physically connected via communication connection 650. Network interface 648 encompasses communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL).
Communication connection(s) 650 refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface 648 to the bus 618. While communication connection 650 is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer 612, it can also be external to computer 612. The hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface 648 includes, for example purposes only, internal and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.
What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing one or more embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the embodiments are possible. Accordingly, embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
Claims
1. An apparatus comprising:
- one or more processors; and
- one or more computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform operations comprising: attempting to connect to a wireless network via a first wireless connection protocol that supports 802.1x authentication; monitoring for a failure associated with said attempting; responsive to ascertaining that the failure occurs, determining that the network requests user entry of an encryption key according to a second wireless connection protocol; or responsive to ascertaining that the failure does not occur, determining that the wireless network supports the first wireless connection protocol; and displaying a user interface based on which of the first network connection protocol or the second network connection protocol is supported by the wireless network.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 28, 2013
Publication Date: Nov 7, 2013
Inventors: Jean-Pierre Duplessis (Redmond, WA), Sean Lyndersay (Mountain View, CA), Anton W. Krantz (Kirkland, WA), Mohammad Shabbir Alam (Redmond, WA), Ashwin Palekar (Sammamish, WA), Timothy M. Moore (Bellevue, WA)
Application Number: 13/930,541
