HEALTHY LAYERED COOKIE
The disclosure concerns a method for producing a layered cookie comprising at least one biscuit and a filling, the layered cookie containing 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the layered cookie is at least 31 wt %, the method including: forming a dough comprising a cereal flour, fat, sugar and at most 8 wt % added water relative to the total weight of the dough; moulding the dough into the shape of a biscuit; baking the biscuit; and assembling the biscuit with a filling to form a layered cookie; wherein the cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour, in an amount of at least 21 wt % over the total weight of the dough, with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph®.
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The present invention relates to a cookie. More specifically, the present disclosure concerns ready-to-eat layered cookies comprising successive layers of biscuits and filling, such as a filling-over-biscuit cookie or a sandwich cookie.
Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned with the health benefits of their food and, in particular, the nutritional pattern thereof. Layered cookies are eaten as snacks to provide an energy supply in addition to conventional meals. The primary source of energy in such baked products is stored in the form of starch. There is a desire for layered cookies that can supply energy over a longer time period and the energy supply rate of such cookies is linked to the digestion of their starch content. Rapid digestible starch (RDS) provides energy for a shorter time than slowly digestible starch (SDS). Before baking, the dough that is used to form layered cookies comprises a significant amount of slowly digestible starch. However, during the baking process this amount of slowly digestible starch decreases. This is due to gelatinisation of the starch during baking process.
The gelatinisation occurs owing to the presence of water in the dough mixture. Gelatinisation refers to the partial melting of the crystalline domains of starch, resulting in increased digestibility. During the heat treatment of moist dough the starch granules first swell, then progressively loose their crystalline structure until they burst, resulting in the leaching out of the polysaccharides contained in the granules (amylose and amylopectin). In highly concentrated systems such as biscuit doughs, this sequence of event may be limited by the restricted moisture content, but the progressive melting of the crystalline domains still occurs.
It will be understood in the following that long-lasting energy would imply that the amount of slowly digestible starch, measured by slowly available glucose (SAG) of the final product using Englyst method (Englyst, 1996) is above 15.0 g/100 g of layered cookies.
One problem with making healthy layered cookies, and especially cookies with a high level of slowly digestible starch, is the contribution of the filling part that can lower the slowly digestible starch content. Layered cookies typically comprise 10 wt % to 40 wt % filling over the total weight of the layered cookies.
One solution for increasing slowly digestible starch content is to add native starch to the filling composition. However, the amount of native starch that can be added is limited by the organoleptic properties of the final product. An overly high starch content will give a disagreeable mouth feeling.
Another solution would be to increase the starch content (the source of SAG) in the dough composition of the biscuit part of the layered cookie. This would, however, lead to an increase in the amount of water addition that is required during mixing to be able to process the dough. The negative effect on SAG of increasing the added water (which increases gelatinisation of the starch) outweighs the positive effect of adding more starch.
Another problem with layered cookies is the content of fat and/or sugar provided by the filling part. In order to maintain a good nutritional profile for the biscuit as a whole it is therefore necessary to decrease the fat and/or sugar contents of the biscuit part of the layered cookie. However, fat and sugar are both dough plasticizers. Consequently, dough compositions for the biscuit part that include a reduced amount of fat and or sugar exhibit an impaired processability, and this is especially a problem in an industrial production line.
For handling the poor process-ability of the dough, water can of course be added to the dough. However, water triggers gelatinisation of starch during the baking of the biscuit and this results in an undesirably low slowly digestible starch content in the baked biscuit part. Therefore, the long-lasting energy property can be lost.
WO 2005/34635 discloses a solution for processing sandwich cookie dough that comprises only 7.0 wt % added water. In this solution, the dough is formed using a wire-cut cookie depositor. However, this processing method prevents the formation of biscuits with sharp edges and sharp designs.
Another solution is known from EP 0372596, which concerns filled cookies (sandwich cookie being seen as one type of filled cookies). This document aims at providing a filled cookie that contains guar gum. Conventionally, guar gum is used in a powder form in bakery and strongly binds to water. Consequently, the use of guar gum makes it necessary to the increase water content of the dough and this leads to further gelatinisation of the starch (less SDS in the product). EP 0372596 is only concerned with layered cookies where the biscuit part(s) comprises guar gum.
Consequently, there is a need for an improved biscuit which tackles at least some of the problems associated with the prior art, or at least provide a commercially useful alternative thereto.
In particular, there is a need for a method for producing a layered cookie comprising 10 wt % to 25 wt % of fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % of sugar, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the layered cookie is at least 31 wt %.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a layered cookie comprising at least one biscuit and a filling, the layered cookie containing 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the layered cookie is at least 31 wt %, the method including:
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- forming a dough comprising a cereal flour, fat, sugar and at most 8 wt % added water relative to the total weight of the dough;
- moulding the dough into the shape of a biscuit;
- baking the biscuit; and
- assembling the biscuit with a filling to form a layered cookie;
- wherein the cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour, in an amount of at least 21 wt % over the total weight of the dough, with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph®.
The present disclosure will now be further described. In the following passages different aspects of the disclosure are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined may be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.
Biscuits are baked, edible, cereal-based products. They typically have a low moisture and a crispy texture. They are typically small, and leavened with baking powder, baking soda, or sometimes yeast. They are typically sweet. They can contain inclusions and fillings.
As defined herein, a “layered cookie” will be understood as a cookie made of alternating and successive layers of biscuits and filling. The simplest layered cookie is a cookie 4 with a single base biscuit 41 on top of which a filling 43 is deposited as illustrated in
The disclosure aims at providing a layered cookie which meets the criteria of providing long-lasting energy and of being a healthy snack. Therefore, the disclosure provides a method for producing a layered cookie comprising a biscuit part with at least one biscuit and a filling part, the layered cookie containing 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar.
The dough for forming the biscuit comprises cereal flour, fat, sugar and at most 8 wt % added water relative to the total weight of the dough. The cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour in an amount of at least 21 wt % over the total weight of the dough with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph®.
The term “fat” or “fats” as used herein means any lipid source, vegetable or animal source that is edible and can be used to make the layered cookie. Examples of such fat are palm oil, rapeseed oil, and other vegetable oils, and other vegetable oils, butter from animal source. Preferably, the ready-to-eat layered cookie has 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat, more preferably 11 wt % to 23 wt % fat, even more preferably 12 wt % to 20 wt %, still even more preferably 15 wt % to 20 wt %. More in particular, the biscuit part of the layered cookie contains 5 wt % to 30 wt % fat over the total weight of the biscuit part, preferably 6 wt % to 22 wt %, more preferably 7 wt % to 15 wt %.
As defined herein, “sugar” or “sugars” means the dry matter of any mono- and disaccharides, whatever the source and also by extension all the dry matter of the glucose syrup, also called glucose-fructose syrup or fructose-glucose syrup. Among monosaccharides there are fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose and mixtures thereof. Among disaccharides, there is saccharose, but saccharose may be partly or totally replaced with another disaccharide, such as lactose or maltose. Glucose syrup contains mono and disaccharides, but also some longer chains of polymerized dextrose. For the avoidance of doubt, when considering the amount of sugar added to a mixture in the form of a glucose syrup or other sugar suspension, only the dry weight of sugar should be considered. The water content of the syrup or suspension should be considered as part of the added water as described herein.
The layered cookie (i.e. including the filing) obtainable with the method of the disclosure comprises 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar, preferably 18 wt % to 36 wt %, more preferably 20 wt % to 32 wt %, still more preferably 25 wt % to 30 wt %, over the total weight of the layered cookie.
More in particular, the biscuit part contains 10 wt % to 25 wt % sugar over the total weight of the biscuit part, preferably 11 wt % to 22 wt %, more preferably 12 wt % to 20 wt %, even more preferably 12 wt % to 15 wt %. The most preferred amount of sugar present in the biscuit recipe (i.e. excluding filling) is at least 12 wt %. This is for both sensory impact and technical reasons. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is speculated that below 12 wt % sugars the machinability of the dough is affected. In general in the dough a continuous phase is formed by the added water enriched by the soluble ingredients that are able to dissolve. Because the sugar is able to dissolve in the water it effectively increases the effective volume of the water present (1 g of sugar dissolved in 1 ml of water gives a total volume of 1.6 ml). Hence, the presence of at least 12 wt % sugars decreases the requirement to include further added water and, hence, by allowing for less water, increases the SDS value of the final biscuit. Higher amounts of sugar make it harder to satisfy the requirements for a healthy biscuit.
The healthy layered cookie preferably comprises sugar that makes up to at most 27.5% of the total caloric value of the final product, fat that makes up to at most 38.0% of the total caloric value of the final product and available carbohydrate at least 55.0% of the total caloric value of the final product.
The ready-to-eat layered cookie has a slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio (SDS/(SDS+RDS)) of at least 31 wt %, preferably at least 35 wt %, more preferably at least 38 wt %, still more preferably at least 40 wt %. The highest ratio will preferably be at most 80 wt % for digestibility. Total available starch comprises slowly digestible starch (SDS) and rapidly digestible starch (RDS). Difference between total available starch and total starch is that total available starch does not comprise resistant starch that cannot be digested, i.e. that escapes digestion in the small intestine.
It is believed that slowly digestible starch gives a higher health benefit than rapidly digestible starch. Indeed, rapidly digestible starch is rapidly broken down into glucose during digestion and thus rapidly made available to the body. Therefore, the blood glucose level rapidly increases. This can trigger insulin delivery leading to some storage in adipose tissues. Consequently, energy can only be provided for a shorter time. On the contrary, slowly digestible starch is slowly assimilated by the body. Consequently, energy can be provided for a longer time.
SDS or slowly available glucose (SAG) can be characterised through the slowly available glucose (SAG) measurement by Englyst method (“Rapidly Available Glucose in Foods: an In Vitro Measurement that Reflects the Glycaemic Response”, Englyst et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1996 (3), 69(3), 448-454; “Glycaemic Index of Cereal Products Explained by Their Content of Rapidly and Slowly Available Glucose”, Englyst et al., Br. J. Nutr., 2003(3), 89(3), 329-340; “Measurement of Rapidly Available Glucose (RAG) in Plant Foods: a Potential In Vitro Predictor of the Glycaemic Response”, Englyst et al., Br. J. Nutr., 1996(3), 75(3), 327-337). SAG refers to the amount of glucose (from sugar and starch, including maltodextrins) likely to be available for slow absorption in the human small intestine. In the present case of the disclosure, the SDS content equals the SAG content since there is no other SAG source than starch, i.e. SDS. Rapidly available glucose (RAG) refers to the amount of glucose likely to be available for rapid absorption in the human small intestine.
In Englyst method, biscuit samples are prepared by manually and roughly grinding one or more biscuits. The biscuit samples are then subjected to an enzymatic digestion by incubation in presence of invertase, pancreatic alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase under standardised conditions. Parameters such as pH, temperature (37° C.), viscosity and mechanical mixing are adjusted to mimic the gastrointestinal conditions. After an enzymatic digestion time of 20 min, glucose is measured and is labelled RAG. After an enzymatic digestion time of 120 min, glucose is again measured and is labelled available glucose (AG). SAG is obtained by subtracting RAG to AG (SAG=AG−RAG), thus, SAG corresponds to the glucose fraction released between the 20th and the 120th minute. Free glucose (FG), including the glucose released from sucrose, is obtained by separate analysis. RDS is then obtained as the subtraction of FG from RAG (RDS=RAG−FG).
Preferably, the ready-to-eat sandwich cookie has at least 15 g SAG/100 g sandwich cookie. This sandwich cookie particularly complies with the long-lasting energy criteria, i.e. SAG value over 15 g/100 g sandwich cookie or slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of at least 31% with respect to the total weight of the sandwich cookie.
Preferably, the ready-to-eat sandwich cookie has a SAG content of at least 16.5 g/100 g sandwich cookie, more preferably at least 18.0 g/100 g sandwich cookie, still more preferably at least 21.0 g/100 g sandwich cookie. The highest SAG will preferably at most 50.0 g/100 g.
The biscuit may also comprise polyols or short-chain soluble fibres. These act in a similar way to sugars in improving the machinability of the dough without increasing the hydrolysis of the starch present in the biscuits. The use of polyols or short-chain soluble fibres allow for the provision of a sugar-free or reduced sugar biscuit. Preferably, the ingredients of the biscuit comprise less than 20%, preferably less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5% of polyols or short-chain soluble fibres for gastrointestinal tolerance issues and for clean labelling. Similarly as for sugars, only the dry weight of polyols or short-chain soluble fibres should be considered. If a biscuit comprises more than 10 wt % polyols then it is considered to have laxative properties and must be labelled accordingly. In one embodiment, the biscuits comprise at least 0.1 wt % polyols or short-chain soluble fibres. Most preferably, the ingredients do not comprise polyols or short-chain soluble fibres. In one embodiment, the ingredients do not comprise guar gum or other viscous soluble fibers such as pectins, xanthan gum, psyllium, or glucomannan.
The dough comprises cereal flour which comprises refined cereal flour in an amount of at least 21 wt % over the total weight of the dough with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph®. Preferably the cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour in an amount of at least 41 wt %. Preferably the water absorption is under 52% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph® according to NF-ISO-5530-1 norm. The refined cereal flour is preferably at most 60 wt % and more preferably at most 50 wt % of the dough.
The measure by Brabender® Farinograph® is normalised under NF-ISO-5530-1. Water absorption is defined in this norm as the quantity of water per 100 g of flour at 14 wt % water content needed to have a dough with a maximal consistency of 500 UF. Consistency is the resistance, expressed in arbitrary units (farinographic units UF), of a dough during kneading inside the Farinograph®, at a constant speed specified in the norm. First, water content of the flour is measured. Then, water is added to the flour, quantity of water being calculated so that consistency of the dough is close to 500 UF (480 UF to 520 UF). Flour and water are kneaded together and measures are recorded for two dough troughs. From these measures and the volume of water added to the flour to form the dough, water absorption is obtained.
Use of this type of flour gives the advantage that less water is needed to form the dough and thus limits gelatinisation of starch. As a consequence, a healthy cookie is obtained.
Techniques for measuring water content are well known in the art. The water content of the flour, dough and final biscuits can be measured using the AAC 44-15.02 International Method (Moisture-air oven methods), revised 1999.
Preferably the refined cereal flour is refined wheat flour selected from the group consisting of soft wheat flour, wheat flour with low damaged starch, and thermally treated wheat flour and mixtures thereof. Using these kinds of flour makes it possible to limit starch gelatinisation during baking. Indeed, in these flours, starch is less damaged than conventional refined wheat flour. Starch gelatinisation enables starch to be more easily digestible and thus reduces the slowly-digestible-starch content in the final product.
Soft wheat flours and hard wheat flours are both wheat flour types produced from Triticum aestivum. Soft wheat flours should not be confused with flours produced from Triticum aestivum only and hard wheat flours with flours produced from Triticum durum. Terms “soft” and “hard” refer to the hardness of the grains of Triticum aestivum used to make the flour and not to the species of wheat. Hardness of the grains is due to density of endosperm cells. Soft wheat endosperm has a lower density, which corresponds to weaker starch and protein bonds. Consequently soft wheat grains can be crushed into finer particles than hard wheat grains and resulting in less damaged starch.
The hardness of the grains is due to density of endosperm cells. Soft wheat endosperm has a lower density, which corresponds to weaker starch and protein bonds. Consequently soft wheat grains can be crushed into finer particles than hard wheat grains and resulting in less damaged starch.
Soft wheat flours may be obtained from the milling of soft wheat, for example those commercialised under the name Crousty, Alteo, Epson (both from Syngenta) or Arkeos (from Limagrain), etc. The use of softer flours, which absorb less water, allows for the use of a wider range of added water than for harder flours. That is, even if up to 8 wt % water is used, the flour generally absorbs less of the water and the starch content is consequently less gelatinised during baking. Moreover, since less water is absorbed, there is more free water available to lubricate the dough and a processable dough can be produced even with a reduced amount of added water (around 3-4 wt %). In one embodiment, when using a soft flour, the dough may comprise up to 10 wt % added water.
Wheat flour with low damaged starch that means a flour with a content of damaged starch lower than 5.5% of the flour weight. Damaged starch content is the percentage of starch granules that are physically damaged during the milling operation. It is measured by AACC 76-31.01 method.
Examples of thermally treated wheat flours can be wheat flours treated with various number of heating and cooling cycles or annealed. Annealing is a hydrothermal treatment that changes the physicochemical properties of starches by improving crystal growth and by facilitating interactions between starch chains.
The refined wheat flour can still be made of specifically selected milling fractions so that the flour has a very low water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph® according to NF-ISO-5530-1 norm. Preferably, the selected milling fractions have a small particle size, i.e. the percentage of fine particles under 40 μm is above 50%. Selecting milling fractions can be assisted by granulometry analysis (by laser granulometry or mesh diameter) during milling.
The cereal flour can comprise a wholegrain cereal flour.
“Wholegrain cereal flour(s)” means flour produced directly or indirectly from cereal whole grains comprising endosperm, bran and germ. The wholegrain flour can also be preferably reconstituted from separate flours made from endosperm, bran and germ respectively in ratios that give to the reconstituted wholegrain flour the same composition as wholegrain flour directly produced from grains that still retain bran and germ.
“Wholegrain cereal flour” should be distinguished from “refined cereal flour” that means flour made from cereal endosperm only. The biscuits of the biscuit part of the layered cookie obtainable by the method of the disclosure comprises at least 29 wt % wholegrain cereal flour, preferably at least 30 wt %, more preferably at least 31 wt %. Preferably, the biscuit comprises at most 70 wt % wholegrain cereal flour, more preferably at most 60 wt %, still more preferably at most 50 wt %. These amounts are calculated from the total weight of the wholegrain cereal flour over the weight of the final biscuit part. When amount of wholegrain cereal flour is over 70 wt %, it becomes very difficult to process the dough.
The wholegrain cereal flour is selected from wholegrain wheat flour, wholegrain barley flour, wholegrain rye flour, wholegrain spelt flour, wholegrain oat flour, wholegrain rice flour, wholegrain maize flour, wholegrain millet flour, wholegrain sorghum flour, wholegrain teff flour, wholegrain triticale flour, and pseudocereal flour such as amaranth flour and quinoa flour, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the wholegrain cereal flour is chosen amongst wholegrain wheat flour, wholegrain barley flour, wholegrain rye flour, wholegrain spelt flour, wholegrain oat flour and mixtures thereof. More preferably, it is selected from wholegrain wheat flour, wholegrain barley flour, wholegrain rye flour, wholegrain spelt flour and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the wholegrain cereal flour comprises at least two different types of wholegrain cereal flours. In one embodiment, the wholegrain cereal flour comprises wholegrain wheat flour. The wholegrain wheat flour can be a reconstituted wholegrain wheat flour obtained from a mixture of refined wheat flour, wheat bran flour and wheat germ flour. Preferably, the refined wheat flour is the same as the refined wheat flour with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph® used in this method. In this latter case, a part of this refined wheat flour is used to reconstitute the wholegrain wheat flour, however this part will be included in the refined wheat flour content of the dough and, at the same time, part of the wholegrain cereal flour content. Consequently, it will be included in the at least 14.5 wt % of refined wheat flour, preferably at least 29 wt %, necessary for having a processable dough. Preferably, the other wholegrain cereal flour(s) are chosen amongst wholegrain barley flour, wholegrain rye flour, wholegrain spelt flour and mixture thereof.
In one preferred embodiment, the wholegrain cereal flour comprises at most 80 wt % wholegrain wheat flour over the total weight of the wholegrain cereal flour, preferably at most 60 wt %, more preferably at most 50 wt % and still more preferably at most 32 wt %.
In a still preferred embodiment, the wholegrain cereal flour comprises four different types of wholegrain cereal flour: wholegrain barley flour, wholegrain rye flour, wholegrain spelt flour and wholegrain wheat flour.
Preferably, the wholegrain cereal flour is a multicereal flour, i.e. at least 20 wt % of the wholegrain cereal flour is not wholegrain wheat flour, preferably at least 40 wt %, more preferably at least 50 wt % and still more preferably at least 68 wt %.
When types of wholegrain cereal flour other than wholegrain wheat flour are used it is even more difficult to obtain a final layered cookie with the adequate SDS/(SDS+RDS) value over 31 wt % since some types of wholegrain cereal flour, such as rye, barley and spelt contain less SDS than wholegrain wheat flour.
The dough comprises added water in an amount of at most 8 wt % relative to the total weight of the dough. That is, the added water forms 8 wt % of the total dough before baking. This water is substantially removed from the biscuit during baking. Added water does not include the water that is already present in some of the ingredients (such as the about 12 wt % of cereal flour that is water). At least some of the water present in these ingredients is also removed from the biscuit during baking. Hence, the wt % of cereal flour in the dough and in the final biscuit is substantially the same, due to this loss of moisture. Components without a moisture content (such as fat) will form a larger wt % of the biscuit than of the dough.
The dough comprises at most 8 wt % added water, preferably from 3 to 8 wt %, and more preferably from 4 to 7 wt % and most preferably from 5 to 6 wt %. As noted above, the term “added water” means water that is added in addition to the other ingredients. Thus, “added water” does not include water contained in any other ingredients such as cereal flour (typically around 10-15 wt %), flakes or bran and germs. For syrups of sugars, short chain soluble fibres, polyols and the like, the water present in the syrup is considered as part of the added water,
The rheology of a biscuit dough as discussed herein and having a water content of from 3 to 8 wt % is quite characteristic. The dough typically does not have a “continuous” structure like a bread/pizza dough, and is instead more like a collection of disconnected particles. When the dough has a water content of less than 3 wt % no dough can be formed. At such low hydration levels the dough behaves more like a granular material (similar to sand). The dough texture resembles that of shortbread or crumble dough and exhibits a very limited cohesion. Such doughs are also much harder upon compression than more hydrated doughs. Thus, the dough workability is diminished and it cannot be processed by rotary moulding. With higher amounts of added water than 8 wt %, the dough machinability increases but the extent of starch hydrolysis on baking is increased and the SDS decreases.
Due to the water loss of water naturally present in cereal flours on baking, the wt % values for the cereal content of the dough are substantially the same as the wt % values for the final biscuit.
The biscuit may further comprise from about 19 to about 50 wt % of further ingredients, including wholegrain cereal flakes, non-refined, non-wholegrain flour and additional ingredients, such as, emulsifiers, leavening agents, vitamins, minerals, salt, flavourings and milk or dairy ingredients, and combinations thereof. These additional ingredients are discussed in more detail below.
The biscuit may further comprise at most 34.5 wt % wholegrain cereal flakes, preferably at most 19 wt %, preferably at most 16 wt %, more preferably at most 11 wt %, still more preferably at most 9 wt %, for example wholegrain oat flakes or malted wholegrain rye flakes. An excess of flakes, i.e. over 19 wt %, will give the biscuit an unexpected appearance, i.e. the appearance of a granola biscuit and a denser product that can discourage potential consumers. When flakes are present, preferably they comprise at least about 0.9 wt % of the biscuit, since lesser amounts may not be discernable in the final product.
More generally, the biscuit part of the ready-to-eat layered cookie may comprise visible pieces of cereal whole grains. The preferred flakes are oat flakes and malted rye flakes due to the sensory impact on consumers. This also helps to increase the wholegrain content of the dough recipe without compromising on the palatability of the final biscuits. The most preferred flakes are baby oat flakes since their appearance is advantageous for the consumer and they contribute additional SDS to the biscuit that is less readily hydrolysed during baking. They remain more intact than large flakes during processing.
By way of example, some ranges of the content of different flakes are set out in the table below:
The biscuit part of the ready-to-eat layered cookie can still comprise additional cereal bran and/or cereal germ. In case there are additional cereal bran and cereal germ, the bran and the germ come from different cereals chosen amongst: wheat, barley, rye, spelt, oat or a mixture thereof.
Other ingredients that can be mixed with the cereal flour and water for forming the dough are: emulsifier, leavening agents.
Emulsifier can be soybean lecithin, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride, sodium stearoyl lactylate.
Leavening agent can be ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyrophosphate acid or a mixture thereof.
Other ingredients can also be vitamins or minerals such as vitamin B1, vitamin, vitamin PP, iron and magnesium and a mixture thereof.
Still other ingredients can be salt, flavouring agents, cocoa powder, solid pieces, milk and dairy derivatives, honey and calcium supplementation.
Flavouring agent can be in powder form or liquid form.
Solid pieces may be chocolate drops, fruit pieces, nuts like hazelnut (preferably hazelnut pieces), extruded cereal, etc. Solid pieces do not include cereal flakes. Solid pieces bring texture and flavour without increasing SAG content. The sandwich cookie preferably comprises 2 wt % to 15 wt % solid pieces, preferably 4 wt % to 10 wt %.
Chocolate drops are pieces of solid chocolate. “Chocolate” is understood as meaning either “dark chocolate”, “milk chocolate” or “white chocolate”. Preferably, chocolate drops are dark chocolate pieces containing at least 35 wt % of cocoa liquor (US legislation), more preferably 35 wt % of cocoa solids (European Union legislation), still more preferably at least 40 wt %.
Within the scope of the disclosure, “fruit pieces” means pieces of any sweet, edible part of a plant that resembles fruit, for example raisin, fig, prune, orange, cranberry, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, apricot, blackcurrant, redcurrant, peach, pear, kiwi, banana, apple, lemon, pineapple, tomato. These pieces of fruit are either dried or processed. This wording does not include nuts.
The filling part is a filling having a consistency that ranges, after cooling, from viscous (for a jam) to a solid (for an anhydrous fat filling). The filling can be water based or fat based.
Preferably, the filling has a Casson yield stress at 40° C. viscosity between 0.5 Pa·s and 500 Pa·s and a yield stress between 0.1 Pa and 1000 Pa. The Casson yield stress can be measured according to the IOCCC 10/1973:2000 method. This relies on the use of a high performance rheometer MCR300 (Anton Paar Physica) interfaced with a PC and equipped with a coaxial measuring unit (TEZ 150-PC) and a coaxial cylinder measurement system (CC27).
Preferably, the filling part contributes to 10 wt % to 40 wt % of the layered cookie, preferably to 15 wt % to 32 wt %, more preferably 25 wt % to 30 wt %.
The filling part may comprise at least one of the following ingredients: fat sugar, water, starch, emulsifier, milk and dairy derivates, flavouring agents, fruit powder, fruit pieces, cocoa powder, chocolate drops, seeds.
When the filling part comprises non gelatinised added starch, non gelatinised added starch constitutes between 2.0 wt % to 40.0 wt % of the filling part, preferably between 7.0 to 22.0 wt % of the filling part.
Emulsifier can be at least one of the following: soya lecithin, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride, sodium stearyl lactylate.
Milk and dairy derivates can be whey powder, yoghurt powder (with living ferments), fresh milk, milk powder, sweet whey powder, milk proteins, whey proteins.
Flavouring agent may be in a solid or liquid form.
Fruit powder is desiccated fruits that are pulverised such as strawberry, raspberry, raisin, fig, prune, orange, cranberry, blueberry, apricot, blackcurrant, redcurrant, peach, pear, kiwi, banana, apple, lemon, pineapple, tomato.
In one embodiment, the method for producing a layered cookie (as illustrated in
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- mixing E1 a cereal flour, fat, sugar and remaining ingredients with at most 8 wt % added water over the total weight of the dough for forming a dough 2;
- rotary moulding E3 the dough 2 for shaping the biscuits 3 of the biscuit part;
- baking E5 the biscuits of the biscuit part;
- forming E7-E8 the layered cookie from at least one biscuit and the filling;
wherein the cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour, preferably refined wheat flour, the refined cereal flour representing at least 21 wt % of the dough, preferably at least 41 wt %, with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph® according to NF-ISO-5530-1 norm, preferably under 52%.
Mixing of the dough is preferably carried out in a horizontal mixer with double jacket. Mixing phases are adjusted so that water content is controlled. Preferably, the temperature of the dough is 15° C. to 35° C., moe preferably 15° C. to 30° C. during mixing.
With conventional rotary moulding apparatuses, it is difficult and sometime not possible to process such granular dough. Therefore, a new specific rotary moulder was designed for the rotary moulding step. Nevertheless, other moulding techniques may be used, but are less preferred.
This specific rotary moulder 1 (as illustrated in
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- a moulding cylinder 11 and a grooved cylinder 12 for shaping the dough 2 into the biscuit 3; and optionally,
- a hopper 13 playing the role of a funnel to help feed the moulding and grooved cylinders 11, 12; and/or
- a demoulding belt 14 for demoulding the biscuit 3.
The moulding cylinder 11 has mould cavities for receiving the dough 2. The mould cavities will give the dough 2 the shape of the biscuits 3 of the biscuit part. The grooved cylinder 12 preferably comprises grooves of 5 to 15 mm, preferably 10 mm±50% to allow sufficient stickiness of the dough without crushing solid pieces like flakes, and during operation presses the dough 2 that is received inside the mould cavities of the moulding cylinder 11 so that the dough completely filled the mould cavities and take the shape thereof. The grooved cylinder 12 is mounted on a horizontal axis and can be adjusted thereon to vary the compression force applied to the dough 2. High compression should be used since the dough 2 lacks continuity, thus, cohesive dough pieces would be demouldable and transferable from the demoulding belt 14 to the oven belt that drives the uncooked biscuit 3 into the oven for baking.
The difference of speed between the grooved cylinder 12 and the moulding cylinder 11 is preferably maintained less than 10% so that the formation of the biscuit 3 is not impaired. Indeed, a higher differential between both rotation speed of the moulding cylinder 11 and the grooved cylinder 12 will induce a shear stress on the dough 2 that will not be able to be pressed onto the mould cavities but will rather be spread and less packed between the circumferential faces of the moulding cylinder 11 and the grooved cylinder 12.
The level of dough 2 in the hopper 13 can be preferably controlled so that it is minimal and that the moulding and grooved cylinders 11, 12 are nearly visible. The aim is to prevent the dough 2 from compacting and thus, ensure regular feeding of the moulding cylinder 11 along the width of the demoulding belt 14. The dough 2 has to be the least packed as possible.
A cutter 15, with its tip 151 under the axis line AA of the moulding and grooved cylinders 11, 12, preferably cuts the dough 2 at the top of the mould cavities. The cutter 15 determines the quantity of dough 2 to remain inside the mould cavities, and makes it possible to adjust the weight of the dough pieces therein. Each dough piece forming an uncooked biscuit preferably weighs 0.5 gram to 40 grams, more preferably 1 gram to 35 grams, still more preferably 1 gram to 30 grams.
The demoulding belt 14, preferably made from cotton and/or polyamide, has weft with suitable dimension for extracting dough pieces drier than conventional dough, i.e. granular dough. The demoulding belt 14 is mounted on at least two cylinders 16, 17, one of which, generally a rubber cylinder 16, presses the moulding cylinder 11. Upon pressure of the rubber cylinder 16 onto the moulding cylinder 11, the dough pieces lying inside the mould cavities adhere to the demoulding belt 14 and are transported towards the oven for baking.
The rotary moulder 1 may further comprise a humidifier 18 for the demoulding belt 14, for example the humidifier 18 is a steaming device or a water-spraying device.
The resting time of the resting step E2 should be limited to avoid high drying of the dough 2, which would require the addition of further water and thus would impede SAG content by triggering starch gelatinisation.
Before baking E5, the biscuits 3 can be glazed so that they gain a shiny appearance. Therefore, the method can comprise an optional additional step of glazing E4 the shaped biscuit 3. The biscuit 3 can be glazed with an aqueous glazing, comprising milk powder and/or icing sugar and/or buffering agent such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide. Preferably, the glazing comprises skimmed milk powder. Still preferably, the glazing comprises starchy icing sugar, i.e. sucrose natural sweetener characterised by its fine granulometry obtained by milling crystal sugar and added with starch as an anti-agglomerating agent.
Baking E5 is preferably carried out until the moisture content of the baked biscuit 3 (final product) is 0.5 wt % to 5.0 wt %, for example by gentle baking (i.e. baking temperature is below 110° C. inside the biscuit durhg the first third time of the baking—if baking time is 6 min, during 2 min—and preferably below 100° C.).
After baking, the baked biscuits are cooled down E6 on an open belt, i.e. a belt that is not covered, a cooling tunnel is preferably not used because there is a too big temperature differential between the input and the output, what causes checking (failure) on the biscuit 3. Then, the filling is deposited E7 on one biscuit (on the base biscuit for a filling-over-biscuit cookie or on one biscuit out of two for a sandwich cookie).
The water content of the final biscuit is preferably less than 3 wt % and preferably between 1 and 2 wt % of the final biscuit following baking.
The low water content helps to provide a long-term shelf stable product. For example, the present biscuits and sandwich-biscuits may be kept at 20-25° C. for up to one year while remaining edible. Shelf-life studies based on sensory expert panel evaluation have been conducted. It was found that the full sensory profile was maintained for up to 7 months to one year depending on the ingredients. Nevertheless, the edibility of the biscuits extended at least up to the one year mark.
In case the layered cookie is a sandwich cookie, then the sandwich cookie is made by assembling E8 the second biscuit on the top of the filling.
The layered cookie is cooled-down by forced-air in a cooling tunnel E9. The layered cookies are then packaged E10, for example layered cookies are packaged into wrappers containing 50 g of layered cookies and the wrappers are gathered in a packet that is designed to contain 5 or 6 wrappers. Preferably, the layered cookies can be packaged in wrappers so that one wrapper contains one serving, for example two sandwich cookies.
The disclosure also concerns a ready-to-eat layered cookie obtainable by the method described above. Preferably, the layered cookie further comprises at least 18 wt % total starch over the total weight of the layered cookie.
The disclosure will now be described in relation to the figures, provided by way of non-limiting example, in which:
As a key to
E1: Mixing the ingredients into a dough
E2: Resting the dough
E3: Rotary moulding the dough into biscuits
E4: Glazing the biscuits
E5: Baking the biscuits
E6: Cooling the biscuits
E7: Depositing filing on one biscuit
E8: Assembling the layered cookie
E9: Cooling the layered cookie
E10: Packaging the layered cookie
The disclosure will now be described in relation to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1The sandwich cookie has the following composition (in percentage of the final cookie):
More particularly, the biscuits of the sandwich cookie are produced from dough formed with the following recipes:
(Amounts are expressed in percentage with respect to the weight of, respectively, final biscuit and unbaked dough)
The refined soft wheat flour used in example 1 has a water absorption value as measured with Brabender® Farinograph® of 53-54%.
The ingredients of the dough are mixed together in a horizontal mixer until the dough gets a homogenised consistency. Then the dough is rested. After resting, the dough is fed into the hopper of the rotary moulder for forming the biscuits. The dough is fed so that the moulding and grooved cylinders of the rotary moulder are nearly visible. The speed differential of the moulding and grooved cylinder is kept below 10%. The biscuits are then glazed with a glazing that comprises (in weight percentage of the final biscuit):
After glazing the biscuits are driven to the oven for baking for about 6 min. During baking the temperature of the dough remains under 160° C. and the water content decreases until it reaches 1%.
When the biscuits are taken out from the oven, they are allowed to cool down on open belts until the temperature of the biscuits is below 33° C.
The biscuits are then assembled with a filling to form sandwich cookies. The filling has the following composition:
The sandwich cookie has 18.08 wt % fat and 26.5 wt % sugar. Fat represents 35.7% of the total caloric value of the sandwich cookie, while carbohydrate represents 57% and more precisely, sugar represents 23%. The sandwich cookie has a SDS/(RDS+SDS) ratio of 39.95% and 16.5 g SAG/100 g sandwich cookie.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1The sandwich cookie for the comparative example 1 has the following composition (in percentage of the final cookie):
More particularly, the biscuits of the sandwich cookie are produced from dough formed with the following recipes:
(Amounts are expressed in percentage with respect to the weight of, respectively, final biscuit and unbaked dough)
The amount of the various ingredients is actually the same as in example 1, only more water is added into the dough, thus changing the percentage for all ingredients. Another difference is the use of refined wheat flour in example 1, whereas in the comparative example 1, conventional soft wheat flour is used. This soft wheat flour has a water absorption value as measured with Brabender® Farinograph® of 58-59%.
The ingredients of the dough are mixed together in a horizontal mixer until the dough gets a homogenised consistency. Then the dough is rested. After resting, the dough is fed into the hopper of a ordinary rotary moulder for forming the biscuits. The speed differential of the moulding and grooved cylinder is kept below 10%. The biscuits are then glazed with a glazing that comprises (in weight percentage of the final biscuit):
After glazing the biscuits are driven to the oven for baking for about 6 min. During baking the temperature of the dough remains under 160° C. and the water content decreases until it reaches 1%.
When the biscuits are taken out from the oven, they are allowed to cool down on open belts until the temperature of the biscuits is below 33° C. The biscuits are then assembled with a filling to form sandwich cookies. The filling has the following composition:
This sandwich cookie has 29.7% SDS/(RDS+SDS) and 12.5 g/100 g sandwich cookie of SAG. Thus, SAG content for this sandwich cookie is much less than 15 g/100 g sandwich cookie. This shows that the change in dough recipe and in use of a different rotary moulder result in sandwich cookies with better SAG content.
Also, use of refined wheat flour in example 1 enables diminution of added water content in the dough down to less than 8 wt % of the dough. It is believed that this makes it possible to better protect the starch from gelatinisation and therefore preserve a high amount of SDS.
EXAMPLE 2The sandwich cookie has the following composition (in percentage of the final cookie):
More particularly, the biscuits of the sandwich cookie are produced from dough formed with the following recipes:
(Amounts are expressed in percentage with respect to the weight of, respectively, final biscuit and unbaked dough.)
The refined soft wheat flour used in example 2 has a water absorption value as measured with Brabender® Farinograph® of 53-54%.
The ingredients of the dough are mixed together in a horizontal mixer until the dough gets a homogenised consistency. Then the dough is rested. After resting, the dough is fed into the hopper of the rotary moulder for forming the biscuits.
The dough is fed so that the moulding and grooved cylinders of the rotary moulder are nearly visible. The speed differential of the moulding and grooved cylinder is kept below 10%. The biscuits are then glazed with a glazing that comprises (in weight percentage of the final biscuit):
After glazing the biscuits are driven to the oven for baking for about 6 min. During baking the temperature of the dough remains under 160° C. and the water content decreases until it reaches 1%.
When the biscuits are taken out from the oven, they are allowed to cool down on open belts until the temperature of the biscuits is below 33° C.
The biscuits are then assembled with a filling to form sandwich cookies. The filling has the following composition:
The sandwich cookie has 17.62 wt % fat and 28.3 wt % sugar. Fat represents 34.8% of the total caloric value of the sandwich cookie, while carbohydrate represents 59% and more precisely, sugar represents 25%. The sandwich cookie has a SDS/(RDS+SDS) ratio of 43.38% and 19 g SAG/100 g sandwich cookie.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2The sandwich cookie for the comparative example 1 has the following composition (in percentage of the final cookie):
More particularly, the biscuits of the sandwich cookie are produced from dough formed with the following recipes:
(Amounts are expressed in percentage with respect to the weight of, respectively, final biscuit and unbaked dough.)
The amount of the various ingredients is actually the same as in example 2, only more water is added into the dough, thus changing the percentage for all ingredients. Another difference is the use of refined wheat flour in example 2, whereas in the comparative example 2, conventional soft wheat flour is used. This soft wheat flour has a water absorption value as measured with Brabender® Farinograph® of 58-59%.
The ingredients of the dough are mixed together in a horizontal mixer until the dough gets a homogenised consistency. Then the dough is rested. After resting, the dough is fed into the hopper of a ordinary rotary moulder for forming the biscuits. The speed differential of the moulding and grooved cylinders is kept below 10%. The biscuits are then glazed with a glazing that comprises (in weight percentage of the final biscuit):
After glazing the biscuits are driven to the oven for baking for about 6 min. During baking the temperature of the dough remains under 160° C. and the water content decreases until it reaches 1%.
When the biscuits are taken out from the oven, they are allowed to cool down on open belts until the temperature of the biscuits is below 33° C.
The biscuits are then assembled with a filling to form sandwich cookies. The filling has the following composition:
This sandwich cookie has 28.5% SDS/(RDS+SDS) and 12.3 g/100 g sandwich cookie of SAG. Thus, SAG content for this sandwich cookie is much less than 15 g/100 g sandwich cookie. This shows again that the change in dough recipe and in use of a different rotary moulder result in sandwich cookies with better SAG content.
Also, use of refined wheat flour in example 1 enables diminution of added water content in the dough down to less than 8 wt % of the dough. It is believed that this makes it possible to better protect the starch from gelatinisation and therefore preserve a high amount of SDS.
EXAMPLE 3The sandwich cookie has the following composition (in percentage of the final cookie):
More particularly, the biscuits of the sandwich cookie are produced from dough formed with the following recipes:
(Amounts are expressed in percentage with respect to the weight of, respectively, final biscuit and unbaked dough)
The water absorption value measured by Brabender® Farinograph® of the refined wheat flour is 53-54%.
The ingredients of the dough are mixed together in a horizontal mixer until the dough gets a homogenised consistency. Then the dough is rested. After resting, the dough is fed into the hopper of the rotary moulder for forming the biscuits. The dough is fed so that the moulding and grooved cylinders of the rotary moulder are nearly visible. The speed differential of the moulding and grooved cylinder is kept below 10%. The biscuits are then glazed with a glazing that comprises (in weight percentage of the final biscuit):
After glazing the biscuits are driven to the oven for baking for about 7 min. During baking the temperature of the dough remains under 160° C. and the water content decreases until it reaches 1.1%.
When the biscuits are taken out from the oven, they are allowed to cool down on open belts until the temperature of the biscuits is below 33° C.
The biscuits are then assembled with a filling to form sandwich cookies. The filling has the following composition:
The sandwich cookie has 12.05 wt % fat and 29.3 wt % sugar. Fat represents 26% of the total caloric value of the sandwich cookie, while carbohydrate represents 68% and more precisely, sugar represents 27.7%. The sandwich cookie has a SDS/(RDS+SDS) ratio of 35.07% and 15.5 g SAG/100 g sandwich cookie.
Unless otherwise stated, the percentage values recited herein are by weight and, where appropriate, by weight of the final biscuit.
Although preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the disclosure or of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method for producing a layered cookie comprising at least one biscuit and a filling, the layered cookie containing 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the layered cookie is at least 31 wt %, the method including:
- forming a dough comprising a cereal flour, fat, sugar and at most 8 wt % added water relative to the total weight of the dough;
- moulding the dough into the shape of a biscuit;
- baking the biscuit; and
- assembling the biscuit with a filling to form a layered cookie;
- wherein the cereal flour comprises refined cereal flour, in an amount of at least 21 wt % over the total weight of the dough, with a water absorption under 55% as measured by Brabender® Farinograph®.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the layered cookie is a sandwich cookie comprising a further biscuit and wherein the biscuits sandwich the filling.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the layered cookie has a slowly available glucose value of at least 15.0 g/100 g of layered cookie.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the refined cereal flour comprises a refined wheat flour.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the wheat flour is selected from soft wheat flour, wheat flour with low damaged starch and thermally treated wheat flour and combinations of two or more thereof.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moulding is rotary moulding.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein rotary moulding is performed with a rotary moulder comprising: a moulding cylinder and a grooved cylinder for shaping the dough into the biscuits the moulding cylinder receiving the dough and the grooved cylinder with grooves of 5 to 15 mm, preferably 10 mm, pressing the dough in the moulding cylinder; and optionally a hopper playing the role of a funnel for feeding the moulding and grooved cylinders; and/or a demoulding belt for demoulding the biscuits;
- wherein the difference of speed between the grooved cylinder and the moulding cylinder is preferably maintained under 10%.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the rotary moulder further comprises a humidification system for the demoulding belt.
9. A ready-to-eat layered cookie obtainable by the method of claim 1, comprising a biscuit and a filling, the layered cookie containing 10 wt % to 25 wt % fat and 15 wt % to 40 wt % sugar, wherein the slowly-digestible-starch-over-total-available-starch ratio of the layered cookie is at least 31 wt %.
10. The layered cookie of claim 9, wherein the layered cookie is a sandwich cookie comprising a further biscuit part and wherein the biscuits sandwich the filling.
11. The layered cookie of claim 9, further comprising at least 30 wt % total starch over the total weight of the layered cookie.
12. The layered cookie of claim 9, wherein the layered cookie has a slowly available glucose value of at least 15.0 g/100 g of layered cookie.
13. The layered cookie of claim 9, containing 12 wt % to 20 wt % fat and/or containing 20 wt % to 32 wt % sugar.
14. The layered cookie of claim 9, wherein the biscuit contains 5 wt % to 30 wt % fat over the total weight of the biscuit and/or 10 wt % to 25 wt % sugar relative to the total weight of the biscuit.
15. The layered cookie of claim 9, wherein the filling contributes to 10 wt % to 40 wt % of the layered cookie.
16. The layered cookie of claim 9, wherein the filling has between 2.0 wt % to 40.0 wt % of non-gelatinised added starch relative to the weight of the filling.
17. The layered cookie of claim 9 containing 2 wt % to 15 wt % over the total weight of the sandwich cookie, of solid pieces, wherein the solid pieces do not increase SAG content.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 20, 2012
Publication Date: Jul 24, 2014
Patent Grant number: 10194668
Applicant: GENERALE BISCUIT (Rungis)
Inventors: Lionel Lanvin (Chilly Mazarin), Agathe Arlotti (Paris), Aliette Verel (Bievres)
Application Number: 14/127,636
International Classification: A21D 13/00 (20060101);
