Air/Fuel Supply System for Use in a Gas Turbine Engine
A fuel injector for use in a gas turbine engine combustor assembly. The fuel injector includes a main body and a fuel supply structure. The main body has an inlet end and an outlet end and defines a longitudinal axis extending between the outlet and inlet ends. The main body comprises a plurality of air/fuel passages extending therethrough, each air/fuel passage including an inlet that receives air from a source of air and an outlet. The fuel supply structure communicates with and supplies fuel to the air/fuel passages for providing an air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage. The air/fuel mixtures exit the main body through respective air/fuel passage outlets.
This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Contract Number DE-FC26-05NT42644 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has certain rights to this invention.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present, invention relates to an air/fuel supply system for use in a gas turbine engine, and, more particularly, to an air/fuel supply system that includes a plurality of fuel injectors that distributes fuel into a combustor downstream from a main combustion zone of the combustor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn gas turbine engines, fuel is delivered from a fuel source to a combustion section where the fuel is mixed with air and ignited to generate hot combustion products that define working gases. The working gases are directed to a turbine section where they effect rotation of a turbine rotor. It has been found that the production of NOx gases from the burning fuel in the combustion section can be reduced by providing a portion of the fuel to be ignited downstream from a main combustion zone.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a fuel injector is provided for use in a combustor assembly of a gas turbine engine. The fuel injector comprises a main body and a fuel supply structure. The main body has an inlet end and an outlet end and defines a longitudinal axis extending between the outlet end and the inlet end. The main body comprises a plurality of air/fuel passages extending therethrough, each air/fuel passage including an inlet that receives air from a source of air and an outlet. The fuel supply structure communicates with and supplies fuel to the air/fuel passages for providing an air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage. The air/fuel mixtures exit the main body through respective air/fuel passage outlets.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, an air/fuel supply system is provided for use in a combustor assembly of a gas turbine engine. The air/fuel supply system comprises a fuel injector, which comprises a main body and a fuel supply structure. The main body has an inlet end and an outlet end and defines a longitudinal axis extending between the outlet end and the inlet end. The main body comprises a plurality of air/fuel passages extending therethrough, each air/fuel passage including an inlet that receives air from a source of air and an outlet. The fuel supply structure is located in the main body and includes at least one fuel inlet that receives fuel from a source of fuel and a plurality of fuel outlets, each fuel outlet communicating with and supplying fuel to at least one of the air/fuel passages. Air passing through each air/fuel passage is mixed with fuel from at least one of the fuel outlets, the mixing occurring within each air/fuel passage to produce an air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage. The air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage exits the outlet end of the main body through a respective air/fuel passage outlet.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed that the present invention will be better understood from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying Drawing Figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and wherein:
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation, specific preferred embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Referring to
The combustor assembly 12 includes a combustor device 14, which comprises a flow sleeve 16 and a liner 18 disposed radially inwardly from the flow sleeve 16, see
The liner 18, also referred to herein as a first duct structure, is coupled to the cover plate 22 via support members 26 and at least partially defines a main combustion zone 28 where air and fuel are ignited, as will be discussed herein. The liner 18 may be formed from a high-temperature material, such as HASTELLOY-X (HASTELLOY is a registered trademark of Haynes International, Inc.),
As shown in
A first fuel supply structure 29 in fluid communication with a source of fuel 30 delivers fuel from the source of fuel 30 to the main and pilot fuel injectors 27A and 27B. As noted above, the flow sleeve 16 receives pressurized air from the compressor through the flow sleeve inlet apertures 24. The pressurized air is mixed with fuel from the main and pilot fuel injectors 27A and 27B and ignited in the main combustion zone 28 creating combustion products comprising hot working gases.
The combustor assembly 12 further includes an intermediate duct 32 located downstream from the liner 18 and a transition duct 34 downstream from the intermediate duct 32.
The intermediate duct 32, also referred to herein as a second duct structure, may be formed from any material capable of operation in the high temperature and high pressure environment of the combustion system 10, such as, for example, stainless steel, and in a preferred embodiment may comprise a steel alloy including chromium. The intermediate duct 32 is located between the liner 18 and the transition duct 34 so as to define a path for the first working gases to flow from the liner 18 to the transition duct 34. In the embodiment shown in
The transition duct 34, also referred to herein as a third duct structure, may comprise a conduit formed from a high-temperature capable material, such as HASTELLOY-X, INCONEL 617, or HAYNES 230 (INCONEL is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation, and HAYNES is a registered trademark of Haynes International, Inc.), and conveys the hot working gases created in the combustor assembly 12 to a turbine section (not shown) of the engine.
In the embodiment shown, a plurality of secondary fuel injection apertures 36 are formed in the intermediate duct 32, see
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As noted above, the air/fuel supply system 40 comprises the fuel injectors 38, which will be discussed further below. The air/fuel supply system 40 further comprises a fuel dispensing structure 44, which, in the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown, a plurality of rigid support members 48 extend between the intermediate duct 32 and the fuel dispensing structure 44 to couple the fuel dispensing structure 44 to the intermediate duct 32, see
The fuel dispensing structure 44 communicates with second fuel supply structures 50, see
Referring to
The fuel injector 38 comprises a plurality of air/fuel passages 66 extending therethrough. Each of the air/fuel passages 66 includes an inlet portion 68 generally located in a frusto-conical portion 60A of the main body 60, and having an net 68A that receives air from as source of air 70, which source of air 70 in the embodiment shown comprises compressor discharge air located outside of the combustor device 14, but could be other suitable sources of air. Each air/fuel passage 66 further includes an outlet portion 72 generally located in a cylindrical portion 60B of the main body 60, and having an outlet 72A that outputs an air/fuel mixture produced in the air/fuel passage 66, as will be discussed herein. As shown in
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The fuel conduit 84 delivers the fuel from the fuel dispensing structure 44 to the fuel supply structure 90 of the fuel injector 38, see
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The air/fuel mixtures from the air/fuel passages 66 are distributed from the outlet end 64 of the main body 60 into an inner volume 100 of the nozzle structure 102, see
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It is noted that the is of NOx production may be minimized by maintaining the combustion zone temperature below a level at which NOx is formed, and/or may be minimized by maintaining a short residence time for the combustion reactions in the combustion zone, Injecting fuel at a downstream location from the main combustion zone 28 via the air/fuel supply system 40 may reduce the production of NOx by the combustor assembly 12 due to a lower residence time for combustion reactions of the air/fuel mixture injected from the air/fuel supply system 40. In particular, a significant portion of the fuel may be injected at a location downstream of the main combustion zone 28 by the air/fuel supply system 40, e.g., during a high load operation of the gas turbine engine. Since the air/fuel mixture injected by the air/fuel supply system 40 is closer to the entrance to the turbine section of the engine, the residence time for combustion reactions occurring in the secondary combustion zone 42 and transition duct 34 is reduced as compared to injection of all of the fuel into the main combustion zone 26, and results in reduced NOx production.
In addition, in accordance with the present invention, it is believed that diffusion type combustion is substantially avoided by the present air/fuel supply system 40. It may be noted that in prior systems injecting only fuel, or air and fuel that is not substantially or completely premixed, may result in a diffusion type combustion in the secondary combustion zone 42. Such diffusion type combustion in the area of, the fuel, or fuel and air injected into the combustion zone, may result in a fuel rich combustion comprising increased temperatures with resulting increased NOx production. In contrast, a substantially uniform or homogeneous mixture of air and fuel substantially eliminates fuel rich pockets that may create high flame temperature locations in the of the combustion reactions, with corresponding NOx production.
The air/fuel mixture of the present air/fuel supply system 40 provides a substantially homogeneous mixture of air and fuel passing out of each of the passages 66 and out of the nozzle structure 102. In particular, it should be understood that the relatively small cross-sectional flow area of each of the passages 66 relative to the length of the passage 66 within which mixing of the and fuel occurs, e.g., within the length of the outlet portion 72, facilitates a high degree of mixing of the air/fuel mixture in the passages 66 prior to discharge from the outlets 72A.
Further, it may be noted that the plurality of passages 66 provides a relatively large cumulative flow of air and fuel into the nozzle structure 102 where the plural air/fuel mixtures combine and form a substantially uniformly distributed homogeneous air/fuel mixture for discharge into the secondary combustion zone 42. The plurality of smaller mixing flows defined by the passages 66 enable the main body 60 to comprise a relatively short longitudinal length that may be positioned within a limited space, such as the space between the fuel manifold 44 and the intermediate duct wall.
The nozzle structure 102 provides a chamber defined by the inner volume 100 for combining the individual flows from the passages 66 into a common, larger flow for discharge into the secondary combustion zone 42, and for locating the air/fuel mixture discharge location, and associated combustion reaction, away from the inner surface of the intermediate duct wall. It may further be noted that provision of an air flow through the gap G may facilitate cooling of the nozzle structure wall to prevent or reduce heating of the combined air/fuel mixtures passing through the nozzle structure 102 prior to discharge from the nozzle structure 102. Still further, the combined air/fuel mixtures passing through the nozzle structure 102 may provide cooling to the nozzle structure wall.
By accomplishing a high degree of premixing in a relatively radially short fuel injector 38 and without requiring the nozzle structure 102 to extend too far into the secondary combustion zone 42, it is possible to control the discharge location for the air/fuel mixture and avoid overheating of the fuel injector 38, such as may occur as a result of exposure to the hot working gases flowing through the secondary combustion zone 42. This is advantageous, in that, a substantial extension of the fuel injector 38 into the secondary combustion zone 42 could subject the fuel injector 38 to overheating during operation of the engine. Further, a substantial extension of the fuel injector 38 into the secondary combustion zone 42, i.e., toward the center of the intermediate duct 32, could position the combustion reactions in the secondary combustion zone 42 too close to the centerline of the combustor assembly 12 where flame is hottest, which could result in increased NOx production within the combustor assembly 12. For example, referring to
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While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims
1. A fuel injector for use in a combustor assembly of a gas turbine engine, the fuel injector comprising:
- a main body having an inlet end and an outlet end and defining a longitudinal axis defining a longitudinal direction of the fuel injector and extending between said outlet end and said inlet end, said main body comprising a plurality of air/fuel passages extending therethrough, each air/fuel passage including an inlet that receives air from a source of air and an outlet, wherein said plurality of air/fuel passages is configured to minimize excess wall thickness between adjacent air/fuel passages of said plurality of air/fuel passages; and
- a fuel supply structure extending in said longitudinal direction and communicating with and supplying fuel to said air/fuel passages for providing an air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage, the air/fuel mixtures exiting said main body through respective air/fuel passage outlets, wherein said fuel supply structure includes isolated fuel distribution passages that individually deliver respective portions of fuel from said fuel supply structure to each of said air/fuel passages.
2. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said main body comprises a wall structure between said air/fuel passages and a thickness of said wall structure between adjacent air/fuel passages, measured in a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, is substantially uniform around a perimeter of each said air/fuel passage.
3. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said air/fuel passages comprise hexagonal-shaped passages positioned in a honeycomb configuration.
4. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said fuel distribution passages extend transverse to said longitudinal axis for conveying fuel to each of said air/fuel passages.
5. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said fuel distribution passages extend transverse to said longitudinal axis for conveying fuel to each of said air/fuel passages; and
- said fuel distribution passages extend away from said longitudinal axis in a direction including a component in said longitudinal direction toward said outlet end of said main body.
6. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said fuel distribution passages extend transverse to said longitudinal axis for conveying fuel to each of said air/fuel passages; and
- said air/fuel passages include at least an outlet portion extending substantially in said longitudinal direction, said outlet portions located at successive radial locations from said longitudinal axis, and at least some of said fuel distribution passages pass between radially inner ones of said air/fuel passages to supply fuel to radially outer ones of said air/fuel passages.
7. The fuel injector of claim 1, further comprising:
- a nozzle structure that receives the air/fuel mixtures from said main body and injects the air/fuel mixtures into a duct structure of the combustor assembly, said nozzle structure comprising: a first portion overlapping said outlet end of said main body, said first portion being spaced from a radially outer surface of said outlet end of said main body such that a gap is formed therebetween, said gap permitting air to pass from said source of air into said nozzle structure; and a second portion receiving the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages, said second portion comprising a converging nozzle wall, said converging wall effecting an increase in a velocity of the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages as the air/fuel mixtures flow through said second portion of said nozzle structure.
8. The fuel injector of claim 1, further comprising:
- a nozzle structure that receives the air/fuel mixtures from said main body and injects the air/fuel mixtures into a duct structure of the combustor assembly, said nozzle structure comprising: a first portion overlapping said outlet end of said main body, said first portion being spaced from a radially outer surface of said outlet end of said main body such that a gap is formed therebetween, said gap permitting air to pass from said source of air into said nozzle structure; and a second portion receiving the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages, said second portion comprising a converging nozzle wall, said converging wall effecting an increase in a velocity of the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages as the air/fuel mixtures flow through said second portion of said nozzle structure; and
- a plurality of spanning members located within said gap and extending between said first portion of said nozzle structure and said radially outer surface of said main body, wherein said spanning members are angled with respect to said longitudinal axis of said main body to effect a swirling flow of the air passing through said gap.
9. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- outlet portions of said air/fuel passages in fluid communication with said outlets are angled relative to said longitudinal axis to effect a swirling flow of the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages.
10. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- the air/fuel mixtures from said air/fuel passages are discharged into a secondary combustion zone downstream from a main combustion zone of the combustor assembly.
11. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central outlet located at said outlet end of said main body, wherein additional fuel from said fuel supply structure exits said fuel supply structure in said longitudinal direction through said central outlet.
12. An air/fuel supply system for use in a combustor assembly of a gas turbine engine, the air/fuel supply system comprising:
- a fuel injector comprising: a main body having an inlet end and an outlet end and defining a longitudinal axis defining a longitudinal direction of said fuel injector and extending between said outlet end and said inlet end, said main body comprising a plurality of air/fuel passages extending therethrough, each air/fuel passage including an inlet that receives air from a source of air and an outlet, wherein said plurality of air/fuel passages is configured to minimize excess wall thickness between adjacent air/fuel passages of said plurality of air/fuel passages; and a fuel supply structure in said main body extending in said longitudinal direction, said fuel supply structure including at least one fuel inlet that receives fuel from a source of fuel and a plurality of fuel outlets, each said fuel outlet communicating with and supplying fuel to at least one of said air/fuel passages, wherein said fuel supply structure includes isolated fuel distribution passages that individually deliver respective portions of fuel from said fuel supply structure to each of said air fuel passages;
- wherein: air passing through each said air/fuel passage is mixed with fuel from at least one of said fuel outlets, said mixing occurring within each said air/fuel passage to produce an air/fuel mixture within each air/fuel passage, said air/fuel mixture within each said air/fuel passage exiting said outlet end of said main body through a respective air/fuel passage outlet.
13. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said plurality of air/fuel passages comprises hexagonal-shaped passages positioned in a honeycomb configuration.
14. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central passage extending in said longitudinal direction and said fuel distribution passages extend transversely to said longitudinal axis from said central passage to said air/fuel passages at respective ones of said fuel outlets.
15. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central passage extending in said longitudinal direction and said fuel distribution passages extend transversely to said longitudinal axis from said central passage to said air/fuel passages at respective ones of said fuel outlets; and
- said air/fuel passages are positioned in an annular array around said longitudinal axis.
16. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central passage extending in said longitudinal direction and said fuel distribution passages extend transversely to said longitudinal axis from said central passage to said air/fuel passages at respective ones of said fuel outlets;
- said air/fuel passages are positioned in an annular array around said longitudinal axis; and
- said annular array comprises at least a first set of air/fuel passages and a second set of air/fuel passages located radially inwardly from said first set of air/fuel passages; and said fuel distribution passages include a first set of fuel distribution passages passing between adjacent ones of said second set of air/fuel passages to said first set of air/fuel passages and a second set of fuel distribution passages passing to said second set of air/fuel passages.
17. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central passage extending in said longitudinal direction and said fuel distribution passages extend transversely to said longitudinal axis from said central passage to said air/fuel passages at respective ones of said fuel outlets;
- said air/fuel passages are positioned in an annular array around said longitudinal axis;
- said annular array comprises at least a first set of air/fuel passages and a second set of air/fuel passages located radially inwardly from said first set of air/fuel passages; and said fuel distribution passages include a first set of fuel distribution passages passing between adjacent ones of said second set of air/fuel passages to said first set of air/fuel passages and a second set of fuel distribution passages passing to said second set of air/fuel passages; and
- said main body comprises a wall structure between said air/fuel passages and a thickness of said wall structure between adjacent air/fuel passages, measured in a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, is substantially uniform around a perimeter of each said air/fuel passage.
18. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- outlet portions of said air/fuel passages in fluid communication with said outlets are angled relative to said longitudinal axis to effect a swirling flow of the air/fuel mixtures discharged from said air/fuel passages.
19. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- the air/fuel supply system comprises a plurality of said fuel injectors, and wherein said fuel supply structure for each of said fuel injectors is connected to a fuel manifold of the combustor assembly.
20. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- the air/fuel supply system comprises a plurality of said fuel injectors, and wherein said fuel supply structure for each of said fuel injectors is connected to a fuel manifold of the combustor assembly; and
- the air/fuel mixtures from said air/fuel passages of each of said fuel injectors are discharged into a secondary combustion zone downstream from a main combustion zone of the combustor assembly.
21. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, further comprising:
- a nozzle structure that receives the air/fuel mixtures from said main body and injects the air/fuel mixtures into a duct structure of the combustor assembly, said nozzle structure comprising a portion defining an inner volume of said nozzle structure, said portion having a length of no more than about 1.5 times an outlet diameter of said nozzle structure.
22. The air/fuel supply system of claim 12, wherein:
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central passage extending in said longitudinal direction and said fuel distribution passages extend transversely to said longitudinal axis from said central passage to said air/fuel passages at respective ones of said fuel outlets; and
- said fuel supply structure further comprises a central outlet in communication with said central passage and located at said outlet end of said main body, wherein additional fuel from said fuel supply structure exits said fuel supply structure in said longitudinal direction through said central outlet.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 3, 2014
Publication Date: Jul 31, 2014
Inventors: Timothy Fox (Hamilton), Reinhard Schilp (Orlando, FL), Domenico Gambacorta (Oviedo, FL)
Application Number: 14/244,137