INTEGRATED AND MODULAR APPROACH FOR CONVERTING ELECTRICAL POWER TO IONIC MOMENTUM AND HIGH DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE POTENTIAL
An integrated and modular approach is provided to convert electrical power to ionic momentum and a resulting high differential voltage field potential using an integrated multi-planar or axial microwave array and energetically sympathetic dielectric antennae to convert distilled liquid water to steam plasma and propagate the resulting water derived ions and electrons, steam and microwave energy into a modular energetic planar arrangement for integration into reactor vessels of various designs for the reduction of waste stream and fossil sourced feedstocks into their fundamental gaseous components and simultaneous reformation into desired synthesis or methane gas. The formed steam plasma (initiating plasma) generates electrons and ions which are propagated differentially to create a high differential voltage field potential which in conjunction with dielectric heating and far infrared radiation induced feedstock ionic polarization effects creates a series of primary feedstock reducing plasma fields for efficient plasma gasification with simultaneous product gas reformation.
The present application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/754,265 filed Jan. 18, 2013 and titled “INTEGRATED AND MODULAR APPROACH FOR CONVERTING ELECTRICAL POWER TO IONIC MOMENTUM AND HIGH DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE POTENTIAL” the complete subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe technical field of this disclosure is renewable energy and environmental contaminant remediation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe ever growing concerns about modern society's reliance on the decreasing abundance of fossil fuels, the impact the use of such fuels may have on future global climate trends and the increasing realization of the importance of recycling ‘waste’ carbon sources into useable fuels suggests that a solution addressing these issues would have large scale social and economic impacts. The herein described methods and apparatus combine the properties of spherical or cylindrical dielectric antennas and their unique properties in microwave fields with the dielectric distilled water and a novel magnetron array to provide a series of energetically sympathetic mechanisms for most efficient plasma gasification. These are presented here as a logical and conclusive consequence of the following known facts and observations:
1. Useful energetic fuels are most commonly comprised of primarily carbon.
2. The harvesting and processing of finite fossil sources of these fuels (petroleum oil, coal, etc.) is expensive, dangerous and their useful combustion introduces an increasing ‘non-native’ carbon component to the atmosphere which may be impacting long term global climate patterns.
3. The accumulation of carbon waste streams in landfills and other places around the world are wasting real estate, are potential threats to the water supply and present real potential environmental hazards to be managed over time.
4. Industrial processes exist which can convert waste streams which have been reduced to their fundamental gaseous components into useful carbon based energetic fuels.
5. Gasification and more specifically, plasma gasification, has been shown to be a completely ‘clean’ method for reducing carbon waste streams to their constituent components.
6. NO energetically or economically efficient method has yet been contrived for the plasma gasification based reduction of carbon waste streams.
7. The addition of molecular oxygen (O2) in stoichiometric proportions is required for the various existing processes which reform the gaseous products of plasma gasification into energetically useful fuels.
8. The ionization of aqueous water and water vapor (steam) can provide the same required reactants as O2 for the same and similar reformation processes.
9. The processes for ionizing aqueous water and water vapor (steam) into a non thermal equilibrium plasma are well known using a combination of heat and strong voltage potential yielding disassociated electrons (e−), water vapor positive ions (H2O+), other positive ions (OH+, O+, H+, etc) and various neutral fragments, all of which would be useful for A) imparting kinetic energy to a reactor vessel's atmospheric components and target feedstocks (heat), B) imparting a strong dissociative ionic force to the reduction target feedstocks in the reactor vessel, and C) providing needed and desirable reactants (O, H, O2, H2, etc.) for the re-association of reduced feedstock gases into useful end products (e.g., synthesis gas, methane, etc.).
10. Microwaves as electromagnetic waves propagating in the Z direction have both an electric component (E, which oscillates in the X dimension) and a magnetic component (U, which oscillates in the Y dimension) which propagate sinusoidally and in phase.
Further, microwave propagation in air or in materials depends on the dielectric and magnetic properties of the medium. The electromagnetic properties of a medium are characterized by: Complex Permittivity (E) and Complex Permeability (U), where:
For the Electric Component:
E=E′−E″
where the real component of the complex permittivity, E′, is commonly referred to as the dielectric constant, and the imaginary component of the complex permittivity, E″, is referred to as the dielectric loss factor. E′ is not constant and can vary significantly with frequency and temperature.
Similarly, for the Magnetic Component:
U=U′−U″
Where U′ is the permeability and U″ is the magnetic loss factor.
11. The interactions between microwaves and materials can be represented by 3 general processes: A) Rotation of electric dipoles, B) Space charges due to electronic conduction, and C) Ionic polarization associated with far-infrared vibrations.
12. The dielectric heating of water (an electric dipole) via microwaves is clearly understood to involve the water molecule rotating in response to the oncoming electric field (E) in the plane of the electric field. In aqueous water this rotation of the molecule causes friction with adjacent molecules and this increasing movement represents increasing kinetic energy, which represents heat. Dielectric heating of frozen water (ice) via microwaves is inefficient due to the spatial restriction the solid phase presents, and conversely the dielectric heating of water vapor (steam) via microwaves is inefficient due to the lack of proximity of the molecules to one another and associated lack of a friction component.
13. Microwaves at a frequency of 2450 Mhz correspond to a free space wavelength of 4.8 inches. However, microwaves at the same frequency traveling through the dielectric distilled water have a reduced wavelength of 0.539 inches.
14. Dielectric spheres (or cylinders) one or more wavelengths in diameter form a special class of microwave antenna structure which, when immersed in a microwave field, concentrate the electric field lines along an axis as illustrated in
Equal potential lines are compressed inside the dielectric sphere (or cylinder) (A in
15. The natural resonant frequency range of water (H2O is between 18 and 25.6 GHz, with a peak resonance frequency of 22.24 GHz.
It would be desirable to have a method to safely concentrate and sequester particulate contaminants in a permanent, non leaching fashion.
These and other objects will be readily evident upon a study of the specification and the accompanying drawings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONOne aspect relates to an apparatus comprising: A magnetron or array of magnetrons (M) arranged at the end of a cylindrical shield (B) such that, when energized, microwaves (W) propagate into the cylinder (to the right or, positive Z direction). The cylindrical shield (B) is constructed of metal or other shielding material and lined with refractory material to protect it from high temperatures. Within this cylindrical shield an open ended, radio transparent nozzle (C) is placed such that as microwaves (W) propagate into the cylinder they do so unobstructed, passing through the nozzle (C) but are constrained by the cylindrical shield (B). A pair or a series or a series of pairs of spheres, or, a pair or a series or a series of pairs of cylinders (D) are micro-perforated and arranged within the nozzle (C) such that the micro-perforations oppose each other (E) and are separated by a variable air gap. These cylinders (or spheres) are composed of a radio transparent material (such as fused quartz, alumina, etc) and are hollow such that the free space interior diametric dimension is equal to or greater than 1 wavelength of a given dielectric fluid to be used to fill them. The cylinders (D) are filled with distilled water (A, a dielectric, or another dielectric fluid of interest) from a source which provides enough pressure to maintain the cylinders quantity sufficient, full, as the distilled water is ionized and consumed in the operation of the apparatus. The magnetrons (M) are then provided power (PS) and activated. Microwaves (W) propagating in the +Z direction immerse the dielectric filled cylinders (D) in a microwave field and the cylinders (D) concentrate the electric field lines along an axis which causes the water to quickly heat to high temperatures and water vapor (steam) is propelled from the perforations (E). Since equal potential lines are compressed inside the cylinders (D) and in the steam filled gap between them, the voltage gradient between them increases causing air breakdown and a resulting arcing (F) occurs. In the area surrounding the arcs (F) the combination of high voltage potential and the high temperature of the steam escaping from the cylinder's perforations (E) combine to ionize the steam into a non thermal equilibrium plasma where the steam dissociates into electrons (e−), water vapor positive ions (H2O+), other positive ions (OH+, O+, H+, etc) and various neutral fragments a fraction of which are propagated differentially out of the apparatus (H). As such, the water volume in the cylinders (D) is consumed but is replenished and maintained by the pressure of the source (A). Additional steam (G) in various volumes, temperatures and dryness may be added to the operating apparatus to: 1) maintain a specific operating temperature inside the apparatus, 2) add additional H2O components into a reactor vessel to meet stoichiometric requirements for integrated or downstream processes or 3) tune for changing impedance characteristics in the system. This steam (G) can be added in either a direct (G1), counter current (G2) ‘swirl gas’ (G3) or any combination of fashions. The nozzle (C) can be varied in shape to maximize the interaction between the plasma arcs (F) and the steam (G) or to adjust for varying desired operating pressures and effluent velocities. The device can also be operated with the nozzles (C) themselves submerged in water, distilled water or other media as needed based on desired outputs.
Another aspect relates to a method comprising of magnetrons arranged in an opposite or radial or axial fashion around a central Z axis (
Still another embodiment relates to an apparatus comprised of the apparatus used either by itself or in conjunction with a method described in (M) coupled to a circular, ring shaped or otherwise circumferentially enclosed structure (I, not shown to scale) which, as an energetic planar apparatus, would function as a modular vertical component of a sealed reduction or gasification or hydrogasification reactor vessel of various possible designs. The magnetron(s) (M) emit(s) microwaves which travel through the apparatus, coupling first with the dielectric cylinders (D) rapidly heating the water (A) within them, causing the emission of steam from the perforations (E) and an increased voltage potential which causes the dielectric breakdown of the air in the separating gap resulting in arcing or the formation of an initiating steam plasma (F). These steam plasma components including highly energetic electrons and water ions proceed differentially into the circular arrangement (I) where some impart an ionic dissociative force (3) to the reduction target feedstock (J), others impart kinetic energy (2) to the reactor's atmospheric molecules (L), and yet others contribute to an increasing voltage field potential (10) which accumulates onto one or more of the following locations depending on specific feedstock materials and specific functional intent of the apparatus and the associated mechanisms are here described:
-
- 1. The refractory lining (9). In this case, with the application of an externally applied rotating magnetic field (N), this accumulating voltage potential/charge (10) can be made to rotate about the feedstock (J) providing the mechanism for the induction heating of the feedstock (J). With a continuous ingress of electrons from the operation of the apparatus, this induction heating mechanism proceeds in an increasing fashion until the sum accumulated voltage potential/charge (10) exceeds the dielectric properties of the vessel's atmosphere between the anode/charge (10) and the feedstock (J), at which point it discharges (M) into the feedstock (J). This accumulation/discharge process repeats continuously.
- 2. A strategically placed accumulating anode(s) (not shown). Protuberances can be fashioned from the reactor vessel lining to collect and discharge the accumulating voltage potential/charge (10) to direct less random discharges (M) to satisfy specific feedstock (J) feeding mechanisms as determined by the final reactor vessel design. Once discharged this process also repeats continuously.
- 3. The feedstock itself (J). Accumulating voltage potential/charge (10) can amplify the ‘space charge effects from electronic conduction’ that some materials experience when immersed in a microwave field. In this case the charge (10) accumulates in these ‘space charge’ regions until the sum accumulated voltage potential/charge (10) exceeds the dielectric properties of the feedstock material between these regions at which point the accumulated charge (10) discharges (M) within the feedstock itself.
It is important to note that due to variability in feedstock composition, charge location/mechanism #3 is necessarily variable resulting in a periodic and unpredictable combination of location/mechanism #1 with #3, or #2 with #3. In all cases, however, the discharge (M) described in all three mechanisms represents the formation of a randomly localized and continuous series of primary reducing plasma fields which contribute to final gasification of the feedstock (J) It is also important to note the cumulative thermal effects of the processes described so far: The ionic dissociative force (3) imparted to the reduction target feedstock (J), the imparted kinetic energy (2) to the reactor's atmospheric molecules (L), and the combination of the three specific mechanisms describing the accumulating charge (10) and discharge (M) (just described above) all contribute to the increasing kinetic energy or heat of the reactor vessel. Additionally, microwaves (M) that do not couple with the dielectric cylindrical antennae (D) continue into the reactor vessel (4) and couple with the reduction target feedstock (J) and to a much lesser extent the atmospheric gases (8). Since E″, or the dielectric loss factor of a medium (J) is roughly the material's ability to dissipate electric field energy in the form of heat, and since most waste stream and fossil sourced feedstocks are primarily composed of carbon, and, since most carbon based media exhibit a high dielectric loss factor or are ‘lossy’, the reduction target feedstock (J) begins to heat from coupling with the microwaves (4). These same types of materials show a lesser ability to conduct this accumulating heat out of the target and so hot spots and ‘thermal runaway’ effects will occur, further contributing to the increased heat of the reactor interior. These effects can affect the characteristic impedance of the feedstock (J) which can result in a decrease in the efficiency in which the microwaves (4) and the reduction target feedstocks (J) couple and standing waves can occur, or, put another way, microwaves can be reflected (6,7) back into the apparatus. These reflected microwaves (6) then couple with the dielectric cylindrical antennae (D) and further contribute to the generation of the initiating steam plasma arcs (F) which impart more voltage potential (10) and ionic kinetic energy (H), or heat, into the reactor vessel. To a lesser extent these back reflecting microwaves (7) can impart dielectric heating effects to the steam (G1, G2, G3) in the apparatus as well. Since dielectric heating of a material is most effective if the material is an electric dipole and since most primarily carbon containing materials are not electric dipoles it is constructive that far-infrared radiation (5) induces such an artificial dipole in the feedstock (J) and is emitted by the refractory material (9) that the apparatus is lined with, aided by the lining's surface humidity and the overall heat of the interior of the vessel, increasing the reduction target feedstock's dielectric heating susceptibility and further increasing the overall efficiency of this combined apparatus. Variable reformation of resulting gaseous components into final desired end products is facilitated by the simultaneous availability of necessary reactants in the vertical convection currents of the complete reactor vessel. Apparatus can be arranged in various configurations around the circumferentially enclosed structure (I) to A) maximize free space microwave constructive and directional interference (
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiment, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not to scale. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the invention rather than limiting, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Throughout the various figures, like reference numbers refer to like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSDielectric spheres (and cylinders) one or more wavelength in diameter form a special class of microwave antenna structure and since the cylinders (D) are radio-transparent and filled with distilled water which is a dielectric, they behave similarly. Microwaves (W) propagating in the +Z direction immerse the water filled cylinders (D) in a microwave field and the cylinders (D) concentrate the electric field lines along an axis which causes the water to quickly heat to high temperatures and water vapor (steam) is propelled from the perforations (E). Since equal potential lines are compressed inside the cylinders (D) and in the steam filled gap between them, the voltage gradient between them increases causing air breakdown and a resulting arcing (F) occurs. In the area surrounding the arcs (F) the combination of high voltage potential and the high temperature of the steam escaping from the cylinder's perforations (E) combine to ionize the steam into a non thermal equilibrium plasma where the steam dissociates into electrons (e−), water vapor positive ions (H2O+), other positive ions (OH+, O+, H+, etc) and various neutral fragments, some fraction of which are propagated out of the apparatus differentially by the magnetic component of the microwaves (H) which can be deflected with increased specificity with additional magnetic apparatus (P). As such, the water volume in the cylinders (D) is consumed but is replenished and maintained by the pressure of the source (A). Additional steam (G) in various volumes, temperatures and dryness may be added to the operating apparatus to: 1) maintain a specific operating temperature inside the apparatus, 2) add additional H2O components into a reactor vessel to meet stoichiometric requirements for integrated or downstream processes or 3) tune for changing impedance characteristics in the system. This steam (G) can be added in either direct (G1), counter current (G2) ‘swirl gas’ (G3) or a combination of fashions. Though displayed simply as a closed cylinder in
While the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are presently considered to be preferred, various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is indicated in the appended claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents are intended to be embraced therein.
Claims
1. An apparatus comprising:
- at least one of a magnetron or array of magnetrons arranged at the end of a cylindrical shield such that, when energized, microwaves propagate into the cylinder to at least one of the right or positive Z direction, the cylindrical shield constructed of at least one of a metal or other shielding material and lined with a refractory material to protect it from high temperatures;
- within the cylindrical shield an open ended, radio transparent nozzle placed such that as the microwaves propagate unobstructed into the cylinder, passing through the nozzle but are constrained by the cylindrical shield;
- at least one of a pair of spheres, a series of spheres, a series of pairs of spheres, a pair of cylinders, a series of cylinders, or a series of pairs of cylinders micro-perforated and arranged within the nozzle such that the micro-perforations oppose each other and are separated by a variable air gap;
- at least one of these cylinders or spheres are composed of a radio transparent material selected from the group comprising fused quartz, alumina, and the like and are hollow such that the free space interior diametric dimension is equal to or greater than one wavelength of a given dielectric fluid to be used to fill them;
- the cylinders are filled with at least one of a distilled water a dielectric, or another dielectric fluid of interest from a source which provides enough pressure to maintain the cylinders quantity sufficiently full, as the distilled water is ionized and consumed in the operation of the apparatus;
- the magnetrons are then provided power and activated;
- microwaves propagating in the +Z direction immerse the dielectric filled cylinders in a microwave field and the cylinders concentrate the electric field lines along an axis which causes the water to quickly heat to high temperatures and water vapor or steam is propelled from the perforations;
- since equal potential lines are compressed inside the cylinders and in the steam filled gap between them, the voltage gradient between them increases causing air breakdown and a resulting arcing occurs;
- in the area surrounding the arcs the combination of high voltage potential and the high temperature of the steam escaping from the cylinder's perforations combine to ionize the steam into a non-thermal equilibrium plasma where the steam dissociates into electrons (e−), water vapor positive ions (H2O+), other positive ions (OH+, O+, H+, etc) and various neutral fragments a fraction of which are propagated differentially out of the apparatus (H);
- the water volume in the cylinders (D) is consumed but is replenished and maintained by the pressure of the source (A);
- additional steam (G) in various volumes, temperatures and dryness may be added to the operating apparatus to: 1) maintain a specific operating temperature inside the apparatus, 2) add additional H2O components into a reactor vessel to meet stoichiometric requirements for integrated or downstream processes or 3) tune for changing impedance characteristics in the system.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the steam can be added in at least one of a direct, counter current, swirl gas or any combination thereof.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the nozzle can be varied in shape to maximize the interaction between the plasma arcs and the steam or to adjust for varying desired operating pressures and effluent velocities.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the device can be operated with the nozzles submerged in water, distilled water or other media as needed based on desired outputs.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 further coupled to a circular, ring shaped enclosed structure which, as an energetic planar apparatus, would function as a modular vertical component of a sealed reduction or gasification or hydrogasification reactor vessel further comprising;
- the magnetrons emit microwaves which travel through the apparatus, coupling first with the dielectric cylinders rapidly heating the water within them, causing the emission of steam from the perforations and an increased voltage potential which causes the dielectric breakdown of the air in the separating gap resulting in arcing or the formation of an initiating steam plasma;
- the steam plasma components including highly energetic electrons and water ions proceed differentially into the circular arrangement where some impart an ionic dissociative force to the reduction target feedstock, others impart kinetic energy to the reactor's atmospheric molecules, and yet others contribute to an increasing voltage field potential which accumulates onto one or more of the following locations depending on specific feedstock materials and specific functional intent of the apparatus and the associated mechanisms:
- A. A refractory lining, where:
- with the application of an externally applied rotating magnetic field, this accumulating voltage potential/charge can be made to rotate about the feedstock providing the mechanism for the induction heating of the feedstock;
- with a continuous ingress of electrons from the operation of the apparatus, this induction heating mechanism proceeds in an increasing fashion until the sum accumulated voltage potential/charge exceeds the dielectric properties of the vessel's atmosphere between the anode/charge and the feedstock, at which point it discharges into the feedstock;
- repeating this accumulation/discharge process continuously;
- B. A strategically placed accumulating anode, where:
- protuberances can be fashioned from the reactor vessel lining to collect and discharge the accumulating voltage potential/charge to direct less random discharges to satisfy specific feedstock feeding mechanisms as determined by the final reactor vessel design;
- repeating this process continuously;
- C. The feedstock where:
- accumulating voltage potential/charge can amplify the space charge effects from electronic conduction that some materials experience when immersed in a microwave field;
- the charge accumulates in these space charge regions until the sum accumulated voltage potential/charge exceeds the dielectric properties of the feedstock material between these regions at which point the accumulated charge discharges within the feedstock itself;
- due to variability in feedstock composition, charge location/mechanism is necessarily variable resulting in a periodic and unpredictable combination of location/mechanism;
- the discharge represents the formation of a randomly localized and continuous series of primary reducing plasma fields which contribute to final gasification of the feedstock;
- the ionic dissociative force imparted to the reduction target feedstock, the imparted kinetic energy to the reactor's atmospheric molecules, and the combination of the three specific mechanisms describing the accumulating charge and discharge all contribute to the increasing kinetic energy or heat of the reactor vessel;
- microwaves that do not couple with the dielectric cylindrical antennae continue into the reactor vessel and couple with the reduction target feedstock and to a much lesser extent the atmospheric gases;
- as the dielectric loss factor of a medium is roughly the material's ability to dissipate electric field energy in the form of heat, and since most waste stream and fossil sourced feedstocks are primarily composed of carbon, and, since most carbon based media exhibit a high dielectric loss factor, the reduction target feedstock begins to heat from coupling with the microwaves;
- where these same types of materials show a lesser ability to conduct this accumulating heat out of the target and so hot spots and thermal runaway effects will occur, further contributing to the increased heat of the reactor interior;
- where these effects can affect the characteristic impedance of the feedstock which can result in a decrease in the efficiency in which the microwaves and the reduction target feedstocks couple and standing waves can occur;
- where these reflected microwaves then couple with the dielectric cylindrical antennae and further contribute to the generation of the initiating steam plasma arcs which impart more voltage potential and ionic kinetic energy (H), or heat, into the reactor vessel;
- to a lesser extent these back reflecting microwaves can impart dielectric heating effects to the steam (G1, G2, G3) in the apparatus as well;
- since dielectric heating of a material is most effective if the material is an electric dipole and since most primarily carbon containing materials are not electric dipoles it is constructive that far-infrared radiation induces such an artificial dipole in the feedstock and is emitted by the refractory material that the apparatus is lined with, aided by the lining's surface humidity and the overall heat of the interior of the vessel, increasing the reduction target feedstock's dielectric heating susceptibility and further increasing the overall efficiency of this combined apparatus; variable reformation of resulting gaseous components into final desired end products is facilitated by the simultaneous availability of necessary reactants in the vertical convection currents of the complete reactor vessel; Apparatus can be arranged in various configurations around the circumferentially enclosed structure to maximize free space microwave constructive and directional interference.
6. A method comprising:
- magnetrons arranged in at least one of an opposite, radial or axial fashion around a central Z axis to maximize the dielectric heating effect on electric dipoles by: 1) the apparent rotation of the propagating E fields relative to the target dipole fixed on the Z axis forcing target dipole rotation in multiple planes, 2) the sequential staggering in length of the magnetron launching sections to rapidly force the target dipole species from position to anti-position (rotation), both mechanisms substantially increasing the frictional component between target species;
- magnetron waveguide launching sections are staggered in length appropriate with the number of magnetrons used such as to provide wave crests of maximum or minimum amplitude across the Z axis to be as diametrically opposite as possible and in an alternating fashion from the previous wave crest receding across the Z axis;
- an apparatus can be assembled in this fashion using as few as two magnetrons and in many unique configurations to account for specific and various dipole target media, ionic lag and to disrupt molecular rotational momentum as needed; and
- a waveguide accumulators can be fashioned to adapt multiple waveguide launching sections to a single applicator or launching section as needed for a specific application depending on the desired mode of operation.
7. A method comprising:
- constructing a plasma gasification unit at or near a problem quantity of a problem material;
- using the plasma gasification unit to simultaneously process a hydrocarbonaceous material, an inert vitrifying matrix substrate, and the problem material, yielding at least one of an energetically useful synthesis gas (syngas), energetically useful heat, and a completely non-leaching vitreous slag with the introduced problem material contaminant safely and permanently sequestered with it.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the problem material is fly ash and the plasma gasification unit simultaneously processes the hydrocarbonaceous material, the inert vitrifying matrix substrate, and the fly ash, yielding the energetically useful synthesis gas (syngas), energetically useful heat, and a completely non-leaching vitreous slag with the introduced fly ash contaminant safely and permanently sequestered with it.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the problem material is asbestos and the plasma gasification unit simultaneously process hydrocarbonaceous material, an inert vitrifying matrix substrate, and asbestos, yielding the energetically useful synthesis gas (syngas), energetically useful heat, and a completely non-leaching vitreous slag with the introduced asbestos contaminants safely and permanently sequestered within it.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the problem material is radioactive waste and the plasma gasification simultaneously processes the hydrocarbonaceous material, the inert vitrifying matrix substrate, and the low level radioactive waste, yielding: energetically useful synthesis gas (syngas), energetically useful heat, and a completely non-leaching slag with the introduced low level radioactive particulate contaminants safely and permanently sequestered within it.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 21, 2014
Publication Date: Aug 21, 2014
Inventor: Charles D. Barton (Chicago, IL)
Application Number: 14/160,338