IRREGULARLY FORMED WATERPROOF PANEL HAVING HOLLOW PROTRUSION FOR WATERPROOFING, AND WATERPROOFING CONSTRUCTION USING SAME

Abstract

The present invention relates to an irregularly formed waterproof panel having a hollow protrusion for waterproofing, and to a waterproofing construction using same. The present invention provides: an irregularly formed waterproof panel in which a complex waterproofing layer is formed using the irregularly formed waterproof panel having a hollow protrusion to prevent a waterproofing foundation from being cracked or to prevent a waterproofing layer from being damaged due to the behavior of a joint, and to provide permeability to air; and a waterproofing construction using same. The exposed or non-exposed waterproofing construction with respect to the concrete structure includes: a step of forming a complex waterproof layer in which irregularly formed waterproof panels are integrated with the surface of the concrete structure, wherein the complex waterproof layer is installed by connecting the irregularly formed waterproof panels to each other; and a step of applying a waterproof material to fill the inside of the protrusion of each of the irregularly formed waterproof panels to form an upper waterproof layer, wherein each of the irregularly formed waterproof panels includes a flat plate part having a sheet or plate shape and a plurality of hollow protrusions having a conic or semicircular shape and which protrude downward from the flat plate part.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates, in general, to embossed waterproof panels having hollow protrusions and waterproofing construction methods using the embossed waterproof panels and, more particularly, to an embossed waterproof panel and a waterproofing construction method using the same in which embossed waterproof panels with conical or hemispherical hollow protrusions each of which has a hole in a lower end thereof are connected to each other and arranged on a concrete structure, and waterproofing material is charged into the hollow protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panels, thus forming an integrated complex waterproof layer.

BACKGROUND ART

Generally, in concrete structures, cracks may occur during a process of drying or hardening the concrete after it has been cast. If a concrete structure is relatively large, because concrete must be cast in several pieces, cold joints for connection of the pieces of concrete are formed. Also, in the case where separately formed concrete structures are connected to each other, an expansion joint is installed between the concrete structures to relieve collision resulting from expansion of the structures. Such portions have vertical vibration behavior or expansion and contraction behavior because of excessive loads or temperature changes applied thereto after the structures have been completely dried.

Meanwhile, waterproof layers are typically provided on the roofs or outer walls of underground structures or the roofs of ground structures so as to prevent water leakage. The durability of such a waterproof layer is directly influenced by a crack caused in the concrete structure or a cold joint or an expansion joint formed therein. Given this, in the conventional technique, a method (generally, a full-area adhesive waterproofing construction method) in which a waterproofing material adheres to the entirety of a waterproofing foundation surface via an adhesive or primer was proposed. In this method, as shown in FIG. 1, because of partial deformation (or zero span tension) caused in the above-mentioned crack or joint portions, a defect of breakage of the waterproof layer resulting from an excessive reduction in the cross-sectional area of the waterproof layer or a stress reduction is frequently caused. Recently, in an effort to overcome the above problems, various waterproof layer forming methods were introduced.

For example, as shown in FIG. 2, to mitigate a defect of a waterproof layer being damaged, a partial-insulation waterproofing construction method was proposed in which tape 210 or the like is used to partially space an upper waterproof layer around a crack or joint apart from the waterproofing foundation. Although this method shows effects on cracks or joint portions that are visible to the naked eye, there is little effect on a concrete structure in which a large number of cracks that are invisible to the naked eye have occurred.

In another example, a sheet- or plate-shaped waterproof base layer made of synthetic polymer-based, metal-based or asphalt-based material is placed on the entire area of the waterproofing foundation containing crack or joint portions that are visible to the naked eye and then fastened thereto by means of an adhesive or fasteners such as anchors, etc. Coating waterproofing material is applied to the upper surface of the waterproof base layer, thus completing a waterproof layer. That is, as shown in FIG. 3, a partial adhesion waterproofing construction method using a waterproof base layer 220 for spacing a waterproofing material layer 230 apart from the waterproofing foundation to prevent a defect of a waterproof layer being damaged was proposed. This waterproofing construction method is much more effective than the partial-insulation waterproofing construction method. However, use of the waterproof base layer 220 and the coating waterproofing material layer 230 that are made of different materials also causes defects of adhesive interface and failure between the waterproof base layer and the coating waterproofing material layer, or wrinkle occurrence or layer damage attributable to a difference in properties. Furthermore, the entire thickness of the waterproof layer (a combination of the waterproof base layer and the coating waterproofing material layer) is about 2 mm to 3 mm, in other words, is comparatively thin, and soft rubber-based waterproofing material is mainly used. Moreover, because of a load of a concrete protective pressing layer placed on the waterproof layer or a load of a ground layer, the cross-section thickness of the waterproof layer is markedly reduced, or a hole may be made in the waterproof layer by a protrusion part or substance which is on the waterproofing foundation. As such, there is a disadvantage in that waterproofing durability is markedly reduced.

In addition, a point adhesion waterproofing construction method, in which a sheet with holes is placed on the waterproofing foundation and coating waterproofing material or the like is applied to the surface of the sheet such that the coating waterproofing material adheres to the waterproofing foundation through the holes, was proposed. However, this method has the same problems as those of the partial adhesion waterproofing construction method.

In summary, various conventional waterproofing construction methods have been selectively used to cope with movement behavior caused around a crack or joint formed in a concrete structure and ensure the durability of the waterproof layer. However, a portion of a construction structure to which such waterproofing construction methods are applied is generally covered with soil to a thickness of 1 m or more, or with heavy concrete or asphalt casted for constructing a sidewalk or road, or the such waterproofing construction methods are applied to an upper surface of a slab of an underground structure, to which a large load resulting from heavy vehicles or a number of people who pass over is applied, a rooftop slab of a ground structure on which a heavy concrete protective pressing layer is installed, or an outer wall of an underground structure which is continuously pressed in a lateral direction by a heavy bedrock or soil continuously presses. Therefore, the waterproof layers formed by the above-mentioned construction methods, in other words, waterproof layers that have a comparatively small thickness of 2 m to 3 mm and are made of a soft rubber-based sheet or coating waterproofing material, are problematic in that because of an excessive load or impact, the thickness of the waterproof layer is reduced, or a hole is made in the waterproof layer, whereby mechanical durability lifetime thereof is markedly reduced.

To solve these problems, another method was proposed, in which after the waterproof layer has been formed by the above-mentioned methods, a shock absorption layer formed of cement mortar, rubber, plastic or the like to a thickness ranging from about 10 mm to about 20 mm is provided to prevent the waterproof layer from being damaged because of partial compression resulting from a gravel or bedrock with protrusions and then a protective pressing layer is formed. This method has a problem of high construction cost.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENT

(Patent document 1) Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2002-0087244 (Nov. 22, 2002)

(Patent document 2) Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0878226 (Jan. 12, 2009)

(Patent document 3) Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0878342 (Jan. 6, 2009)

(Patent document 4) Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1059736 (Aug. 22, 2011)

DISCLOSURE

Technical Problem

Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide an embossed waterproof panel and a waterproofing construction method in which a complex waterproof layer is formed using embossed waterproof panels having hollow conical or hemispherical protrusions, whereby the waterproof layer can be prevented from being damaged because of a crack of a waterproofing foundation surface of a concrete structure or behavior of a joint, and ventilation performance can be ensured.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an embossed waterproof panel and a waterproofing construction method in which a complex waterproof layer is formed by integration of waterproofing material and the embossed waterproof panels having hollow conical or hemispherical protrusions in a type of an exposed or non-exposed waterproof layer for a concrete structure

A further object of the present invention is to provide an embossed waterproof panel and a waterproofing construction method which can form the complex waterproof layer, thus solving problems of a reduction in durability of the exposed or non-exposed waterproof layer resulting from a reduction in cross-section thickness of the waterproof layer due to a load of a protective pressing layer or the ground, or partial compression or shock transmitted from a bedrock having protrusions.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an embossed waterproof panel and a waterproofing construction method which can prevent the waterproof layer from being damaged by a thickness change (cross-section thickness reduction) of the waterproof layer attributable to a load applied to the waterproof layer, horizontal expansion and contraction (in-plane) behavior or vibration or shearing (out-plane) behavior, and which has enhanced interface adhesive performance of the complex waterproof layer and ventilation performance.

Technical Solution

In an exposed or non-exposed waterproofing construction method for a concrete structure according to the present invention, a complex waterproof layer which is integrally provided with an embossed waterproof panel is formed on the surface of the concrete structure. The complex waterproof layer is formed by connecting embossed waterproof panels to each other and charging polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material into protrusions of the embossed waterproof panel. The embossed waterproof panel includes a planar part having a sheet or plate shape, and a plurality of conical or hemispherical hollow protrusions protruding downwards from the planar part.

As such, in the present invention, because the plastic or metal embossed waterproof panels having the conical or hemispherical hollow protrusions, each of which has a hole in a lower end thereof, are installed, advanced work which has been inevitably required before waterproofing construction, for example, drying a concrete structure until the water content percentage of the surface of the structure becomes 12%, is not required. In other words, the waterproofing construction can be carried out just after the concrete structure is constructed, thus reducing the construction duration. Furthermore, foundation cleaning or foundation finishing work can be skipped, thus also reducing the construction duration and the construction cost.

In the present invention, because the hole is formed in the lower end of each protrusion of the embossed waterproof panel, the complex waterproof layer which includes the embossed waterproof panel and the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material adheres at points to the waterproofing foundation surface. Even if various kinds or sizes of dynamic behaviors, for example, bending deformation and bending stress resulting from sagging of the concrete structure, cracking, an expansion joint, expansion and contraction deformation or stress around the expansion joint or a gap between P.C plates placed end to end, shearing stress or shearing deformation, repetitive movement for a long period of time, or stress behavior, are induced, it is not transmitted to the waterproof layer. As such, the present invention can reliably cope with various dynamic behaviors, so that the waterproof layer can last longer.

In the present invention, the embossed waterproof panel is provided with protrusions having a predetermined height. When an exposed waterproof layer is formed, for example, on a rooftop, even if water that has been contained in the foundation concrete is vaporized and expanded, expansion pressure resulting from vaporization of water can be relieved through spaces between the protrusions, thus preventing the waterproofing layer from being swollen. Even when the non-exposed waterproofing layer is formed, the complex waterproof layer can withstand a heavy load resulting from a pressing concrete layer or the ground. Therefore, the durability of waterproofing can be enhanced.

Furthermore, in the present invention, embossed waterproof panels can be successively installed in such a way that some protrusions of each embossed waterproof panel are fitted into the to corresponding protrusions of the adjacent embossed waterproof panel. In this way, an integrated waterproof layer can be simply formed. Thereby, the watertightness can be enhanced, and ease of construction work can be ensured.

In the present invention, polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material which has high compressive strength is charged into the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panel and applied to the surface of the embossed waterproof panel, thus further enhancing compressive strength for coping with partial compression, and increasing the force to support a load applied onto the complex waterproof layer.

In the present invention, because air can flow through the holes formed in the lower ends of the protrusions, polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material can be easily fully charged into the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels.

Furthermore, since the embossed waterproof panel is provided with protrusions having a predetermined height, an area with which polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the protrusions adheres to the embossed waterproof panel can be markedly increased. Thus, a problem of adhesive interface failure between different kinds of waterproofing layers because of thermal behavior can be prevented. Therefore, the different kinds of waterproofing layers can be more reliably integrated with each other, whereby watertightness durability can be further enhanced.

In the present invention, the embossed waterproof panel having the protrusions can be partially fixed to the waterproofing foundation surface by fasteners such as pins, nails, anchors, etc. If an airless spray is used as the fastener, the embossed waterproof panel can be more easily fixed to the waterproofing foundation surface, and the attachment of the embossed waterproof panel can be reliably maintained even on a structure which has large deformation behavior.

Moreover, the embossed waterproof panel may be attached to the waterproofing foundation surface after an adhesive is applied to the waterproofing foundation surface, whereby the adhesive strength can be further enhanced. As a result, the attachment of the embossed waterproof panel can be reliably maintained without deformation even on a structure which has large deformation behavior.

In the present invention, urethane or rubber asphalt mastic having adhesion and viscosity behavior or a water absorption swelling reactive coating waterproofing material can be used to adhere the embossed waterproof panel to the waterproofing foundation surface. In this case, further enhanced adhesive strength can be obtained. Even if the upper waterproof layer and the embossed waterproof panel are damaged and water is drawn under the waterproof layer, water can be blocked or absorbed. Therefore, the waterproofing effect can be further enhanced.

Compared to the conventional techniques in which a single sheet or coating waterproofing material is applied to the entire area of the concrete plate or a combination of them is used, the present invention is economically viable and has high compressive strength. Therefore, the present invention can solve the conventional problems of a cross-sectional thickness of the waterproof layer attributable to a load applied onto the waterproof layer or a hole being made in the waterproof layer.

In the present invention, the optimum waterproofing performance can be realized within an economically viable range by limiting thickness of the embossed waterproof panel, the height of the protrusions, the spacing between the protrusions and the thickness to which waterproofing material is applied.

The present invention provides the complex waterproof layer which has a double structure, including the embossed waterproof panel having high waterproofing performance and the upper waterproof layer that has a jointless waterproofing structure and is formed of polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material. Therefore, the present invention can be applied not only to an exposed waterproofing structure for concrete structures but also a non-exposed waterproofing structure. In addition, superior waterproofing performance can be ensured.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view showing a conventional waterproofing construction method (a full-area adhesive waterproofing construction method);

FIG. 2 is a view showing a conventional partial-insulation waterproofing construction method;

FIG. 3 is a view showing a conventional insulation waterproofing construction method (using a waterproof base material);

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating the construction of an embossed waterproof panel according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a method of fastening the embossed waterproof panel to a structure (using a fastener) according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a method of fastening the embossed waterproof panel to a structure (using an adhesive coating waterproofing material) according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating the installation (overlapped structure) of the embossed waterproof panels according to the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a point contact adhesion structure of a complex waterproof layer according to the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a view illustrating the construction of a non-exposed waterproof layer according to the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating the construction of an exposed ventilation waterproof layer according to the present invention; and

FIG. 11 is view illustrating configuration of a test in experimental example 2 according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS

• • (10): embossed waterproof panel (11): planar part
  • (12): protrusion (13): hollow space
  • (14): hole (20): upper waterproof layer
  • (30): protective pressing layer (40): fastener
  • (50): adhesive or coating waterproofing material
  • (60): waterproof layer
  • (70): waterproof reinforcement layer (80): surface protective pressing layer
  • (100): concrete structure
  • (110): vertical wall surface

BEST MODE

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating the construction of an embossed waterproof panel according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a method of fastening the embossed waterproof panel to a structure (using a fastener). FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a method of fastening the embossed waterproof panel to a structure (using an adhesive coating waterproofing material). FIG. 7 is a view illustrating the installation (overlapped structure) of the embossed waterproof panels. FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a point contact adhesion structure of a complex waterproof layer according to the present invention.

The embossed waterproof panel 10 according to the present invention includes a planar part 11 which has a sheet or plate shape, and a plurality of conical or hemispherical protrusions 12 which protrude downwards from the planar part 11.

Each protrusion 12 has a hollow space 13 therein. Having a diameter ranging 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm, a hole 12 is formed in a lower end of each protrusion 12. Furthermore, each protrusion 12 has a height h ranging from 3.0 mm to 20.0 mm, and an inner diameter d ranging from 5.0 mm to 15.0 mm.

The conical or hemispherical protrusions 1 are successively arranged adjacent to each other at predetermined intervals L ranging from 1.0 mm to 10.0 mm.

The embossed waterproof panel 10 having the above-mentioned construction is made of metal or thermoplastic hard or soft plastic, such as polyethylene having an ethyl group, polypropylene having a propyl group, polyester having an ester group, urethane having a urethane group, or epoxy having an epoxy group. The embossed waterproof panel 10 has a thickness t ranging from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm.

The hollow space 13 of each protrusion 12 is filled with waterproofing material. The hole 12 functions both to prevent an air layer from being formed when the waterproofing material is charged into the hollow space 13 and to enable the protrusion 12 to adhere to the surface of the concrete structure at a point by means of the waterproofing material, as shown in FIG. 8.

In detail, the diameter of the hole 12 ranges from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm such that charge of the waterproofing material into the protrusion is facilitated while an excessive amount of waterproofing material is prevented from being removed from the protrusion through the hole 12. If the diameter of the hole 12 is less than 0.1 mm, it is difficult to charge the waterproofing material into the protrusion without forming an air layer. If the diameter of the hole 12 is greater than 3.0 mm, an excessive amount of waterproofing material may be removed from the protrusion through the hole 12, thus cracking the waterproof layer. The waterproofing material is a polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material.

Meanwhile, limiting the size of each protrusion 12 is to ensure the performance of the waterproofing layer with regard to compressive strength, crack resistance, fatigue resistance, etc. If the dimensions of each protrusion 12 are out of the given range, the performance of the complex waterproofing layer that includes the embossed waterproof panel and the applied and charged waterproofing material is reduced.

A non-exposed waterproofing construction method and a rooftop ventilation exposed waterproofing construction method using the embossed waterproof panel of the present invention having the above-mentioned construction will be described below. The following ventilation exposed waterproofing construction method and non-exposed waterproofing construction method are merely exemplary to explain the waterproofing construction method using the embossed waterproof panel according to the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to these ventilation exposed waterproofing construction method and non-exposed waterproofing construction method.

Non-Exposed Waterproofing Construction Method

FIG. 9 is a view illustrating the construction of a non-exposed waterproof layer according to the present invention. The non-exposed waterproof layer according to the present invention is applied to a roof or outer wall of an underground structure which is constructed by concrete, P.C (pre-casting concrete) plates, etc. or a roof of a ground structure to which a protective pressing layer using concrete or the like is applied.

The non-exposed waterproof layer includes a complex waterproof layer 60 which is integrated with embossed waterproof panels, and a protective pressing layer 30 which is applied to the surface of the complex waterproof layer 60.

The complex waterproof layer 60 includes the embossed waterproof panels 10 which are installed in such a manner that they are connected to each other, and an upper waterproof layer 20 which is formed by applying waterproofing material to the embossed waterproof panels such that the hollow spaces 13 of the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels are filled with the waterproofing material.

The present invention provides a method for constructing the non-exposed waterproof layer for a concrete structure or a cracked portion or joint of a concrete structure.

The construction method includes: an arrangement step of arranging a plurality of embossed waterproof panels 10 on a waterproofing foundation surface of the concrete structure, each of the embossed waterproof panels 10 having a plurality of conical or hemispherical protrusions 12 each of which has a hollow space 13 therein and is provided with a hole 12 formed in a lower end thereof;

a connection step of connecting the embossed waterproof panels 10 to each other in a longitudinal or lateral direction using the protrusions 12;

an upper waterproof layer forming step of applying waterproofing material to the embossed waterproof panels 10 such that the hollow spaces 13 of the protrusions are filled with waterproofing material, and forming an upper waterproof layer 20 having a predetermined thickness;

a curing step of curing the upper waterproof layer 20 and forming a complex waterproof layer 60 including the upper waterproof layer 20 and the embossed waterproof panels 10 which are integrated with each other; and

a protective pressing layer forming step of forming a protective pressing layer 30 on the complex waterproof layer 60. The non-exposed waterproof layer formed by the construction method has improved mechanical strength, durability and economic feasibility.

At the arrangement step, the embossed waterproof panels 10 are arranged on the waterproofing foundation surface of the concrete structure 100. Each embossed waterproof panel is preferably made of plastic.

As shown in FIG. 7, at the connection step, each embossed waterproof panel 10a is connected to another embossed waterproof panel 10b in such a way that the embossed waterproof panels 10a and 10b are partially overlapped with each other. A width W, to which the embossed waterproof panels are overlapped with each other in the longitudinal or lateral direction, ranges about 30.0 mm to about 100.0 mm The protrusions of one of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels may be forcibly fitted into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel. An adhesive may be applied between the protrusions of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels that are overlapped with each other. In this way, the embossed waterproof panels are successively installed on the entire area of the waterproofing foundation surface (the surface of the concrete structure).

Here, the width W of the overlapped portions of the embossed waterproof panels ranges about 30.0 mm to about 100.0 mm. The protrusions of one of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels may be forcibly fitted into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel. Preferably, an adhesive may be applied between the protrusions of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels that are overlapped with each other. In this way, the embossed waterproof panels are successively installed on the entire area of the waterproofing foundation surface (the surface of the concrete structure).

The connection step further includes a fastening step. At fastening step, as shown in FIG. 5, the embossed waterproof panels may be partially fixed to the waterproofing foundation surface (the surface of the concrete structure) by means of metal fasteners 40, such as pins, nails, anchors, etc., via the holes 12 formed in the lower ends of the protrusions 12 of the embossed waterproof panels. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6, a predetermined amount of adhesive or coating waterproofing material 50 may be applied to the waterproofing foundation surface (the surface of the concrete structure), and the embossed waterproof panels may be fastened to the concrete structure by the adhesive or coating waterproofing material.

The coating waterproofing material 50 may be a rubber asphalt-based coating waterproofing material which is gluey, that is, has adhesion and viscosity behavior characteristics. Alternatively, the coating waterproofing material 50 may be water absorption swelling reactive resin-based coating waterproofing material, such as acryl, polyvinyl, etc. It is preferable that the water absorption swelling reactive resin-based coating waterproofing material be used.

At the upper waterproof layer forming step, waterproofing material is applied to the embossed waterproof panels 10 that have been installed on the waterproofing foundation surface, thus forming the upper waterproof layer 20 having a predetermined thickness. Here, a polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material is used as the waterproofing material.

The polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material is formed by mixing waterproofing liquid or powder polymer, epoxy, cement, silica or sand at a predetermined ratio. The liquid or powder polymer is one selected from among acryl, EVA, SBS, SBR and epoxy.

That is, the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material is formed by mixing waterproofing liquid or powder polymer, such as acryl, EVA, SBS, SBR or epoxy, cement and silica or sand at a predetermined ratio, for example, such that a weight percentage of P (polymer) to C (cement) ranges from 0.5% to 10% and a ratio of cement to silica or sand is 1:0.5 to 3. The polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material can be applied to the embossed waterproof panels by pouring polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material onto the embossed waterproof panels and evenly spreading it on the embossed waterproof panels using a brush, roller or trowel. Alternatively, the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material may be sprayed onto the embossed waterproof panels such that the waterproof layer having a predetermined thickness is formed.

Since the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material formed by the above-mentioned method has high adhesive strength to the embossed waterproof panels, it is easy to form an integrated waterproof layer, and a crack is not easily caused. Furthermore, a sufficient degree of elasticity is given to the waterproof layer, so that it is possible to cope with deformation of the embossed waterproof panels. In addition, when the internal spaces of the protrusions are filled with the waterproofing material, resistance to partial compression can be enhanced. The production cost of the waterproofing material is inexpensive. Particularly, if coating waterproofing material is applied to the upper surface of the waterproof layer to reinforce waterproofing, separate foundation surface finishing is not required. Therefore, no pin hole can be formed in the coating waterproof layer.

The elastic coating waterproofing material has a tensile product ranging from 120 N/mm to 600 N/mm and is one selected from among: synthetic rubber based coating waterproofing material such as urethane, chloroprene, etc.; synthetic resin based coating waterproofing material such as urea, epoxy, polyester, etc.; asphalt based coating waterproofing material; and coating waterproofing material formed by mixing water soluble polymer such as urethane, epoxy, acryl, EVA, etc. with mineral powder such as cement, sand, calcium carbonate, etc. If the tensile product of the elastic coating waterproofing material is out of the above-mentioned range, it may not be able to appropriately cope with dynamic behaviors such as vertical vibration or shearing, or the cost of construction is increased.

Furthermore, several kinds of elastic coating waterproofing materials having different elasticity levels may be used together, so long as they are the same series or the tensile products thereof are within the given range. For instance, the upper waterproof layer 20 may be formed in such a way that the internal hollow spaces of the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels are filled with coating waterproofing material that has a high elongation rate rather than considering stress, and coating waterproofing material that has high stress tolerance rather than considering an elongation rate is applied to the panels. On the contrary, the upper waterproof layer 20 may be formed in such a way that the internal hollow spaces of the protrusions are filled with coating waterproofing material that has high stress tolerance rather than considering an elongation rate, and coating waterproofing material that has a high elongation rate rather than considering stress tolerance is applied to the panels.

In other words, the upper waterproof layer 20 may be formed both of elastic coating waterproofing material that is charged into the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels and of another kind of elastic coating waterproofing material applied to the planar parts 11 of the embossed waterproof panels to a predetermined thickness.

Here, the upper waterproof layer 20 may have a double layer structure in such a way that the stress of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is charged into the protrusions is higher than that of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is applied to the planar parts of the embossed waterproof panels, while the elongation rate of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is applied to the planar parts is higher than that of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is charged into the protrusions.

Alternatively, the upper waterproof layer 20 may have a double layer structure in such a way that the elongation rate of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is charged into the protrusions is higher than that of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is applied to the planar parts of the embossed waterproof panels, while the stress of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is applied to the planar parts is higher than that of the elastic coating waterproofing material that is charged into the protrusions.

As such, after the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material is applied to the embossed waterproof panels such that it is charged into the hollow spaces of the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels and forms a layer having a predetermined thickness on the planar parts of the embossed waterproof panels, it is cured.

Furthermore, by virtue of the hole that is formed in the lower end of each protrusion of the embossed waterproof panel and which has a diameter ranging from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm, the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or the elastic coating waterproofing material can be charged into the hollow space of the protrusion without an air layer being formed in the protrusion nor an excessive amount of material being undesirably removed from the protrusion through the hole.

At the curing step, the upper waterproof layer 20 is cured or hardened so that it is integrated with the embossed waterproof panels 10, thus forming the single complex waterproof layer 60. That is, in the complex waterproof layer 60, the embossed waterproof panel 10 and the upper waterproof layer 20 are integrally formed with each other.

The construction method may further include a waterproof reinforcing step of, after the curing step has been conducted, applying liquefied coating waterproofing material such as urethane to the surface of the complex waterproof layer or laying a sheet of waterproofing material such as rubber asphalt on the complex waterproof layer, thus forming a waterproof reinforcement layer 70.

Furthermore, the construction method may further include the step of, after the curing step has been conducted, laying an insulator such as foamed urethane or foamed polystyrene on the complex waterproof layer to enhance the insulation performance.

At the protective pressing layer forming step, concrete is placed on the complex waterproof layer 60, or P.C (pre-casing concrete) plates or blocks are placed thereon, thus forming the protective pressing layer 30 having a predetermined thickness.

In consideration of movement occurring around a crack or joints that are essential to construct a building structure, the non-exposed waterproofing construction method according to the present invention can be applied to the surface of a slab roof or outer wall of an underground concrete structure to which an excessive load is continuously applied or applied to the surface of a slab roof of a ground concrete structure that has a protective pressing layer formed of concrete or the like, thus enhancing the durability of the structure. Furthermore, the non-exposed waterproofing construction method can solve the common problems of the conventional waterproofing construction methods, particularly, a problem about resistance to an excessive load applied to the upper surface of the waterproof layer. In addition, the non-exposed waterproofing construction method is economically feasible in terms of the cost of construction of the structure.

Method of Constructing Exposed Ventilation Waterproof Layer for Rooftop

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating the construction of an exposed ventilation waterproof layer according to the present invention. The present invention provides an exposed ventilation waterproof layer for a rooftop of a structure and a waterproofing construction method therefor.

The rooftop ventilation exposed waterproofing construction method according to the present invention includes:

an arrangement step of arranging a plurality of embossed waterproof panels 10 on a waterproofing foundation surface of a concrete structure, each of the embossed waterproof panels 10 having a plurality of conical or hemispherical protrusions 12 each of which has a hollow space 13 therein and is provided with a hole 12 formed in a lower end thereof;

a connection step of connecting the embossed waterproof panels 10 to each other in a longitudinal or lateral direction using the protrusions 12;

an upper waterproof layer forming step of applying waterproofing material to the embossed waterproof panels 10 such that the hollow spaces 13 of the protrusions are filled with waterproofing material, and forming an upper waterproof layer 20 having a predetermined thickness;

a curing step of curing the upper waterproof layer 20 and forming a complex waterproof layer 60 including the upper waterproof layer 20 and the embossed waterproof panels 10 which are integrated with each other;

a waterproof reinforcing step of applying liquefied coating waterproofing material to the surface of the complex waterproof layer 60 or laying a sheet of waterproofing material on the complex waterproof layer, thus forming a waterproof reinforcement layer 70; and

a surface protective pressing layer forming step of applying surface protection material to the surface of the waterproof reinforcement layer 70, thus forming a surface protective pressing layer 80.

At the connection step, the protrusions of one of adjacent embossed waterproof panels are forcibly fitted into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel in such a way that a width W, to which the embossed waterproof panels are overlapped with each other in the longitudinal or lateral direction, ranges about 10.0 mm to about 100.0 mm

In other words, the embossed waterproof panels that partially face each other are connected to each other by fitting some protrusions of one of the embossed waterproof panels into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel having a predetermined width.

Thereafter, to relieve expansion pressure resulting from vaporization of water that has been contained in the waterproofing foundation surface from a vertical wall surface 110, the corresponding embossed waterproof panel is bent at a predetermined curvature radius and is fastened at an upper end thereof to the vertical wall surface 110.

That is, in the exposed ventilation waterproof layer for the rooftop of the structure and the waterproofing construction method therefor according to the present invention, sheet- or plate-shaped embossed waterproof panels, each of which has the conical or hemispherical hollow protrusions and is made of soft or hard resin or metal, are laid on the waterproofing foundation surface in such a way that the embossed waterproof panels are partially overlapped with each other, are arranged edge to edge, or are arranged and fastened to the waterproofing foundation surface by means of fasteners such as pins or metallic substances, adhesive or the like.

In the overlapped portions of the embossed waterproof panels, the protrusions of one of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels are fitted into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel, whereby the partially overlapped embossed waterproof panels are connected to each other.

Subsequently, the embossed waterproof panel that is adjacent to the vertical wall surface is bent at a predetermined curvature radius and is fastened at an upper end thereof to the vertical wall surface by means of a fastener such as a fastening pin or metallic substance, thus relieving expansion pressure resulting from vaporization of water that has been contained in the waterproofing foundation surface from the vertical wall surface.

Thereafter, polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material or elastic coating waterproofing material is applied to the surfaces of the embossed waterproof panels, which have been successively installed on the rooftop waterproofing foundation surface and the vertical wall surface, such that the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels are filled with the waterproofing material or a waterproofing material layer having a predetermined thickness is formed on the planar parts of the embossed waterproof panels, thus forming an upper waterproof layer.

Liquefied elastic coating waterproofing material such as urethane is applied to the surface of the upper waterproof layer. Lastly, for finishing, well known surface protection material having a heat or ultraviolet ray blocking function is applied to the surface of the liquefied elastic coating waterproofing material layer. In this way, an exposed waterproof layer having ventilation performance can be formed.

Here, the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material and the elastic coating waterproofing material are respectively the same materials as the polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material and the elastic coating waterproofing material that have been mentioned in the description of the non-exposed waterproof layer.

Hereinafter, experimental examples according to the present invention will be described in detail.

Experimental Example 1

In order to figure out the effects of the thickness of the embossed waterproof panel (thermoplastic resin-based) having protrusions, the height of each protrusions, and the degree to which water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material is charged into the protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panel on the compressive strength of the embossed waterproof panel,

using an embossed waterproof panel with protrusions each having an inner diameter of 5 mm as a representative test specimen, a test was conducted as follows: six sets (four sheets per each set) of embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size of 30 cm×30 cm in length and width according to a combination of panel thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm and protrusion height of 5.0 mm and 10.0 mm; among four sheets per each set, three sheets other than one sheet (plain) were prepared in such a way that in the case of one of the three sheets, water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusions, and in the other two sheets, water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material was charged into the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels and then applied on the embossed waterproof panels to respectively form layers having thicknesses t of 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm; using a compressive strength test machine which has the maximum load of 500 ton and is provided with a reinforced steel plate of 30 cm×30 cm, each specimen was compressed at a speed of 10 mm/min; when a pressure gauge indicated 0.1 Ton·f, 0.5 Ton·f, 1.0 Ton·f, 5.0 Ton·f, 10.0 Ton·f, 50.0 Ton·f, 75.0 Ton·f or 100.0 Ton·f, the compression was temporarily interrupted, and a compressive strain rate (protrusion height strain rate, mm) of the embossed waterproof panel was measured; and then the embossed waterproof panel is compressed again. Furthermore, specimens, of which distances between the spaces of the protrusions are respectively 1.0 mm, 5.0 mm and 10.0 mm, were tested, and the results are as shown in Tables 1 through 3.

TABLE 1
Test result when distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 1.0 mm
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Compression (load) Ton · f
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.1	0.5	1.0	5.0	10.0	50.0	75.0	100.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	1.0
		0.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	″	—
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	fracture
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	5.0
		0.0	″	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.3
		2.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	about
										0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture
								0.1	0.3
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	about	″
									0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.3
		0.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	fracture
									0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	″
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about
									0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	about
										0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about
									0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	about
										0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	″

TABLE 2
Test result when distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 5.0 mm
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Compression (load) Ton · f
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.1	0.5	1.0	5.0	10.0	50.0	75.0	100.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
					0.1	03
		0.0	″	″	intact	about	fracture	—	—	—
						0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	about	about
									0.1	0.2
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	about	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
				0.1	0.3	0.5
		0.0	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture
								0.1	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
					0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.3
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	fracture	—
								0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
					0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	about	about	about	fracture	—	—
					0.1	0.3	0.5
		2.0	″	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	about
									0.1	0.3
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.3
		0.0	″	″	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture
								0.1	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	about
										0.1
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	″	about	about	about	fracture	—
						0.1	0.3	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture	fracture
							0.1	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	intact

TABLE 3
Test result when the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 10.0 mm
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Compression (load) Ton · f
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.1	0.5	1.0	5.0	10.0	50.0	75.0	100.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—	—
				0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	intact	intact	about	fracture	—	—	—
						0.1
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	about	about	about	fracture
							0.1	0.3	0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	about	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
				0.1	0.3	0.5
		0.0	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture
								0.1	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
					0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.3
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	intact	about	fracture	—
								0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—	—
					0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	about	about	about	fracture	—	—
					0.1	0.5	0.5
		2.0	″	″	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	about
										0.1
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	about	fracture	—	—
							0.3
		0.0	″	″	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture
								0.1	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	about
										0.1
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	″	″	intact
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	about	about	fracture	—	—
						0.1	0.5
		0.0	″	″	″	about	about	about	fracture	—
						0.1	0.3	0.5
		2.0	″	″	″	intact	about	about	fracture	—
							0.1	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	intact	intact	intact	intact

As shown in the test result of Tables 1 through 3, as the degree to which water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material is charged into the protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panel is increased, a compressive load at which the embossed waterproof panel is deformed is also increased, or there may be no deformation. Furthermore, compared to the case of a plain panel which is filled with no water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material, as the degree to which the waterproofing material is applied to the embossed waterproof panel is increased, the strain of the specimen is markedly reduced. In other words, it can be understood that as the degree to which the waterproofing material is applied to the embossed waterproof panel is increased, the compressive strength is increased.

Experimental Example 2

In order to figure out the effects of the thickness of the embossed waterproof panel (thermoplastic resin-based) having protrusions, the height of each protrusions, and the degree to which water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material is charged into the protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panel on the crack resistance, a test was conducted as follows.

Two molds each of which has a thickness of about 10 cm, a width of 100 cm and a length of 50 cm, and a mold which has a thickness of about 10 cm, a width of 100 cm and a length of 100 cm were manufactured. Concrete, which was produced at a mixing rate, for example, the most common mixing rate which is recently mainly used to produce a concrete structure, such that the 28-day compressive strength thereof becomes 210 kg/cm², was poured into the three molds, thus producing concrete formwork panels. Among them, the two concrete formwork panels, each of which has a thickness of 10 cm, a width of 100 cm and a length of 50 cm, were placed end to end on a test machine which was manufactured capable of performing a tensile test and a tensile fatigue test that complies with KS F 4934 (the overall length of the two panels is 100 cm).

In the same manner as experimental example 1, an embossed waterproof panel with protrusions each having an inner diameter of 5 mm was used as a representative test specimen. With regard to each of the cases when a distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 10 mm (a distance between distal ends of conical protrusions is 6.0 mm), 5.0 mm (a distance between distal ends of conical protrusions is 10.0 mm), 10.0 mm (a distance between distal ends of conical protrusions is 15.0 mm), six sets (four sheets per each set) of embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size of 100 cm×100 cm in length and width according to a combination of panel thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm and protrusion height of 5.0 mm and 10.0 mm Among four sheets per each set, three sheets other than one sheet (plain) were prepared in such a way that in the case of one of the three sheets, water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusions, and in the other two sheets, water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material was charged into the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels and then applied on the embossed waterproof panels to respectively form layers having thicknesses T of 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm. The sheet of embossed waterproof panel was placed on the joint between the concrete slabs that are placed end to end.

Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 11a, a concrete slab which was manufactured to a thickness of about 10 cm, a width of 100 cm and a length of 100 cm and had a weight of about 240 kgf/m² was placed on the embossed waterproof panel, thus forming a specimen. Subsequently, an instantaneous stain test was conducted in such a way that, with the concrete slab placed on the embossed waterproof panel, the test machine is operated such that an end spacing between the concrete slabs that area placed end to end is increased to 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, 5.0 mm and 10.0 mm Variation in a distance between conical protrusions that are most adjacent to the gap between the concrete slabs that are placed end to end under the embossed waterproof panel was measured. That is, as show in FIG. 11b, variation from an initial distance C1 between the distal ends of the protrusions to a distance C2 therebetween after the embossed waterproof panel has been elongated was measured. The results are as shown in Tables 4 through 6.

TABLE 4
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 6.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 1.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protru-	of mortar
Thick-	sion	waterproof
ness	height	material	End spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	(mm)	0.0	0.5	1.0	2.0	5.0	10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.5	0.8
		0.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.3	0.8
		2.0	″	″	″	″	0.0	0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.9	1.3
		0.0	0.1	0.1	0.5	0.6	0.9	1.1
		2.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.7	0.9
		5.0	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
0.5	5.0	plain	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	1.3
		0.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.2	1.1
		2.0	″	″	″	″	0.1	0.9
		5.0	″	″	″	″	0.0	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.0	0.2	0.5	0.6	1.0	1.3
		0.0	″	0.0	0.3	0.5	1.0	1.2
		2.0	″	″	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0
1.0	5.0	plain	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.5	0.9
		0.0	″	″	″	0.3	0.6	0.7
		2.0	″	″	″	0.1	0.4	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.8	1.1
		0.0	″	0.0	0.3	0.4	0.9	1.2
		2.0	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.5
		5.0	″	″	″	″	0.0	0.0

TABLE 5
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 10.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 5.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protru-	of mortar
Thick-	sion	waterproof
ness	height	material	End spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	(mm)	0.0	0.5	1.0	2.0	5.0	10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.9	1.3
		0.0	0.0	″	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.8
		2.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.4	0.3
		5.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.5	0.9	1.3	1.5	2.2	2.9
		0.0	0.4	0.6	0.9	1.3	1.9	2.3
		2.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.9	1.7	1.9
		5.0	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
0.5	5.0	plain	0.2	0.5	0.7	1.3	1.3	1.7
		0.0	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.7	1.0	1.4
		2.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.4	0.5	1.0
		5.0	″	″	″	0.0	0.0	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.0	0.7	0.9	1.3	1.7	2.5
		0.0	″	0.5	0.7	0.9	1.5	2.2
		2.0	″	0.2	0.1	0.5	0.9	1.5
		5.0	″	″	″	0.2	0.5	0.1
1.0	5.0	plain	0.0	0.2	0.5	1.3	1.5	1.9
		0.0	″	″	0.3	0.0	0.6	0.7
		2.0	″	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.5
		5.0	″	0.0	″	0.0	0.0	0.0
	10.0	plain	0.5	0.5	0.8	1.5	1.8	2.1
		0.0	0.3	0.3	0.9	1.4	1.9	2.2
		2.0	0.3	″	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.5
		5.0	0.1	0.1	″	″	0.0	0.0

TABLE 6
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 15.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 10.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protru-	of mortar
Thick-	sion	waterproof
ness	height	material	End spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	(mm)	0.0	0.5	1.0	2.0	5.0	10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	0.5	0.7	1.3	1.1	2.4	4.5
		0.0	0.4	″	1.5	0.9	1.5	3.8
		2.0	0.2	0.4	0.9	1.2	1.5	3.3
		5.0	0.0	″	1.1	0.9	1.9	4.0
	10.0	plain	0.9	1.7	2.3	3.1	3.4	4.1
		0.0	0.5	1.5	1.9	2.9	3.5	4.8
		2.0	0.4	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.9	4.3
		5.0	0.2	0.2	0.9	1.9	1.9	4.0
0.5	5.0	plain	0.5	0.5	1.7	1.8	3.3	3.7
		0.0	0.5	0.7	0.9	1.7	3.0	3.4
		2.0	0.2	0.5	0.8	1.4	2.5	3.0
		5.0	0.0	0.3	1.7	1.9	3.1	4.0
	10.0	plain	0.9	1.5	2.7	1.8	4.3	3.7
		0.0	0.9	1.7	2.9	1.9	4.0	3.4
		2.0	1.2	0.5	0.9	2.4	2.5	4.0
		5.0	1.0	0.5	0.7	1.3	2.9	5.0
1.0	5.0	plain	0.2	0.5	0.6	1.8	2.5	2.9
		0.0	0.3	″	0.9	1.3	1.6	3.7
		2.0	″	0.3	0.5	2.0	2.4	3.5
		5.0	0.2	0.0	0.4	2.0	3.0	3.0
	10.0	plain	0.9	1.5	2.8	2.5	3.8	4.1
		0.0	0.9	1.3	3.9	3.4	3.9	4.2
		2.0	0.5	0.9	1.6	1.9	2.2	3.5
		5.0	0.5	0.5	0.9	″	3.0	4.0

As shown in the test results of Tables 4 through 6, as the distance between the distal ends of the protrusions (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions) is reduced, or as the thickness t of the embossed waterproof panel is increased, or as the protrusion height is reduced, or as the degree (the thickness T of the waterproofing material) to which water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material is charged into the protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panel is increased, the crack resistance is enhanced. Particularly, even when the width of a crack is relatively large, e.g., 10.0 mm or more, the strain of plastic-based embossed waterproof panel is about 4.0 mm or less. The reason for this is because the distal ends of the protrusions adhere to the foundation concrete surface in a point contact manner.

Experimental Example 3

In order to figure out the effects of the thickness of the embossed waterproof panel having protrusions, the height of each of the protrusions, and the degree to which water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material is charged into the protrusions and applied to the embossed waterproof panel for fatigue resistance to expansion and contraction resulting from occurrence of a crack,

after the test of experimental example 2 was completed, a repeated tensile strain (fatigue) test was conducted in such a way that the test machine is electrically powered and operated such that the concrete slabs reciprocate relative to each other 2,000 times at 5 minute intervals in each of the cases where a range of variation in the end spacing between the lower concrete slabs is 0.0 mm to 0.5 mm, 0.0 mm to 1.0 mm, 0.0 mm to 2.0 mm, 0.0 mm to 5.0 mm and 0.0 mm to 10.0 mm. When an event such as fracture of the embossed waterproof panel occurred, the test was interrupted, and the number of repetitions was recorded. The results are as shown in Tables 7 through 9.

TABLE 7
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 6.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 1.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Range of variation in end spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.0~0.5	0.0~1.0	0.0~2.0	0.0~5.0	0.0~10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″

TABLE 8
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 10.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 5.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Range of variation in end spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.0~0.5	0.0~1.0	0.0~2.0	0.0~5.0	0.0~10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″

TABLE 9
Test results when the distance between adjacent protrusions is 15.0
mm (the distance between the spaces of the protrusions is 10.0 mm)
		Thickness
	Protrusion	of mortar
Thickness	height	waterproof	Range of variation in end spacing between concrete slabs, mm
(mm)	(mm)	material (mm)	0.0~0.5	0.0~1.0	0.0~2.0	0.0~5.0	0.0~10.0
0.1	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
0.5	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
1.0	5.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″
	10.0	plain	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
		0.0	″	″	″	″	″
		2.0	″	″	″	″	″
		5.0	″	″	″	″	″

As shown in the test results of Tables 7 through 9, all the specimens were intact, and it could be understood that the embossed waterproof panel according to the present invention can cope with expansion and contraction stress when a change of an outdoor air temperature or various kinds of loads causes variation in the width of a gap, which is caused by a contraction crack, a contraction joint or an expansion joint, or repetitive movement of the embossed waterproof panel. As mentioned in the description of experimental example 2, the reason for this is because the distal ends of the protrusions adhere to the foundation concrete surface in a point contact manner and strain or stress is relieved at the point contact portions.

Experimental Example 4

With Regard to Watertightness of the Overlapped Portions

In order to test the water resistance with respect to continuity and overlapped junction of the waterproof layer that is formed by partially overlapping the embossed waterproof panels with each other, a test was conducted as follows. One of two embossed waterproof panels which were 0.1 mm thick with a plurality of protrusions spacing 10 mm therebetween, each 5 mm in inner diameter and 5.0 mm in height, was overlapped with the other such that the protrusions on one panel were incorporated into those on the other in one row (overlap width 3.5 mm), two rows (overlap width 9.5 mm), three rows (overlap width 10.5 mm), four rows (overlap width 21.5 mm), five rows (27.5 mm), and ten rows (overlap width 57.5 mm), each. The overlaps were cut into a size of 30 cm×30 cm. Acryl-based water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material was applied to the cut overlapped portions in such a way that the waterproofing material is charged into only the protrusions, and then cured, thus forming a specimen. The specimen was put into a steel test container which was capable of pressurizing (water pressure) and checking whether a water leakage is present. A peripheral edge of the container was sealed with a sealant, and the container was covered with a cover. Subsequently, pressures of 1 bar (about 1.02 kgf/cm²) and 5 bar (about 5.1 kgf/cm²) each were continuously applied to the specimen for 24 hours, and whether water leakage was present was checked. If water leakage occurred, the test was interrupted, and the time for which the specimen was pressurized was recorded. The same experiment was repeated with waterproof panels, respectively, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm thick. The results are as shown in Tables 10 and 11.

TABLE 10
Test results when applied pressure is 1 bar, and the distance
between adjacent protrusions is 6.0 mm (the distance between
the spaces of the protrusions is 1.0 mm)
Thickness	The number of overlapped protrusion rows
(mm)	1	2	3	4	5	10
0.1	no	no	no	no	no	no
	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage
0.5	leakage	no	no	no	no	no
	after 1,070	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage
	minutes
1.0	leakage	no	no	no	no	no
	after 960	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage
	minutes

TABLE 11
Test results when applied pressure is 5 bar, and the distance
between adjacent protrusions is 6.0 mm (the distance between
the spaces of the protrusions is 1.0 mm)
Thickness	The number of overlapped protrusion rows
(mm)	1	2	3	4	5	10
0.1	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	no	no
	after 10	after 43	after 94	after 325	leakage	leakage
	minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes
0.5	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	no	no
	after 15	after 60	after 87	after 277	leakage	leakage
	minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes
1.0	leakage	leakage	leakage	leakage	no	no
	after 13	after 55	after 125	after 340	leakage	leakage
	minutes	minutes	minutes	minutes

As shown in Table 10, under 1 bar, although water leakage occurred in the case of 0.5 mm or more in thickness of the specimens of which the distance between adjacent protrusions was 6.0 mm, there was no water leakage in the other specimens. Furthermore, as shown in Table 11, under 5 bar, although water leaked through a gap between the overlapped portions of the panels regardless of the thickness of the specimen in the cases when the number of overlapped protrusion rows is four or less, there is no leakage in the case when the number of overlapped protrusion rows is five (overlap width 27.5 mm) or more.

It can be understood that when the waterproof panels are put into practice, they are preferably designed such that, in a place where a water pressure applied to the waterproof panels is expected to be 5 bar (about 5.1 kgf/cm²) or more (for example, underground of 50 M or more in depth), the number of overlapped protrusion rows is at least five, that is, the overlap width is 30.0 mm or more.

Experimental Example 5

In order to confirm the effects of the hole formed in the lower end of each protrusion, a test was carried out as follows. Holes, which were respectively 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm, were respectively formed in the lower ends of protrusions of plastic-based embossed waterproof panels, wherein each panel was 0.1 mm thick, each protrusion was 5 mm in inner diameter and 6.0 mm height, and a spacing between adjacent protrusions was 1.0 mm. Acryl-based water soluble polymer mixed waterproofing material, or coating waterproofing material (liquefied urethane-based coating waterproofing material) being sold in the market was poured into each protrusion until the space in the protrusion was fully charged with the waterproofing material. Furthermore, for comparison, the same experiment of pouring waterproofing material into a protrusion was conducted with an embossed waterproof panel having no hole. The results are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12
Hole
diameter	Polymer mixed cement mortar-	Urethane-based coating
(mm)	based waterproofing material	waterproofing material
0.0	air pocket formation in	air pocket formation in
	lower end, not fully	lower end, not fully
	charged	charged
0.1	air pocket formation in	fully charged
	lower end, not fully
	charged
0.5	fully charged	fully charged
1.0	fully charged	loss of few waterproofing
		material
1.5	fully charged	loss of about 10% of
		waterproofing material
2.0	partially loss of water	loss of about 30% of
	soluble polymer	waterproofing material
3.0	Loss of a large quantity of	loss of about 50% of
	water soluble polymer	waterproofing material

As shown in Table 12, in the case of water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material, when the diameter of the hole was 2.0 mm or more, some water soluble acrylic polymer came out of the hole during a hardening process. When the diameter of the hole was 3.0 mm or more, a large quantity of water soluble acrylic polymer came out of the hole, thus cracking in the hardened mortar waterproofing material. In the case of urethane-based coating waterproofing material which requires a comparatively long hardening time, about 50% of waterproofing material came out of the hole, so the space of the protrusion could not be fully filled with waterproofing material.

With regard to a hole having a diameter of 1.0 mm, in the case of water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material, although it could not be fully charged into the space of the protrusion, the state of the hardened waterproof layer was relatively satisfactory. In contrast, in the case of liquefied urethane-based coating waterproofing material, it could be fully charged into the space of the protrusion. In the case of no hole, that is, 0.0 mm in hole diameter, an air layer is formed between the lower end of the space of the protrusion and the waterproof layer, neither water soluble acrylic polymer mixed waterproofing material nor liquefied urethane-based coating waterproofing material could be fully charged into the space of the protrusion.

Experimental Example 6

In order to test the compressive strength of the complex waterproof layer which is formed by the embossed waterproof panel and the elastic coating waterproofing material, using an embossed waterproof panel which has a thickness of 0.5 mm with protrusions spacing 2.5 mm therebetween, each 5 mm inner diameter and 5.0 mm in height as a representative test specimen, thirteen embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size 30 cm×30 cm. Complying with KS F 3211, urethane rubber-based coating waterproofing material class 1 (for exposure, a tensile strength of 2.3 N/mm² or more, an elongate rate of 450% or more when fracture, a tensile product of 280 N/mm or more), urethane rubber-based coating waterproofing material class 2 (for exposure, a tensile strength of 1.9 N/mm² or more, an elongate rate of 300% or more when fracture, a tensile product of 120 N/mm or more), acryl rubber-based coating waterproofing material (a tensile strength of 1.3 N/mm² or more, an elongate rate of 300% or more when fracture, a tensile product of 120 N/mm or more), and, complying with KS F 4922, polyurea resin-based coating waterproofing material (a tensile strength of 16.0 N/mm² or more, an elongate rate of 350% or more when fracture, a tensile product of 900 N/mm or more) were respectively applied to the embossed waterproof panels in such a way that each waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusion spaces (mark 0) or was charged into the protrusion spaces and forms a layer having a thickness of 2.0 mm (mark 2.0) or 5.0 mm (mark 5.0) and then cured. The remaining one embossed waterproof panel was a plain test specimen. Using a compressive strength test machine which has the maximum load of 500 ton and is provided with a reinforced steel plate (30 cm×30 cm), each specimen was compressed at a speed of 10 mm/min. When a pressure gauge indicated 5.0 Ton·f, 10.0 Ton·f, 50.0 Ton·f, 75.0 Ton·f, 100.0 Ton·f, 125.0 Ton·f, 150.0 Ton·f, 175.0 Ton·f or 200.0 Ton·f, the compression was temporarily interrupted, and a strain rate (protrusion height strain rate, mm) of the embossed waterproof panel was measured. Thereafter, the embossed waterproof panel was compressed again. The results are as shown in Table 13.

Comparative Example 1

For comparison with the compressive strength of the complex waterproof layer including the embossed waterproof panel and the elastic coating waterproofing material, general waterproofing material, urethane rubber-based waterproofing material class 1 that is the same kind of material as that of experimental example 1, was applied to an embossed waterproof panel to a thickness of 3 mm and cured (mark 3.0). With this specimen, the same test as that of experimental example 6 was conducted. The results were shown as a comparative example in Table 13.

TABLE 13
Compressive strength test results, strain rate
Kind of specimen
Kind of	Thickness of
waterproof	waterproof layer	Compressive load Ton · f
material	(total thickness)	5.0	10.0	50.0	100.0	125.0	150.0	175.0	200.0
Plain	fracture	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	(4.3)
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
based class 1		0.4	1.0	1.5	1.7	1.9	2.3	2.5	3.0
	2.0(about 7.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.6	1.3	1.6	1.7	2.0	2.3	2.5
	5.0(about 10.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.6	0.3	1.6	1.7	2.0	2.1	2.3
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
based class 2		0.4	1.0	1.9	2.3	2.5	2.9	3.2	3.7
	2.0(about 7.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.7	1.7	2.0	2.2	2.7	2.9	3.4
	5.0(about 10.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.7	1.5	1.9	2.0	2.3	2.5	3.0
Acryl rubber-	0(about 5.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
based		0.4	1.0	2.1	2.7	2.9	3.7	4.1	4.5
	2.0(about 7.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.7	1.9	2.4	2.6	2.9	3.5	4.3
	5.0(about 10.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.7	1.7	2.2	2.4	2.7	3.2	4.1
Polyurea resin-	0(about 5.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
based		0.4	1.0	1.3	1.5	1.8	2.1	2.3	2.5
	2.0(about 7.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.8	1.9	1.6	1.6	1.9	2.0	2.3
	5.0(about 10.0)	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
		0.4	0.7	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.9	2.0
Comparative	3.0	about	about	about	about	about	about	about	about
example 1		0.3	0.7	1.7	1.5	1.9	2.0	2.2	2.3
(urethane rubber-
based class 1)

As shown in the test results of Table 13, in the case of the plain embossed waterproof panel, it was deformed to 4.5 mm by a load of 4.3 Ton·f. In contrast, in the case of the embossed waterproof panels filled with elastic coating waterproofing material, most of the specimens were not broken. In the elastic coating waterproofing material of the comparative example, although the specimen was relatively largely deformed to about 2.3 mm (the remaining thickness is about 0.7 mm), it was not broken even under a load of 200 Ton·f.

With regard to the test results of the embossed waterproof panels with different kinds of the elastic coating waterproofing materials, in the majority of cases, the strain rate thereof was greatly to increased until the compressive load is about 50 Ton·f. After that, the strain rate was reduced. The reason for this is probably caused by the fact that after the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panel have been deformed by a compressive load, deformation is transited to the elastic coating waterproofing material in the protrusions. With regard to the strain rate, the higher tensile strength (polyurea resin-based>urethane rubber-based class 1>urethane rubber-based class 2>acryl rubber-based), the lower the strain rate (the higher the compressive strength). According to the present invention, it can be understood that when the embossed waterproof panel with the protrusions filled with the waterproofing material is combined with an embossed waterproof panel with empty protrusions, the higher the tensile strength of coating waterproofing material, the more advantageous in terms of the compressive strength.

Experimental Example 7

In order to check resistance (fatigue resistance) of the complex waterproof layer including the embossed waterproof panel and the elastic coating waterproofing material to horizontal expansion and contraction behavior (in-plane dynamic behavior) resulting from a crack, two concrete slabs each of which was about 10 mm thick, 100 mm width and 50 mm in length, was placed end to end on a test machine (the overall length 100 cm) which is configured such that the plates can repeatedly move in the horizontal direction. Using an embossed waterproof panel of experimental example 6 which has a thickness of 0.5 mm with protrusions spacing 2.5 mm therebetween, each 5 mm inner diameter and 5.0 mm in height as a representative test specimen, thirteen embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size 100 cm×100 cm. Each embossed waterproof panel was placed on the concrete panels that are disposed end to end. Complying with KS F 3211, four kinds of coating waterproofing materials used in the experimental example 6 (urethane rubber class 1, class 2, acryl rubber and polyurea resin) were respectively applied to the embossed waterproof panels in such a way that each waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusion spaces (mark 0) or was charged into the protrusion spaces and forms a layer having a thickness t of 2.0 mm (mark 2.0) or 5.0 mm (mark 5.0) and then cured. The remaining one embossed waterproof panel was a plain test specimen. A concrete slab (about 240 kgf/m² weight), which was about 10 mm thick, 100 mm width and 100 mm length, was placed on the embossed waterproof panel. A repeated tensile strain (fatigue) test was conducted in such a way that the testing machine is electrically powered and operated such that the concrete slabs placed end to end reciprocate relative to each other 2,000 times at a speed of 2 minute intervals each time in each of the cases where a range of variation in the end spacing between the concrete slabs is 0.0 mm to 10.0 mm, 0.0 mm to 15.0 mm, 0.0 mm to 20.0 mm, 0.0 mm to 30.0 mm and 0.0 mm to 40.0 mm. When an event such as a fracture of the specimen or detachment of the point adhesion part of a protrusion (based on the joint between the concrete slabs, each of the opposite sides has five protrusion adhesion parts) occurred, the test was interrupted, and the number of repetition was recorded. The results are as shown in Table 14.

Comparative Example 2

For comparison in the tests according to experimental example 7, urethane rubber-based waterproofing material class 1, the same kind as that used in experimental example 7, was applied to an embossed waterproof panel to a thickness of 3 mm and cured (mark 3.0). With this specimen, the same test as that of experiment example 7 was conducted. The results were shown as a comparative example in Table 14.

TABLE 14
Fatigue resistance test results
Kind of specimen
Kind of	Thickness of
waterproof	waterproof layer	Movement width of end spacing between concrete slabs, mm
material	(total thickness)	0.0~10.0	0.0~15.0	0.0~20.0	0.0~30.0	0.0~40.0
plain	(5.0)	intact	intact	intact	intact	intact
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	intact	detached after	—
based class 1					15 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	detached after	—
					1,095 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	Intact	detached after
						7 times
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	intact	detached after	—
based class 2					642 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	Intact	detached after
						332 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	Intact	detached after
						863 times
Acryl rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	detached after	—	—
based				673 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	detached after	—	—
				1,873 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	detached after	—	—
				1,982 times
Polyurea resin-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	detached after	—	—
based				1,324 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	detached after	—
					11 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	detached after	—
					189 times
Comparative	3.0	fracture of	—	—	—
example 2		waterproof
(urethane rubber-		layer
based class 1)		after 80 times

As shown in the test results of Table 14, in the case of the plain embossed waterproof panel, it was intact in all tests. This is an inevitable result because the entire area of the plain embossed waterproof panel the protrusions of which did not adhere to the base concrete slabs was in an insulated state and a load resulting from expansion and contraction around the joint between base concrete slabs was not transmitted to the plain waterproof panel layer. In the case of the specimens filled with elastic coating waterproofing material, most of the specimens showed defects of the ends of the protrusions being detached from the base concrete slabs at the adhesion portions without fracture of the waterproof layer. From this, it could be understood that insulating the waterproofing foundation and the waterproof layer was advantageous in terms of durability so as to prevent fatigue fracture of the waterproof layer.

With regard to the test results of the embossed waterproof panels with different kinds of elastic coating waterproofing materials, most of the specimens withstood movement of 0.0 mm˜15.0 mm. However, as the width of movement resulting from a crack was increased, the higher the elongation rather than the tensile strength, the more superior the fatigue resistance performance (urethane rubber-based class 2>urethane rubber-based class 1>polyurea resin-based>acryl rubber-based). In the case where the embossed waterproof panel with the protrusions filled with the waterproofing material is combined with an embossed waterproof panel with empty protrusions, it was thought that it is more advantageous to use a coating waterproofing material having a high elongation rate (strain) rather than having a high tensile stress. However, when comparing acryl rubber and polyurea resin which have the same elongation rate (300% or more) with each other, it could be appreciated that polyurea resin which has higher tensile stress than the acryl rubber is advantageous in terms of fatigue resistance. That is, if the elongation rate (strain) is the same, the higher tensile strength of elastic coating waterproofing material, the more suitable it is for the present invention.

Experimental Example 8

In order to test resistance of the complex waterproof layer which is formed by the embossed waterproof panel and the elastic coating waterproofing material to a vertical vibration load resulting from, for example, heavy vehicles or a number of people passing over it, using an embossed waterproof panel used in experimental example 6 which has a thickness of 0.5 mm with protrusions spacing 2.5 mm therebetween, each 5 mm inner diameter and 5.0 mm in height as a representative test specimen, twelve embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size 30 cm×30 cm. Each embossed waterproof panel was placed on a concrete slab which has a size of 30 cm×30 cm and was fixed to a lower end of a test machine. Urethane rubber-based class 1, class 2, acryl rubber-based and polyurea resin-based coating waterproofing materials which are the same as those of experimental example 6 were respectively applied to the embossed waterproof panels in such a way that each waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusion spaces (mark 0) or was charged into the protrusion spaces and forms a layer having a thickness t of 2.0 mm (mark 2.0) or 5.0 mm (mark 5.0) and then cured. A reinforced steel plate of 30 cm×30 cm which is the same as that of experimental example 6 was adhered to the upper surface of the embossed waterproof panel by means of an epoxy adhesive. Using a compressive strength test machine which has a maximum load of 500 tons, pressure was applied to the reinforced steel plate at a speed of 100 mm/min until a pressure gauge indicated 100.0 Ton·f. Thereafter, the specimen was tensed in the opposite direction, that is, upwards, at a speed of 100 mm/min to positions higher than the initial height of the specimen (panel protrusion height 5 mm+upper waterproof layer thickness 0 mm to 5 mm) by 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm. According to a tension height, each test was conducted 50 times. The results are as shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15
Test results of resistance to vertical vibrations
Kind of specimen
Kind of	Thickness of
waterproof	waterproof material	Tension height, mm
material	(total thickness)	1.0	2.0	3.0	4.0	5.0
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
based class 1					detached after
					2 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	intact	entirety
						detached after
						1 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	intact	entirety
						detached after
						35 times
Urethane rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
based class 2					detached after
					2 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
					detached after
					33 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	intact	entirety
						detached after
						3 times
Acryl rubber-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	entirety	—	—
based				detached after
				11 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	entirety	—	—
				detached after
				29 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
					detached after
					6 times
Polyurea resin-	0(about 5.0)	intact	intact	entirety	—	—
based				detached after
				15 times
	2.0(about 7.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
					detached after
					1 times
	5.0(about 10.0)	intact	intact	intact	entirety	—
					detached after
					19 times

As shown in the test results of Table 15, in the case of the specimens filled with elastic coating waterproofing material, most of the specimens were intact to a tension height 2.0 mm without detachment of a point adhesion surface.

Furthermore, with regard to the test results of the embossed waterproof panels with different kinds of elastic coating waterproofing materials, most of the specimens were intact to tension height 2.0 mm by virtue of the natural elasticity of each material. However, in the cases of 3.0 mm or more, it could be understood that the resistance to vertical vibrations is superior in a sequence of urethane rubber-based class 1>urethane rubber-based class 2>polyurea resin-based>acryl rubber-based or in a sequence of tensile product 280 or more >280 or more>900 or more>120 or more (N/mm, T_p=T_B×(L-20), T_P: tensile product (N/mm), T_B: tensile strength (N/mm²), L: distance between marked lines when fracture).

Experimental Example 9

In order to test resistance of the complex waterproof layer which is formed by the embossed waterproof panel and the elastic coating waterproofing material to a shear load resulting from, for example, heavy vehicles or a number of people who pass over it, in the same manner as experimental example 3, using an embossed waterproof panel used in experimental example 6 which has a thickness of 0.5 mm with protrusions spacing 2.5 mm therebetween, each with a 5 mm inner diameter and 5.0 mm in height as a representative test specimen, twelve embossed waterproof panels were cut into a size 30 cm×30 cm. Each embossed waterproof panel was placed on a concrete slab which has a size of 30 cm×30 cm. Urethane rubber-based class 1, class 2, acryl rubber-based and polyurea resin-based coating waterproofing materials which are the same as those of experimental example 6 were respectively applied to the embossed waterproof panels in such a way that each waterproofing material was charged into only the protrusion spaces (mark 0) or was charged into the protrusion spaces and forms a layer having a thickness t of 2.0 mm (mark 2.0) or 5.0 mm (mark 5.0) and then cured. A reinforced steel plate of 30 cm×30 cm which is the same as that of experimental example 6 was adhered to the upper surface of the embossed waterproof panel by means of an epoxy adhesive. After the reinforced steel plate was perpendicularly fastened to a tensile test machine which has the maximum load of 10 ton, the reinforced steel plate was tensed at a speed of 10 mm/min until the complex waterproof layer was detached from the base concrete slab. At that time, a strain rate was measured. The results are as shown in Table 16.

TABLE 16
Test results of resistance to shear load
Kind of specimen	Test result
Kind of	Thickness of	Shear load	Adhesive
waterproof	waterproof material	(point adhesion	failure(fracture)
material	(total thickness)	stress), N/30 cmd	deformation
Urethane	0(about 5.0)	1.3	1.3
rubber-based	2.0(about 7.0)	15.1	3.7
class 1	5.0(about 10.0)	19.2	4.8
Urethane	0(about 5.0)	1.1	1.3
rubber-based	2.0(about 7.0)	10.3	4.1
class 2	5.0(about 10.0)	11.1	5.2
Acryl rubber-	0(about 5.0)	1.1	1.4
based	2.0(about 7.0)	6.4	2.7
	5.0(about 10.0)	7.4	3.2
Polyurea resin-	0(about 5.0)	1.2	1.3
based	2.0(about 7.0)	17.3	2.6
	5.0(about 10.0)	17.9	2.9

As shown in the test results of Table 16, in the case of the specimens filled with elastic coating waterproofing material, most of the specimens displayed only about 3.0 mm to 5.0 mm in adhesive failure (fracture) deformation at the point contact adhesive interface. Therefore, it could be understood that the present invention is applicable in an environment in which shear stress is expected to occur.

Furthermore, with regard to the test results of the embossed waterproof panels with different to kinds of the elastic coating waterproofing materials, as shown in the test results of experimental example 9, the higher the tensile strength, the more advantageous in terms of the point contact adhesive stress, and the higher the elongation (strain rate), the more advantageous in terms of the shearing deformation. In addition, even under conditions of the same kind of elastic coating waterproofing material, the thicker the waterproof layer formed on the panel, the more advantageous it is. That is, it could be understood that the resistance to a shear load is superior in a sequence of urethane rubber-based class 1>urethane rubber-based class 2>polyurea resin-based>acryl rubber-based or in a sequence of tensile product 280 or more >280 or more >900 or more >120 or more.

The test results of experimental examples 6 through 9 were simplified and shown in Table 17.

TABLE 17
Compressive strength        polyurea resin > urethane rubber class 1 >
(resistance)                urethane rubber class 2 > acryl rubber
Horizontal movement fatigue urethane rubber class 2 > urethane rubber
resistance                  class 1 > polyurea resin > acryl rubber
Vertical movement fatigue   urethane rubber class 1 > urethane rubber
resistance                  class 2 > polyurea resin > acryl rubber
Shearing movement           urethane rubber class 1 > urethane rubber
resistance                  class 2 > polyurea resin > acryl rubber

As shown in Table 17, it can be appreciated that although in terms of the compressive strength a coating waterproofing material that is superior in tensile strength is advantageous, the horizontal movement fatigue resistance, the vertical movement fatigue resistance and the shearing movement resistance depend on both stress and strain rather than only one property such as stress or strain. Therefore, with regard to terms of a physical quantity which pertains to the tensile strength and strain, that is, tensile product (N/mm), a range of a value satisfying the above-mentioned performance may be determined as being a range from 120 N/mm to 900 N/mm. However, if the test results of urethane rubber class 1 and class 2 are general values satisfying most performances, it is more preferable that coating waterproofing material having a tensile product ranging from 120 N/mm to 600 N/mm with 280 N/mm as the center be used in consideration of the fact that the material cost of polyurea resin-based coating waterproofing material having a tensile product of 900 N/mm or more is double or more than that of the urethane rubber-based class 1, is three times or more than that of urethane rubber-based class 2, and is 1.5 times or more than that of acryl rubber.

Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.

Claims

1. An embossed waterproof panel having hollow protrusions, comprising:

a planar part having a sheet or plate shape; and

a plurality of conical or hemispherical protrusions protruding downwards from the planar part, each of the protrusions being hollow, with a hole formed in a lower end of each of the protrusions.

2. The embossed waterproof panel of claim 1, wherein each of the protrusions is hollow, the hole of each of the protrusions has a diameter (D) ranging from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm, each of the protrusions has a height (h) ranging from 3.0 mm to 20.0 mm and an inner diameter (d) ranging from 5.0 mm to 15.0 mm, a spacing (L) between the protrusions ranges from 1.0 mm to 10.0 mm, and the protrusions are successively arranged.

3. The embossed waterproof panel of claim 1, being made of metal or thermoplastic plastic containing one selected from among an ethyl group, a propyl group, an ester group, a urethane group and an epoxy group, the embossed waterproof panel having a thickness (t) ranging from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm.

4. A waterproofing construction method using an embossed waterproof panel having hollow protrusions, comprising:

arranging a plurality of embossed waterproof panels on a waterproofing foundation surface of a concrete structure;

connecting the embossed waterproof panels to each other in a longitudinal or lateral direction using the protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels;

applying waterproofing material to the embossed waterproof panels such that the hollow protrusions are filled with the waterproofing material, and forming an upper waterproof layer having a predetermined thickness; and

curing the upper waterproof layer and forming a complex waterproof layer including the upper waterproof layer and the embossed waterproof panels that are integrated with each other,

wherein each of the embossed waterproof panels comprises a planar part having a sheet or plate shape, and a plurality of conical or hemispherical protrusions protruding downwards from the planar part, each of the protrusions being hollow, with a hole formed in a lower end of each of the protrusions.

5. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, further comprising, before arranging the embossed waterproof panels,

applying an urethane or rubber asphalt mastic having adhesion and viscosity behavior or a water absorption swelling reactive coating waterproofing material to the waterproofing foundation surface of the concrete structure.

6. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, wherein the upper waterproof layer is formed of a polymer-mixed cement mortar-based waterproofing material formed by mixing one liquefied polymer selected from among acryl, EVA, SBS, SBR and epoxy, cement and silica or sand at a predetermined ratio such that a weight percentage of the polymer to the cement ranges from 0.5% to 10% and a ratio of the cement to silica or sand is 1:0.5 to 3.

7. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, wherein the upper waterproof layer has a tensile product ranging from 120 N/mm to 600 N/mm and is formed of one elastic coating waterproofing material selected from among a synthetic rubber based coating waterproofing material, a synthetic resin based coating waterproofing material, an asphalt based coating waterproofing material, and a coating waterproofing material formed by mixing a water soluble polymer with mineral powder.

8. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, wherein the upper waterproof layer is formed both of an elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the hollow protrusions of the embossed waterproof panels and of another kind of elastic coating waterproofing material applied to upper surfaces of the planar parts of the embossed waterproof panels,

wherein the elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the hollow spaces of the protrusions is superior in stress tolerance than the elastic coating waterproofing material applied to the upper surfaces of the planar parts, and the elastic coating waterproofing material applied to the upper surfaces of the planar parts is superior in elongation than the elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the hollow spaces of the protrusions, or

the elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the hollow spaces of the protrusions is superior in elongation than the elastic coating waterproofing material applied to the upper surfaces of the planar parts, and the elastic coating waterproofing material applied to the upper surfaces of the planar parts is superior in stress tolerance than the elastic coating waterproofing material charged into the hollow spaces of the protrusions.

9. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, wherein connecting the embossed waterproof panels to each other comprises

forcibly fitting the protrusions of one of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel, or applying hot air to the fitted protrusions such that the protrusions are fused to each other, or applying an adhesive to the protrusions of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels before the protrusions one of the adjacent embossed waterproof panels into the corresponding protrusions of the other embossed waterproof panel, wherein a width (W), to which the embossed waterproof panels are overlapped with each other in the longitudinal or lateral direction, ranges about 30.0 mm to about 100.0 mm.

10. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, wherein the complex waterproof layer is configured such that a deaerator for deaeration is provided to relieve expansion pressure resulting from vaporization of water that has been contained in the waterproofing foundation surface, or the embossed waterproof panels are bent at a predetermined curvature radius and is fastened at an upper end thereof to a vertical wall surface to relieve expansion pressure resulting from vaporization of water from the vertical wall surface.

11. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, further comprising

installing an insulator on an upper surface of the complex waterproof layer.

12. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, further comprising

installing a protective pressing concrete layer on an upper surface of the complex waterproof layer.

13. The waterproofing construction method of claim 4, further comprising

applying an elastic coating waterproofing material or waterproofing material sheet to an upper surface of the complex waterproof layer so as to reinforce waterproofing.

14. The embossed waterproof panel of claim 2, being made of metal or thermoplastic plastic containing one selected from among an ethyl group, a propyl group, an ester group, a urethane group and an epoxy group, the embossed waterproof panel having a thickness (t) ranging from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm.