Apparatus, Systems and Methods for Manufacturing Food Products
Apparatus, systems and methods are disclosed for manufacturing semi-moist meatballs. An illustrative embodiment provides a method of manufacturing generally spherical pet treats comprising: (a) providing a ground mix of proteinaceous material, flavor enhancers and preservatives to a portioning device that divides said mix into smaller portions of roughly uniform volume, (b) placing said portions on a first belt of a first conveyor moving at a first speed in a longitudinal direction, (c) periodically pressing said portions with a second belt of a second conveyor, where said second belt operates in a plane at a height above, and substantially parallel to, said first belt, said second belt moving at a second speed in substantially the same longitudinal direction as said first belt, while also oscillating back and forth in a lateral direction that is at an angle to said longitudinal direction, such that said portions are transformed into generally spherical shapes.
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The present invention generally relates to apparatus, systems and methods for manufacturing food, more specifically semi-moist, shelf-stable meatball products for animal consumption.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONA large and growing number of households have pets. Studies have shown that pet owners often treat their pets as they treat close friends and relatives. Owners include pets in holiday celebrations, and often refer to themselves as their pets' parents. Such affinity is tangibly demonstrated in the rapid growth of a multibillion dollar pet industry with an increasing demand for pet products that mimic human products.
Health conscious consumers are also demanding higher quality pet food that is not only closer in ingredient quality to human food, but also looks less processed and more natural. However, conventional pet food producers seldom focus on the visual impact of pet food that heightens aesthetic appeal to a purchaser, even if they integrate advanced ingredients more commonly found in food produced for human consumption.
People prefer to consume meatballs that are moist, preferably with sauce or gravy. Studies have shown that pets also prefer meatballs with intermediate levels of moisture, but such products are difficult to find on the market. The primary reason is that human grade meat products are usually designed for relatively short shelf lives, whereas pet food is engineered to be stored (if necessary) for eighteen months after manufacturing before it is consumed, and therefore requires a substantially longer shelf life. Human grade meat products, once opened, become stale in less than a week unless refrigerated. Pet treats, however, are expected to last for up to three months after the package is opened, without refrigeration. Moisture content in food is typically correlated with freshness duration and time to spoilage, whereby the higher the moisture content the shorter the shelf life or safe consumption time frame. The delay in the storage and consumption of pet foods requires more careful ingredient selection, preservation of freshness with antioxidants, processing that avoids insects and rancidity, careful packaging and storage. Because high moisture meat products tend to spoil quickly, such products are usually sold in cans in the pet food market, and are more typical as cat food. Pet food or kibble with low moisture content (typically less than 10%), are dry and hard, and less palatable to pets. Semi-moist pet food, typically having moisture content between 15 and 30%, is very popular with animals since it has a texture and palatability that is closest to meat. However, as discussed, semi-moist pet food is difficult to store in a stable condition, without canning or refrigeration, for long periods.
In a typical process for manufacturing meatballs for human consumption, frozen meat or poultry is ground with various flavors, flours or seasoning in a batch mixer and then pumped into one end of a meatball former where, on the other end, there is a mechanism that “portions” the meat into smaller parts. An oscillating iris valve has found widespread use as a device that can form spherical meat portions. When meat is pushed through the iris valve, each cycle separates the meat into roughly spherical strips which are then either frozen directly, or cooked and then frozen. The iris valve and other comparable processes used for making human grade meatballs are more suited for batch or semi-continuous operations. They are less amenable to high volume processing which is particularly important for pet food markets because of cost considerations.
Meatballs for pet consumption are typically made using scrap portions from human grade meat products, or offal and other byproducts. They are sometimes cooked, refrigerated and freeze dried and sold into the pet food market. However, such freeze-dried meatballs for pet consumption are brittle, crumble easily, contain very little moisture, are generally expensive, and have therefore not been popular with consumers. These freeze-dried “meatballs” also have to be packaged with care because they are not shelf-stable at room temperature.
Thus, neither conventional pet food manufacturing processes nor traditional food production techniques used for human consumption can meet the requirements of cost-effectively manufacturing semi-most meatballs products that remain shelf stable for long periods without refrigeration. Furthermore, there is no commercially viable method for producing such meatballs for animal consumption in a continuous manufacturing process, in high volumes, using either fill and form (mold) plates or extrusion techniques.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIllustrative embodiments of the present invention include apparatus, systems and methods for apparatus, systems and methods for manufacturing semi-moist meatballs for animal consumption. Specifically shown herein, as an illustrative embodiment is a method of manufacturing generally spherical pet treats comprising: (a) providing a ground mix of proteinaceous material, flavor enhancers and preservatives to a portioning device that divides said mix into smaller portions of roughly uniform volume, (b) placing said portions on a first belt of a first conveyor moving at a first speed in a longitudinal direction, (c) periodically pressing said portions with a second belt of a second conveyor, where said second belt operates in a plane at a height above, and substantially parallel to, said first belt, said second belt moving at a second speed in substantially the same longitudinal direction as said first belt, while also oscillating back and forth in a lateral direction that is at an angle to said longitudinal direction, such that said portions are transformed into generally spherical shapes.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing brief description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not intended to be restrictive thereof or limiting the invention. Thus, the accompanying drawings, referred to herein and constituting a part hereof, illustrate only preferred embodiments of the invention, and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Illustrative and alternative embodiments and operational details of apparatus, systems and methods to manufacture a plurality of generally spherical meatball products in a continuous process are discussed in detail below with reference to the figures provided. One preferred product, however, is an edible food product for animal consumption, more particularly semi-moist meatball treats for pets.
In one illustrative embodiment of the invention shown in
Meatballs are then made from the meat emulsion coming out of the final grind (130) in two steps—portioning (150) and rolling (160). In a production capacity, multiple meatballs can be portioned and roll formed simultaneously and, if desired, continuously. In the portioning step (150 or 160), the ground mix is sized to an appropriate shape and reasonably consistent volume/weight. It is important to ensure that there is reasonable spacing between the meaty portions when they are placed on the conveyor, in order to prevent collisions and fusing during the next process step (160-rolling). Generally the meaty portions should be spaced at approximately 1-3 times the desired diameter of the final meatball product. Typical meatball products are between 0.5″ and 2.5″ in diameter.
Two illustrative embodiments of the present invention for portioning meatballs are shown in
Referring to
Referring to
To convert the portions (230A or 300B), whether they are cylindrical rods or rectangular rods, or any other non-spherical shapes of roughly uniform volumes, it should be recognized that the spherical meatballs of equivalent volume formed from these meaty portions will be higher in diameter than nominal length of the meaty rod. In other words, since the volume of the final spherical meatball is substantially the same as the volume of the meaty portions, the diameter of the spherical meatball produced is generally larger than the diameter of the equivalent meaty portion. For example, basic geometry dictates that, to make a spherical meatball of diameter Ds from a cylindrical meaty rod of diameter Dc and height Hc, where the two solids are expected to have the same approximate volume; i.e., (4/3)*(π)*(Ds/2)3=(π)*(Dc/2)2*(Hc), then the diameter of the equivalent sphere formed from the cylindrical rod is approximately determined from the following equation:
Ds=(Dc)2/3*(1.5*Hc)1/3
Likewise, a similar calculation or approximation can be made if the portions made are not cylindrical rods, but rectangular rods, or possibly any other type of solid, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Once the expected diameters of the spheres are calculated, the distance between the conveyors Δ is typically designed to be slightly smaller, though it should be within approximately 10% of Ds. The final distance selected will also depend on, among other things, the composition of the proteinaceous blend, the viscosity, density, moisture content, surface tension and general stickiness of the mix. In a preferred embodiment, Δ is about 2-6% less than the desired Ds.
In practice, referring to
The type of conveyor belt chosen, along with its elasticity and flexibility characteristics, as well as the distance between the bottom and overhead conveyors, can affect the final surface texture of the meatball. Further, the elasticity or flexibility of the conveyor belts is a factor in shaping the meatballs. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, these belts are wire meshes that have a nominal opening size that is less than the desired diameter of the final meatball (Ds). The flexible belts of the bottom and overhead belts apply a slight pressure on the meat portions during rolling because of their elasticity, based on the dimensions of the desired meatballs. A small force is exerted downward from the overhead conveyor belt (negative Z direction shown in
The meatballs exiting the oscillating/rolling step (160) of the process are then fed onto trays. The trays are then placed on carts, which are placed in a continuous oven (170). If trays were to be omitted and a continuous belt used instead, then the belt would feed into the oven. The meatballs are dried within a range between 130° and 250° F., preferably 140°-180° F., until the proper moisture content and proper water activity are achieved. This drying time is 1-8 hours, preferably 3-6. Higher the temperature used, shorter is the drying time required. The temperature and drying profile is important to prevent the generation of a skin or a shriveling effect to the meat in the product. After drying, the meatballs are cooled for 1-4 hours at ambient temperature (180) before continuing to further processing and/or packaging (190). A non-ambient cooling operation may also be used. The result is a meatball product with appearance and texture similar to human-grade meatballs.
While the foregoing description explains the manufacturing process used to make the product, it is also important to note that the type and relative proportions of ingredients used in making the product also plays a role in texture, semi-moist and appetizing appearance, as will be evident to one skilled in the art. In particular, the increased proportion of meat used in this process helps develop a rough texture that appears more like human grade meatball. Preservatives that inhibit microbial growth, grains that contribute to water absorption and suitable humectants that lower water activity are also important to the development of shelf-stable, intermediate moisture, meatball product for pets.
Two recipes (A and B) are shown below to demonstrate some typical proportions of proteins and other ingredients used in the beginning of the process (
While the recipes above are specific, TABLE 1 below illustrates the broader ranges of composition of the key components that can be used in conjunction with the process described herein to make roughly spherical proteinaceous food treats for animal consumption. Some of these combinations would also be useful for making long-lasting products for human consumption, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art. Note also that many of these starting ingredients (e.g., beef or chicken or vegetables) inherently contain water.
Accelerated testing studies have also indicated that recipes A and B produce pet products that are shelf stable for at least 18 months, maintaining a stabilized intermediate moisture content (15-30% by weight, usually 18-26%), and stabilized water activity (Aw ranging from 0.60 to 0.78, usually 0.65-0.75%) without refrigeration under normal conditions of storage in homes or stores that are reasonable and expected for the packaged pet foods industry. The ingredient mix, within the composition ranges in TABLE 1 provided above, can also be adjusted as needed by one skilled in the art to ensure that similar stabilized moisture content and water activity is achieved to create final packaged products that are semi-most and shelf-stable for at least 18 months.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the final shape and texture of the end products, and their size and thickness distributions, can be pre-designed and/or manipulated on-the-fly during the manufacturing process by pre-selecting and/or dynamically adjusting various process variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, the following:
-
- 1. The size of the mold plate system or the extrusion nozzles, depending on which portioning system is used.
- 2. The speeds of the conveyors, and the relative speeds between the bottom conveyor and the overhead conveyor.
- 3. The amplitude and frequency of oscillation of the overhead conveyor.
- 4. Variations in composition of the blend of proteinaceous material, preservatives, humectants, grain, starch, etc., that are used can in turn affect a variety of processing variables such as: (a) surface tension of the ground mix that allows for a stable meatball formation, extrusion and/or rolling; (b) Water activity of the final product and thereby its impact on shelf stability. For instance, increasing the meat concentrations and lowering or eliminating carbohydrates will increase the leathery, grainy or wrinkled texture of the product. Note that increasing the ratio of premium muscle meat to lower grade meat (including offal), will also increase grainy texture but this should be balanced with commercial considerations such as cost and consumer preferences. To some extent, the composition can also be adjusted dynamically during processing by adding multiple feed points, each independently controllable, instead of the fixed ingredients addition shown as (110 in
FIG. 1 ). - 5. Operating conditions such as temperature, pressure and humidity within the various steps of the processes of
FIG. 1 .
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, permutations and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention embraces all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the claims below.
Claims
1. A method of manufacturing generally spherical pet treats comprising:
- (a) providing a ground proteinaceous mix to a portioning device that divides said mix into smaller portions of roughly uniform volume,
- (b) placing said portions on a first belt of a first conveyor moving at a first speed in a longitudinal direction,
- (c) periodically pressing said portions with a second belt of a second conveyor, where said second belt operates in a plane at a height above, and substantially parallel to, said first belt, said second belt moving at a second speed in substantially the same longitudinal direction as said first belt, while also oscillating back and forth in a lateral direction that is at an angle to said longitudinal direction, such that said portions are transformed into generally spherical shapes.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said portioning is done using a fill and form molding process.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said portioning is done by extruding said blend through at least one rectangular or circular die plate to form at least one rectangular or circular extrudate rod, followed by cutting said extrudate rod into roughly uniform pieces.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said angle is approximately perpendicular.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said height varies between A and B, where A is slightly less than the diameter of an equivalent sphere that has approximately the same volume as a said portion, and B is about 0.9 multiplied by A.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one said first or second belts is textured.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein said second speed is between 40-80% faster than said first speed.
8. The process of claim 1 where said first and second belts are wire meshes.
9. The process of claim 1 where said portions are placed in such a way that the distance between any two portions placed adjacently is approximately between 1 and 3 times the desired diameter of the spherical pet treat.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein pressure exerted on said portions being pressed by said first and second belts is less than 10 psi.
11. A pet treat made by the process of claim 1 that contains from about 15% to about 75% by weight of said proteinaceous material, and where said proteinaceous material is selected from the group comprising one or more of the following: beef, chicken, pork, turkey, venison, offal, soy or vegetable protein.
12. A semi-moist pet treat made by the process of claim 1 having from about 15% to about 30% by weight of stabilized moisture content under normal storage conditions.
13. A semi-moist substantially spherical pet treat made by the process of claim 1 having a stabilized water activity between 0.60 and 0.78 under normal storage conditions.
14. A pet treat made by the process of claim 1 having a finished appearance substantially simulating a meatball made for human consumption by hand rolling coarse ground meat.
15. An apparatus for making portions to be finished into food products, comprising:
- (a) a first conveyor belt operable at a first speed in a longitudinal direction,
- (b) a second conveyor belt operable in a plane at a height above, and substantially parallel to, said first belt, said second conveyor belt operable at a second speed in substantially the same longitudinal direction as said first belt,
- (c) said second belt also operable to oscillate back and forth in a lateral direction that is at an angle to said longitudinal direction, (d) such that said first and second conveyor belts can be simultaneously operated to move, between said belts, non-spherical pliable foodstuff portions, in said longitudinal direction, while simultaneously pressing and rolling said portions in said longitudinal and lateral directions, so as to convert said portions into roughly spherical shapes.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said angle is approximately perpendicular.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said height is between A and B, where A is slightly less than the diameter of the desired spherical product, and B is about 0.9 multiplied by A.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein at least one of said first or second belts is textured.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said first and second belts comprise wire meshes.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 where the nominal size of openings of one of the said meshes is less than or equal to 25% of the average diameter of the desired spherical product, and the nominal size of the other said mesh does not exceed 90% of said average diameter of desired spherical product.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 15, 2014
Publication Date: Jan 15, 2015
Applicant: Del Monte Corporation (San Francisco, CA)
Inventors: Davor Juravic (San Pedro, CA), Yomayra Alvarez (Long Beach, CA), Oscar Ortiz (Hawthorne, CA), Dwayne P. McDowell, II (San Pedro, CA), Geoffrey Chase Thornhill (San Francisco, CA)
Application Number: 14/156,142
International Classification: A23K 1/00 (20060101); A23K 1/14 (20060101); A23K 1/18 (20060101); A23K 1/16 (20060101); A23K 1/10 (20060101);