WAFFLE BOX BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
The Waffle box is a process of installation of Type II waffle boxes placed alternately facing each other which is best for buildings with common corridors. The wings that serve as corridor, wall, window, are improvements from the prior arts. Being an alternative building system with thinner walls and slabs, lighter and cheaper but is equally stronger, fast, resilient, green, and sustainable. It is a process and a product that has less cost with more value added.
The present Continuation in Part patent application is the National Phase filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of the Philippine Application No.: 12012000216 entitled “Waffle Box Building Technology”, filed 2012 Jul. 27 and International Application No.: PCT/PH2013/000002, entitled “Waffle Box Building Technology”, filed 2013 Jan. 23.
RELATED CO-PENDING U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONSNo applicable.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTNot applicable.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER LISTING APPENDIXNot applicable.
COPYRIGHT NOTICEA portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office, patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn reference to the prior art or Philippine Utility Model Registration No. 2-2001-000254 issued on May 19, 2005, with the Title: A Modular Wall Panel for Fence, Housing, or Building Units and Maker: Claude Edwin Andrews of Mandaluyong City, Philippines, the precast modular panels as claimed, are laid horizontally with poured concrete between joints. The same modular panels are laid piece by piece with some panels having tongue and grove to complete a certain height or length. It is noted in this prior art that the panel indentations are strictly around the perimeter edges.
The Philippine Utility Model Registration No. 2-2001-000254 is a useful model and a good contribution in the construction industry as a whole. This waffle box 27 invention defines a very specific thin wall 3 or slab 4 (sometimes called skin) with a series of orthogonal indentations on one of the faces called ribs 5 (
Philippine Patent Number 24939, issued on Dec. 26, 1990 with the Title: Shelter Components and Stocking Process for Multi-Storey Building; Inventor: Cesar V. Canchela of Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, claimed in Item #1, “for a unitary prefabricated reinforced concrete rectangular-like shape body with opened longitudinal ends”, “body having a planar bottom wall”, “a pair of opposed planar sidewalls”, “a pair of spaced apart outwardly extending post members”, “a pair oppositely disposed support members” and “a planar top wall”. FIGS. 1 and 2 of the said prior art also describes the claim.
A waffle slab tank for example as stated below dealt with tanks. http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2005056936&recNum=1&maxRec=1&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=FP%3A%28waffle+box+concrete %29&tab=PCTDescription International application number PCT/AU2004/001728, inventor Stephen Cordell, title Slab Tank.
Another prior art, Philippine Patent Number 12302, issued on Jan. 16, 1979, with the Title: Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Frame for a Multi-story Building Construction System, whose inventor Gregorio C. Concepcion of Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, claims as follows:
“A concrete wall structure for use in multi storey building construction system, comprising of a set of lower frames anchored to the ground foundation such that the upper horizontal ribs of said lower frames are horizontally aligned with each other, . . . and a set of upper frames rigidly secured on top of said set of lower frames and consisting of spaced-apart frames such that the vertical ribs of the upper frames are vertically aligned with their corresponding vertical ribs of the lower frames . . . ”
The figures below will describe and illustrate the waffle box 27 technology. The figures although numbered in progression are grouped in two types. Type I describes about the five (5) side waffle box 27 (
The Type I five (5) side waffle box 27 is ideal for houses, shelter or building with different sizes of rooms. The Type I waffle box 27 with one bottom side open are installed on top of the other from foundation 26, 26a or base level to the topmost deck 31. The shelter or building can use different sizes of Type I waffle boxes 27. The general rule however, in using Type I waffle box 27, is to use same size waffle boxes and install them vertically in linear progression from foundation or base level to the topmost deck of the shelter or building. Then a different size of Type I waffle box 27 (but height must be the same) may be used in other parts of the same building, but the installation must be similar which is vertically in linear progression from foundation or base level to the topmost deck of the same shelter or building. The adjacent waffle slabs 2 are designed and fabricated to fit to the peripheral spaces around the Type I waffle boxes 27.
The Type II four (4) or six (6) side waffle box 27 with wings 10 use the same waffle boxes (uniform in width, length and height) from foundation 26, 26a (
Space 24 are equal, so that when another waffle box 27 is laid on top of them (above the extra space 24, the corbel 7 will be able to receive and fit the succeeding waffle box 27. The process is repeated until the shelter or building is completed. The general guideline is that all centerline of the thin walls 3 plus the rib 5 of all the waffle boxes 27 at any level of the shelter or building are vertically aligned from the base level or foundation 26, 26a up to the topmost deck (
End waffle wall 30, combined waffle wall and slab 29 and waffle slab 2 are placed at exterior end or deck to complete the box system. (
Type II four (4) or six (6) side waffle box 27 with wings 10 have walls 1 in front and rear with punch opening for doors 12 and windows 12b, 12c or stairs, elevator shaft, etc. 12d. Type II six (6) side waffle box 27 is ideal for mass production especially for large projects or buildings. With front and rear walls 1 open, of the Type II waffle box 27, the removal of forms is faster. The reduction of walls 1 as a result of the front and rear opening 12, 12b will be addressed by rearranging the waffle boxes' 27 position (architect's' design) or in extreme cases introducing cast-in-place walls or other structural elements (structural engineer's design) at strategic areas in the shelter of building to maintain the structural integrity of the building. Punch opening or block out on walls 1 or slabs 2 intended for these cast-in-place structural elements can be integrated during casting of waffle boxes 27. Once poured, on site or enhanced, sewed or stitched, they become an integral part of the structure. These processes are called “enhancing” or “stitching” or “sewing” and discussed on page 10.
There are instances where waffle boxes 27 have punched openings 12, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d (
Type I Five (5) Sides Waffle Box 27; (
B. Type II Four (4) or Six (6) Sides Waffle Box with wings 10,
Shown in the figure are end waffle wall 30, combined waffle wall and slab 29 and waffle slab 2 that are placed on exterior end or deck to complete the waffle box 27 system.
The foundation 26 or slab is also designed to fit to the “z” corbel 9 of the waffle boxes 27.
The figure shows that the number of usable spaces or units created by this technology is twice the number of waffle boxes' 27 fabricated and installed. The technology cuts the labor cost and construction time by a substantial figure by almost half.
The Waffle Box Building Technology is an alternative prefabricated or cast-in-place building system that aims to solve the following pressing problems of any country:
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- a. The destructive effects of climate change like frequent flooding, strong typhoons, extreme temperatures; freezing in the northern and southern hemisphere and heat in tropical, middle east and African countries;
- b. Natural and man-made calamities like strong earthquake, hurricane, tornado, sand storm, snow storm, tidal wave, flooding, fire or even war;
- c. Destruction of natural resources like cutting of trees, quarrying and mining as a result of construction boom and economic progress;
- d. Long construction periods, unpredictable quality, wastage of materials and man-hours due to use of the traditional post/slab/beam system which are poured on site including the repetitive hauling of materials and manpower up and down the building sites;
- e. Backlog in affordable housing, schools and offices as a result of fast growing population, rapid urbanization and migration due to improving economies;
- f. Seemingly higher construction cost due to inflation, scarce and expensive land in urban centers as a result of booming economies; and
- g. Lack of skilled workers because of higher pay in overseas jobs and migration to host countries that need their skills.
For problem a) and b); waffle box 27 is designed with stilt foundation 26a, concrete roof deck 31 and micro portal frames 35. These properties mitigate the destructive effects of climate change, man-made and natural disasters like flood, fire, typhoon, earthquake, storm surge, tidal wave, hurricane, tornado, snow, and sand storm among others.
Waffles 3, 4 can receive insulation 37 that results in lower electric bills both for cold and temperate countries. Insulation works against heat, freezing temperature and noise. Thinner walls 3 have less thermal mass, hence quicker to cool.
Waffle box is also green and sustainable. It is resilient, expandable and transferable. It uses less cement and steel which means less pollution and carbon footprint to produce them.
For problem c); waffle box 27 has thinner walls 3 and slabs 4 hence lighter (waffle 1.2) with lesser cement and steel. Reduced usage of raw materials like gravel (raw material for concrete), lime (raw material for cement) and iron or manganese (raw materials for steel) means lesser destruction of our mountains.
Waffle box is an industrial building system that does not use wood for fabrication and installation.
For problem d); waffle box 27 is mass-produced in factories under controlled working condition. The standard steel form produces quality and uniform boxes. It is pre-finished and plug-in units. Most of the works are done at ground level. It is fast and hedges against fast rising cost of construction and controls project cost overruns.
The repetitive hauling up and down of materials and workers in project sites (especially for high-rise buildings) is eliminated.
For problem e) and f); waffle box 27 has thinner and lighter wall 3 and slab 4 but equally stronger and highly resistant to earthquake and other building loads. It uses less cement and steel hence cheaper. It is mass produced and fast. It is best for double loaded designed building (common hallway and stair), that reduces cost while increase building occupancies.
For problem g); waffle box 27 is an industrial building system. It utilizes more machines and less manpower. Being repetitive, the learning curve is shorter.
The name of the invention “waffle box” 27 came from these succeeding terms and meaning.
Waffle (noun) also as defined by Encarta dictionary is “a pattern of indentations on both sides”, or “as in waffle iron for pancakes”.
Box (noun) as defined by Encarta dictionary is “something that is square or rectangular in shape”, “a container for objects or dry goods . . . ”, “an enclosed area . . . ”, “a small building that is used as a shelter”, and “a compartment . . . ”.
Wings (noun) also as defined by Encarta dictionary are “flat surfaces sticking out from the sides . . . ”
In its technical terms, the Diaphragms and Shear Walls, Design/Construction Guide, by APA (The Engineered Wood Association, www.apawood.org), quoted herein, “A diaphragm is a flat structural unit acting like a deep, thin beam.”, “A shear wall, however, is a vertical cantilevered diaphragm. A diaphragm structure results when a series of such vertical and horizontal diaphragms are properly tied together to form a structural unit. When diaphragms and shear walls are used in the lateral design of a building, the structural system is termed as “box system”.
This invention is about prefabricated or cast-in-place structural “waffle box” 27 made of concrete or other materials; a square or rectangular in shape, an enclosed area used as a shelter or room, with or without wings 10, 10a, 10b, with punched openings for windows 12b, 12c, doors 12, 12a and stairs or elevator shafts, etc. 12d that will form part of a shelter or building or any other similar structure for a specific use.
In addition, this invention is a prefabricated or cast-in-place structural “waffle” 1, 2 (a diaphragm of thin wall 3 or slab 4 with a pattern of orthogonal indentations on one of the faces called ribs) 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d “box” 27 (a series of horizontal and vertical diaphragms and shear walls tied together or poured monolithically to resist vertical, horizontal, torsion and other building loads) building technology it is lighter and cheaper but equally resistant to earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, and other building loads, etc. compared to a planar walls or slabs.
The waffle box 27 will either have five (5) sides (Type 1) (
The ribs 5, 5a, 5b, 5c (sometimes called flange or chord) are rectangular or trapezoidal in shape for easy removal of forms (
The sizes and spacing of the ribs 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, and its reinforcement are dictated by the number of floors, use of the structure, sizes of rooms, zoning and other design factors of the shelter or building and is the product of the structural design. A strictly rib (no crisscrossing member) design is strong for loads in one direction while the waffle 1, 2 (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, longitudinal or transverse members) (
The ribs 5, 5a, 5b, 5c are sometimes redesigned to serve a unique or special purpose. A corbel 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, (
The rib or corbel 7 to 7d has holes 15, 15a, 15b, 15c, 5d for fixing, lifting, and joining. It also has sockets 14, 14a, 14b, 14c (
Some ribs or corbel 7 has welding plates 16 (
Still, some ribs or corbels 7, 7a, 7b, 7c are also provided with lifting cylinders/bolts 13a (
On the lower part of the waffle box 27, the ribs are developed as “z” or inverted corbels 8, 9 (
These matching connections like the socket 14, 14a, 14b, 14c, dowel or pin 17, 17a, welding plate 16, welding angle 16a, bolt 18, 18a, 18b and hole 15b, 15c, are then fixed (
Optional features that are called wings 10, 10a, 10b (
Punch openings for windows 12b, 12c, doors 12, 12a and stairs or elevator shafts 12, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, etc. are integrated in the production process that will form part of the waffle box 27 for a specific use.
The weight of the structural box that was designed as waffle 1, 2 is lighter than those designed using the traditional flat walls and columns or slabs and beams or girders, because of the hollow sections between ribs 5, 5a, 5b, 5c 9 (
A reduced mass or volume or weight requires thinner structural members, including foundation 26, and lesser or smaller steel reinforcements or the like, hence, cheaper shelter or building.
Thinner walls 3 and slabs 4 are lighter and require lesser materials like aggregates, cement and steel. This in turn will help preserve the destruction of our mountains (source of gravel and raw materials for cement and steel). Lesser cement and steel means lesser use of fossil fuel to produce them, hence lesser pollution and less carbon footprint. Thinner walls mean lesser thermal mass hence lesser heat absorbed during the day and faster to cool at night. Waffles wall 1 and waffle slab 2 can receive insulation materials to insulate noise, cool down the house or buildings and reduce consumption of electricity.
Lesser materials mean cheaper construction cost which can lead to affordable houses, schools and offices. More affordable houses are solutions to informal settlers, fast growing population and urbanization. More schools mean better education.
Another prior art is worth mentioning as it is useful in understanding this invention.
The special technical features of a planar box which has a flat surface with end posts is different from the waffle box 27; that has thin wall 3 and slab 4 with a pattern of indentations called ribs 5 to 5d.
The planar box has posts while the waffle box 27 has none. The planar box has flat walls while the waffle box 27 has a thin wall 3 with a pattern of vertical, horizontal or diagonal ribs 5. The planar box is closed on the top and bottom slab, while the waffle box 27 can be both closed and open provided that the perimeter corbel 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d or inverted and “z” corbel 8, 9 or other ribs are retained for structural integrity of the waffle box 27. Waffle boxes 27 with open slabs 12d are used for stair well, air well, elevator shaft, pipes chase, atrium or the like, while the closed planar box is silent on this feature. The planar box is not the same as the waffle box 27 in form and in appearance.
Additional research was made in http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/search.jsf, of which none appeared to have the slightest similarity with this invention.
The waffle box 27 building technology is consistent in its goal to provide a lighter but equally stronger, highly resistant to typhoons, hurricanes and earthquake, cheaper, and fast construction method that will address the backlog in the affordable housing, public and private school, and other shelter or building projects of any country.
Waffle box 27 is also resilient, green, and sustainable. It aims to preserve the world's natural resources, lessen pollution, lessen use of fossil fuel, and reduce carbon footprint.
It can mitigate the destructive effects of man-made and natural disasters like flood, fire, typhoon, earthquake, storm surge, tidal wave, hurricane, tornado, snow, and sand storm etc.
It can insulate against noise and hot and cold temperatures.
It can improve efficiency and quality in the construction of buildings, hedge against inflation, maximize use of expensive lands, increase building occupancies, and address the backlog in the affordable housing, schools and offices.
Waffle box 27 is an alternative housing solution to the fast increasing population and urbanization of any country and will combat the destructive effects of the world's climate change.
The waffle box 27 will have punched openings for windows 12b, 12c and doors 12, 12a on its vertical walls (
Some waffle boxes 27 (
Still some waffle boxes 27 are fabricated with limited or even without walls in front and rear sides (
In some instances, positioning of the waffle boxes 27 may be done in perpendicular with the other waffle boxes 27 in order to maintain structural integrity in both lateral and vertical directions of the shelter or building. This kind of mixed positions will require some features of the waffle box 27 to be adaptable.
Still, in some cases whereby these waffle boxes 27 (without front and rear wall) (
Further from the last two (2) previous paragraphs, especially in the design of medium and high-rise buildings, and taking into account the complexity of these waffle boxes 27 with lesser walls 3 or those laid in perpendicular with each other, etc. the structural engineer may integrate post-tensioning 33, pre-stressing, and other technology to keep the buildings structurally safe. The ribs 5 can be designed to accommodate the ducts intended for the process. This process will be called “sewing” or “stitching”
The wings 10, 10a, 10b of the waffle box 27 are improvements of the prior arts that were enumerated in the International Search Report; 1. GB 2 056 524 A (Hanford Realty Pty Ltd) 18 Mar. 1981 (1981-03-18), 2. U.S. Pat. No. 3,495,367 A (Kobayashi Hideya) 17 Feb. 1970 (1970-02-17), 3. U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,741 A (Lowe James N et al) 24 Aug. 1976 (1976-08-24), 4. U.S. Pat. No. 3,643,390 A (Shelley Shelly W) 22 Feb. 1972 (1972-02-22), 5. GB 1 246 369 A (Wood Edgar Herbert [US]), 15 Sep. 1971 (1971-09-15), and the Philippine Patent Number 24939, issued on Dec. 26, 1990 with the Title: Shelter Components and Stocking Process for Multi-Storey Building; Inventor: Cesar V. Canchela of Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Wings 10, 10a, 10b are cast monolithically with the main box. These wings 10, 10a, 10b serve as walls 10, doors 10a, windows 10b, corridors 6, or slabs 4 extending from the basic box (
Here follows the notable differences among the prior arts mentioned in the International Search Report and waffle box 27 with wings 10, 10a, 10b:
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- 1. Hanford Realty Pty. Ltd. Is a three dimensional box, has waffle but has no wings. Waffle box 27 exhibits all the three features; a three dimensional box, has waffle 1, 2, and wings 10.
- 2. Kobayashi Hideya is not a three dimensional box, has waffle but has no wings. Waffle box 27 exhibits all the three features; a three dimensional box, has waffle 1, 2, and wings 10.
- 3. Lowe James N et al is also three dimensional box, has waffle, but has no wings. Waffle box 27 exhibits all the three features; a three dimensional box, has waffle 1, 2, and wings 10.
- 4. Shelly Shelly W is also a three dimensional box, has no waffle (planar wall) and has no wings. Waffle box 27 exhibits all the three features; a three dimensional box, has waffle 1, 2, and wings 10.
- 5. Wood Edgar Herbert is a three dimensional box, has no waffle (planar wall) and has wings. Waffle box 1, 2 exhibits all the three features; a three dimensional box, has waffle, and wings.
Therefore, waffle box 27 with wings 10, 10a, 10b is a box with a waffle and a wing that exhibits improved characteristics of the prior arts (
Waffle box 27 has a pattern of indentations on one of its faces. These indentations are called ribs 5. These ribs 5 run along the perimeter walls 3 and slabs 4 and are aligned, parallel and quadrant with the other. There being many and uniformly spaced in a waffle box 27 and in the series of waffle boxes 27 connected to one another to form a building, these ribs 5 including the tee (
All the building loads (horizontal, vertical, torsional, etc.) that act on the building or structure are divided and reduced in smaller magnitude equivalent by the number of portal frames 35 in the building (
Waffle box 27 can rest on stilt foundation 26a and has concrete roof deck slab 31 that mitigates the disastrous effects of flood, typhoon, storm surge, and tidal waves.
Waffle box 27 is an alternative housing solution that can combat the destructive effects of the world's climate change.
According to an article published in Sep. 6, 2014 http://business.inquirer.net/178173/helping-the-poor-own-their-homes, “Fifty-four percent of the world's population—about 3.8 billion—are now living in urban areas. And with almost 200,000 people being added to the world's cities every day, the United Nations estimates that by 2050 the world's urban population will stand at over 6.3 billion—nearly double of what it is today. According to global environmental research organization Worldwatch Institute, such rapid urban population growth will be especially burdensome for developing countries where 82 percent of the world's population currently lives.”
The population of the world is 7.046 billion as of year 2012 with annual growth rate of 1.1%, or 77.5 million people each year, based on https://www.google.com.ph/#q=population+growth+rate+in+the+world.
Some countries have higher annual growth rate (as of 2012), Singapore is 2.4%, Malaysia and Philippines is 1.7%, based on https://www.google.com.ph/#q=population+growth+rate+in+the+philippines. The time is ripe for new technological advancement in the construction industry especially in counties with fast increasing population and economy. The country with fast increasing population must supply the needed shelter for its people while the country with fast growing economy will prepare for more people who will look for greener pastures in their country. Urbanization becomes rapid.
Waffle box building technology is an industrial building system wherein waffle boxes 27 are produced in factories under controlled conditions. The production and construction is standardized, leading to fast and affordable houses and shelters. This is an alternative housing solution and will help address urbanization.
Described in the succeeding paragraphs are typical features of the waffle boxes 27 with five (5) sides Type I and four (4) or six (6) sides Type II.
Type I five (5) sides waffle box 27 and Type II four (4) or six (6) side waffle box 27 have different installation procedures. Type I was abandoned and Type II process is claimed by this invention.
Type I Waffle Box 27, 5 sides, bottom slab open, installation is vertical on top of one another.
Type I waffle box 27 has five (5) sides. The bottom slab is left open. This opening is designed to fit to the upper slab of that same Type I waffle box 27. They are installed vertically on top of the other (
Type I waffle boxes 27 (
The practice of using different Type I waffle boxes 27 in a shelter or building gives the user flexibility in the design. It is however, suggested to use a uniform waffle box 27 in any section of the building in order to save for the cost of formworks and to benefit from operating on the economies of scale.
A series of pre-designed waffle slabs 2 or waffle walls 1 (
B. Type II Waffle Box 27 with wings 10 four (4) or six (6), installation is horizontal with extra space 24 in between waffle boxes 27
Type II waffle box 27 with wings 10 has four (4) or six (6) sides. They have uniform width, length and height in all parts of the shelter or building (
The Type II waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 are laid horizontally with uniform space apart (
On the next upper level, the installation of the Type II waffle boxes 27 must start directly above the leftmost or rightmost extra space 24 and progressively towards the other end (
Using this horizontal installation process for Type II waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 means that when you install “x” number of waffle boxes 27, the result is “2x” number of usable boxes or spaces (
The cost of labor to construct another room or livable space (extra space 24 between waffle boxes 27 is eliminated and he construction time is shortened, hence cheaper. This will solve backlog in affordable housing and schools due to fast increasing population and urbanization.
Should the users of the invention opt to design a double loaded shelter or building (
According to www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/Philippines, land values have been appreciating recently. In the second quarter of 2013:
In Makati CBD, land values rose by 8.32% to PHP283,185 (US$6,462) and PHP325,275 (US$7,423) per sq. m. During the latest quarter, land prices increased by 2.06% in Q2 2013.
In Ortigas Center, land values increased by 6.45% to a range from PHP104,925 (US$2,394) to PHP171,860 (US$3,922) per sq. m. Quarter-on-quarter, land values rose by 1.75%.
In Bonifacio Global City, land values rose by 8.47% y-o-y and 1.8% q-o-q to a range from PHP200,850 (US$4,583) to PHP292,900 (US$6,684) per sq. m.
With these increasing rates of the land, it is economical to design and construct double loaded buildings (with common stairs and corridors). Waffle box 27 with wings 10 is best suited for this design. It does not only maximize the use of expensive land but as well as increase building occupancy. This is an alternative solution in the backlog of affordable housing and school buildings, fast rising population growth and urbanization in any country.
Users of the Type II waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 save on cost of formworks and enjoy the benefits from operating on the economies of scale.
Being mass produced at ground level, prefinished and plug-in units, waffle box 27 with wings 10 offers an alternative solution to the tedious, expensive, unpredictable quality, long construction periods of the traditional on site construction of post, beam and slab system and hedges against fast rising cost of construction and cost overruns.
Again, a prior art mentioned earlier uses a similar process of installation for a single loaded shelter or building, one (1) row as shown in (
improved horizontal installation process that is in accord with the invention's goal to address the backlog in the affordable housing, public schools, and other shelters or buildings in any country today thru an alternative building system that is lighter but equally stronger, high resistant to earthquake, typhoon or hurricane and subsequently cheaper and fast.
Philippine Patent Number 24939, issued on Dec. 26, 1990, with the Title: Shelter Components and Stocking Process for Multi-Storey Building; Inventor: Cesar V. Canchela of Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines, claims as follows:
Claim 5. “A stacking process for shelter components as recited in claim 4 wherein mounting one shelter component on top of the shoulder portions of the two shelter components includes a plurality of spaced apart downwardly projecting anchoring bolts oppositely disposed at the bottom portion of said one shelter component adapted to be snugly fitted to a corresponding plurality of spaced apart embedded metal tubes disposed on top of the planar sidewall of said two shelter components.”
Claim 6. “A stacking process for the shelter components as recited in claim 4 wherein mounting one shelter component on top of the shoulder portions of the two shelter components further includes an upstanding angularly bent embedded steel bars having a fixedly secured metal plates disposed on opposite planar sidewalls of said one shelter component adapted to be weldably secured to the corresponding angular metal plates fixedly secured to an interconnected generally V-shaped steel bars embedded on the shoulder portions of said shelter components”.
Both claims 5 and 6 are supported with
While there appears to be a similarity in the process of installation in both the planar box (prior art) and the waffle box 27 with wings 10 (this invention), both having space in between boxes and the next box above rests on both boxes below, and so on, there exists a seemingly obvious differences between the two arts which are summarized as follows:
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- 1. While the installation process is seemingly similar, the prior art is silent to address or describe in the specifications and also by way of figures how the stairs, elevator shafts, pipe chases, air wells, garbage chutes, or the like which are vital elements of a shelter or building, are incorporated during the upward installation of boxes. There is a need for an opening 12d in the slab or even wall to accommodate these basic features of a building or shelter. This invention attempts to provide a unique solution to that need.
- This invention of Type II four (4) or six (6) side waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 with punch opening for stair, elevator shaft, etc. (
FIG. 27 f) that are laid similarly as the prior art, but will not need any introduction of cast-in-place walls or structure to accommodate those vital openings of the shelter or building. Stairs can be prefabricated and installed in the open stair wells without cast-in-place operations. Same with the others like elevators, etc. as the predesigned punched openings 12 are provided for. - This invention having included in the installation or stacking process the punched opening 12d for the stair, elevator, chases and the like which are vital elements of a shelter or building laid a predicate that the prior art and this invention are two different special technical features. Cast-in-place operations will affect the concept of mass production.
- The introduction of the waffle 1, 2 and wings 10 is an improvement of the prior arts and the installation of the second row of Type II waffle boxes 27 is totally different.
- This invention of Type II four (4) or six (6) side waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 with punch opening for stair, elevator shaft, etc. (
- 2. While both prior art and this invention aim to address the backlog in the affordable or mass housing and other building project of any country by means of the stacking or installation process of the boxes (
FIGS. 27 a, 36, 37) of this invention), the prior art cited on the single loaded shelter or building (single row building) as explained in the specifications and shown inFIGS. 3 , 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the said prior art. The double loaded design as featured by this invention utilizes a common corridor or hallway for the livable units in the case of housing project or classrooms in the case of school projects, thereby maximizing the use of the lot.- This invention considers both single loaded and double loaded designed buildings. Beyond the installation or stacking process of the first row of waffle boxes 27, there exists in this invention another unique product and process of installing the second row of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 (
FIG. 27 a), specifically designed for a double loaded shelter or buildings. The waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 have corridors 6 which are extensions (or wings) of both the top and bottom slabs 4, (FIG. 27 b, 36, 37). The protruding length of the corridor 6 is half the width of the hallway. Using the first row of installed waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 (also with corridors 6), the new waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 will be fitted alternately in front of the extra spaces 24 (FIGS. 27 a, 27b, 36) aligning the edges of both the corridors 6 of the first row and the second row of the Type II waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 (FIG. 27 a). On the next upper level, the resulting structure will have the top corridor 6 of the first row of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 meet with the bottom corridor 6 of the second row of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 (FIG. 27 a). The installation process is repeated alternately for the waffle box 27 in front of the extra space 24 and the extra space 24 in front of the waffle box 27, (FIGS. 27 a, 36). As the top and bottom corridors 6 of the waffle boxes 27 meet alternately, the hallway is completedFIG. 27 a. The width of the hallway is the total length of the two meeting corridors 6 (FIG. 27 a, 35, 42). - Like in the previous specifications of the Type II waffle boxes 27 with wings 10, waffle wall 3 and combined waffle wall and slab 29 (
FIG. 27 c) are introduced at exterior end to complete the structural box system of the shelter or building. - In the above difference #2, the lot is maximized by designing a double loaded high density shelter or building using the invention, which is an improvement of the prior art. The cost is cheaper as the cost of common facilities like the hallways, stairs, or elevators is distributed between the fronting units.
- This invention considers both single loaded and double loaded designed buildings. Beyond the installation or stacking process of the first row of waffle boxes 27, there exists in this invention another unique product and process of installing the second row of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 (
- 3. Another unique feature of this invention is Type I waffle box 27 (5 sides) which is installed vertically on top of one another (
FIGS. 20 , 21). This installation process of Type I waffle box 27 is significantly different from the said stacking process of the said prior art.
- 1. While the installation process is seemingly similar, the prior art is silent to address or describe in the specifications and also by way of figures how the stairs, elevator shafts, pipe chases, air wells, garbage chutes, or the like which are vital elements of a shelter or building, are incorporated during the upward installation of boxes. There is a need for an opening 12d in the slab or even wall to accommodate these basic features of a building or shelter. This invention attempts to provide a unique solution to that need.
All the waffle boxes 27 are precast and mass produced in fabrication sites without or in extreme cases a very minimal cast-in-place operation on site. All the waffle boxes 27 are uniform (except for the punched slab opening 12 thereby the user of the invention enjoys the benefit of producing by economies of scale.
While the above prior art describes a similar stacking process of a frame that also runs in parallel with the previous Philippine Patent Number #24939 that uses a planar box, there exist in this invention a unique product (waffle box 27) with wings 10 and installation process (beyond the single-loaded building) that will differentiate this invention from what was earlier contributed by the mentioned prior arts.
Basing on the above installation process of a double loaded designed shelter or building, there is a totally different concept of installation by this invention. First, the double loading concept and the second is the alternate installation of the second row of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 which was not touched by the prior art and third, the vertical installation process of Type I waffle boxes 27.
Further to the Type II waffle box 27 with wings 10 with four (4) or six (6) sides, the waffle slab 2 will meet with the waffle wall 1 which will form a “z” corbel 9 (
Buildings or shelters that are designed to have uniform room layout per floor (
The Type I waffle boxes 27 with five (5) sides (no bottom slab) are installed on top of one another (
The corridor of the Type I five (5) side is a precast slab 2 (
The uppermost deck (
The design of cast-in-place foundation 26 (
In either type of waffle boxes 27 with wings 10, the stair well, air well, elevator shaft, pipe chase, and the like (opening 12d is dictated by need) are left open (
In either case, these waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 create additional spaces around, between, below and above them without spending more for the vertical support (
In the case of single detach residential houses, the Type II four (4) or six (6) sides waffle boxes 27 with wings 10 are laid one space apart, some aligned in front while others are moved forward or backward (
It is the goal of this invention to simplify, reduce, or eliminate the redundancy, repetitive work, wastages, etc. brought about by the numerous construction activities done above ground including hauling up of materials, tools, equipment and movement of workers up and down (especially for high rise buildings), resulting to speed, efficiency, economy, and quality of the building. The waffle boxes 27 therefore, including its electrical, plumbing, cable, telephone, internet, alarm, background music pipes, etc., wiring and architectural and other finishes are done or can be done at the ground floor level or off-site fabrication sites, thereby transforming these waffle boxes 27 as a pre-assembled, pre-finished or plug-in, and ready to use units of a shelter or building.
Fabrication of the structural waffle boxes 27; in sections or whole, is dictated by the hauling, lifting, stocking, and actual situations on site or off-sites. The mass production of the waffle boxes 27 is done in controlled fabrication sites.
Cast-in-place waffle boxes 27, in extreme or special circumstances are done or can be done at job sites.
Lifting mechanisms are made of metal rods 13, cylinder 13a, bolts 13b with matching hooks (
Simple but strong connection inverted and “z’ corbel 8, 9, holes 15, dowels/pins 17, bolts 18, steel angles 16a or plates 16, lifting hooks 13, or cylinders 13a, etc. (
Most specifically, as a prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated structural waffle box 27, this invention minimizes the repetitive hauling, lifting, transporting of materials, tools, manpower from the ground up to the building (especially for high rise building), thereby cutting construction costs, improving work efficiencies, and maintaining product quality under a controlled work place at the ground floor or factory sites.
With these savings, and improved quality and efficiency, waffle box 27 with wings 10 hedges against fast rising cost of construction, and diminishes the problem of cost overruns.
The space between the ribs 5 where the waffles are created can be used to hold heat and sound insulation 37 materials thereby upgrading this invention as an insulated concrete building technology.
Other than the purpose of creating a unique product and installation process claim for the invention, it is further aimed to develop a simple, durable, workable, economical, efficient, functional, light, fast and easy construction system that will solve the backlog in affordable housing, public and private schools, offices, hotels, dormitories, inns, apartments, etc, and in other small, medium or high rise building or shelter projects in any country. In the design and the actual implementation of this invention, some or several parts of the waffle boxes 27 and the technology as a whole will be modified to suit its adaptability to the present and future times.
Materials to be used for the present design and for the further development of the technology in order to maximize the benefits therein, can be any kind of concrete, steel, formed sheets, plastic, wood, laminates, synthetics or their combinations.
These stated improvements above become parts and partial of the invention.
For practical reasons in future site conditions, weight of waffle box 27 with wings 10, magnitude of projects, budget limitations, etc. the technology can shift to a cast-in-place method of construction but still using the same process of building the waffle boxes 27 either directly above one another or alternately above the others.
Some waffle box 27 with wings 10 may have lesser indentations or is purely ribs 5 (
Covered by this invention are the following:
-
- 1. For residential use whether one or two-storey, single detached, multi-dwelling, duplex, quadrant, row house, walk-up or multi-storey apartment, townhouse, dormitory, condominium, affordable or mass housing, or all kinds of shelters.
- 2. For commercial use like office building, hotel, motel, inn, call center, mall, parking space, or all kinds of shelters of similar use.
- 3. For institutional use like school building, learning center, day care center, hospital, clinic, government center, or all kinds of shelters of similar use.
- 4. For any kind of box-like structures laid vertically, horizontally or diagonally like bridge, canal, caisson, well, tunnel, shaft, or the like that will fall within the basic principle of mass production, economics, speed, strength, etc.
Claims
1. A horizontal and vertical process of installation using two (2) or more type II waffle boxes facing each other with extending corridor or wall which is a wing, the line of waffle boxes fronting the first row is alternate; the waffle box facing the extra space or the extra space facing the waffle box, which is best suited for double loaded shelter or building.
2. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein on the next upper level, the installation of the type II waffle boxes must start directly above the leftmost or rightmost extra space and progressively towards the opposite end, and is repeated until the structural box system of the building is completed.
3. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the type II waffle boxes is made of a thin wall and slab with a pattern of orthogonal indentations on one of its faces called ribs and is poured monolithically to form a waffle box.
4. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein type II waffle boxes have punched openings for stair elevator shaft, or for any similar use.
5. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the centerlines of the thickness of the thin wall plus the rib of the waffle boxes from foundation to the uppermost deck are aligned.
6. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein special elements such as the end waffle wall and waffle slab and the combined waffle wall and slab are introduced at the leftmost, topmost and rightmost part respectively, incorporating the features for joining, lifting, aligning, hauling that are shown in.
7. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein some cast-in-place structural elements like wall, beam, and other structural elements, are introduced in the system to come up with a structurally enhanced shelter or building, which will be termed “enhancing”.
8. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the following features like trapezoidal corbel and “z” corbel or inverted corbel are designed to support and stabilize the waffle boxes.
9. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the following features like sockets, holes, welding plate or welding angle with their matching pins, dowels, bolts, and sizes of welds are designed to join two or more waffle boxes.
10. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the following features like vertical/horizontal target and match groove are designed for quality control and fast installation.
11. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the following features like cylinder with bolt, rod with eye, bolt with fork or plate, socket for fork lift are designed for lifting and hauling of the waffle boxes.
12. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the waffle boxes are made of all kinds of lightweight or standard weight concrete (standard or blended), plastic, wood or its derivative like laminated wood, metal including steel sheet or its improved products like the pre-formed, bended, punched sections, aluminum, fiberglass, or glass.
13. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the waffle boxes can be prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in, or insulated.
14. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein all sorts of false or formworks to cast, fabricate, mold and create and turn these waffle boxes and its components like waffle wall, waffle slab, combined waffle wall and slab, foundation, stairs, etc. into usable parts of the shelter, building or any type of box-like structure.
15. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein some waffle boxes which are positioned in parallel or perpendicular with the other waffle boxes in order to maintain structural integrity in both lateral and vertical directions of the shelter or building, will introduce structural elements; example posttensioning, prestressing, etc., which will be termed “sewing” or “stitching”.
16. A horizontal and vertical process of installation as recited in claim 1 wherein the waffle boxes are analyzed and designed using a series of micro portal frames (series of “tee”, “cee” or “I” sections running along the perimeter of the waffle boxes) including those that are purely ribs to resist all kind of loads in different directions.
17. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings, which is made of a thin wall and slab with a pattern of orthogonal indentations called ribs on one of its faces and is poured monolithically to form a waffle box, which is an improvement of the prior arts, wherein these monolithic wings extends from the basic box, and function as walls, doors, windows, corridors, or slabs of the building.
18. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the first level of waffle boxes are installed with extra space between them and the next upper layer of waffle boxes will sit direct above the extra spaces and with special members such as the end waffle wall and waffle slab and the combined waffle wall and slab are introduced at the leftmost, topmost and rightmost part respectively and is repeated until the structural box system of the building is completed.
19. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein type II waffle boxes have punched openings for stair, elevator shaft, or for any similar use.
20. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the centerlines of the thickness of the thin wall plus the rib of the waffle boxes from foundation to the uppermost deck are aligned.
21. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein special elements such as the end waffle wall and waffle slab and the combined waffle wall and slab are introduced at the leftmost, rightmost and topmost part, incorporating the features for joining, lifting, aligning, hauling that are shown in.
22. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein some cast-in-place structural elements like wall, beam, and other structural elements, are introduce in the system to come up with a structurally enhanced shelter or building, which will be termed “enhancing”.
23. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the following features like trapezoidal corbel and “z” corbel or inverted corbel, are designed to support and stabilize the waffle boxes.
24. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the following features like sockets, holes, welding plate or welding angle with their matching pins, dowels, bolts, and sizes of welds are designed to join two or more waffle boxes.
25. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the following features like vertical/horizontal target and match groove are designed for quality control and fast installation.
26. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the following features like cylinder with bolt, rod with eye, bolt with fork or plate, socket for fork lift are designed for lifting and hauling of the waffle boxes.
27. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the waffle boxes are made of all kinds of lightweight or standard weight concrete (standard or blended), plastic, wood or its derivative like laminated wood, metal including steel sheet or its improved products like the pre-formed, bended, punched sections, aluminum, fiberglass, or glass.
28. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein all sorts of false or formworks to cast, fabricate, mold and create and turn these waffle boxes and its components like waffle wall, waffle slab, combined waffle wall and slab, foundation, stairs, etc. into usable parts of the shelter, building or any type of box-like structure.
29. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein some waffle boxes which are positioned in parallel or perpendicular with the other waffle boxes in order to maintain structural integrity in both lateral and vertical directions of the shelter or building will introduce structural elements; example posttensioning, prestressing, etc., which will be termed “sewing” or “stitching”.
30. A four (4) or six (6) side rectangular prefabricated, prefinished, plug-in or insulated product termed as type II waffle box with wings as recited in claim 17 wherein the waffle boxes are analyzed and designed using a series of micro portal frames (series of “tee”, “cee” or “I” sections running along the perimeter of the waffle boxes) including those that are purely ribs to resist all kind of loads in different directions.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 23, 2013
Publication Date: Sep 10, 2015
Inventor: Jerry A. CHIN
Application Number: 14/417,486