CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/954,723 filed Mar. 18, 2014.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable.
TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a new Sesamum indicum L. variety with improved non-dehiscence (IND) appropriate for mechanized harvesting.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Sesame, or Sesamum indicum, is a tropical annual cultivated worldwide for its oil and its nut flavored seeds. The sesame plant grows to a height of about 52-249 cm, and at its leaf axils are found capsules, which contain the sesame seed. Upon maturity in nature, the capsules holding the sesame seeds begin to dry down, the capsules normally split open, and the seeds fall out. Commercially, the harvester tries to recover as much seed as possible from mature capsules. From ancient times through the present, the opening of the capsule has been the major factor in attempting to successfully collect the seed. Harvesting methods, weather, and plant characteristics all contribute to the amount of seed recovered.
The majority of the world's sesame is harvested manually. With manual non-mechanized methods, it is desirable for the sesame seed to fall readily from the plant. Manual harvesting is labor intensive. Efforts to mechanize or partially mechanize harvesting met with limited success.
A breakthrough was accomplished when non-dehiscent (ND) sesame was developed and patented by Derald Ray Langham. ND sesame was found to possess the proper characteristics, which would enable mechanical harvesting without the seed loss disadvantages reported with prior varieties.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,452; 6,815,576; 6,781,031; 7,148,403; 7,332,652; and 8,003,848 each disclose and claim non-dehiscent (ND) sesame cultivars having various characteristics.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,847,149; 7,855,317; 7,964,768; 8,058,503; 8,080,707; 8,207,397; 8,507,750; 8,581,026; and 8,586,823 each disclose and claim improved non-dehiscent (IND) sesame cultivars having various characteristics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A new sesame variety designated Sesaco 39 (S39) with representative seed having been deposited on Mar. 13, 2014 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Patent Depository under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. In one aspect, the invention comprises a seed of sesame variety designated S39, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S39, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091.
In yet another aspect, the invention comprises plant cells derived from a sesame plant, said plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S39, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. The plant cells may be selected, for example, from pollen, tissue culture of regenerable cells, and asexually reproducing cultivars.
In yet another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S39, a sample of the seed of said variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from plant cells derived from sesame variety S39, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091, wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S39. The plant cells may be derived from S39 seeds or plant cells from tissue from a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S39.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant and harvesting the resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second parent sesame plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety S39, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A-1C depicts the lineage of S39.
FIG. 2 through FIG. 10 compare Sesaco 39 (S39) to the present Sesaco varieties: Sesaco 28 (S28), Sesaco 30 (S30), Sesaco 32 (S32), Sesaco 34 (S34), Sesaco 35 (S35), Sesaco 36 (S36), Sesaco 37 (S37), and Sesaco 38 (S38).
FIG. 2 depicts a comparison of the percent of seed retention during Shaker Shatter Resistance testing from 1997 to 2011 for the various Sesaco sesame varieties.
FIG. 3 depicts a comparison of the mean improved non-dehiscent visual rating for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 4 depicts a comparison of the composite kill tolerance ratings for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 5 depicts a comparison of the mean days to physiological maturity for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 6 depicts a comparison of the yield at drydown for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 7 depicts a comparison of the mean weight of 100 seeds in grams from 1997 to 2011 for the various Sesaco sesame varieties.
FIG. 8 depicts a comparison of seed oil content for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 9 depicts a comparison of whitefly tolerance for the various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar conditions.
FIG. 10 depicts a comparison of leaf disease tolerance for the various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar conditions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Herein disclosed is a Non-Dehiscent (ND) sesame variety designated Sesaco 39 (S39), which exhibits Improved Non-Dehiscence (IND) and novel characteristics which make it a commercially suitable sesame line. By virtue of having IND, there is less seed loss when left in the field past prime harvest time in adverse weather conditions, for example, rain, fog, dew, and wind. S39 is suitable for mechanical harvesting.
The Improved Non-Dehiscent (IND) class of sesame, developed by Derald Ray Langham, is ND, but IND sesame also exhibits better adhesion between false membranes and improved placenta attachment. IND sesame holds more seed than prior sesame types, as measured four weeks after a crop is ready for harvest (could have been combined). IND characteristics offer advantages for certain growing applications.
Compared to ND sesame, IND sesame has more seed in the capsules when measured between 4 and 9 weeks after the ideal harvest time.
Without wishing to be bound by one particular theory, it is believed that this increased amount of seed in the capsules may be due to the S39 variety having the ability to better withstand adverse environmental conditions such as inclement or harsh weather. Examples of adverse weather conditions to which S39 has been subjected in this regard are rain, fog, dew, and wind. S39 variety has been tested and meets the criteria of IND.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707 is herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application discloses Improved Non-Dehiscent Sesame. S39 is an example of a variety which resulted from breeding methods described therein.
S39 exhibits improved shatter resistance, acceptable tolerance to common fungal diseases, and a maturity that allows a suitable geographical range. Further, S39 exhibits higher yield in geographical locations desirable for sesame planting, and exhibits desirable seed color. S39 is suitable for planting in areas that have approximately a 21° C. ground temperature when planted in the spring and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. An exemplary desirable geographical area for S39 is from South Texas at the Rio Grande to Oklahoma border and from the Caprock of Texas eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. Other exemplary areas are areas of the United States or of the world, which areas have similar climatic conditions, daylength patterns (similar latitudes) and elevations.
In describing the present invention, it is helpful to be aware of some terminology. Sesame plants have been studied for their response to seasonal and climatic changes and the environment in, which they live during the different phases and stages of growth and development. This type of study, called “phenology” has been documented by the inventor in Langham, D. R. 2007. “Phenology of sesame,” In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va.
Table I summarizes the phases and stages of sesame, and will be useful in describing the present invention.
TABLE I
Phases and stages of sesame
No.
Stage/Phase Abbreviation End point of stage DAPz weeks
Vegetative VG
Germination GR Emergence 0-5 1−
Seedling SD 3rd pair true leaf 6-25 3−
length = 2nd
Juvenile JV First buds 26-37 1+
Pre- PP 50% open flowers 38-44 1−
reproductive
Reproductive RP
Early bloom EB 5 node pairs of 45-52 1
capsules
Mid bloom MB Branches/minor plants 53-81 4
stop flowering
Late bloom LB 90% of plants with no 82-90 1+
open flowers
Ripening RI Physiological maturity 91-106 2+
(PM)
Drying DR
Full maturity FM All seed mature 107-112 1−
Initial drydown ID 1st dry capsules 113-126 2
Late drydown LD Full drydown 127-146 3
zDAP = days after planting. These numbers are based on S26 in 2004 Uvalde, Texas, under irrigation.
There are several concepts and terms that are used in this document that should be defined. The Environmental Protection Agency has allowed harvest aids to be used to desiccate sesame within 2 weeks of application after physiological maturity. If no harvest aids are used, in the initial drydown stage in Table I, the capsules begin to dry and open. This stage ends when 10% of the plants have one or more dry capsules. The late drydown stage ends when the plants are dry enough so that upon harvest, the seed has a moisture content of 6% or less. At this point some of the capsules have been dry for 5 weeks in the example used in Table I, but in other environments for other varieties, the drying can stretch to 7 weeks. The “ideal harvest time” is at the end of the late drying stage. At this point, a combine (also sometimes referred to as a combine harvester, a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops) can be used to cut and thresh the plants and separate the seed from the undesired plant material. However, at times, weather may prevent harvest at the ideal time. The plants may have to remain in the field for as much as an additional four weeks, and in some cases even longer. Thus, time to corresponds to the ideal harvest time and time t1 which corresponds to the time the grower actually harvests the sesame, is a time later than time t0.
The pedigree method of plant breeding was used to develop S39. Sesame is generally self-pollinated. Crossing is done using standard techniques as delineated in Yermanos, D. M. 1980. “Sesame. Hybridization of crop plants,” Am Soc. Agronomy-Crop Sci. of America, pp. 549-563 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Ashri provides an overview of sesame breeding in Ashri, A. (1998). “Sesame breeding,” Plant Breed. Rev. 16:179-228 and Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In: R. J. Singh, Ed., Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, Vol. 4, Oilseed Crops, p. 231-289, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA.
The lineage of S39 is presented in FIG. 1. 111 (1) was a line obtained from the NPGS (P1173955) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1949 from W. N. Koelz, USDA, Beltsville, Md., who obtained it from India. Within Sesaco, 111 first carried the identifier 0858 and was then changed to X111. In 1985, a selection of this line became Sesaco 4 (S04).
111X (2) was an outcross in the 111 (1) plot BT0458 in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0745 and was later changed to T111X.
F820 (3) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111 (1) and 104 (4) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F820.
104 (4) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF084. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto 8. Instituto 8 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 104 carried the identifier 0084. In 1983, a selection of this line became Sesaco 2 (S02) [0039]578 (5) was a cross made by Sesaco between F820 (3) and F853 (6) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8578 and was later changed to T578.
F853 (6) was a cross made by Sesaco between 104 (4) and 192 (7) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F853.
192 (7) was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier P1599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
031 (8) was a cross made by Sesaco between 578 (5) and 118 (9) in the Ramsey nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H0031 and then changed to T031.
118 (9) was a line obtained from the NGPS (P1425944) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it in 1978 from P. F. Knowles, University of California, Davis, Calif., who collected it in Pakistan. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 1118, which was changed to X118 and then to T118.
BI954 (10) was a cross made by Sesaco between 031 (8) and 2CA (15) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1993. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier BI1954.
72C (11) was a line obtained from the NGPS (P1292146) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was made, it carried the designator X702C and later changed to 72C. In 1986, a selection from 72C became Sesaco 12 (S12).
L6651 (12) was a cross made by Sesaco between 72C (11) and 804 (14) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier L6651.
G8 (13) was a line obtained from D. G. Langham in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was a selection from the cultivar ‘Guacara’, which D. G. Langham developed in Venezuela in the 1950s. Guacara was an initial selection from a cross that later produced one of the major varieties in Venezuela-Aceitera. Within Sesaco, G8 first carried the identifier X011 and was later changed to TG8.
804 (14) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (13) and 111X (2) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11 (S11).
2CA (15) was a cross made by Sesaco between L6651 (12) and S11 (16) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier LCX02 and later changed to X2CA and then to T2CA.
S11 (16) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (13) and 111X (2) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804. In 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11 (S11).
S26 (17) was a cross made by Sesaco between B1954 (10) and S16 (38) in the Friesenhahn nursery (Knippa, Tex.) in 1994. The original designator was CM764 and later changed to X13J. In 2002, a selection from X13J became Sesaco 26 (S26), U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,0331.
SOMALIA (18) was a line obtained from the NGPS (P1210687) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it from the Administrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0730.
H6778 (19) was a cross made by Sesaco between SOMALIA (18) and 118 (9) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6778.
J3208 (20) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6778 (19) and H6432 (22) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1985. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3208.
193 (21) was a selection from 192 (6), which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier P1599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 (single capsule) and X193 (triple capsule). In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
H6432 (35) was a cross made by Sesaco between 193 (21) and 076 (24) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6432.
MAXIMO (23) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto Regional Canasta. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0116 and then changed to TMAX.
076 (24) was a cross made by Sesaco between MAXIMO (23) and R234 TALL (26) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C076 and then changed to T076.
R234 (25) was a named variety obtained from D. M. Yermanos in 1978 from his sesame program at the University of California at Riverside. It was first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0544 and then changed to T234.
R234 TALL (26) was an outcross found in a population of R234 (25) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier X026.
K3255 (27) was a cross made by Sesaco between J3208 (20) and J3222 (34) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K3255.
045 (28) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (13) and 958 (29) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B045 and then changed to T045.
958 (29) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF411. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G958-1 carried the identifier 0411 and later changed to T958.
H6785 (30) was a cross made by Sesaco between 045 (28) and 036 (32) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6785.
982 (31) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF477 and was named G53.98-2. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.98-2 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 982 carried the identifier 0477 and then changed to T982.
036 (32) was a cross made by Sesaco between 982 (31) and G53.80-1 (33) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C036 and then X036. In 1984, a selection from X036 became Sesaco 6 (S06).
G53.80-1 (33) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF471. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it from the D. G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. G53.80-1 was a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G53.80-1 carried the identifier 0471.
J3222 (34) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6785 (30) and H6562 (36) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3222.
195 (35) was an outcross selected in plot MN4584 in a population of 192 (7) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690 and then changed to X195.
H6562 (36) was a cross made by Sesaco between 195 (35) and 701 (37) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6562.
701 (37) was a line obtained from the NGPS (P1292145) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0701 and then changed to X701. In 1984, a selection from X701 became Sesaco 5 (S05).
S16 (38) was a cross made by Sesaco between K3255 (27) and S11 (16) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier KAP11 and then changed to XFXA. In 1991, a selection from XFXA became Sesaco 16 (S16).
L26XA (39) was an outcross in the S26 (17) plot 3318 in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 2004. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier L26XA.
K0338 (40) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (14) and 96B (42) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K0338.
191 (41) was a selection from 192 (7), which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier P1599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
96B (42) was an outcross in the 191 (41) in plot 4637 in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690, which later became X196B and was later changed to T96B.
ZSA (43) was a cross made by Sesaco between K0338 (40) and S11 (16) in the Yuma greenhouse (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAC22 and was later changed to XZSA and then to TZSA.
SAA (44) was a cross made by Sesaco between ZSA (43) and 233 (49) in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1989. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier PE046 and later changed to XSAA and then to TSAA.
B043 (45) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (13) and MEL (46) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B043.
MEL (46) was a line obtained from Mel Tiezen in 1978 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Mr. Tiezen obtained it from a farmer in Mexico. Within Sesaco, MEL first carried the identifier 0543 and was then changed to TMEL.
C063 (47) was a cross made by Sesaco between B043 (45) and G54 (48) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C063.
G54 (48) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF408. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962. This line was given to Mr. Martin by D. G. Langham. G54 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1954 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G54 carried the identifier 0408 and was then changed to TG54.
233 (49) was a cross made by Sesaco between C063 (47) and 193 (21) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier H6233 and was later changed to T233.
13H (50) was a cross made by Sesaco between SAA (44) and 031 (8) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM413 and later changed to X13H and then to T13H.
S30 (51) was a cross made by Sesaco between 13H (50) and 2CB (56) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. The original designator was GD038, and later changed to X3HX. In 2008, a selection from X3HX became Sesaco30 (S30), U.S. Pat. No. 7,847,149.
56B (52) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (14) and 562 (54) in the Wright nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAN00 and was later changed to X56B and then to T56B.
F822 (53) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111 (1) and 192 (7) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F822.
562 (54) was a cross made by Sesaco between F822 (53) and 700 (55) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8562 and was later changed to T562.
700 (55) was a line obtained from the NPGS (P1292144) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from India and Pakistan. Within Sesaco, 700 first carried the identifier 0700 and was later changed to T700.
2CB (56) was a cross made by Sesaco between 56B (52) and 2CA (15) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier AG729 and later changed to X2CB and then to T2CB.
S39 (57) was a cross made by Sesaco between L26XA (39) and S30 (51) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) Year 1 (hereinafter “Year” is abbreviated as “YR”) and designated PP229.
The resulting seed of PP229, designated P229 was planted in a plot C557 in YR2. Two plants were selected based on having a low first capsule and a long capsule zone. In the first generation, the line was pure single capsule per leaf axil based on a dominant gene.
The seed (3792) from one of the plants was planted in a plot 3251 in YR3. Three individual plants were selected based on having a longer capsule zone and more shatter resistance than S26. The plot was segregating capsules per leaf axil.
The seed (1068) from one of the plants was planted in a plot 4364 in YR4. Six individual plants were selected based on having many capsules down the row, similar to a sister plot with a high yield, and light seeking ability. A 10 capsule selection was made from five of the six plants. The plot was pure single capsule per leaf axil.
The designator was changed from PP229 to X30E. The seed (R210) from the 10 capsule selection was planted in a plot 3312 in YR5. Eleven individual plants were selected based on a very good capsule zone and short internodes.
The seed (2343) from one of the plants was planted in a plot 3235 in YR6. A bulk of 9 plants was selected based on having a high yield and many capsules down the row, but it was hoped the height of the first capsule was lower.
The seed from the bulk (0745) was planted in a plot 7664 in YR7. A bulk of 96 plants was selected based on a high yield and very good shatter resistance.
The seed (1431) from the bulk was planted in a plot W505 in YR7-8 in a winter nursery. The plot was rogued and all of the plants were harvested based on ability to do very well in low moisture compared to the other lines under the same conditions.
The seed (30EPR) from the plants was planted in a strip trial in a farmer field in YR8 for final verification of weather shatter resistance, lodging tolerance, and yield. A bulk of two hundred plants were selected based on a good drum test, many capsules in the plot, and a good yield.
The seed (30EGW) from the bulk was planted in a farmer field in YR9 for final verification of weather shatter resistance, lodging tolerance, yield, and combinability. The line combined well with no issues. The designator was changed to Sesaco 39. The variety was released to farmers in YR10.
Along with breeding programs for sesame, tissue culture of sesame is currently being practiced in such areas of the world as Korea, Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka and the United States. One of ordinary skill in the art may utilize sesame plants grown from tissue culture as parental lines in the production of non-dehiscent sesame. Further IND sesame may be propagated through tissue culture methods. By means well known in the art, sesame plants can be regenerated from tissue culture having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the source plant.
The present invention includes the seed of sesame variety S39 deposited on Mar. 13, 2014 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Patent Depository under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091; a sesame plant or parts thereof produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091; any sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S39; any sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a sesame plant produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. The present invention also includes a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091 or a tissue culture of regenerable cells from sesame variety S39 or a part thereof produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S39 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091 or from sesame variety S39, wherein the regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S39 is also contemplated by the present invention. Methods of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant, wherein the first or second parent sesame plant was produced by seed having been deposited under ATCC Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-121091 is part of the present invention.
Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. Further, unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term progeny includes plants derived from plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like.
Sesame cultivar S39 has been tested experimentally over several years under various growing conditions ranging from South Texas to Southern Oklahoma. Sesame cultivar S39 has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the characters listed in Table II below. Table II provides the name, definition, and rating scale of each character as well as the method by which the character is measured. Under the rating section, the rating for S39 is presented in bold text. Additionally, the distribution of the character in Sesaco's sesame development program is indicated under the rating section. Sesaco uses slightly different character specifications from “Descriptors for sesame”, AGP:IBPGR/80/71, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, (1981) and from the form “Sesame (Sesamum indicum)”, U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Variety Protection Office, Beltsville, Md. The descriptors in those documents were developed in the early 1980s and have not been updated to incorporate new concepts in sesame data collection.
Table II provides characteristics of S39 for forty-five (45) traits. Numerical ratings and values reported in this table were experimentally determined for S39 with prior sesame varieties in side by side replicated trials. Actual numerical values and ratings for a given variety will vary according to the environment, and the values and ratings provided in Table II were obtained in the environment specified in the parenthetical following the S39 rating. If “NT” is indicated, it indicates that trait was not tested. Table V provides a direct comparison between the new S39 variety and the prior varieties thus demonstrating the relative differences between the varieties in the side by side trials
TABLE II
Characters Distinguishing the S39 Line
Character Rating Methodology
(1) BRANCHING S39 = B The amount of branching on any
STYLE (All crops, all nurseries) particular plant depends on the space
The potential amount of Subjective rating based on around the plant. In high populations,
true branching in a line the following values: branching can be suppressed. This rating
U = Uniculm - no should be based on potential as expressed
branching except weak on end plants and plants in the open.
branches in open True branches start in the leaf axil
B = True branches below the first flower, and they begin to
Distribution within Sesaco emerge before the first open flower. As
based on stable lines in long as there is light into the leaf axils,
the crossing program in there will be additional branches that start
1982-2001 (Total number below the first branches in subsequently
of samples tested = 1,333) lower nodes. Weak branches occur when
U = 42.4% a plant is in the open. They develop in the
B = 57.6% lowest nodes and subsequent branches
start at higher nodes. There are lines that
will not branch in any circumstance.
Some lines in the open will put on
spontaneous branches late in the cycle.
True and weak branches do not have a
capsule in the same leaf axil, whereas the
spontaneous branches form under the
capsule after the capsule has formed.
Spontaneous branches are not counted as
branches.
There are rare lines where the flowering
pattern is to put on flowers on lower nodes
late in the cycle. In this case, the capsule
is formed after the branch is developed.
This pattern should not be termed
spontaneous branching, and the branch is
normally counted as a true branch.
There are branched lines that have
secondary branches on the branches. In a
few cases, there can be tertiary branches.
Additional branches generally appear in
low populations.
COMMENTS: the effects of light
appear to have more of an effect on
branching than moisture and fertility. High
populations suppress branching.
(2) NUMBER OF S39 = 1 Rating can be taken from about 60 days
CAPSULES PER LEAF (All crops, all nurseries) after planting through to the end of the
AXIL Subjective rating based on crop.
The predominant the following values: NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF
number of capsules per 1 = Single AXIL is highly dependent on moisture,
leaf axil in the middle 3 = Triple fertility, and light. In triple capsule lines, the
half of the capsule zone Based on potential as central capsule forms first, and axillary
described in the methodology capsules follow a few days later. Triple
presented herein capsule lines have the potential to put on
Distribution within Sesaco axillaries, but will not do so if plants do not
based on stable lines in have adequate moisture and/or fertility. In
the crossing program in drought conditions, some triple capsule
1982-2001 (Total number lines will produce only a central capsule for
of samples tested = 1,327) many nodes. In these lines, when there is
1 = 58.3% adequate moisture through rain or irrigation,
3 = 41.7% some will add axillary capsules on
only new nodes, while others will add
axillary capsules to all nodes. Some triple
capsule lines will not put on axillary capsules
if there is no direct sunlight on the
leaf axil. To date, lines with single capsules
have nectaries next to the central
capsule in the middle of the capsule zone
while triple capsules do not. However,
some lines have what appear to be nectaries
on the lower capsules of triple lines,
but upon close examination, they are buds,
which may or may not eventually develop
into a flower and then a capsule. In
most triple capsule lines, the lower and
upper nodes have single capsules. There
are some lines where the end plants can
put on 5 capsules/leaf axil and a few that
have the potential to put on 7 capsules/leaf
axil. 5 and 7 capsules only appear with
open plants with high moisture and fertility.
In some environments, single capsule lines
will put on multiple capsules on 1 node and
rarely on up to 5 nodes. These lines are
not considered triple capsule lines.
(3) MATURITY CLASS S39 = M for 99 days The basis for this data point is DAYS
The maturity of a line in (Uvalde nurserya, 2008-2011) TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
relation to a standard Subjective rating based on (Character No. 29). S26 is the standard
line. Currently, the the following values: line to be used to compute MATURITY
standard line is S26 at V = Very early (<85 days) CLASS. For each line, the physiological
100 days E = Early (85-94 days) maturity for each year is subtracted by the
M = Medium (95-104 S26 maturity for that year in that nursery,
days) and then the number of days of difference
L = Late (105-114 days) is averaged. The average is then added to
T = Very late (>114 days) 100.
Distribution within Sesaco See DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL
based on stable lines in MATURITY (Character No. 29) for the
the crossing program in effects of the environment on MATURITY
1998-2001 (Total number CLASS.
of samples tested = 650) Note that S24 was formerly used as the
V = 1.2% standard for this trait. S26 averages
E = 26.8% approximately 5 days longer than S24.
M = 56.2%
L = 12.9%
T = 2.9%
(4) PLANT S39 = B1M The first character is the BRANCHING
PHENOTYPE (All crops; all nurseries) STYLE (Character No. 1), followed by the
A three character Subjective rating based on NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF
designation that the following values: AXIL (Character No. 2), and then the
provides the branching BRANCHING STYLE MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3).
style, number of U = Uniculm - no When these characters are placed in a
capsules per leaf axil, branching except weak matrix, there are 20 potential phenotypes.
and the maturity class branches in open The phenotype provides an overview of
B = True branches the general appearance of the plant. There
NUMBER OF CAPSULES is a very high correlation between
PER LEAF AXIL MATURITY CLASS and HEIGHT OF
1 = Single PLANT (Character No. 5).
3 = Triple
MATURITY CLASS
V = Very early (<85 days)
E = Early (85-94 days)
M = Medium (95-104
days)
L = Late (105-114 days)
T = Very late (>114 days)
Distribution within Sesaco
based on stable lines in
the crossing program in
1998-2001 (Total number
of samples tested = 650)
U1V = 0% U3V = 1.1%
U1E = 3.8% U3E = 8.3%
U1M = 16.0% U3M = 12.0%
U1L = 3.4% U3L = 2.2%
U1T = 0.5% U3T = 0.6%
B1V = 0% B3V = 0.2%
B1E = 8.0% B3E = 6.3%
B1M = 23.2% B3M = 4.8%
B1L = 6.5% B3L = 1.0%
B1T = 1.6% B3T = 0.4%
(5) HEIGHT OF PLANT S39 = 135 cm The measurement is made after the
The height of the plant (Uvalde nursery, 2013) plants stop flowering. For plants that are
from the ground to the Value based on the not erect or have lodged, the plant should
top of the highest average of a minimum of be picked up for the measurement. In most
capsule with viable three plants (unit of lines the highest capsule is on the main
seed measure: cm) stem. In lines with the dt/dt alleles
Distribution within Sesaco (determinate), the highest capsule is on
based on stable lines in the branches.
the crossing program in COMMENTS: this height is dependent
1999-2001 (Total number on the amount of moisture, heat, fertility,
of samples tested = 2,274) and population. Increased values generally
low = 56 cm; high = 249 cm increase the height. In a high population,
1 = <94.6 cm; 5.2% the height will only increase if there is
2 = <133.2 cm; 34.6% adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise,
3 = <171.8 cm; 54.9% the height will be shorter. In low light
4 = <210.4 cm; 5.1% intensities, the heights are generally taller.
5 = >210.3 cm; 0.1%
avg. = 134.8 cm, std =
23.5
(6) HEIGHT OF FIRST S39 = 54 cm The measurement is made after the
CAPSULE (Uvalde nursery, 2013) plants stop flowering. For plants that are
The height of the first Value based on the not erect or have lodged, the plant should
capsule from the average of a minimum of be picked up for the measurement. In most
ground to the bottom of three plants (unit of lines, the lowest capsule is on the main
the lowest capsule on measure: cm) stem. True branches have capsules higher
the main stem Distribution within Sesaco than on the main stem except when the
based on stable lines in flowers fall off the main stem.
the crossing program in Occasionally, on weak branches, the
1999-2001 (Total number lowest capsule is on the branches.
of samples tested = 2,274) There are lines that flower in the lower
low = 20 cm; high = 193 cm nodes late in the cycle, and, thus, the
1 = <54.6 cm; 52.7% measurement should be taken after
2 = <89.2 cm; 45.5% flowering ends. In many lines the first
3 = <123.8 cm; 1.5% flower does not make a capsule, and, thus,
4 = <158.4 cm; 0.3% this height may not be the same as the
5 = >158.3 cm; 0.1% height of the first flower. The height is
avg. = 54.2 cm, std = 14.3 correlated to the length of time to
flowering, the earlier the lower the height.
COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT
(Character No. 5) for effects of
environmental factors
(7) CAPSULE ZONE S39 = 81 cm The measurement is derived by
LENGTH (Uvalde nursery, 2013) subtracting the HEIGHT OF FIRST
The length of the Value based on the CAPSULE (Character No. 6) from the
capsule zone. The average of a minimum of HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5).
capsule zone extends three plants (unit of COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT
from the bottom of the measure: cm) (Character No. 5) for effects of
lowest capsule on the Distribution within Sesaco environmental factors
main stem to the top of based on stable lines in
the highest capsule on the crossing program in
the main stem. 1999-2001 (Total number
of samples tested = 2,274)
low = 18 cm; high = 188 cm
1 = <52 cm; 4.7%
2 = <86 cm; 53.5%
3 = <120 cm; 41.3%
4 = <154 cm; 0.5%
5 = >153.9 cm; 0.1%
avg. = 80.6 cm, std = 17.2
(8) NUMBER OF S39 = 28 pairs The count is made after the plants stop
CAPSULE NODE (Uvalde nursery, 2013) flowering. On opposite and alternate
PAIRS Value based on the arranged leaves, each pair of leaves is
The number of capsule average of a minimum of counted as one node pair. In some lines,
node pairs from the three plants (unit of there are three leaves per node for at least
lowest capsule node to measure: number) part of the plant, and those are counted as
the highest node with Distribution within Sesaco one node pair. In some plants, flowers may
capsules with viable based on stable lines in not have produced capsules on one or
seed on the main stem the crossing program in more of the leaf axils in a node. These
of the plant 1999-2001 (Total number node pairs should still be counted. Node
of samples tested = 2,154) pairs on the branches are not counted.
low = 10; high = 54 In years when the amount of moisture
1 = <18.8; 17.9% available to the plant is irregular, node
2 = <27.6; 48.3% pairs can become very irregular,
3 = <36.4; 29.5% particularly on triple capsule lines. In the
4 = <45.2; 3.6% upper portions of the plant, it may become
5 = >45.1; 0.7% easier to count the capsule clusters and
avg. = 25.3, std = 6.4 divide by 2. While it is possible to count
node pairs after leaves have fallen, it is
much easier to count while the leaves are
still on the plant.
COMMENTS: the number of node pairs
is dependent on the amount of moisture
and fertility. Higher moisture and fertility
increases the number of node pairs.
(9) AVERAGE S39 = 3.0 cm Divide the CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH
INTERNODE LENGTH (Uvalde nursery, 2013) (Character No. 7) by the NUMBER OF
WITHIN CAPSULE Value based on the CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8).
ZONE average of a minimum of COMMENTS: this length is dependent
The average internode three plants (unit of on the amount of moisture, fertility, and
length within the measure: cm) population. Increased values generally
capsule zone Distribution within Sesaco increase the length. In a high population,
based on stable lines in the length will only increase if there is
the crossing program in adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise
1999-2001 (Total number the length will be shorter. In low light
of samples tested = 2,145) intensities, the lengths are generally
low = 1.09 cm; high = 8.09 cm longer.
1 = <2.49 cm; 6.2% Past methodologies have measured the
2 = <3.89 cm; 74.6% internode length at the middle of the
3 = <5.29 cm; 18.6% capsule zone. Some have measured it at
4 = <6.69 cm; 0.4% the median node and others at the median
5 = >6.68 cm; 0.1% CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH.
avg. = 3.35 cm, std = 0.66
(10) YIELD AT S39 = 1,347 kg/ha On 3 replicated plots, when the plants
DRYDOWN (Uvalde nursery, 2013) are dry enough for direct harvest, cut a
An extrapolation of the 1,539 kg/ha minimum of 1/5000 of a hectare (Sesaco
yield of a field by taking (Rio Hondo nurseryb, uses 1/2620) in the plot and place the
sample yields 2013) plants in a cloth bag. Thresh the sample in
Values based on the a plot thresher and weigh the seed.
average of a minimum of Multiply the weight by the appropriate
three replications (unit of multiplier based on area taken to provide
measure: kg/ha) the extrapolated yield in kg/ha.
Distribution within Sesaco In the Almaco thresher there is about
based on stable lines in 3% trash left in the seed. Since yields are
the crossing program in comparative, there is no cleaning of the
1999-2001 (Total number seed done before the computation. If other
of samples tested = 1,828) threshers have more trash, the seed
low = 67 kg/ha should be cleaned before weighing.
high = 2421 kg/ha COMMENTS: yields increase with
1 = <537.8 kg/ha; 5.6% moisture and fertility. However, too high a
2 = <1008.6 kg/ha; 15.6% moisture can lead to killing of plants. Too
3 = <1479.4 kg/ha; 51.5% high fertility can lead to extra vegetative
4 = <1950.2 kg/ha; 25.8% growth that may not lead to higher yields.
5 = >1950.1 kg/ha; 1.4% The optimum population depends on the
avg. = 1114.6 kg/ha, PLANT PHENOTYPE, Character No. 4
std = 331.2 (BRANCHING STYLE, Character No. 1;
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF
AXIL, Character No. 2; and MATURITY
CLASS, Character No. 3) and row width.
(11) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT In a year when there is a drought, this
DROUGHT Average of a minimum of rating can be used to differentiate the
The relative amount of three plots of a subjective effects of the different lines. This is a
tolerance to drought rating based on the subjective rating requiring a rater that is
following values: familiar with the performance of the line
0 to 8 scale under normal conditions. The rating is
7 = Little effect from based on how the drought changes the
drought line from normal. Thus, a short line that
4 = Medium effect from does not change significantly in a drought
drought may have a higher rating than a tall line,
1 = Considerable effect which is affected by the drought even
from drought though the taller line is taller in the drought
Intermediate values are than the short line.
used.
Distribution within Sesaco
based on stable lines in
the crossing program in
2000 (Total number of
samples tested = 632)
low = 0; high = 8
1 = <1.6; 0.8%
2 = <3.2; 28.0%
3 = <4.8; 36.1%
4 = <6.4; 34.5%
5 = >6.3; 0.6%
avg. = 4.1, std = 1.2
(12) LEAF LENGTH S39 = NT Select one leaf per node to measure
The length of the leaf Value based on the from the 5th, 10th, and 15th node pairs from
blade from the base of average of a minimum of the base of the plant. All the leaves for one
the petiole to the apex three plants (unit of line should be collected at the same time.
of the leaf from the 5th, measure: cm) Some lines retain the cotyledons, and the
10th, and 15th node Distribution within Sesaco cotyledon node does not count as a node
pairs for 5th leaf based on stable pair. In some lines the lowest leaves
lines in the crossing abscise leaving a scar on the stem.
program in 2002 (Total Abscised nodes should be counted. In
number of lines tested = lines with alternate leaves, one node is
196 with 711 samples) counted for each pair of leaves. In some
low = 13.8 cm; high = 42.5 cm lines in parts of the plant there are three
1 = <19.5 cm; 34.7% leaves per node, which should be counted
2 = <25.3 cm; 48.0% as one node.
3 = <31.0 cm; 14.3% The leaves continue growing in the first
4 = <36.8 cm; 1.5% few days after they have separated from
5 = >36.7 cm; 1.5% the growing tip. The choosing of leaves
avg. = 21.5 cm, std = 4.4 should be done a minimum of 5 days after
Distribution within Sesaco the 15th node has appeared. Timing is
for 10th leaf based on important, because the plants will begin to
stable lines in the crossing shed their lower leaves towards the end of
program in 2002 (Total their cycle.
number of lines tested = There are lines that have less than 15
196 with 711 samples) nodes. In this case, the highest node
low = 9.3 cm; high = 32.9 cm should be taken and the node number
1 = <14.0 cm; 22.4% annotated to the measurements.
2 = <18.7 cm; 41.8% There can be as much as 6 mm
3 = <23.5 cm; 20.9% difference between a green leaf and a dry
4 = <28.2 cm; 10.2% leaf. The measurements can be done on a
5 = >28.1 cm; 4.6% green or dry leaf as long as any
avg. = 17.9 cm, std = 4.8 comparison data with other lines is based
Distribution within Sesaco on the same method.
for 15th leaf based on Generally, the lowest leaves increase in
stable lines in the crossing size until the 4th to 6th node and then they
program in 2002 (Total decrease in size. This applies to LEAF
number of lines tested = LENGTH (Character No. 12), LEAF
196 with 711 samples) BLADE WIDTH (Character No. 14), and
low = 4.4 cm; high = 26.2 cm PETIOLE LENGTH (Character No. 15). In
1 = <8.8 cm; 5.1% few cases, LEAF BLADE LENGTH
2 = <13.1 cm; 42.9% Character No. 13) can increase up the 10th
3 = <17.5 cm; 29.8% node, but will decrease by the 15th node.
4 = <21.8 cm; 15.8% Generally, the width will decrease at a
5 = >21.7 cm; 6.6% greater rate than the length.
avg. = 14.3 cm, std = 4.2 COMMENTS: the length is dependent
on the amount of moisture and fertility.
Higher moisture and fertility increase the
length. Leaf size also appears to be
affected by light intensity. In Korea, the
Korean lines have much larger leaves than
in Oklahoma. In Korea, there is more cloud
cover and a general haze than in
Oklahoma.
(13) LEAF BLADE S39 = NT See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12)
LENGTH Value based on the on how to collect leaves. The
The length of the leaf average of a minimum of measurement does not include PETIOLE
blade from the base of three plants (unit of LENGTH (Character No. 15). In some
the leaf blade to the measure: cm) leaves the blade on one side of the petiole
apex of the leaf from Distribution within Sesaco starts before the other side. This measure
the 5th, 10th, and 15th for 5th leaf based on stable should start from the lowest blade side.
node pairs lines in the crossing There are leaves that have enations where
program in 2002 (Total a blade starts and then stops. The
number of lines tested = enations are not considered part of the leaf
196 with 711 samples) blade because they are very irregular from
low = 9.0 cm; high = 25.5 cm plant to plant and within a plant.
1 = <12.3 cm; 14.3% COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH
2 = <15.6 cm; 60.2% (Character No. 12) for effects of
3 = <18.9 cm; 20.9% environment
4 = <22.2 cm; 3.1%
5 = >22.1 cm; 1.5%
avg. = 14.4 cm, std = 2.4
Distribution within Sesaco
for 10th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 8.3 cm; high = 23.4 cm
1 = <11.3 cm; 18.9%
2 = <14.3 cm; 42.9%
3 = <17.4 cm; 25.0%
4 = <20.4 cm; 9.2%
5 = >20.3 cm; 4.1%
avg. = 13.9 cm, std = 3.0
Distribution within Sesaco
for 15th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 4.2 cm; high = 20.7 cm
1 = <7.5 cm; 2.0%
2 = <10.8 cm; 36.7%
3 = <14.1 cm; 37.8%
4 = <17.4 cm; 16.3%
5 = >17.3 cm; 7.1%
avg. = 12.0 cm, std = 3.0
(14) LEAF BLADE S39 = NT See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12)
WIDTH Value based on the on how to collect leaves. There are many
The width of the leaf average of a minimum of leaves that are not symmetrical with lobing
blade measured across three plants (unit of on one side and not the other. The width
the leaf blade at the measure: cm) should still be measured across the widest
widest point at the 5th, Distribution within Sesaco point on a line perpendicular to the main
10th, and 15th node for 5th leaf based on stable vein of the leaf.
pairs lines in the crossing On some lines the width exceeds the
program in 2002 (Total length, particularly on lobed leaves.
number of lines tested = COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH
196 with 711 samples) (Character No. 12) for effects of
low = 3.4 cm; high = 31.0 cm environment
1 = <8.9 cm; 53.1% The widest leaves are lobed. Normally,
2 = <14.4 cm; 33.7% the leaves have turned from lobed to
3 = <20.0 cm; 9.7% lanceolate by the 10th leaf with the
4 = <25.5 cm; 2.6% exception of the tropical lines.
5 = >25.4 cm; 1.0%
avg. = 9.6 cm, std = 4.3
Distribution within Sesaco
for 10th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 1.3 cm; high = 17.6 cm
1 = <4.6 cm; 69.4%
2 = <7.8 cm; 25.0%
3 = <11.1 cm; 4.6%
4 = <14.3 cm; 0%
5 = >14.2 cm; 1.0%
avg. = 4.3 cm, std = 2.2
Distribution within Sesaco
for 15th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 0.7 cm; high = 6.0 cm
1 = <1.8 cm; 29.1%
2 = <2.8 cm; 48.0%
3 = <3.9 cm; 15.3%
4 = <4.9 cm; 4.6%
5 = >4.8 cm; 3.1%
avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 0.9
(15) PETIOLE LENGTH S39 = NT See LEAF BLADE LENGTH (Character
The length of the Value based on the No. 13) on how to collect leaves. In some
petiole from the base of average of a minimum of leaves, the blade on one side of the petiole
the petiole to the start three plants (unit of starts before the other side. This measure
of the leaf blade at the measure: cm) should end where the earliest blade starts.
5th, 10th, and 15th node Distribution within Sesaco There are leaves that have enations where
pairs for 5th leaf based on stable a blade starts and then stops. The
lines in the crossing enations are not considered part of the leaf
program in 2002 (Total blade because they are very irregular from
number of lines tested = plant to plant and within a plant and should
196 with 711 samples) be measured as part of the petiole.
low = 3.0 cm; high = 17.0 cm COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH
1 = <5.8 cm; 35.2% (Character No. 12) for effects of
2 = <8.6 cm; 39.8% environment
3 = <11.4 cm; 19.4%
4 = <14.2 cm; 4.1%
5 = >14.1 cm; 1.5%
avg. = 7.0 cm, std = 2.5
Distribution within Sesaco
for 10th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 1.0 cm; high = 14.2 cm
1 = <3.6 cm; 53.6%
2 = <6.3 cm; 31.6%
3 = <8.9 cm; 11.7%
4 = <11.6 cm; 2.0%
5 = >11.5 cm; 1.0%
avg. = 4.0 cm, std = 2.1
Distribution within Sesaco
for 15th leaf based on
stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested =
196 with 711 samples)
low = 0.2 cm; high = 7.4 cm
1 = <1.6 cm; 38.8%
2 = <3.1 cm; 41.8%
3 = <4.5 cm; 13.3%
4 = <6.0 cm; 3.1%
5 = >5.9 cm; 3.1%
avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 1.3
(16) NUMBER OF S39 = 2 The rating can be taken from about 60
CARPELS PER (All crops, all nurseries) days after planting to all the way to the end
CAPSULE Subjective rating based on of the crop.
The predominant the following values: There are many plants with mixed
number of carpels per 2 = bicarpellate number of carpels as follows:
capsule in the middle 3 = tricarpellate 1. Some bicarpellate plants will have
half of the capsule zone 4 = quadricarpellate one or more nodes near the center of the
(unit of measure: actual capsule zone that have tri- and/or
number) quadricarpellate capsules and vice versa.
Distribution within Sesaco 2. Most tri- and quadri-carpellate plants
based on the introductions will begin and end with bicarpellate nodes.
received in 1982-2001 3. Some plants have only one carpel
(Total number of samples that develops. These capsules are
tested = 2702) generally bent, but on examination the 2nd
2 = 97.6% carpel can be seen.
3 = 0.0004% 4. On all types, flowers may coalesce
4 = 2.3% and double or triple the number of
Sesaco has not developed carpels.
lines with more than 2 5. On the seamless gene plants (gs/gs)
carpels. the false membranes do not form locules.
These are still considered bicarpellate.
(17) CAPSULE S39 = 1.96 cm After the plants are physiologically
LENGTH FROM 10cap (All experimental mature, take 2 capsules from five plants
TEST nurseries, 1997-2011) from the middle of the capsule zone. On
The length of the Value based on the three capsule per leaf axil lines, one
capsule from the average of a minimum of central capsule and one axillary capsule
bottom of the seed three samples of the should be taken from the same leaf axil.
chamber to the top of length taken on the The measurement is taken on the median
the seed chamber from median capsule in a 10 capsule of single capsule lines and on the
the outside of the capsule sample (unit of median central capsule on three capsule
capsule. The tip of the measure: cm) lines. The measurement is taken on dry
capsule is not included Distribution within Sesaco capsules because the length can shorten
in the measurement. based on 10cap test in all as much as one mm on drydown.
nurseries in 1997-2002 The 10 capsules can be sampled from
(Total number of lines physiological maturity through complete
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 drydown without an effect on this
samples) character.
low = 1.3 cm; high = 4.5 cm Generally, the capsules in the middle of
1 = <1.94 cm; 2.7% the capsule zone are the longest on the
2 = <2.58 cm; 67.9% plant.
3 = <3.22 cm; 27.2% COMMENTS: the length of the capsule
4 = <3.86 cm; 1.9% is dependent on the amount of moisture,
5 = >3.85 cm; 0.3% fertility, and population. Higher moisture
avg. = 2.44 cm, std = 0.33 and fertility increase the length. Higher
population decreases the length even with
adequate moisture/fertility.
(18) SEED WEIGHT S39 = 0.209 g See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP
PER CAPSULE FROM (All experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of
10cap TEST nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The capsules should be dried,
The weight of the seed Value based on the the seed threshed out, and the seed
in a capsule from the average of a minimum of weighed.
center of the capsule three samples of the The 10 capsules can be sampled from
zone weight of 10 capsules (unit physiological maturity through complete
of weight: grams) drydown without an effect on this
Distribution within Sesaco character. After drydown, only capsules
based on 10cap test in all with all their seed are taken. Thus, this test
nurseries in 1997-2002 cannot be done on shattering lines after
(Total number of lines drydown.
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 Generally, the capsules in the middle of
samples) the capsule zone have the highest seed
low = 0.053 g; high = weight per capsule on the plant.
0.476 g COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH
1 = <0.138 g; 1.3% FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 17)
2 = <0.222 g; 47.6% for the effects of environmental factors.
3 = <0.307 g; 50.6%
4 = <0.391 g; 1.1%
5 = >0.390 g; 0.1%
avg. = 0.221 g, std = 0.039
(19) CAPSULE S39 = 0.143 g See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP
WEIGHT PER (All experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of
CAPSULE FROM nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The capsules should be dried,
10cap TEST Value based on the the seed threshed out, and the capsules
The weight of the average of a minimum of weighed. At times the peduncle can still
capsule from the center three samples of the be attached to the capsules. The
of the capsule zone weight of 10 capsules (unit peduncles should be removed and not
after the seed has been of measure: grams) weighed.
removed Distribution within Sesaco The 10 capsules can be sampled from
based on 10cap test in all physiological maturity through complete
nurseries in 1997-2002 drydown without an effect on this
(Total number of lines character.
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 Generally, the capsules in the middle of
samples) the capsule zone have the highest capsule
low = 0.059 g; high = weight per capsule on the plant.
0.395 g COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH
1 = <0.126 g; 22.6% FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 17)
2 = <0.193 g; 69.1% for the effects of environmental factors.
3 = <0.261 g; 8.2%
4 = <0.328 g; 0.9%
5 = >0.327 g; 0.6%
avg. = 0.152 g, std = 0.036
(20) CAPSULE S39 = 0.073 g The weight is derived by dividing the
WEIGHT PER CM OF (All experimental CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE
CAPSULE nurseries, 1997-2011) FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 19)
The weight of a capsule Value based on the by the CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP
per cm of capsule from average of a minimum of TEST (Character No. 17).
the center of the three samples of the The 10 capsules can be sampled from
capsule zone weight per cm of 10 physiological maturity through complete
capsules (unit of measure: drydown without an effect on this
grams) character.
Distribution within Sesaco COMMENTS: this character is used
based on 10cap test in all instead of capsule width. Capsule width is
nurseries in 1997-2002 difficult to measure because there are so
(Total number of lines many variables in a capsule. In a
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 bicarpellate capsule, the width differs when
samples) measuring across one carpel or both
low = 0.027 g; high = carpels. Capsules can also vary through
0.123 g the length of the capsule by being
1 = <0.046 g; 8.2% substantially narrower at the bottom,
2 = <0.065 g; 55.5% middle or top of the capsule. In 1997, four
3 = <0.085 g; 36.5% widths were measured on each capsule
4 = <0.104 g; 4.4% and then averaged. This average had a
5 = >0.103 g; 0.5% very high correlation to the capsule weight
avg. = 0.063 g; std = 0.012 per cm of capsule.
See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP
TEST (Character No. 17) for effects of
environmental factors
(21) VISUAL SEED S39 = I This rating is used for plants that are
RETENTION (All crops, all nurseries) being selected for advanced testing
Amount of seed in most Subjective rating based on whether individually or in a bulk with all the
of the capsules in the the following values: plants having the same level of seed
middle half of the X = <50% seed retention retention.
capsule zone when the (unsuitable for direct Most “X” plants can be identified from
plant(s) are dry enough harvest) the first capsule that dries since the seed
for direct harvest with a C = 50-74% seed will begin falling out immediately.
combine retention (unsuitable for A “C” (close to V) plant will have some
direct harvest, but may capsules with seed and some without.
segregate V or above in A “V” (visual shatter resistance) plant
future generations) can be identified when the first 50% of the
V = >74% seed retention capsules have dried, but a “V+” rating
(sufficient seed retention should not be used until the complete plant
for 10cap testing) is dry and most of the capsules are
W = >74% seed retention showing seed retention.
on weathering in field after Some “V” plants can be upgraded to
rains and/or winds “W” after the dry capsules have been
I = in using the “drum subjected to weather (rain and/or wind)
test” the seed in the “V” and “W” become non-dehiscent only
capsules do not rattle and after 10cap testing with about an 80%
>85% of the capsules on passing rate. 10cap testing is done on “I”
the plant(s) harvested selections have had about a 99% passing
have visible seed in the rate.
tips of the capsules four or The “drum test” consists of placing the
more weeks after the ideal fingers from one hand about ½ inch from
harvest time. The “I” the center of the main stem and then
rating is used for all of the striking the stem alternately with one finger
capsules on the plant. and then the other finger in rapid
‘+’ and ‘−’ modifiers can succession. The human ear can perceive
be used. degree of rattling over a range. IND is
defined as having no rattle. Degree of
rattle in this test correlates with loss of
increasing amounts of seed as capsules
are exposed to weather conditions.
COMMENTS: the ratings above should
be made under normal conditions (600 mm
of annual rainfall and 30 kg/ha of nitrogen)
through high moisture/fertility conditions.
In drought or very low fertility conditions, it
has been observed that there is less seed
retention. In addition, high populations
may lead to low moisture or fertility
causing less seed retention. If unusual
environmental conditions are present, the
effects should be taken into consideration
prior to rating.
(22) SHAKER S39 = 65.7% See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP
SHATTER (All experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of
RESISTANCE FROM nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The capsules should be dried
10cap TEST Value based on the and inverted. The capsules and any seed
The amount of seed average of a minimum of that has fallen out should then be placed in
retention after the three samples of the flasks on a reciprocal shaker with a 3.8 cm
capsules are dry, percentage of seed stroke with 250 strokes/min for 10 minutes
inverted, and put retained in 10 capsules (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452). The seed
through a shaker (10 (unit of measure: Actual that comes out of the capsules should be
capsule sample) Number expressed as weighed as ‘out seed.’ The retained seed
percentage) should be threshed out of the capsules
Distribution within Sesaco and weighed to compute the ‘total seed’.
based on 10cap test in all The shaker shatter resistance is computed
nurseries in 1997-2002 as a percentage as follows: (total seed −
(Total number of lines out seed)/total seed.
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 The 10 capsules can be sampled from
samples) physiological maturity through complete
low = 0; high = 100 drydown without an effect on this character
1 = <20; 12.9% for shatter resistant types. When taking
2 = <40; 6.9% capsules after drydown, only capsules with
3 = <60; 23.4% all their seed are taken. Thus, this test
4 = <80; 47.7% cannot be done on shattering lines after
5 = >79.9; 9.2% drydown.
avg. = 55.9%, std = 23.9 COMMENTS: The ratings above should
be made under normal conditions through
high moisture/fertility conditions. In
drought or very low fertility conditions, it
has been observed that there is less seed
retention. In additions, high populations
may lead to low moisture or fertility
causing there to be less seed retention. If
unusual environmental conditions are
present, the effects should be taken into
consideration prior to rating. Lines with
shaker shatter resistance >64.9% are
known as non-dehiscent lines (see U.S.
Pat. No. 6,100,452).
(23) CAPSULE S39 = SR The rating is based on visual
SHATTERING TYPE (All crops, all nurseries) observations as to seed retention as the
Amount of seed Subjective rating based on plants remain standing in the field without
retention in a line or the following values: shocking.
plant SUS = Super-shattering GS plants can be identified while the
(<2 visual seed retention - plant is putting on capsules or at drydown
equates to <25%) because the carpels in the capsules do not
SHA = Shattering (<4 form false membranes. There are plants
visual seed retention - that will have capsules with false
equates to <50%) membranes on the lower and upper nodes
SSH = Semi-shattering (4-6 but most of the capsules show no false
visual seed retention - membranes.
equates to 50 to 75%) ID plants can be identified during the
SR = Shatter resistant (a growing season in that they have enations
numeric rating >6 visual on the bottoms of the leaves. At drydown
seed retention without id they are more difficult to distinguish from
or gs alleles - equates to other lines that have closed capsules
>75%; an alphabetical (other than GS). There is less of a suture
rating of V, W, or I) than other capsule types.
ID = Indehiscent SUS, SHA, SSH, and SR are defined by
(presence of id/id with VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character
capsule closed) No. 21).
IDO = Indehiscent COMMENTS: Most environmental
(presence of id/id with factors do not have much of an effect on
capsule open at tip) capsule shattering type other than to make
GS = Seamless it more difficult to distinguish in the overlap
(presence of gs/gs with zone. Generally, higher moisture, higher
capsule closed) fertility, and lower populations will
GSO = Seamless decrease the shattering a small amount -
(presence of gs/gs with less than 10%.
capsule open at tip) The wind can have a large effect in
decreasing the amount of seed retention.
Rain, dew and fog can also reduce seed
retention.
(24) NON-DEHISCENT S39 = ND Lines are designated as ND only after they
TEST (All crops, all nurseries) have undergone a minimum of 3 shaker
A line that has passed Objective rating based on shatter resistance tests. In order to be
the non-dehiscent test the following values: considered an ND variety, the line must
of having shaker shatter ND = Non-dehiscent line pass the ND threshold in multiple nurseries
resistance >64.9% is XX = Line that does not for multiple years.
considered an ND line pass the non-dehiscent
in accordance with U.S. test
Pat. No. 6,100,452. ND distribution within
Sesaco based on 10cap
test in all nurseries in
1997-2006
(Total number of samples
tested = 10,905)
ND = 53.6%
XX = 46.4%
(25) IMPROVED NON- S39 = NT This rating is used for a plot or field that
DEHISCENT VISUAL (Uvalde nursery, 2011) is being evaluated.
RATING S39 = 7.0 The data is taken four or more weeks
Amount of seed in most (Lorenzo nurseryc, 2010) after the ideal harvest time. See DAYS
of the capsules in the Value based on the TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No.
plants in a plot four or average of a minimum of 30). Estimate the percentage of capsules
more weeks after the three plots of a subjective that have visible seed at the top. In the
ideal harvest time. rating based on the beginning in order to develop an eye for
percentage of capsules the rating, the evaluator should observe all
with visible seed retention of the capsules and rate each of them; get
8 <100% a count of those with visible seeds and a
7 <85% count of total capsules; and compute a
6 <70% percentage. Once the evaluator is skilled,
5 >55% there is no need to count the capsules.
Z <55% There is a very high correlation between
‘*’, ‘+’, and ‘−’ modifiers this rating upon visual evaluation and the
can be used. For amount of rattling generated by the “drum
averages, 0.5 is added for test” defined above.
a ‘*’, 0.33 is added for a Although retention can vary from plant
‘+’, and 0.33 is subtracted to plant and even within a plant, the overall
for a ‘−’, e.g., “7+” = 7.33. rating is correlatable with IND.
(Total number of lines In crossing between lines, in early
tested = 288 with 801 generations there is a segregation of IND
samples in 2006) plants and non-IND plants. In this case
low = 2.97; high = 7.33 the plot is given a rating of the majority of
1 = <6.0; 2.1% plants while the plants selected can have a
2 = <6.5; 20.8% higher rating, which is reflected in VISUAL
3 = <7.0; 13.2% SEED RETENTION. The ratings that are
4 = <7.5; 63.9% cited in this character are for plots, but
5 = >7.5; 0% ratings of 7 or 8 are only given if over 90%
avg. = 6.77, std = 0.54 of the plants have the higher rating.
Note: The percentage of
lines between 7.0 and 7.6
is very high because
Sesaco has established a
new threshold for a new
variety of IND>6.9 and
only lines that are IND or
segregating IND are rated.
(26) IMPROVED NON- S39 = IND Varieties were designated as IND after
DEHISCENCE TEST (All crops, all nurseries) they demonstrated the defined
An ND line that passes Subjective rating based on characteristics with statistically significant
the rattle test and has a the following values: data.
visual IND rating >6.99 IND = Improved Non-
is considered IND. A dehiscent line
method for traditional ZZ = Line that does not
breeding of an IND line pass the improved non-
is described in U.S. dehiscent test
Pat. No. 8,080,707. ND Distribution within Sesaco
and IND lines should based on visual IND (Total
not have id or gs number of lines tested =
alleles. 1,934 in all nurseries from
2005 to 2007)
IND = 9.5%
ZZ = 90.5%
(27) DAYS TO S39 = 46 days The vegetative phase in sesame is from
FLOWERING (Uvalde nursery, 2011) the time of planting to the start of
Number of days from Value based on the flowering.
planting until 50% of the average of a minimum of This data is taken as a date and later
plants are flowering three plots of the number converted to number of days. Flowering is
of days (unit of measure: defined as flowers that are open - not
days) buds.
Distribution within Sesaco COMMENTS: flowering can be
based on lines in Uvalde accelerated by drought and it can be
nursery in 2000-2001 delayed by higher moisture and/or fertility.
(Total number of samples Higher heat units will decrease the days to
tested = 1831) flowering.
low = 33 days; high = 89 Some lines are photosensitive and will
days only begin flowering at a certain number of
1 = <44.2 days; 87.9% hours of daylight.
2 = <55.4 days; 7.8% Start of flowering does not always
3 = <66.6 days; 2.4% equate to start of capsule formation. Many
4 = <77.8 days; 1.7% lines will flower and not set capsules from
5 = >77.7 days; 0.2% the first flowers.
avg. = 40.9 days, std = 6.3
(28) DAYS TO S39 = 78 days The reproductive phase of sesame is
FLOWER (Uvalde nursery, 2011) from the start to the end of flowering.
TERMINATION Value based on the This data is taken as a date and later
Number of days from average of a minimum of converted to number of days. Flowering is
planting until 90% of the three plots of the number defined as flowers that are open - not
plants have stopped of days (unit of measure: buds. At the end of the flowering period,
flowering days) the rate that a plant puts on open flowers
Distribution within Sesaco is reduced. Thus, there can be more than
based on lines in Uvalde 10% of plants with buds and still have
nursery in 2000-2001 reached this measure since there will not
(Total number of samples be more than 10% with open flowers on
tested = 2668) any one day.
low = 61 days; high = 114 The measure is based on the number of
days plants and not the number of flowering
1 = <71.6 days; 21.1% heads. The branches will stop flowering
2 = <82.2 days; 61.5% before the main stem, and thus the plot will
3 = <92.8 days; 15.9% appear like there are more plants not
4 = <103.4 days; 0.8% flowering.
5 = >103.3 days; 0.8% COMMENTS: flower termination can
avg. = 77.1 days, std = 6.9 be accelerated by lower moisture and/or
fertility, and it can be delayed by higher
moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units
will decrease the DAYS TO FLOWER
TERMINATION. It is known that there are
lines that stop flowering sooner than
expected in northern latitudes, but it is not
known if this is due to a shorter
photoperiod or cool temperatures.
(29) DAYS TO S39 = 107 days The ripening phase of sesame is from
PHYSIOLOGICAL (Uvalde nursery, 2011) the end of flowering until physiological
MATURITY Value based on the maturity.
Number of days from average of a minimum of This data is taken as a date and later
planting until 50% of the three plots of the number converted to number of days. Physiological
plants reach of days (unit of measure: maturity (PM) is defined as the point at,
physiological maturity days) which ¾ of the capsules have seed with
Distribution within Sesaco final color. In most lines, the seed will also
based on lines in Uvalde have a seed line and tip that are dark.
nursery in 2000-2001 COMMENTS: The concept of
(Total number of samples physiological maturity in sesame was
tested = 2374) developed by M. L. Kinman (personal
low = 77 days; high = 140 communication) based on the concept of
days determining the optimum time to cut a
1 = <89.6 days; 16.8% plant and still harvest 95-99% of the
2 = <102.2 days; 58.0% potential yield. When the seed has final
3 = <114.8 days; 23.6% color, the seed can germinate under the
4 = <127.4 days; 1.4% proper conditions. If the plant is cut at
5 = >127.3 days; 0.2% physiological maturity, most of the seed
avg. = 97.1 days, std = 7.1 above the ¾ mark will go to final color and
are mature enough to germinate, but will
not have as much seed weight. Since in
even a fully mature plant, there is less
seed weight made at the top of the plant,
this loss of seed weight does not seriously
affect the potential seed weight of the
plant.
Although present harvest methods let
the plants mature and go to complete
drydown, PM is important because after
that point, the crop is less susceptible to
yield loss due to frost or disease. The PM
is also important if the crop is to be
swathed or harvest aids are to be applied.
Physiological maturity can be
accelerated by lower moisture and/or
fertility, and it can be delayed by higher
moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units
will decrease the days to physiological
maturity. Cool weather can delay
physiological maturity.
(30) DAYS TO DIRECT S39 = NT The drying phase of sesame is from
HARVEST Value based on the physiological maturity until direct harvest.
Number of days from average of a minimum of This data is taken as a date and later
planting until there is three plots of the number converted to number of days. Direct
enough drydown for of days (unit of measure: harvest is defined as the date at which the
direct harvest days) plants are dry enough for combining seed
Distribution within Sesaco at 6% or less moisture. Over 99% of the
based on lines in all sesame in the world is harvested by hand
nurseries from 2004 before the plant completely dries down.
through 2006 The plants should be dry below where
(Total number of samples the cutter bar of the combine will hit the
tested = 1,998) plants. In many lines, 15-20 cm from the
low = 103 days; high = 161 ground can be green without an effect on
days the moisture of the seed. In taking the
1 = <114.6 days; 3.3% data on a plot, the plants at the aisle have
2 = <126.2 days; 13.3% more moisture and fertility available and
3 = <137.8 days; 32.1% will drydown later. The same is true for
4 = <149.4 days; 44.2% plants within the plot that have a gap of
5 = >149.3 days; 7.2% half a meter between plants. These plants
avg. = 136.7 days, std = should be disregarded in taking the data.
10.3 In addition, there are few farmer fields that
dry down uniformly because of varying
soils and moisture. There is a certain
amount of green that can be combined and
still attain the proper moisture. The
amount of green allowable is also
dependent on the humidity at the day of
combining - the lower the humidity the
higher the amount of allowable green.
COMMENTS: This date is the most
variable in the number of days that define
the phenology of sesame because weather
is so important. In dry years with little
rainfall, the plants will run out of moisture
sooner and will dry down faster than in
years with more rainfall. Fields that are
irrigated by pivots will generally dry down
faster than fields with flood or furrow
irrigation because pivots do not provide
deep moisture. Fields with less fertility will
drydown faster than fields with high fertility.
Fields with high populations will dry down
faster than fields with low populations. In
low moisture situations lines with a strong
taproot will dry down later than lines with
mostly shallow fibrous roots.
(31) LODGING S39 = NT The data is taken after physiological
TOLERANCE Average of a minimum of maturity (see DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL
The amount of lodging three plots of a subjective MATURITY - Character No. 29) and
rating based on the before direct harvest (see DAYS TO
following values: DIRECT HARVEST - Character No. 30).
0 to 8 rating Lodging that occurs after direct harvest in
8 = no lodging nurseries would not be a factor in
7 = Less than 5% of plants commercial sesame.
lodged There are three types of lodging: where
4 = 50% of plants lodged the plants break at the stem, where the
1 = All plants lodged plants bend over but do not break, and
Intermediate values are where the plants uproot and bend over.
used. When a plant breaks over, it will rarely
Distribution within Sesaco produce any new seed, and the existing
based on lines in Uvalde seed may or may not mature. If there is a
and Lorenzo nurseries in total break, there is no hope, but if there is
2007 still some active stem translocation
(Total number of samples through the break, there can be some yield
tested = 1061) recovery. The main causes for uprooting
low = 1.0; high = 8.0 of plants are shallow root systems and
1 = <2.4; 3.1% fields that have just been irrigated, creating
2 = <3.8; 6.9% a soft layer of soil. When a plant bends
3 = <5.2; 22.6% over early in development, some lines
4 = <6.6; 18.9% adapt better than others in terms of having
5 = >8.0; 48.4% the main stems turn up and continue
avg. = 6.1, std = 1.7 flowering. The tips of the branches are
usually matted under the canopy and will
rarely turn up, but new branches can
develop. As the plants go to drydown and
the weight of the moisture is lost, many of
the bent plants will straighten up making
the crop easier to combine.
COMMENTS: The major cause of
lodging is the wind. In areas where there
are constant winds such as in Oklahoma
and northern Texas, the plants adjust by
adding more lignin to the stems. It takes a
stronger wind to cause lodging than in
those areas where there are normally only
breezes (unless there is a strong front or
thunderstorm that passes through). In
areas with more root rot, the stems are
weak and it takes little wind to lodge the
plants.
(32) SEED COLOR S39 = BF This data is taken in the laboratory with
The color of the seed (All crops, all nurseries) the same lighting for all samples. The seed
coat Subjective rating based on from the whole plant is used.
the following values: Seed coat color is taken on mature
WH = White seeds. If there is any abnormal
BF = Buff termination, the colors are not quite as
TN = Tan even. The color of immature seed varies.
LBR = Light brown Usually light seeded lines have tan to light
GO = Gold brown immature seed; tan, light brown,
LGR = Light gray gold, brown, light gray, and gray lines have
GR = Gray lighter immature seed; black lines can
BR = Brown have tan, brown, or gray immature seed.
RBR = Reddish brown Usually; moisture, fertility, population
BL = Black and light intensity do not have an effect on
Distribution within Sesaco seed coat color. Light colored seeds in a
based on seed harvested drought may have a yellowish tinge. Seeds
in all nurseries in 1982-2001 in some lines in the tan, light brown and
(Total number of gold range can change from year to year
samples tested = 161,809) among themselves.
WH = 0.8%
BF = 74.8%
TN = 9.0%
LBR = 1.4%
GO = 1.5%
LGR = 0.6%
GR = 1.4%
BR = 6.5%
RBR = 0.6%
BL = 3.5%
(33) SEED WEIGHT - S39 = 0.297 g Plants that are being carried further in
100 SEEDS FROM (All experimental research are selected individually or in
THE ENTIRE PLANT nurseries, 1997-2012) bulk. The seed is then threshed and
Weight of 100 seeds Value based on the cleaned. Count out 100 seeds and weigh.
taken from the entire average of a minimum of The seed must be dry.
plant. three samples of the COMMENTS: The weight increases
weight of 100 seeds from with higher moisture/fertility. Generally,
the 10 capsules (unit of the weight of the seed from the whole plant
weight: grams) is lighter than the seed weight taken from
Distribution within Sesaco the 10cap test. In previous patents, the
based on stable lines in all seed size was determined from the middle
nurseries in 1997-2002 of the main stem using the seed from the
(Total number of lines 10cap test samples. The change has
tested = 820 with 2,899 been made since the seed from the entire
samples) plant is a better reflection of the size of the
low = 0.200 g; high = seed delivered to processors.
0.455 g
1 = <0.251 g; 10.1%
2 = <0.302 g; 48.4%
3 = <0.353 g; 34.0%
4 = <0.404 g; 7.2%
5 = >0.403 g; 0.2%
avg. = 0.298 g, std = 0.04
(34) COMPOSITE KILL S39 = 6.7 On the week a plot reaches PM, a
TOLERANCE (All nurseries, 2011-2013) rating is assigned. The ratings are then
The amount of plants Average of a minimum of taken for 2 additional weeks. The three
killed by root rots in the three plots of a subjective ratings are averaged for a final kill rating.
Sesaco nurseries rating based on the For example, if a plot has a final kill of 766,
following values: Ratings the average for the plot will be 6.33. When
are based on the number a value of 1 or 2 is assigned, there are no
of plants killed in a plot. additional ratings and there is no
Before physiological averaging.
maturity (PM), the There are three root diseases that affect
following ratings are used: sesame in Texas: Fusarium oxysporum,
1 = >90% kill before DAYS Macrophomina phaseoli, and Phytophthora
TO FLOWERING parasitica. Between 1988 and the present,
TERMINATION (Character spores of these three have been
No. 28) accumulated in one small area (1 square
2 = >90% kill between km) north of Uvalde, and thus it is an
DAYS TO FLOWERING excellent screening area for the diseases.
TERMINATION (Character Although each root rot disease attacks
No. 28) and DAYS TO sesame in a different way and may result
PHYSIOLOGICAL in different symptoms, no effort is made to
MATURITY (Character No. definitively determine which disease is the
29) etiological agent for the affected plants.
After PM, the following Pathological screenings in the past have
ratings are used: found all 3 pathogens present in dead
3 = >90% kill plants.
4 = 50 to 89% kill COMMENTS: normally, the ratings will
5 = 25 to 49% kill decrease a maximum of one value per
6 = 10 to 24% kill week. There is an overlap between any
7 = less than 10% kill two ratings, but this is overcome to a
8 = no kill certain extent by using three ratings over 2
Distribution within Sesaco weeks.
based on lines in Uvalde The amount of kill is usually increased
nursery in 2000-2001 with any type of stress to the plants.
(Total number of samples Drought can increase the amount of
tested = 3045) Macrophomina; too much water can
low = 1.00; high = 8.00 increase the amount of Phytophthora; high
1 = <1.6; 1.7% temperatures and humidity can increase
2 = <3.2; 16.7% the amount of Fusarium and Phytophthora.
3 = <4.8; 38.7% High population can increase all three
4 = <6.4; 31.2% diseases.
5 = >6.3; 11.6% The ratings for any one year can be
avg. = 4.52, std = 1.49 used to compare lines grown in that year,
but should not be used to compare lines
grown in different years. The amount of
disease in any one year is highly
dependent on moisture, humidity, and
temperatures.
(35) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT Ratings can be done in several ways:
FUSARIUM WILT (F. oxysporum) Average of a minimum of 1. Take ratings after the disease is no
Amount of tolerance to three plots of a subjective longer increasing
Fusarium wilt rating based on the 2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks
following values: until disease is no longer increasing and
0 to 8 scale of the average ratings.
% of infected plants 3. Take periodic ratings and average
8 = Zero disease ratings.
7 = <10% infected COMMENTS: Fusarium has been a
4 = 50% infected problem in South Texas, particularly on
1 = >90% infected fields that have been planted with sesame
0 = all infected before. Normally, only the COMPOSITE
Intermediate values are KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34)
used. rating is taken.
NT = not tested
NEC = no economic
damage - not enough
disease to do ratings
(36) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
PHYTOPHTHORA Subjective rating FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)
STEM ROT (P. parasitica) See Values for Fusarium COMMENTS: Phytophthora has been
Amount of tolerance to a problem in Arizona and Texas,
Phytophthora stem rot particularly on fields that have been over-
irrigated. Normally, only the COMPOSITE
KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34)
rating is taken.
(37) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
CHARCOAL ROT Subjective rating FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)
(Macrophomina See Values for Fusarium COMMENTS: Macrophomina has been
phaseoli) a problem in Arizona and Texas,
Amount of tolerance to particularly on fields that go into a drought.
Charcoal rot Normally, only the COMPOSITE KILL
TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) rating is
taken.
(38) TOLERANCE TO S39 = 7.0 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
BACTERIAL BLACK (Lorenzo nursery, 2010) FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)
ROT (Pseudomonas Average of a minimum of COMMENTS: This disease occurs
sesami) three plots of a subjective occasionally when there is continual rainy
Amount of tolerance to rating based on the weather with few clouds. In most years,
bacterial black rot following values: the disease abates once the weather
0 to 8 scale of the changes. No economic damage has been
% of infected plants noticed.
8 = Zero disease
7 = <10% infected
4 = 50% infected
1 = >90% infected
0 = all infected
Intermediate values are
used.
NT = not tested
NEC = no economic
damage - not enough
disease to do ratings
Distribution within Sesaco
based on lines in Uvalde
nursery in 2004
(Total number of samples
tested = 593)
low = 4.00; high = 8.00
1 = <2.4; 0.0%
2 = <3.8; 0.0%
3 = <5.2; 8.6%
4 = <6.6; 16.0%
5 = >6.5; 75.4%
avg. = 7.13, std = 1.00
(39) TOLERANCE TO S39 = 6.0 Ratings can be done in several ways:
SILVERLEAF (Puerto Rico nursery, 1. Take ratings after the insects are no
WHITEFLY (Bemisia 2012)d longer increasing.
argentifolii) Average of a minimum of 2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks
Amount of tolerance to three plots of a subjective until insects are no longer increasing and
the silverleaf whitefly rating based on the average ratings.
following values: 3. Take periodic ratings and average
0 to 8 scale of the ratings.
% of infected plants COMMENTS: there have been very
0 to 8 scale few years (1991-1995) where the
8 = Zero insects incidence of silverleaf whitefly has affected
7 = Few insects nurseries or commercial crops. In most
4 = Many insects years, a few whiteflies can be seen in the
1 = Insects killing the sesame with no economic damage.
plants In the middle 1990s, the USDA began
Intermediate values are introducing natural predators of the
used. silverleaf whitefly in the Uvalde area. It is
NT = not tested not known if the predators reduced the
NEC = no economic effects of the whitefly or there is a natural
damage - not enough tolerance to whitefly in the current
insects to do ratings varieties.
Higher temperatures decrease the
number of days between generations.
There are indications that higher moisture
and fertility increase the incidence of
whiteflies, but there is no definitive data.
The sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia
tabaci) has been observed in nurseries
since 1978 without any economic damage.
(40) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
GREEN PEACH Subjective rating; see SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No.
APHIDS (Myzus Values for Whitefly 39)
persicae) Distribution within Sesaco COMMENTS: there have been very
Amount of tolerance to based on lines in Uvalde few years (1990-1995) where the
the green peach aphid nursery in 2004 incidence of green peach aphid has
(Total number of samples affected nurseries or commercial crops. In
tested = 412) most years, a few aphids can be seen in
low = 1.00; high = 8.00 the sesame with no economic damage.
1 = <2.4; 1.0% There have been many years in West
2 = <3.8; 0.5% Texas when the cotton aphid has
3 = <5.2; 10.7% decimated the cotton and did not build up
4 = <6.6; 4.8% on adjacent sesame fields.
5 = >6.5; 83.0% Higher moisture and fertility increase
avg. = 7.04, std = 1.35 the susceptibility to aphids.
(41) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
POD BORERS Subjective rating; see SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No.
(Heliothis spp.) Values for Whitefly 39)
Amount of tolerance to COMMENTS: there have been very
pod borers few years (1985) where the incidence of
Heliothis has affected nurseries or
commercial crops. In most years, a few
borers can be seen in the sesame with no
economic damage.
(42) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
ARMY WORMS Subjective rating; see SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No.
(Spodoptera spp.) Values for Whitefly 39)
Amount of tolerance to COMMENTS: there have been very
army worms few years (1984-1987) where the
incidence of Spodoptera has affected
commercial crops in Arizona. In Texas,
army worms have decimated cotton and
alfalfa fields next to sesame without any
damage to the sesame. It is not known if
the Arizona army worm is different from
the Texas army worm.
(43) TOLERANCE TO S39 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
CABBAGE LOOPERS (Lorenzo nursery 2007) SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No.
(Pieris rapae) Subjective rating; see 39)
Amount of tolerance to values for Whitefly COMMENTS: there have been very
cabbage loopers few years (1992-1993) where the
incidence of cabbage loopers has affected
nurseries. In commercial sesame, cabbage
loopers have been observed with no
economic damage.
(44) PRESENCE OF S39 = PY/PY In the homogygous condition. The
PYGMY ALLELES (All crops; all nurseries) pygmy allele (py) reduces the HEIGHT OF
The pygmy allele is a py/py = homozygous THE PLANT (Character No. 5), the
new recessive gene pygmy alleles HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE
that affects the growth PY/py = heterozygous (Character No. 6), and the AVERAGE
of the sesame plant. pygmy alleles INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE
PY/PY = normal (no ZONE (Character No. 9). In the
pygmy alleles) heterozygous state, there are no
Distribution within Sesaco reductions in the characters. In a cross
based on stable lines in between a homozygous pygmy and a
the collection as of 2009 normal, the pygmy allele is a recessive
(Total number of lines = gene that will not show the shorter heights
40,715) and internode lengths until segregating in
py/py = 145 the F2 generation, with no intermediates
PY/py = 629 between the pygmy and the normal line. A
Normal = 39,941 homozygous pygmy selected in the F2,
from the F3 generation on is pure in its
effects on the three characters. Within
pygmy lines there are differences in the 3
characters, but all of the pygmies differ
from the normal lines. The name “pygmy”
was chosen because these lines are
shorter than dwarf lines that have been in
the world germplasm for many years. The
dwarf lines share the same three
characters, but there are intermediates in
the F2 generation and rarely any plants as
short as the original dwarf.
(45) SEED OIL S39 = 53.5% The data is taken after the seed has
CONTENT (Uvalde nursery, 2010) been cleaned of all extraneous material
The percentage of oil in 50.5% and is less than 6% moisture.
the seed. (Uvalde nursery, 2011) There are two methodologies for
Value based on the determining oil content: laboratory analysis
average of a minimum of as prescribed in the procedures of the
three samples of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) or
peercentage of oil in the with a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
seed (unit of measure: machine. The AOCS procedure does not
Actual number expressed remove all of the oil from the seed and
as a percentage.) thus has a lower content than with the
Distribution within Sesaco NMR procedure. The NMR procedure is
based on lines in Uvalde preferred because (1) it is non-destructive
nursery in 2010-2011 and (2) oil processors use that procedure.
(Total number of samples
tested = 2,015)
low = 36.0; high = 59.3
1 = <45; 0.8%
2 = <48; 4.8%
3 = <51; 27.4%
4 = <54; 47.4%
5 = >53.9; 19.6%
avg. = 51.92, std = 2.52
aUvalde nursery planted north of Uvalde, Texas (latitude 29°22′ north, longitude 99°47′ west, 226 m elev) in middle to late May to early June from 1988 to the present; mean rainfall is 608 mm annually with a mean of 253 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 3° C. and an average high of 17° C. in January to an average low of 22° C. and an average high of 37° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 96 cm beds from 1988 to 1997 and on 76 cm beds from 1998 to the present. The nursery was pre-irrigated and has had 2-3 post-plant irrigations depending on rainfall. The fertility has varied from 30-60 units of nitrogen.
bRio Hondo nursery planted east of Rio Hondo, Texas (latitude 26°14′ north, longitude 97°34′ west, 8 m elev) in early April from 2010 to the present, mean rainfall is 715 mm annually with a mean of 323 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 9° C. and an average high of 20° C. in January to an average low of 24° C. and an average high of 35° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 81 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 80 units of nitrogen.
cLorenzo nursery planted southeast of Lubbock, Texas (latitude 33°40′ north, longitude 101°49′ west, 1000 m elev) in mid-June from 2004 to the present; mean rainfall is 483 mm annually with a mean of 320 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of −4° C. and an average high of 11° C. in January to an average low of 20° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 30 units of nitrogen.
dPuerto Rico nursery planted east of Ponce, Puerto Rico (latitude 18°15′ north, longitude 66°30′ west, 50 m elev) in December; mean rainfall is 963 mm annually with a mean of 0 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 19° C. and an average high of 30° C. in January to an average low of 23° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery had drip irrigation. The fertility was 60 units of nitrogen.
In developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are eight characters that are desirable for successful crops: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45). The first four characters contribute to YIELD AT DRYDOWN, which is the most important economic factor normally considered by a farmer in the selection of a variety. The last three characters determine the market value of the seed.
SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING determine how well the plants will retain the seed while they are drying down in adverse weather.
COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE determines whether the plants can finish their cycle and have the optimum seed fill.
DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY determines how far north and to which elevation the varieties can be grown.
In improving the characters, the YIELD AT DRYDOWN has to be comparable to or better than current varieties, or provide a beneficial improvement for a particular geographical or market niche.
In the United States and Europe, the SEED COLOR is important since over 95% of the market requires white or buff seed. There are limited markets for gold and black seed in the Far East. All other colors can only be used in the oil market.
SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT determines the market for the seed. Lack of Composite kill Tolerance can reduce SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT. In parts of the United States where there is little rain in dry years, the lack of moisture can reduce the SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT.
SEED OIL CONTENT determines the market for the seed. Lack of Composite kill Tolerance can reduce SEED OIL CONTENT. Low fertility in terms of nitrogen raises SEED OIL CONTENT and high fertility lowers SEED OIL CONTENT.
There are other characters important in developing commercial sesame varieties explained in Langham, D. R. and T. Wiemers, 2002. “Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through breeding”, In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Trends in new crops and new uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. BRANCHING STYLE (Character No. 1), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5) and HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6) are important in combining. CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9), and SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 18) are important in creating potential YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10). LEAF DIMENSIONS (Characters No. 12, 13, 14, and 15) are important in determining optimum populations.
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL (Character No. 2), NUMBER OF CARPELS PER CAPSULE (Character No. 16), CAPSULE LENGTH (Character No. 17), CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 19), and CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CM OF CAPSULE (Character No. 20) are important in breeding for VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character No. 21) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), which lead to testing for SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) and determining the CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23), NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character 24) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character No. 26).
DAYS TO FLOWERING (Character No. 27), DAYS TO FLOWER TERMINATION (Character No. 28), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29) and MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3) are highly correlated and important in determining the phenology and geographical range for the variety.
DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30) is important in that once the plants reach physiological maturity there is no weather event that will increase yield and many weather events that may substantially lower the yield. A shorter drying phase increases yield. Presently, harvest aids have been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for use on sesame. The harvest aids are applied at physiological maturity leading to early drydown. The days to direct harvest is not as important as in the past. PLANT PHENOTYPE (Character No. 4) is a summary character of characters 1, 2, and 3 that allows an overall visualization of the line.
TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT (Character No. 11) may reduce yield and seed weight. Even though there was a drought in the growing areas in 2006, there has not been a drought in nurseries planted since 2000 because of irrigation. LODGING TOLERANCE (Character No. 31) is important in years when there are high winds in the growing areas. The tolerance characters (Characters No. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43) are important in reducing the losses from diseases and pests.
Over the past 37 years, Sesaco has tested 2,990 introductions from all over the world. Commercial samples have been obtained from China, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mozambique, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Egypt, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Thailand, Turkey, Upper Volta, Uganda, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Philippines, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Somalia, Eritrea, Paraguay, Bolivia, and El Salvador. Additional research seed has been received from the commercial countries and from many other countries such as Australia, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Russia, Jordan, Yemen, Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Gabon, Greece, Italy, South Korea, Libya, Nepal, Zaire, England and Tanzania. Research seed received from one country may have originated from another unspecified country. All of the commercial and research introductions have CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23) of shattering, “SHA”.
Using selected characters from Table II, Table III provides a character differentiation between S39 and name cultivars from all over the world.
TABLE III
Character Differentiation of Various Sesame Varietiesa
Character Rating Name cultivars tested by Sesaco
CAPSULE SHATTERING SHA Eliminate the following from the world:
TYPE From Venezuela: Venezuela 51, Venezuela
(Character No. 23) 52, Guacara, Aceitera, Inamar, Acarigua,
Morada, Capsula Larga, Arawaca, Piritu,
Glauca, Turen, DV9, Fonucla, UCLA
From Mexico: Pachequeno, Yori, Anna, Teras,
Denisse, Canasta, Tehvantepeter
From India: TMV1, TMV3
From Turkey: Ozberk, Muganli, Gamdibi,
Marmara
From Israel: DT45
From Guatemala: R198, R30
From Paraguay: Escoba and INIA.
From Texas: Llano, Margo, Dulce, Blanco,
Palorna, Oro, Renner 1 and 2, Early Russian
From California: UCR3, UCR4, Eva, Calinda
(Cal Beauty)
From Thailand: KU18
From Korea: Danback, Gwansan, Pungyiong,
Suweon, Yuseong, Hanseon, Ahnsan,
Kwangsan, Jinback, Pungsan, Sodan,
Yangheuk, Konheuk, Whaheuck, Sungboon
SSH Eliminate from Sesaco: S02, S03, S04, S05,
S06, S07, S08, S09, S10, S12, S14
ID Eliminate the following from the world:
From Venezuela: G2, Morada id
From Texas: Rio, Delco, Baco, Improved
Baco, Roy, Eli
From South Carolina: Palmetto
From California: UCR234
From Sesaco: S01
SR All others, go to NON-DEHISCENT TEST
NON-DEHISCENT TEST XX Eliminate, from Sesaco: S11, S15, S16, S17,
(Character No. 24) S18, S19, S20, S21
ND All others to the SEED COLOR
SEED COLOR (Character No. BL Eliminate from Sesaco: S55
32) BF All others to the IMPROVED NON-
DEHISCENT TEST
IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT ZZ Eliminate from Sesaco: 11W, 19A, S22, S23,
TEST (Character No. 26) S24, S25, S26, S28, S29, (all of these lines
and varieties have been disclosed in previous
patents, and there are no lines or varieties that
are not included.)
IND go to the PRESENCE OF PYGMY ALLELES
PRESENCE OF PYGMY py/py Eliminate from Sesaco: S70
ALLELES (Character No. 44) PY/PY From Sesaco: S27, S30, S32, S33, S34, S35,
S36, and S38, go to BRANCHING STYLE
BRANCHING STYLE U Eliminate from Sesaco: S30 and S34
(Character No. 1) B From Sesaco: S27, S32, S33, S35 S36, S37,
S38, and S39 go to TABLE IV
aSHA = shattering; SSH = semi-shattering; ID = indehiscent; SR = shatter resistant; XX = not non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; ND = non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; IND = improved non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707, py/py = presence of homozygous pygmy alleles; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2011/0271359: U = unbranched; B = branched
Table III differentiates S39 from all other cultivars and varieties except S27, S32, S33, S35, S36, S37, and S38. Table IV provides additional data that separates S39 from S27, S32, S33, S35, S36, S37, and S38.
TABLE IV
Character Comparison of S39 to S27, S32, S33, S35, S36, S37, and S38
No. Character Year/nursery S27 S32 S33 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39
10 YIELD AT DRYDOWN 2013 NEW NT 1,109 1,378 1,261 1,416 1,490 1,388 1,539
(kg/ha)
17 CAPSULE LENGTH (cm) 1997-2011 2.18 2.14 2.09 2.20 2.19 2.10 2.31 1.96
22 SHAKER SHATTER 1997-2011 73.4 74.8 83.4 71.1 77.6 71.1 81.6 65.7
RESISTANCE (%)
The essential difference between S39 and the other branched varieties is the CAPSULE LENGTH AND THE SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE. S39 has a shorter CAPSULE LENGTH and as a result S39 has a lower SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE. S39 also has the highest yield at drydown which was a repeat from 2012. The increased yield was the main reason S39 became a variety suitable for the Valley along the Rio Grande at the lower tip of Texas.
Table V shows all the characters from Table II for S39 and the current branched varieties S28, S32, S35, S36, S37, and S38. The table is in terms of all of the characters listed in Table II. The major differences in Table V are indicated in the “Dif” column by a “C” for commercially important differences and an “M” for morphological differences.
TABLE V
Character Comparison of S28, S32, S35, S36, S37, S38, and S39a
No. Character Year/nursery S28 S32 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 Dif
1 Branching Style All B B B B B B B
2 Number of Capsules All 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
per Leaf Axil
3 Maturity Class Adjusted PM 100 99 100 101 103 103 99
2008-2013 UV M M M M M M M
4 Plant Phenotype All B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M
5 Height of Plant (cm) 2013 UV 126 120 120 129 141 126 135
6 Height of First 2013 UV 51 51 42 54 57 69 54
Capsule (cm)
7 Capsule Zone 2013 UV 75 69 78 75 84 57 81
Length (cm)
8 Number of Capsule 2013 UV 27 29 28 33 28 32 28
Node pairs
9 Average Internode 2013 UV 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.0 1.7 3.0
Length within
Capsule Zone (cm)
10 Yield at Drydown 2013 UV 1,504 1,485 1,647 1,570 1,664 1,487 1,347
(kg/ha) 2013 RH 1,265 1,109 1,261 1,416 1,490 1,388 1,539 C
11 Tolerance to NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Drought
12 Leaf Length 5th-2008 UV 23.0 25.5 NT NT NT NT NT
(cm) 10th-2008 UV 18.0 18.3 NT NT NT NT NT
15th-2008 UV 13.7 14.1 NT NT NT NT NT
13 Leaf Blade Length 5th-2008 UV 13.8 14.8 NT NT NT NT NT
(cm) 10th-2008 UV 14.4 14.7 NT NT NT NT NT
15th-2008 UV 11.5 12.2 NT NT NT NT NT
14 Leaf Blade Width 5th-2008 UV 18.0 13.8 NT NT NT NT NT
(cm) 10th-2008 UV 3.6 3.0 NT NT NT NT NT
15th-2008 UV 2.0 1.6 NT NT NT NT NT
15 Petiole Length 5th-2008 UV 9.2 10.7 NT NT NT NT NT
(cm) 10th-2008 UV 3.6 3.6 NT NT NT NT NT
15th-2008 UV 2.3 2.0 NT NT NT NT NT
16 Number of Carpels All 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
per Capsule
17 Capsule Length 1997-2011 All 2.27 2.14 2.20 2.19 2.10 2.31 1.96 M
(cm)
18 Seed Weight per 1997-2011 All 0.228 0.219 0.197 0.228 0.225 0.244 0.209
Capsule (g)
19 Capsule Weight per 1997-2011 All 0.163 0.148 0.128 0.153 0.156 0.167 0.143
Capsule (g)
20 Capsule Weight per 1997-2011 All 0.072 0.069 0.058 0.070 0.074 0.072 0.073
cm of Capsule (g)
21 Visual Shatter All W I I I I I I
Resistance
22 Shaker Shatter 1997-2011 All 75.2 74.8 71.1 77.6 71.1 81.6 65.7 C
Resistance (%)
23 Capsule Shattering All SR SR SR SR SR SR SR
Type
24 Non-dehiscent Test All ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
25 Improved Non- 2011 UV 7.08 7.44 7.37 7.29 7.33 NT
dehiscent visual 2011 LO 6.67 7.00 7.48 7.25 7.22 7.22 7.00
rating
26 Improved Non- All ZZ IND IND IND IND IND IND
dehiscent Test
27 Days to Flowering 2011 UV 45 42 43 45 43 45 46
28 Days to Flower 2011 UV 78 78 78 80 81 80 78
Termination
29 Days to 2011 UV 102 100 97 101 103 101 107
Physiological
Maturity
30 Days to Direct NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Harvest
31 Lodging Tolerance 2007 UV 7.0 6.2 NT NT NT NT NT
2007 LO 5.3 7.1 NT NT NT NT NT
32 Seed Color All BF BF BF BF BF BF BF
33 Seed Weight-100 1997-2012 All 0.293 0.284 0.302 0.315 0.284 0.305 0.297
Seeds from the
entire plant
34 Composite Kill 2011-2013 All 7.0 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.3 60 67
Tolerance
35 Tolerance to NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Fusarium Wilt
(F. oxysporurn)
36 Tolerance to NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Phytophthora Stem
Rot (P. parasitica)
37 Tolerance to NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Charcoal Rot
(Macrophomina
phaseoli)
38 Tolerance to 2010 LO 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 6.3 5.3 7.0
Bacterial Black Rot
(Pseudomonas
sesami)
39 Tolerance to 2011 PR 5.0 5.0 5.7 4.0 4.0 NT 6.0
Silverleaf Whitefly
(Bemisia argentifolii)
40 Tolerance to Green 2004 UV 7.9 5.5 NT NT NT NT NT
Peach Aphid
(Myzus persica)
41 Tolerance to Pod 2001 UV NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Borer (Heliothis
spp.)
42 Tolerance to Army NT NT NT NT NT NT NT
Worms (Spodoptera
spp.)
43 Tolerance to 2007 LO NT NEC NT NT NT NT NT
Cabbage Loopers
(Pieris rapae)
44 Presence of pygmy All PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/
alleles PY PY PY PY PY PY PY
45 Oil content (%) 2010 UV 52.9 52.4 51.7 53.5 53.2 53.1 53.5
2011 UV 52.0 53.7 54.1 53.5 51.9 52.5 50.5
aB = true branches; U = uniculm (no true branches); UV = Uvalde nursery; M = medium maturity class of 95-104 days; B1M = phenotype of true branches, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; U1M = phenotype of uniculm, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; LO = Lorenzo nursery; NT = not tested; W = weather visual seed retention >75%; SR = shatter resistant; ND = non-dehiscent; ZZ = not improved non-dehiscent; IND = improved non-dehiscent; BF = buff color; and NEC = no economic damage-not enough disease or insects to do ratings; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles.
As stated earlier, in developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are eight important characters: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45). These characters will be discussed first comparing S39 to Sesaco varieties (S28, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36, S37, and S38, which are the current varieties used in the United States), followed by other characters that differentiate S39. The data is based on planting the varieties side by side with five replications in Uvalde, one in Rio Hondo, and two in Lorenzo.
FIG. 2 provides the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) of various Sesaco sesame varieties using data from 1997 through 2011. SHAKER Shatter RESISTANCE represents the amount of seed that is retained by the plant several months after being dry in the field. This standard was developed as a minimum standard in 1997-1998 and has proven to be a good predictor of shatter resistance. All varieties have SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE in the mid-sixty to mid-eighty percent level.
S39 has 65.7% SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE, which is above the 65% threshold established in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452 to qualify S39 as a non-dehiscent variety.
FIG. 3 provides the IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25) of the current varieties (data from Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries, 2011). When the plants have reached DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30), the plants are holding more than the seed represented by the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE percentage. If there is no rain, fog, dew, or wind during the drying phase, the non-dehiscent plants will be retaining almost all of their seed for the combine. However, the predominant weather in the harvest season in the United States includes rain, fog, dew, and wind. The IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING sets a new benchmark for selecting varieties based on a rating done 4 weeks after DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (the ideal harvest time).
S39 exhibited an IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING of 7.0 (data from the Lorenzo nursery, 2011) which is at the 7.0 threshold established in U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707 to qualify S39 as an improved non-dehiscent variety.
FIG. 4 provides the COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) of the current varieties (data from all nurseries, 2011-2013). COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE is a composite rating of tolerance to three root rots: Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Macrophomina. In most years, Fusarium is the major cause of kill. When sesame is first introduced into a growing area, there are few disease problems, but over time the spores of these fungi accumulate and disease tolerance becomes important. When sesame was first introduced in Uvalde in 1988, the yields were high. As farmers planted on the same fields in subsequent years, the yields decreased.
S39 has a rating of 6.7 for COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (data from all nurseries, 2011-2013) and is comparable to most of the other patented commercial varieties. Any rating above 5.67 indicates that over 90% of the plants produced good seed to the top of the plant.
FIG. 5 provides the mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29) of the current Sesaco sesame varieties (data from Uvalde nursery, 2011). In the United States, sesame is currently grown from South Texas to Central Kansas. The growing window of a crop is determined by the earliest the crop can be planted in the spring as the ground warms up, and the onset of cold weather in the fall. Current sesame varieties require about 21° C. ground temperature to establish an adequate population and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. Generally, the ground is warm enough in South Texas in middle March and in Central Kansas in late May, and the night temperatures are warm enough in South Texas until the middle of November and in southern Kansas until the middle of October. The states to the east from Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas to the Atlantic are within the South Texas and Kansas extremes. Cold fronts may affect the growth of sesame, and these are more likely in northern growing areas from the middle of September on. Elevation may also affect the growing temperature. For example, moving from east of Lubbock, Tex., at the start of the Caprock toward the west, the elevations begin climbing approaching toward the Rocky Mountains. The higher the elevation, the earlier the onset of fall cold temperatures and the later the onset of spring warm temperatures. In all years, if the sesame is planted as early as temperatures allow, lines with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of 105 days or less will not be adversely affected by the temperatures, even in years with an early frost. Data gathered over a twenty-three year period indicates that about 96% of the time, sesame with a value of 115 or less DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY will produce a crop. Since most growing areas depend upon having a planting rain before the sesame is planted, the earlier the DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of the variety, the more flexibility the farmers have with the planting date. Different geographical areas may have different goals due to the normal weather patterns. In South Texas, varieties with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of less than 110 days are generally suitable, while planting after 30 June in southern Kansas it is preferred, but not always necessary, to utilize varieties with lower DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY such as 100 days or less.
The mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY for S39 is 107, which allows it to be planted from south of Oklahoma border and east of the Texas Caprock to the Atlantic. Care should be taken in areas where early freezes may occur to plant S39 in at a time where it will physiologically mature prior to expected freezes.
FIG. 6 provides the mean YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10) of the patented varieties (testing in the Uvalde and Rio Hondo nurseries in 2013). In releasing a new variety, another important consideration is whether the yields will be comparable or better than the existing varieties.
The yield of S39 is expected to be comparable to that of prior varieties under typical growing conditions as reported in FIG. 6. In the Rio Hondo area, the yields of S39 from 2011-2013 were the highest of all the varieties, and thus, S39 is the primary variety that will be grown in that areas.
The SEED COLOR (Character No. 32) of S39 is buff, which is suitable for most of the U.S. and world markets.
FIG. 7 provides the mean SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33) of the current varieties between 1997 and 2011. A particular seed weight may be a characteristic desired by certain seed processors and end-users and commercial specifications may require a threshold seed weight.
S39 seed is lighter than the other patented varieties (0.297 grams per hundred seeds), and thus is a bit lower than most commercial specifications in the natural topping market for sesame seed, which (in the United States) often set a threshold value of 0.30 grams per hundred seed weight. However, S39 seed is suitable for the ingredient and foreign markets.
FIG. 8 provides the SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45) of the current varieties. The commercial oil markets generally contractually require that sesame seed contain an oil content of at least 50-52%. If the oil content is lower than the specified requirement, the contract generally penalizes the seller. While current commercial practice does not include a monetary incentive to the seller if sesame seed has a higher oil content than the contractual requirement, increasing the oil content of sesame seed may provide de facto advantages to the purchaser or user.
S39 exhibited oil contents of 53.5 and 50.5% (data from Uvalde 2010 and 2011) and thus is suitable for use as a source of sesame oil for the commercial oil market.
FIG. 9 provides the TOLERANCE TO SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. 39). This pest is a problem in areas having high temperatures and other crops that attract whiteflies, such as vegetable crops. Examples of sesame growing areas which may be subject to whitefly issues are the South Texas/Lower Rio Grande Valley region, which typically has many acres of vegetables planted, and Puerto Rico. Having tolerance to the whitefly provides a benefit to a sesame variety.
S39 has demonstrated adequate tolerance to whiteflies. Variety S26 (with a rating of 6.0) has been used as a comparative standard for whitefly tolerance; S39 (with a rating of 6.0) had equal tolerance with S26 in testing conducted in Puerto Rico.
FIG. 10 provides the TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL BLACK ROT (Character No. 38). Bacterial black rot may occur, though rare, when there are cool, cloudy days, usually at higher elevations. While there may be little sesame acreage subject to these conditions, tolerance may still be important to some growers.
S39, with a rating of 7.0, exhibits more tolerance when these conditions are present than most previously described varieties.
On Mar. 13, 2014, a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of sesame plant S39 was made by Sesaco Corporation under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and the deposit was given ATCC Accession No. PTA-121091. This deposit will be maintained in the ATCC depository for a period of 30 years or 5 years after the last request or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer. Should the seeds from the sesame line S39 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection become non-viable, the deposit will be replaced by Sesaco Corporation upon request.
The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and characters for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
