AUTOMATED TRADING
Systems and methods for automated trading are disclosed. In one embodiment, a computer system may execute program instructions to generate dealable prices at which a first trading entity is willing to buy and/or sell an item. The system may then communicate the generated prices from the computer system to a trading system, causing the trading system to post the communicated prices. In another embodiment, the computer system may execute program instructions to determine to hit dealable prices for items posted to the trading system. For example, these actions may be performed for spot trades of a foreign currency pair, without requiring the use of a graphical user interface. In other embodiments, the computer system may use received prices to automatically generate a pricing forecast.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/281,032, filed Oct. 25, 2011, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/031,394 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,615,462) filed Feb. 21, 2011, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/711,698, filed Feb. 26, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,895,118), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/005,609, filed Nov. 7, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,984), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 60/288,310 filed May 2, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 60/249,796, filed Nov. 17, 2000; the disclosures of each of the above-referenced applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
This application is also related to the following applications filed on Oct. 25, 2011: U.S. application Ser. No. 13/280,931 entitled “Trading Using Intermediate Entities” (Attorney docket number 6539-00123); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/280,953 entitled “Trading System with Individualized Order Books” (Attorney docket number 6539-00124); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/280,971 entitled “Application Programming Interface for Trading System” (Attorney docket number 6539-00125); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/280,971 entitled “Aggregation of Trading Orders” (Attorney docket number 6539-00126); and U.S. application Ser. No. 13/281,044 entitled “Requests for Quotes from Indirect Credit Lines” (Attorney docket number 6539-00128).
TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention pertains to the field of global electronic trading of commodities and financial instruments.
BACKGROUND ARTCurrently, hundreds of billions of dollars are exchanged among banks, governments, and institutions in the foreign exchange (fx) markets each day. The mechanisms used in these markets have lagged behind the Internet revolution, however. These market mechanisms, in addition to operating on aging private-network and telephone-based technologies, also restrict participation in these markets by entities that are not part of the interbank network. When an entity without access to the interbank network (e.g., an individual or hedge fund) currently wishes to make a currency trade, that entity is only able to execute the trade through the limited set of banks with whom it has established credit facilities, as banks are concerned with counterparty risk, especially with the large size of typical over-the-counter fx trades.
Furthermore, because prices in the fx markets change rapidly, bids and offers quoted to clients over the telephone by their banks are “firm” only for a very limited amount of time. In order to get the best possible price, the client has to poll as many banks as it has credit lines with. While expensive private-networks such as Reuters provide bid/offer quotes from several dozen contributing banks, these quotes are merely indicative of the current bid and offer prices and thus are not firm bids or offers. Also, the quotes provided by these services have been shown to lag the market.
Still other factors affect fx market efficiency. Banks have little incentive to continue to do business with a client who calls for quotes frequently but rarely makes the trade. Thus, clients may feel the need to “farm out” trades by executing suboptimal trades in order to keep in good standing with their banks.
Instead of being concerned solely with market movements, an fx market participant must therefore contend with (1) obtaining timely quotes; (2) establishing credit lines in order to expand the number of banks with which to seek the best bid/offer prices; and (3) the politics of counterparty relationships.
Wright, Ben, “Unlocking the C2C forex riddle”, euromoney.com, Jul. 25, 2001, U.K., provides a general discussion of some of the business aspects of the present invention.
Morris, Jennifer, “Forex goes into future shock”, Euromoney, October 2001, gives a general description of several computerized foreign exchange platforms, including one described in the present patent application.
Ahuja, R. K., Magnanti, T. L., and Orlin, J. B., Network Flows; Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Chapters 7 and 9 (Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1993), U.S.A., sets forth some algorithms that may be useful in implementing the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,055 discloses a relatively simple trading system that is capable of implementing only single-hop trades. On the other hand, the present invention can accommodate multi-hop trades. Further, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,055, the user is given information that suggests to him that he can take a trade when he may not have enough credit to take the whole trade. In the present invention, on the other hand, if only part of a trade can be executed, that information is-given to the user; the user knows that he has enough credit to execute at least the best bid and best offer that are displayed on his computer.
An even simpler trading system is disclosed in European patent application 0 411 748 A2 and in granted European patents 0 399 850 B1 and 0 407 026 B1, all three of which are assigned to Reuters Limited. These Reuters documents describe a system in which information concerning a potential trade is displayed even if the user can't execute it at all. In the present invention, such a potential trade would not be displayed at all. Furthermore, the only credit limits that can be accommodated in the Reuters system are volume limits for the purposes of limiting settlement risk. In the present invention, any agent may set credit limits in multiple ways so as to limit not only settlement risk (measured both by individual instrument volumes and by notional absolute values) but also exposure risk. Furthermore, the Reuters keystations require a human operator. In the present invention, on the other hand, an API (application programming interface) enables any participant to develop programs which partially or fully automate the trading process.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTIONMethods, systems, and computer readable media for facilitating trading two items (L,Q) from the group of items comprising commodities and financial instruments. At least two agents (2) want to trade some instrument L at some price quoted in terms of another instrument Q. The exchange of L and Q is itself a financial instrument, which is referred to as a traded instrument. A trading channel (3) between the two agents (2) allows for the execution of trades. Associated with each channel (3) are trading limits configured by the two agents (2) in order to limit risk. A central computer (1) coupled to the two agents (2) is adapted to convey to each agent (2) current tradable prices and available volumes for the exchange of L for Q and for the exchange of Q for L, taking into account the channel (3) trading limits. The central computer (1) facilitates trades that occur across a single trading channel (3) and trades that require the utilization of multiple trading channels (3).
The proposed system will enable entities such as corporations, hedge funds, and smaller dealers to make orders by price for currencies, other over-the-counter fx derivative products, and other financial instruments. The system permits the use of a special purpose “limit-order book” designed for over-the-counter transactions between specific parties. (As opposed to “market” orders, in which an entity wishing to buy or sell does so with the lowest offer or highest bid on the “book” at the moment, a “limit” order allows an entity to specify a price and quantity to be added to the “book”; this limit order remains on the book until it expires or until another entity decides to act on the limit order.) The system may help “turn the tables” in favor of clients by enabling their orders to be instantly displayed by price to parties subscribing to the system (including banks) Such a system thus has the effect of creating greater price transparency.
The present invention enables an arbitrary number of agents 2 of arbitrary type (such as corporate treasuries, hedge funds, mutual funds and other collective investment schemes, banks and other financial institutions, and other institutions or persons) to trade commodities and financial instrument pairs directly amongst each other (thus facilitating client-to-client, or C2C trading) by making orders to their peers to buy and sell the traded instrument pairs over “credit atomic units” and “credit molecules”.
By way of example, the application highlighted most often herein is the spot foreign exchange (spot FX) market, but it must be understood that the present invention has applicability to trading in any type of over-the-counter commodity or financial instrument, including physical commodities, energy products (oil, gas, electricity), insurance and reinsurance products, debt instruments, other foreign exchange products (swaps), and compound instruments and other derivatives composed or derived from these instruments.
A trade is the exchange of a lot of instrument L for a quoted instrument Q. The lot instrument L is traded in an integral multiple of a fixed quantity referred to as the lot size. The quoted instrument Q is traded in a quantity determined by the quantity of the lot instrument L and the price. The price is expressed as Q per L. In a spot FX trade, the lot instrument L and the quoted instrument Q are implicit contracts for delivery of a currency on the “spot” date (typically two business days after the trade date).
In the present specification and claims, entities that wish to trade with each other are referred to as “agents” 2. Agents 2 that extend credit to other agents 2 are referred to as credit-extending agents 5. Agents 2 that do not extend credit to other agents 2 are referred to as clients 4 or non-credit-extending agents 4.
Two agents 2 may have direct trading channels 3 between them, where the trading channels 3 correspond to credit extended from one credit-extending agent 5 (typically a bank, financial institution, or any clearing entity) to the other agent 2. Trading channels 3 are typically secured via placement of collateral (margin) or other form of trust by an agent 2 with the credit-extending agent 5. Typically, trading channels 3 amongst credit-extending agents 5 and non-credit-extending agents 4 already exist. In the spot FX market, these trading channels 3 are referred to as trading accounts. In the case that two credit-extending agents 5 have a trading channel 3 between them, only one agent 2 acts in a credit-extending capacity with regards to that trading channel 3.
Credit-extending agents 5 that allow the central computer 1 to utilize a portion of their trading channels 3 to allow other agents 2 to trade with each other are referred to as “credit-bridging agents” 5. In a preferred implementation of the present system, existing banks, financial institutions, and clearing entities are credit-bridging agents 5 as well as credit-extending agents 5; and existing trading customers of those institutions 5 are clients 4.
The proposed system allows two entities to trade with one over a currently unexhausted “credit path” connecting them via one or more credit-bridging entities. On the other hand, two entities cannot trade with one another at a given point in time over a credit path if that credit path is exhausted. For example, a first entity wishing to trade with a second entity via a third, credit-bridging entity may have used up all of its available credit with the third entity during some current predetermined time period, precluding a trade. Still further, the third entity may currently forbid any credit bridging between the first and second entities, again precluding a trade. One embodiment of the proposed system thus uses information regarding pre-existing credit relationships between entities and current values indicating whether credit-bridging entities are currently permitting or forbidding credit bridging between entities in order to facilitate trading amongst entities over indirect credit paths, including trades between non-credit-extending entities.
In another embodiment, the proposed system facilitates trading by using a clearing facility to ensure that trades between entities (including non-credit-extending entities) are honored. The clearing facility may be independent of the proposed system. Still further, the proposed system may provide a choice of a plurality of clearing facilities.
Compared with prior art systems, the present invention gives a relative advantage to clients 4 compared to credit-extending agents 5, by enabling one-way or two-way orders from any agent 2 to be instantly displayed to all subscribing agents 2, enabling a trade to take place at a better price, with high likelihood, than the price available to clients 4 under prior art systems. The present invention brings together clients 4 who may be naturally on opposing sides of a trade, without conventional spreads historically charged to them 4 by credit-extending agents 5 for their 5 service as middlemen. Of course, credit-extending agents 5 also benefit on occasions when they are natural sellers or buyers.
Unlike prior art systems, the present invention arranges multi-hop deals to match orders between natural buyers and sellers who need not have a direct trading relationship. For the application to spot FX trading, a multi-hop deal can be realized through real or virtual back-to-back trades by one or more credit-bridging agents 5. In terms of the underlying transfers of financial instruments, a multi-hop deal is similar to the existing practice of trade “give-ups” from one broker to another.
Unlike prior art systems, the present invention computes trading limits from not only cumulative volume but also from net position limits, where both volume and position limits may be set in terms of the traded instrument (instrument L for instrument Q), in terms of any underlying instruments to be exchanged (delivered) upon settlement (such as L individually, Q individually, or other instruments), or in terms of the notional valuations of such instruments. This allows all agents 2, especially credit-bridging agents 5, to control risk far more flexibly. Limiting traded or delivered instruments' cumulative volume helps to manage settlement risk. Limiting a traded instrument's net position (net L:Q position) helps to manage market risk. Limiting a delivered underlying instrument's net position (total net L, total net Q, or some other underlying instrument's position) helps manage market and credit risk by reflecting the ultimate effect of any trade on any account's future balance sheet. The cumulative volume limits allowed by prior art systems are able to address only settlement risk concerns.
The present invention has a natural symmetry; in the preferred implementation, not only are credit-bridging agents 5 (financial institutions) able to operate as market makers and post one-way (just a bid or ask) and two-way (both bid and ask) prices to agents 2, but clients 4 may post one-way and two-way prices to credit-bridging agents 5 and other clients 4 of any other credit extending or credit bridging agent 5. This symmetry is not present in prior art trading systems.
When operating as market makers using the proposed system, both credit-extending entities and non-credit-extending entities are able to post bid and offer prices to the market in general (i.e., to any entity subscribing to the proposed system and having an unexhausted credit path to the market maker) or to other entities in particular (e.g., the set of one or more entities deemed to be acceptable by the market maker).
The ability of agents 2 to post limit orders can coexist quite well with the existing interbank fx market. For example, the proposed system allows non-credit-extending agents to operate as market makers, while credit-extending agents that take those deals would be able to move this inventory through a variety of channels. The aggregate volume from many clients' fx flows provides an incentive for more credit-extending entities (e.g., banks) to subscribe to the proposed system. The addition of more subscriber credit-extending entities will likely make the bid and offer prices more competitive, which in turn attracts more non-credit-extending entities (e.g., clients).
The present invention uses a central computer 1 to calculate trading limits, to prepare custom limit order books 24,25, and to match orders, but all post-trade bookkeeping and settlement is handled in a de-centralized manner by the counterparties 2 involved in each trade. The central computer 1 is a network of at least one physical computer acting in a closely coordinated fashion.
Every agent 2 subscribing to a system employing the present invention can be thought of as a node 2 in an undirected graph (.
For each trading channel (account 3), the central computer 1 maintains a set of limits set by the credit-extending agent 5 and a set of limits set by the non-credit-extending agent 2. Either of these sets of limits may be empty. These limits specify maximums of cumulative volume of each traded instrument L:Q, maximum cumulative volume of an underlying instrument (e.g. L, Q, or other), maximum cumulative notional value (e.g. U.S. dollar equivalent), maximum positive or negative net position of each traded instrument L:Q, maximum positive or negative net position of the underlying instrument (e.g. L, Q, or other), and maximum absolute net position notional (e.g., U.S. dollar equivalent) value total.
For each trading channel (account) 3, the central computer 1 maintains information sufficient to compute the current value of all the quantities upon which limits may be placed. The cumulative volume values are reset to zero with some period, typically one business day, at such a time as is agreeable to both agents. It is illustrative to note that the cumulative volume values always increase toward their limit with each trade, while the net position values may be decreased back to zero or near zero and may change in sign.
An agent 2 may add, remove, or adjust any of the elements of the set of limits specified by that agent 2 at any time.
Since trading is permitted or denied based on these limit-related values, the central computer 1 provides a way for the agents 2 that are parties to an account to inform the central computer 1 of any external activity that would affect these values, such as odd-lot trades and trades made through existing trading devices, or to simply reset all limit-related values to a predefined state.
Based on the current values of all these limit-related quantities, the central computer 1 computes for each traded instrument L:Q a directed graph (.
For all traded instruments L:Q and for all nodes 2 that trade L:Q and for all other nodes 2 that trade L:Q, the central computer 1 uses the directed graph of maximum excursions (.
The prior art systems could be simulated by the present invention by first eliminating the ability of any node 2 to be a credit-bridging agent 5 so that the “single-pair maximum flow” is merely the flow enabled by directed edges 3 connecting the pair of nodes 2 directly. Second, all trading limits by non-credit-extending agents 4 would be disabled and only cumulative volume limits on underlying instruments would be allowed for credit-extending agents 5, corresponding to limits only on settlement risk.
For purposes of illustrating the present invention, consider, for example, an agent A extending credit to agent B for the purposes of trading spot FX using the present invention, and between the U.S. dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), and Japanese Yen (JPY) in particular. Suppose agent B buys 1 lot of EUR:USD at 0.9250, then sells 1 lot of EUR:JPY at 110.25, with both trades having agent A as counterparty 2. The first trade will upon settlement result in 1,000,000 EUR received by agent B and 925,000 USD paid by agent B, while the second trade will result in 1,000,000 EUR paid by agent B and 110,250,000 JPY received by agent B. From the perspective of agent B, the account stands +1M EUR toward the EUR:USD cumulative volume limit, +1M EUR toward the EUR:USD net position limit, +1M EUR toward the EUR:JPY cumulative volume limit, −1M EUR toward the EUR:JPY net position limit, +2M EUR toward the EUR cumulative volume limit, +925,000 USD toward the USD cumulative volume limit, +110,250,000 JPY toward the JPY cumulative volume limit, ZERO with respect to the EUR net position limit, −925,000 USD toward the USD net position limit, and +110,250,000 JPY toward the JPY net position limit. Further supposing that the instrument valuations in agent B's home currency of USD are 0.9200 EUR:USD and 0.009090 JPY:USD, then the account stands (2M×0.9200+925,000+110,250,000×0.009090=) 3,767,172.50 USD toward the notional USD cumulative volume limit (useful for limiting settlement risk), and (0×0.9200+925,000+110,250,000×0.009090=) 1,927,172.34 USD toward the absolute notional net position total.
Now suppose agent B buys 1 lot of USD:JPY at 121.50, which upon settlement will result in 1,000,000 USD received and 121,500,000 JPY paid. The net single-instrument positions are now 0 EUR, 75,000 USD, and −10,250,000 JPY. Rather than delivering JPY at settlement (which will entail carrying a JPY debit balance in the account), agent B will probably choose to arrange an odd-lot deal with agent A to buy 10,250,000 JPY at a rate of, for instance, 121.40 USD:JPY, at a cost of 84,431.63 USD, resulting in final account position values of 0 EUR, −9,431.63 USD, and 0 JPY. In other words, agent B has lost 9,431.63 USD in its account with agent A once all the settlements occur.
Alternatively, agent B may choose to “roll forward” any EUR or JPY net position from the spot date to the next value date, or to any forward date by buying or selling an appropriate FX swap instrument from or to agent A.
Odd-lot spot, odd-lot forward, odd-lot swap, and deals with a specific counterparty 2 are not amenable to trading via the “limit-order book” matching system, but instead may be facilitated by the central computer 1 through a request-for-quote mechanism. Since the central computer 1 knows the net positions of all the accounts, it may further recommend such deals on a periodic basis, such as a particular time that both agents 2 consider to be the end of the business day for the account in question.
For the application of the present invention to markets other than spot FX, triangular interactions between traded instrument pairs are not as much a concern. The limits set by credit-extending agents 5 are handled the same way, where the limits on commodity holdings or currency payments are translated by the central computer 1 into excursion limits (how many lots an agent 2 may buy or sell) in real-time.
The present invention can be implemented in a combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software. The software can be written in any computer language, such as C, C++, Java, etc., or in a combination of computer languages. The hardware, firmware, and software provide three levels of content: a) trade screens, b) post-trade content for back offices and clearing units, and c) real-time credit management content. Through an API (application programming interface) 38, agents 2 can securely monitor and change in real time the credit limits they have specified for each trading channel 3 in which they participate. (Note that the maximum flow across a trading channel 3 is the minimum of the trading limits specified by the two agents 2 associated with the channel 3, so a non-credit-extending agent 4 can only further reduce the credit limits assigned by the credit-extending agent 5.)
The link between the agents 2 and the central computer 1 can be any telecommunications link—wired, wireless, Internet, private, etc. Computer 1 can be located anywhere in the world. It can be mirrored for purposes of data backup, to increase throughput, or for other reasons; in that case, there is a second central computer 1(2). The backup central computer 1(2) is a network of at least one physical computer operating in a closely coordinated fashion. Such a backup computer 1(2) is shown in.
Since the present invention operates on a global scale, said operation has to satisfy local laws and regulations to enable the services of the present invention to be provided. The present invention is therefore designed to enable such accommodations to be made.
The present invention supports purpose-specific “atomic units” enabling trading between specific types of agents 2. The basic atomic units are “type 0”, “type 1”, and “type 2”, where a “type 0 unit” involves a single pair of agents 2 where one extends credit to the other, a “type 1 unit” involves a single client 4 trading with a collection of credit-extending agents 5, and a “type 2 unit” involves a single credit-bridging agent 5 enabling a collection of its clients 4 to trade with itself 5 and with each other 4.
Typically, but not necessarily, each agent 2 is coupled to the central computer 1 when the agents 2 are trading. The identification of one of the two agents 2 as the “credit-extending agent 5” is necessary only for the creation of a trading channel 3, since either agent 2 may post orders (making the market) in the same way.
The institutions 5 may also supply via computer 1 tradable bid and offered prices to the client 4 that will not be seen by the other institutions 5.
The solid lines in.
As a sub-species of type 1, there can be multiple clients 4, as long as all such clients 4 have credit relationships with the same credit-extending agents 5, and the clients 4 are not allowed to trade with each other.
Computer 1 provides several post-trade capabilities to the client 4 and to the financial institution's 5 trading desk as well as to its 5 back office and credit desk, all in real-time.
The clearing of the trade is done by conventional means. The operator of computer 1, though it could, does not need to act as a clearing agent and does not need to hold as collateral or in trust any financial or other instruments. The client 4 can direct that all clearing is to be handled by a certain credit-extending agent 5. The clearing procedures are dependent upon the instruments traded and any netting agreements or special commodity delivery procedures required for those instruments.
The type 2 atomic unit is illustrated in.
This “mini-exchange” has the liquidity of the natural supply and demand of the entire client 5 base, combined with the market-making liquidity that the credit-bridging agent 5 would be supplying to its clients 4 ordinarily. It is certainly expected, and beneficial to the overall liquidity, that the credit-bridging agent 5 will be able to realize arbitrage profits between the prices posted by its clients 4 and the prices available to the credit-bridging agent 5 through other sources of liquidity. In fact, there may be instances in some markets where clients 4 are also able to arbitrage against other trading systems.
Again, computer 1 provides several post-trade capabilities to the client 4 and to the trading desk, the back office, and the credit desk of the credit-bridging agent 5, all in real-time, as in type 1.
A pair of back-to-back trades is illustrated in.
As with all the various atomic units, central computer 1 updates the current tradable information after each trade, and causes this information to be displayed on the computers associated with all of the subscriber agents 2.
Again, computer 1 provides several post-trade capabilities to the clients 4, as well as to the credit-bridging agent's 5 trading desk, its 5 back office, and its 5 credit desk, all in real-time. The credit-bridging agent 5 acts as a clearing agent for this trade, and is able to monitor (e.g., using XML) the client-to-client exposure, in real time.
Thus is created a price-discovery mechanism for end-users 2 with direct transparency between entities 2 wishing to take opposite sides in the market for a particular instrument. The present invention encompasses decentralized operation of an arbitrary number of separate, type-1 and type-2 atomic units. Efficient price discovery is provided to the end user 2 in a decentralized liquidity rich auction environment, leveraging existing relationships, and co-existing with and indeed benefiting from traditional trading methodologies.
Furthermore, an arbitrary number of different type 0, type 1, and type 2 atomic units may be interconnected, bottom-up, as illustrated in.
In.
For purposes of simplicity, central computer 1 is not shown on.
Each connected piece of.
Prior to each trade, computer 1 internally computes the values that define one of these.
On.
Each trading channel 3 represents an account between a credit-extending agent and a client agent 4. In the preferred implementation of this invention, all credit-extending agents are credit-bridging agents 5. Even when two adjacent nodes 2 are fully qualified to be credit-extending agents 5, one acts as the credit-extending agent 5 in the transaction and the other acts as the client agent 4 in the transaction. The accounts that exist between credit-extending agents 5 and client agents 4 comprise specified input credit limits, balance holdings, and collateral; computer 1 calculates trading limits from this information.
The operator of computer 1 typically has, in its standard agreement with a subscribing agent 2, language stating that if the agent 2 has entered into a written subscription agreement with the operator of computer 1 and said agent 2 trades outside of the network 6,7 operated by the operator of computer 1, that agent 2 is obligated to notify the operator of computer 1 about such outside trades, so that computer 1 can recalculate the trading limits as necessary.
The network 6,7 of
As a trading system that leverages the existing relationships in the market for the traded instrument, the present invention provides all market players 2 (typically banks, financial institutions, clearing entities, hedge funds, and any corporations or other entities) the ability to trade directly with each other through a custom limit order book 24,25. These agents 2 may already be connected together with credit relationships, but prior art systems allow trading only between two parties that have an explicit credit arrangement. The present invention analyzes the credit-worthiness of a potentional counterparty 2 at a higher level, performing this analysis in real time, and providing each party 2 with a limit order book 24,25 customized to its 2 current credit availability.
For example, in.
Computer 1 then uses the information contained in Table 1 to create a custom limit order book 24,25 for each agent A, B, C, D, and causes the custom limit order book 24,25 to be displayed on the computer screen of the respective agent A, B, C, D. The filtered bids and offers in the custom limit order book 24,25 are for volumes that are an integral multiple of the lot size even if the computed Table 1 amounts contain values which are not integral multiples of the lot size, with non-integral multiples rounded toward 0.
If client A posts a bid for 10M, computer 1 causes the full bid to appear on the custom limit order books 24,25 of banks B and C, and computer 1 causes a filtered bid for 5M to appear on the custom limit order book 24,25 of client D, because the maximum credit (implicit or explicit) available between A and D is +/−$5M. If there is no implicit or explicit credit available between two nodes 2, they 2 are not allowed to see each other's bids and offers at all on their custom limit order books 24,25.
The network 6,7 of the present invention is preferably built using the Internet Protocol (IP) (because of its ubiquity), and may reside on the Internet itself or other public IP network 7 (.
It is also possible to locate part or all of the network 6,7 on a private fiber backbone 6, so that information bound for the Internet 7 can traverse most of the distance to its destination on the presumably higher speed private network 6. The slower public Internet 7 is then used for just the last segment of travel. It is also possible to provide clients 2 with dedicated bandwidth through private IP networks 6 in order to provide additional levels of quality and service. A single dedicated connection 6 may be backed up by an Internet connection 7, or multiple private connections 6 can be used to avoid the public network 7 entirely.
On.
The network 6,7 interfaces with both people and automated systems (computers), so it provides three access methods:
human—Graphical User Interface (standalone or browser-based application) for trading, interactive queries, and account management;
human/computer—HTTP reports interface (HTML, XML, PDF, or Excel) for queries only;
computer—Application Programming Interface 38 (available in Java and COBRA with bridges to FIX, JMS, SOAP, and ebXML) for trading, queries, and account management.
An agent's 2 software can be launched from the agent's 2 browser but run as a standalone application for better performance and stability.
The computer of each agent 2 can have associated therewith an application programming interface (API) 38. The API 38 is a standard interface exposed by the central computer 1 that enables the user 2 to write customized instructions enabling two-way communication between central computer 1 and the user 2. In the case where the user 2 is a credit extending agent 5, the API 38 can be used to update the agent's backoffice information. The agent 2 can program his API 38 to make and cancel orders (bids and/or offers). The agent 2 can use his API 38 to receive and reformat custom limit order books 24,25 for any instruments. The agent 2 can use his API 38 to set trading limits, with the understanding that the actual trading limits are the minimum of the trading limits specified by the two agents 4,5 associated with an account. The API 38 can be programmed to estimate how much it would cost an agent 2 to liquidate his position in an instrument. The API 38 can be programmed to estimate that agent's profit/loss amount for each instrument being traded; this information can be combined with the agent's custom limit order book 24, 25. Anything that can be achieved by the GUI (graphical user interface) (.
Any and all features of the API 38 can be programmed to operate automatically, including automatic bidding, offering, buying, and selling. Automated processes accessing computer 1 via application programming interface 38 or a bridge use the same cryptographic protocols as for a human agent 2 inputting instructions via his computer's GUI. Whether an API 38 or a GUI is used, an agent's private key for computerized access to computer 1 can be stored in the agent's computer, provided said computer has sufficient security safeguards.
As stated above, an entity using the proposed system may develop programs that partially or fully automate the trading process. Such programs may allow, for example, the automation of market-making, hedging, and forecasting strategies. Thus, such programs can automatically generate prices and post bids and offers in order to make a market, and can also automatically decide to hit bids/offers posted by other entities. Still further, such programs may allow a combination of computer and trader-driven decision making; for example, certain bids and/or offers may be hit automatically based on a computer forecast, while other bids and/or offers may be sent to graphical user interfaces, where action may be taken by traders.
One method for automating such processes is through the use of extensible machine-to-machine communication protocols such as those based on XML. XML, or the eXtensible Markup Language, describes a class of languages each called an “application” of XML. With XML, the producer of documents is no longer restricted to telling client browsers what a document should look like, but can instead be very explicit about what data a document contains. Where HTML might include instructions to render text as bold red text preceded by a particular “bullet” symbol, XML data instead specifies that a number is a change in a stock price, ignoring the presentation details. By saying what the data is, rather than how it should look, XML enables a new class of interactions that more meaningfully manipulate and respond to data. Most importantly, those interactions can be automated, involving only machine-to-machine communications, and allowing XML agents to act on behalf of an end user. Machine-to-machine communication may also use other protocols, e.g., those involving the use of Document Type Definitions (DTDs) or schemas.
Machine-to-machine communication may also be used by computer systems associated with trading entities to automatically query a large number of credit-extending entities (e.g., banks) simultaneously in order to request their rate (quote) for a desired currency. Such computer systems can then instantaneously and automatically choose the best price and place a corresponding order. This process could be performed, for example, using XML, where an XML document describes a query for a price to each bank, and each bank replies with its rate using a corresponding “chunk” of XML data.
Privacy, authentication, and non-repudiation are achieved in the present invention via the use of cryptography in a variety of different forms. The cryptographic techniques can comprise symmetric key and/or asymmetric key (public key) cryptography. All data streams are encrypted, e.g., by using SSL (Secure Socket Layer) connections or a combination of SSL encryption with additional authentication and encryption. Authentication can be required between computer 1 and an agent 2 at any and all times these devices 1,2 communicate with each other. This authentication can be achieved through the use of digital certificates. Revalidation of credentials can be required at the time a trade is consummated.
Each agent 2 may store its private key on a tamper-resistant hardware device such as a smartcard, protected by a password. The combination of a physical token (the card) with a logical token (the password) ensures two levels of security. The hardware token may contain a small CPU that allows it to perform the necessary cryptographic operations internally, so that the agent's private key never leaves the smartcard. In a preferred embodiment, computer 1 handles bulk encryption/decryption using symmetric key cryptography after the slower public key cryptography has been used to exchange a session key between agent 2 and computer 1.
While trading in the present invention is peer-to-peer, order matching for any particular instrument is done at a centralized location 1 to maintain transactional integrity.
Reporting of the trade is described below in conjunction with
A network 6,7 implementing the present invention can span the entire world, which means that there may be time differences for a message sent by different agents 2 to computer 1. Assuming a network 6,7 that sends signals at the speed of light but that cannot transmit through the Earth, a message sent to the other side of the Earth would have a round-trip time of at least 130 milliseconds. On existing IP networks, it is observed that if the central computer 1 were located in New York, the maximum average round-trip communication time between the central computer 1 and a computer in any of the major financial centers is less than 300 milliseconds.
We want to ensure that all agents 2 have a level playing field in accessing computer 1, regardless of where these agents 2 are situated around the world. Determining the latency for each agent 2 and then introducing an individual delay on an agent-by-agent basis to try to equalize time-of-arrival at computer 1 would be very difficult (due to short term fluctuations in network 6,7 lag), and could have the undesired effect of overcompensating. A malicious agent 2 could also falsify its network 6,7 delay, unfairly obtaining early access to computer 1.
In order to compensate for the various time lags in sending messages between agents 2 and computer 1 on a global basis, the present invention transmits information as rapidly as possible while flagging the order of messages to compensate for latency. The flagging is done by means of border outpost computers 16 (.
For agents 2 remote from computer 1, a border outpost computer 16 is inserted into the network 6,7, typically where the agent's data enters the private backbone 6 that connects to computer 1. Each border outpost computer 16 comprises a CPU 18, a trusted time source 17, and an input/output port 19. Time source 17, which may comprise a GPS clock accurate to a millionth of a second, is used to generate a digital time stamp that is added to each data packet before it is forwarded to computer 1. The GPS clocks 17 of all the border outpost computers 16 are synchronized with each other to a high degree of accuracy (typically one microsecond). The time stamp may be placed onto the packet without the border outpost computer 16 having to understand the packet or have access to its contents. At the computer 1 site, the time stamp is stripped off before the packet is processed, and then reassociated with the data after it is decrypted and parsed into a command. Computer 1 then sorts the messages into a queue by time order. After a fixed time delay, the message that is at the front of the queue is serviced by computer 1. The fixed time delay is chosen so that with a high degree of certainty a message from the remotest agent's 2 computer will arrive at computer 1 within the fixed time delay. The purpose of the fixed time delay is to allow all messages that might be the first-originated message to have a chance to arrive at computer 1 before execution of any messages takes place. The time stamp may be encrypted using either a symmetric or assymetric cipher, to prevent its modification or falsification.
Field 53 displays the top (best) orders from the point of view of the agent 2. Field 54 displays the best bid price for any agent 2 coupled to the network 6,7. Field 55 displays the last two digits (“84”) of the best available bid price. Field 56 displays the size at the best bid price. Field 57 displays agent 2's available liquidity for additional selling. Field 58 provides agent 2 with a mouse-clickable area (the big figure) enabling the agent 2 to jump to the buy or sell dialog screen 30 or 31, with amounts already filled in. Field 59 is a mouse-clickable numeric keypad allowing the agent 2 to create and cancel orders. Field 60 gives balance sheet values showing live valuations at market price and the profit that was banked by agent 2 for a certain period of time, such as the current day. Field 61 is a pop-up console allowing for the display of application messages, connection failure/retry messages, and broadcast messages from central computer 1. Field 62 displays the time since the agent 2 has logged in to computer 1. Field 63 displays the best available offer; in this case, four digits of the available offer are used to warn agent 2 that his best available offer is far from the overall best, due to a credit bottleneck. Field 64 shows this agent's orders in red. Field 65 shows this agent's current net position in the instrument being traded. Field 66 shows a summary of this agent's offers. Field 67 is a mouse-clickable area (tab 9) enabling the agent 2 to quickly cancel the top offer.
The method starts at step 151. In step 152, computer 1 asks whether there have been any trades made since the last multi-hop credit computation. This is meant to avoid unnecessary computation. If the answer to the question is “yes”, then step 153 is executed. At step 153, multi-hop credit limits are computed, as illustrated in.
Step 158 is then executed. X is defined as the flow limit (trading limit) between S and T minus the credit U between S and T that has already been used up. Y is then set to be the minimum of X and the bid size. In other words, Y is what we have to work with. Step 159 is executed, where it is asked whether Y is greater than 0. If not, the method cycles back to step 155. If “yes”, step 160 is executed. In step 160, the set of bids B is augmented by the current bid we are working with from step 157. Also in step 160, the credit used U is augmented by Y.
At step 161, it is asked whether enough offers have been found. Again, “enough” is a pre-established limit e.g., five, corresponding to N as before. If the answer to this is “yes”, the method stops at step 167. If the answer is “no”, step 162 is executed. At step 162, it is asked whether there are more unprocessed offers. If not, the method ends at step 167. If “yes”, step 163 is executed, where the lowest priced, oldest unprocessed offer is fetched. Then, step 164—is executed, where X is set to be the trading limit between S and T minus the unused credit U. Y is then set to be the minimum of X and the offer size. Step 165 is then executed. At step 165, it is asked whether Y is greater than 0. If not, control is passed back to step 161. If “yes”, step 166 is executed, where the current offer price being worked on from box 163 is added to the set of offers A; and the credit used U is augmented by Y. Control then passes back to step 161.
If S is found not to be equal to T at step 175, control is passed to step 177, which disables edges 3 where the edge origin 2 is not a credit bridge 5 and the edge origin 2 is not equal to S. An edge 3 may be disabled internally by adjusting its maximum capacity to 0 or by removing it from the set of edges 3 that comprise the graph. The “edge origin” is that node 2 from which the lot instrument L flows. Steps 177 and 178 eliminate agents 2 who have not agreed in advance to be intermediaries, i.e., “credit bridges”. An intermediary (credit bridge) is an agent 5 that allows two other agents 2 to do back-to-back trades through the intermediary agent 5. Step 178 disables edges 3 where the edge destination 2 is not a credit bridge 5 and the edge destination 2 is not equal to T. An “edge destination” is a node 2 that receives the flow of the lot instrument L.
At step 179, the maximal flow from S to T is computed using a maximal flow algorithm such as one of the algorithms disclosed in Chapter 7 of the Ahuja reference previously cited. At step 180, the multi-hop credit limit between S and T, LIM(S,T), is set to be equal to the maximum flow obtained from step 179. At step 181, the edges 3 that were disabled in steps 177 and 178 are re-enabled. Step 184 asks whether S is the last network node to be processed. If “yes”, the procedure concludes at step 186. If “no”, the process moves to step 185, where S is advanced to the next network node. Again, “next” is arbitrary and simply refers to any other unprocessed node 2. After step 185, the method re-executes steps 174.
Step 194 asks whether there is any such unprocessed account A. If “not”, this process stops at step 198. If there is an unprocessed account A, the process executes step 195, where the minimum and maximum excursions for account A are calculated. Step 195 is the subject of.
Step 203 asks whether position limits have been defined for the lot instrument. If yes, step 204 is executed. At step 204, the lot instrument position limits' effects on the maximum and minimum excursions are calculated. This is the subject of.
Then step 219 is executed, where the maximum excursion is set to be equal to the maximum of 0 and the current value of the maximum excursion. This is done because we don't want to have a negative maximum excursion. At step 220, the minimum excursion is set to be the minimum of 0 and the current value of the minimum excursion. This is done because we do not want to have a positive minimum excursion. Then, the method ends at step 221.
It is important to note that the order of taking into account the effects of the eight types of specified input credit limits is irrelevant, because each of the eight can only constrict an excursion more, not expand it. Therefore, the ultimate limit is the most restrictive one. All of the eight trading limits described herein are recalculated after each trade affecting that limit.
As used herein, a “trading limit” is something calculated by computer 1, and a “credit limit” is something specified by a guaranteeing agent 5.
Conventional mathematical shortcuts can be used to speed the calculations without necessarily having to repeat all the method steps in all but the first time a particular method is executed. All of the steps of
In step 233, computer 1 looks for another unsettled flow of instrument L in account A. “Another” is arbitrary. At step 234, it is asked whether such another unsettled flow exists. If not, control passes to step 238. If the answer is “yes”, step 235 is executed, wherein it is asked whether the flow is to account A's borrower 2. A “flow” is a transfer of a single instrument along a single edge 3. This is the same as asking whether the flow is to other than a guaranteeing agent 5, because the lender is the guaranteeing agent 5. If the answer is yes, step 236 is executed, during which POS is augmented by the flow amount, and control passes back to step 233. This inner loop 233-236 constitutes calculation of the net position, and is performed for each Q matching that L.
If the answer to the question posed in step 235 is “no”, step 237 is executed, wherein POS is decremented by the flow amount, and control is passed back to step 233. At step 238, X is set to be equal to PMAX(L) minus POS, and Y is set equal to PMIN(L) minus POS. X is the maximum excursion from this flowchart and Y is the minimum excursion from this flowchart. At step 239, the maximum excursion for the traded instrument L:Q is set to be equal to the minimum of the current value of this maximum excursion and X; and the minimum excursion for the traded instrument L:Q is set to be equal to the maximum of the minimum of the current value of the minimum excursion and Y. In other words, the set of maximum and minimum excursions is updated based upon the results of this flowchart. The method ends at step 240.
Control is then passed back to step 273. If the answer posed in step 274 is “no”, step 276 is executed, wherein X is set equal to VMAX(L) minus VOL, and Y is set equal to minus X, because of the definition of “volume”. Again, X and Y are the partial limits as calculated by this particular flowchart. Then in step 277, the maximum excursion is set equal to the minimum of the previous value of the maximum excursion and X; in the minimum excursion is set equal to the maximum of the previous value of the minimum-excursion and minus X. In other words, the overall excursions are updated based upon the results of this flowchart. The method then ends at step 278.
The method commences at step 291. At step 292, computer 1 retrieves the maximum notional position credit limit PMAXN, where N is the notional instrument, i.e, the instrument in which the limit is presented. In step 292, the notional position, NPOS, is also zeroed out. In step 293, computer 1 looks for another instrument C with flows in account A. C is an index designating the instrument for which we are executing the loop 293-301. The order of selecting the instruments is immaterial. Step 294 asks whether such another instrument C has been found. If not, control passes to step 302. If the answer is yes, step 295 is executed, wherein the instrument position, POS(C), is zeroed out. At step 296, computer 1 looks for another unsettled flow of instrument C in account A.
Step 297 asks whether such another unsettled flow has been found. If not, control passes to step 301. If the answer is “yes”, step 298 is executed, where it is asked whether the flow is to account A's borrower 2. If “yes”, POS(C) is augmented with the flow amount at step 299. If not, POS(C) is decremented by the flow amount at step 300. In either case, control is returned to step 296. Note that the inner loop 296-300 is analogous to the loops in.
Before we describe step 302, let us define A and B, as those terms are used in step 302. Note that “A” in step 302 is not the same as “account A”. A is the position of L, POS(L), multiplied by “fixed rate L:N”, which converts this position to the notional instrument. B is the position of Q, POS(Q), multiplied by “fixed rate Q:N”, which converts this to the notional instrument. The positions of L and Q are as calculated in the above loop 294-301; if L and Q were not subject to these notional limits, then A and B would be 0.
In step 302, computer 1 finds the minimum and maximum roots of F(X), where F(X) is defined in step 302. The term “root” is that of conventional mathematical literature, i.e., a value of X that makes F(X) equal to 0. Let us define E to be equal to the absolute value of A plus B, plus NPOS, minus the absolute value of A, minus the absolute value of B, minus PMAXN. If E is greater than 0, then there are no roots. In that eventuality, we set the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q, MAXEXC(L,Q), and the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q, MINEXC(L,Q), to be equal to 0. If E is less than or equal to 0, the maximum root is the maximum of minus A and B, minus E/2; and the minimum root is the minimum of minus A and B, plus E/2. Now we are ready to go to step 303.
At step 303, the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q. is set equal to the minimum of the previous version of the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and the maximum root multiplied by “fixed rate N:L”, which converts it to the lot instrument. Similarly, the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the maximum of the previous version of the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and the minimum root multiplied by the same conversion factor, “fixed rate N:L”. The method terminates at step 304.
Let R be the conversion factor “fixed rate C:N”, where C is the instrument that we are looping through currently. Then, step 315 sets VOL to be the previous VOL plus the quantity R times the flow amount. Step 313 is then entered into. At step 316, X is set equal to VMAXN minus VOL. Again, X is the limit from just this flowchart. At step 317, the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the minimum of the previous value of the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and X times “fixed rate N:L”, i.e., we are converting from the notional instrument to the lot instrument. Similarly, the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the maximum of the previous version of the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and minus X times the same conversion factor. The method ends at step 318.
The method starts at step 321. At step 322, computer 1 looks up the specified maximum position credit limit for the traded instrument L:Q, PMAX(L,Q), and the specified minimum position credit limit for the traded instrument L:Q, PMIN(L,Q). In step 322, the total position, POS, is also zeroed out. In step 323, computer 1 looks for another unsettled flow pair with lot instrument L, quoted instrument Q, and account A. Again, “another” is arbitrary. At step 324, it is asked whether such another unsettled flow pair has been found. If “no”, control passes to step 328. If “yes”, control passes to step 325, where it is asked whether the lot instrument flows to account A's borrower 2. In other words, the calculation is done in terms of the lot instrument to begin with, so that we do not have to convert to the lot instrument at the end of the calculation. If the answer to this question is “yes”, step 326 is executed, where POS is incremented with the lot instrument flow amount. Control then passes to step 323. If the answer to the question posed in step 325 is “no”, step 327 is executed, where POS is decremented by the lot instrument flow amount. Again, control then passes to step 323. At step 328, X is set equal to PMAX(L,Q) minus POS, and Y is set equal to PMIN(L,Q) minus POS. At step 329, the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the minimum of the previous version of the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and X; and the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the maximum of the previous value of the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and Y. The method ends at step 330.
At step 344, it is asked whether such another unsettled flow pair has been found. If “no”, control passes to step 346. If “yes”, control passes to step 345, where VOL is augmented by the lot instrument flow amount. The calculation is done in the lot instrument, so that we do not have to convert to the lot instrument at the end; and it makes the calculation more stable, because we don't have to worry about fluctuating rates. Control is then passed to step 343. At step 346, X is set equal to VMAX(L,Q) minus VOL. At step 347, the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the minimum of the previous version of the maximum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and X. Similarly, the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q is set equal to the maximum of the previous value of the minimum excursion of the traded instrument L:Q and minus X. The method stops at step 348.
The method starts at step 351. At step 352, central computer 1 issues an electronic deal ticket 353 to an auditor. The auditor is a trusted third party, e.g., an accounting firm. Ticket 353 has a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. The plaintext gives the ticket ID, and the time and date that the ticket 353 is generated. The encrypted portion states that agent B bought FL for FQ from agent S for settlement at T. Deal ticket 353 is digitally signed by central computer 1 for authentication purposes, and encrypted by central computer 1 in a way that the auditor can decrypt the message but central computer 1 cannot decrypt the message. This is done for reasons of privacy, and can be accomplished by computer 1 encrypting the message using the public key of the auditor in a scheme using public key cryptography.
At step 354, computer 1 issues an “in” flow ticket 355 to buyer B and to the auditor. Flow ticket 355 contains a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. The plaintext gives the ticket ID, the time and date the ticket 355 is generated, and the name of agent B. The encrypted portion states that you, agent B, bought FL for FQ from counterparty S for settlement at T. Ticket 355 is digitally signed by computer 1 and encrypted in such a way that it may be decrypted only by agent B and by the auditor, not by computer 1. Two different encryptions are done, one for agent B and one for the auditor.
At step 356, computer 1 issues an “out” flow ticket 357 to seller S and to the auditor. Out flow ticket 357 contains a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. The plaintext gives the ticket ID, the time and date of issuance, and the 2 name of agent S. The encrypted portion states that you, agent S, sold FL for FQ to counterparty B for settlement at T. Ticket 357 is digitally signed by computer 1 and encrypted only to agent S and to the auditor, not to computer 1. Two different encryptions are used, one to agent S and one to the auditor.
Tickets 353, 355, and 357 can include the digital identity of the individual within the agent 2 whose smartcard was plugged into the agent's computer when the transaction was made. The method ends at step 358.
The method begins at step 361. At step 362, computer 1 issues deal ticket 363 to the auditor. Ticket 363 contains a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. Ticket 363 is digitally signed by computer 1 and encrypted only to the auditor. The encrypted portion states that agent B bought FL for FQ from agent S for settlement at T, and that the deal was fulfilled by multiple direct trades in D, the directed deal fulfillment graph, i.e., the type of graph that is illustrated in.
At step 364, computer 1 looks for the next unprocessed agent V in graph D. Again, “next” is arbitrary. At step 365, it is asked whether such an unprocessed agent V has been found. If not, the method stops at step 366. If the answer is “yes”, node loop 370 is entered into. For agent V, this node loop examines the set EV of directed edges 3 in D which have agent V as either a source or destination. Each edge 3 has an amount F that is greater than zero and less than or equal to FL. Note that this verification process is for illustration only; there would not be a match if these constraints were not satisfied. At step 367, it is asked whether agent V is the ultimate buyer B of the deal. If “no”, control is passed to step 368. If “yes”, control is passed to step 371.
At step 368, it is asked whether agent V is the ultimate seller S of the deal. If “no”, control is passed to step 369. If “yes”, control is passed to step 372. At step 369, computer 1 concludes that agent V is an incidental participant in the deal, i.e., a middleman 5. Control is then passed to step 373, which verifies that the sum of the edge 3 amounts having agent V as a source equals the sum of the edge amounts 3 having agent V as a destination. Sums are used because that agent 5 could have several edges 3 in and out. Therefore, it is known that agent V has no net market position change.
Control is then passed to step 376. At step 372, it is verified that agent V is the source node 2 (as opposed to the destination node) of all edges 3 in EV. In step 375, it is verified that edge 3 amounts in EV sum to FL, the net amount sold. Control is then passed to step 376.
In step 371, it is verified that agent V is the destination node 2 (as opposed to the source node) of all edges 3 in EV. At step 374, it is verified that edge 3 amounts in EV sum to FL, the net amount bought. Control is then passed to step 376, where computer 1 looks for the next unprocessed edge in EV corresponding to account A. Steps 376-382 constitute an edge loop. Account A is any account held by or extended to counterparty X. Counterparty X is the counterparty 2 to agent V for that edge 3. The edge 3 has to have some amount F, where F is greater than 0 and less than or equal to FL, and an implicit counter-amount F times P; otherwise, there would be no way to clear the trade. Again, “next” in step 376 is arbitrary. Control is then passed to step 382.
At step 382, it is asked whether such a next unprocessed edge 3 has been found. If not, control is passed to step 364. If “yes”, control is passed to step 381, where it is asked whether agent V is the destination node 2 for this edge 3. If “yes”, then step 380 is executed. If “no”, then by definition, agent V is the source node 2 for this edge 3, and step 379 is executed. Control is passed to step 376 after either of step 379 or 380 is executed.
At step 380, computer 1 reports an “in” flow ticket 377 to agent V, because the lot currency is flowing in to agent V. Flow ticket 377 contains a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. The plaintext includes the ticket ID, the time and date of issuance, and the name of agent V. The encrypted portion states that you, agent V, bought F of L for F times P of Q from counterparty X for settlement at T. In this case, counterparty X is just the immediate neighbor 2 to agent V, preserving anonymity. Ticket 377 is digitally signed by computer 1 and encrypted by computer 1 only to agent V and to the auditor, not to computer 1. Two encryptions are performed, one to agent V and one to the auditor.
At step 379, computer 1 generates an “out” flow ticket 378 to agent V. Ticket 378 contains a plaintext portion and an encrypted portion. The plaintext includes the ticket ID, the time and date of issuance, and the name of agent V. The encrypted portion states that you, agent V, sold F of L for F times P of Q to counterparty X for settlement at T. Again, counterparty X is just the immediate neighbor 2 to agent V, preserving anonymity. Flow ticket 378 is digitally signed by computer 1 and encrypted by computer 1 only to agent V and to the auditor, not to computer 1. Two encryptions are performed, one to agent V and one to the auditor.
Tickets 363, 377, and 378 can include the digital identity of the individual within agent 2 whose smartcard was plugged into the agent's terminal when the transaction was made.
The above description is included to illustrate the operation of the preferred embodiments and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims. From the above discussion, many variations will be apparent to one skilled in the art that would yet be encompassed by the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method, comprising:
- executing program instructions by a computer system to generate dealable prices at which a first trading entity is willing to buy and/or sell a foreign currency pair; and
- communicating the generated prices from the computer system to a foreign exchange (FX) trading system accessible by a plurality of trading entities, wherein the communicating causes the FX trading system to post the communicated prices.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dealable prices are generated automatically by the computer system, and wherein the generated prices are communicated to an application programming interface of the FX trading system.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the generated dealable prices include bid and ask prices for the foreign currency pair, and wherein the generated prices are not communicated to the FX trading system via a graphical user interface.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the generated prices are communicated in a machine-to-machine communication protocol to an application programming interface of the FX trading system.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
- executing program instructions by the computer system to generate additional dealable prices for the foreign currency pair; and
- communicating the additional generated prices to the FX trading system via a graphical user interface of the FX trading system.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
- executing program instructions by the computer system to provide information from the first trading entity to the FX trading system, wherein the provided information is an indication to hit one or more dealable prices for the foreign currency pair posted to the FX trading system by another trading entity.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first trading entity is a non-credit-extending within the FX trading system.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the generated prices are for a spot trade of the foreign currency pair.
9. A method, comprising:
- executing program instructions by a computer system to determine to hit dealable prices for a foreign currency pair posted to a foreign exchange (FX) trading system; and
- executing program instructions by the computer system to provide information from a first trading entity to the FX trading system, wherein the provided information is an indication to hit one or more of the posted dealable prices for the foreign currency pair.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the determination to hit the dealable prices is performed automatically by the computer system, and wherein the indication is provided to an application programming interface of the FX trading system.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the FX trading system also includes a graphical user interface.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication is provided to the FX trading system without the use of a graphical user interface.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication is provided via a machine-to-machine communication protocol to an application programming interface of the FX trading system.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the posted dealable prices are for spot trades of the foreign currency pair.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication is to hit one or more dealable bid prices.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein the FX trading system is configured to anonymously match spot trades of the foreign currency pair.
17. A method, comprising:
- receiving, at a computer system, a plurality of current prices for a foreign exchange instrument; and
- the computer system executing program instructions to automatically generate a pricing forecast for the foreign exchange instrument.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the computer system using the forecast to select and hit dealable prices for the foreign exchange instrument.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the foreign exchange instrument is a currency pair, and wherein the plurality of current prices are received via a machine-to-machine protocol.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of current prices are received in response to a request for prices made to an application programming interface of a foreign exchange trading system.
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 9, 2015
Publication Date: Feb 18, 2016
Inventors: Arman Glodjo (Hamilton), Nathan D. Bronson (Durham, NC), Scott E. Harrington (Carrboro, NC)
Application Number: 14/795,454
