PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the U.S. National stage of the International Application No. PCT/US2015/016288, filed Feb. 18, 2015, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The International Application No. PCT/US2015/016288 claims priority under the following United States patent applications, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated by reference herein:
“TURBINE ABRADABLE LAYER WITH PROGRESSIVE WEAR ZONE HAVING A FRANGIBLE OR PIXELATED NIB SURFACE”, filed Feb. 25, 2014, and assigned Ser. No. 14/188,941; and
“TURBINE ABRADABLE LAYER WITH PROGRESSIVE WEAR ZONE MULTI LEVEL RIDGE ARRAYS”, filed Feb. 25, 2014, and assigned Ser. No. 14/188,958.
A concurrently filed International Patent Application entitled “TURBINE ABRADABLE LAYER WITH AIRFLOW DIRECTING PIXELATED SURFACE FEATURE PATTERNS”, docket number 2013P20413WO, and assigned serial number (unknown) is identified as a related application and is incorporated by reference herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to combustion or steam turbine engines having thermal barrier coating (TBC) layers and cooling holes on its component surfaces that are exposed to heated working fluids, such as combustion gasses or high pressure steam, including individual subcomponents that incorporate such TBC layers, such as blades, vanes or combustor transitions. More specifically the invention relates to protection of the TBC layer adjoining a component cooling hole margin by forming the hole in a micro surface feature (MSF), which circumscribes the hole. The MSF effectively forms a metallic boundary, which separates the adjoining TBC layer from the hole margin.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Known turbine engines, including gas turbine engines and steam turbine engines, incorporate shaft-mounted turbine blades circumferentially circumscribed by a turbine casing or housing. Hot gasses flowing past the turbine blades cause blade rotation that converts thermal energy within the hot gasses to mechanical work, which is available for powering rotating machinery, such as an electrical generator. Referring to FIGS. 1-6, known turbine engines, such as the gas turbine engine 80 include a multi stage compressor section 82, a combustor section 84, a multi stage turbine section 86 and an exhaust system 88. Atmospheric pressure intake air is drawn into the compressor section 82 generally in the direction of the flow arrows F along the axial length of the turbine engine 80. The intake air is progressively pressurized in the compressor section 82 by rows rotating compressor blades and directed by mating compressor vanes to the combustor section 84, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. The ignited fuel/air mixture, now under greater pressure and velocity than the original intake air, is directed by a combustor transition 85 to the sequential rows R1, R2, etc., in the turbine section 86. The engine's rotor and shaft 90 has a plurality of rows of airfoil cross sectional shaped turbine blades 92 terminating in distal blade tips 94 in the compressor 82 and turbine 86 sections. For convenience and brevity further discussion of turbine blades and abradable layers in the engine will focus on the turbine section 86 embodiments and applications, though similar constructions are applicable for the compressor section 82. Each blade 92 has a concave profile high pressure side 96 and a convex low pressure side 98. The high velocity and pressure combustion gas, flowing in the combustion flow direction F imparts rotational motion on the blades 92, spinning the rotor. As is well known, some of the mechanical power imparted on the rotor shaft is available for performing useful work. The combustion gasses are constrained radially distal the rotor by turbine casing 100 and proximal the rotor by air seals 102. Referring to the Row 1 section shown in FIG. 2, respective upstream vanes 104 and downstream vanes 106 direct upstream combustion gas generally parallel to the incident angle of the leading edge of turbine blade 92 and redirect downstream combustion gas exiting the trailing edge of the blade. The engine component surfaces that are in contact with working fluid combustion gasses often incorporate a thermal barrier coating (TBC) layer that is directly applied to the component substrate or over an intermediate metallic bond coat that was previously applied over the substrate.
Turbine blades and vanes, especially in the engine turbine section 86, as well as combustor transitions in the combustor section 84 often incorporate cooling holes that are in communication with the working fluid combustion gasses, in addition to a TBC layer. The cooling holes are formed through the TBC layer, exposing TBC material around the periphery of the cooling hole margins. The TBC material is relatively more friable and brittle than the component underlying metallic substrate BC layer. Thus TBC material adjoining cooling holes is susceptible to spallation or crack propagation during formation of the cooling hole through the TBC layer or during subsequent engine operation.
By way of general background not directly relevant to cooling holes formed within TBC layered surfaces of turbine engine components, but nonetheless relevant to engine operation, the exemplary turbine engine 80 turbine casing 100 proximal the blade tips 94 is lined with a plurality of sector shaped abradable components 110, each having a support surface 112 retained within and coupled to the casing and an abradable substrate 120 that is in opposed, spaced relationship with the blade tip by a blade tip gap G. The abradable substrate is often constructed of a metallic/ceramic material that has high thermal and thermal erosion resistance and that maintains structural integrity at high combustion temperatures. As the abradable surface 120 metallic ceramic materials is often more abrasive than the turbine blade tip 94 material a blade tip gap G is maintained to avoid contact between the two opposed components that might at best cause premature blade tip wear and in worse case circumstances might cause engine damage. Some known abradable components 110 are constructed with a monolithic metallic/ceramic abradable substrate 120. Other known abradable components 110 are constructed with a composite matrix composite (CMC) structure, comprising a ceramic support surface 112 to which is bonded a friable graded insulation (FGI) ceramic strata of multiple layers of closely-packed hollow ceramic spherical particles, surrounded by smaller particle ceramic filler, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,641,907. Spherical particles having different properties are layered in the substrate 120, with generally more easily abradable spheres forming the upper layer to reduce blade tip 94 wear. Another CMC structure is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0274336, wherein the surface includes a cut grooved pattern between the hollow ceramic spheres. The grooves are intended to reduce the abradable surface material cross sectional area to reduce potential blade tip 94 wear, if they contact the abradable surface. Other commonly known abradable components 110 are constructed with a metallic base layer support surface 112 to which is applied a thermally sprayed ceramic/metallic layer that forms the abradable substrate layer 120. As will be described in greater detail the thermally sprayed metallic layer may include grooves, depressions or ridges to reduce abradable surface material cross section for potential blade tip 94 wear reduction.
In addition to the desire to prevent blade tip 94 premature wear or contact with the abradable substrate 120, as shown in FIG. 3, for ideal airflow and power efficiency each respective blade tip 94 desirably has a uniform blade tip gap G relative to the abradable component 110 that is as small as possible (ideally zero clearance) to minimize blade tip airflow leakage L between the high pressure blade side 96 and the low pressure blade side 98 as well as axially in the combustion flow direction F. However, manufacturing and operational tradeoffs require blade tip gaps G greater than zero. Such tradeoffs include tolerance stacking of interacting components, so that a blade constructed on the higher end of acceptable radial length tolerance and an abradable component abradable substrate 120 constructed on the lower end of acceptable radial tolerance do not impact each other excessively during operation. Similarly, small mechanical alignment variances during engine assembly can cause local variations in the blade tip gap. For example in a turbine engine of many meters axial length, having a turbine casing abradable substrate 120 inner diameter of multiple meters, very small mechanical alignment variances can impart local blade tip gap G variances of a few millimeters.
During turbine engine 80 operation the turbine engine casing 100 may experience out of round (e.g., egg shaped) thermal distortion as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6. Casing 100 thermal distortion potential increases between operational cycles of the turbine engine 80 as the engine is fired up to generate power and subsequently cooled for servicing after thousands of hours of power generation. Commonly, as shown in FIG. 6, greater casing 100 and abradable component 110 distortion tends to occur at the uppermost 122 and lowermost 126 casing circumferential positions (i.e., 6:00 and 12:00 positions) compared to the lateral right 124 and left 128 circumferential positions (i.e., 3:00 and 9:00). If, for example as shown in FIG. 4 casing distortion at the 6:00 position causes blade tip contact with the abradable substrate 120 one or more of the blade tips may be worn during operation, increasing the blade tip gap locally in various other less deformed circumferential portions of the turbine casing 100 from the ideal gap G to a larger gap GW as shown in FIG. 5. The excessive blade gap Gw distortion increases blade tip leakage L, diverting hot combustion gas away from the turbine blade 92 airfoil, reducing the turbine engine's efficiency.
In the past flat abradable surface substrates 120 were utilized and the blade tip gap G specification conservatively chosen to provide at least a minimal overall clearance to prevent blade tip 94 and abradable surface substrate contact within a wide range of turbine component manufacturing tolerance stacking, assembly alignment variances, and thermal distortion. Thus, a relatively wide conservative gap G specification chosen to avoid tip/substrate contact sacrificed engine efficiency. Commercial desire to enhance engine efficiency for fuel conservation has driven smaller blade tip gap G specifications: preferably no more than 2 millimeters and desirably approaching 1 millimeter.
Past abradable designs have incorporated rows of radially repeating continuous ribs spanning the axial swept area of the blade tip with gaps between successive ribs, in order to reduce the potential surface contact area between the abradable ribs and the turbine blade tips. The projecting ribs were configured to control or inhibit hot gas flow across the blade tip from the pressure to suction side of the tip. For example, in order to reduce likelihood of blade tip/substrate contact, abradable components comprising metallic base layer supports with thermally sprayed metallic/ceramic abradable surfaces have been constructed with three dimensional planform profiles, such as shown in FIGS. 7-11. The exemplary known abradable surface component 130 of FIGS. 7 and 10 has a metallic base layer support 131 for coupling to a turbine casing 100, upon which a thermally sprayed metallic/ceramic layer has been deposited and formed into three-dimensional ridge and groove profiles by known deposition or ablative material working methods. Specifically in these cited figures a plurality of ridges 132 respectively have a common height HR distal ridge tip surface 134 that defines the blade tip gap G between the blade tip 94 and it. Each ridge also has side walls 135 and 136 that extend from the substrate surface 137 and define grooves 138 between successive ridge opposed side walls. The ridges 132 are arrayed with parallel spacing SR between successive ridge center lines and define groove widths WG. Due to the abradable component surface symmetry, groove depths DG correspond to the ridge heights HR. Compared to a solid smooth surface abradable, the ridges 132 have smaller cross section and more limited abrasion contact in the event that the blade tip gap G becomes so small as to allow blade tip 94 to contact one or more tips 134. However the relatively tall and widely spaced ridges 132 allow blade leakage L into the grooves 138 between ridges, as compared to the prior continuous flat abradable surfaces. In an effort to reduce blade tip leakage L, the ridges 132 and grooves 138 were oriented horizontally in the direction of combustion flow F (not shown) or diagonally across the width of the abradable surface 137, as shown in FIG. 7, so that they would tend to inhibit the leakage. Other known abradable components 140, shown in FIG. 8, have arrayed grooves 148 in crisscross patterns, forming diamond shaped ridge planforms 142 with flat, equal height ridge tips 144. Additional known abradable components have employed triangular rounded or flat tipped triangular ridges 152 shown in FIGS. 9 and 11. In the abradable component 150 of FIGS. 9 and 11, each ridge 152 has symmetrical side walls 155, 156 that terminate in a flat ridge tip 154. All ridge tips 154 have a common height HR and project from the substrate surface 157. Grooves 158 are curved and have a similar planform profile as the blade tip 94 camber line. Curved grooves 158 generally are more difficult to form than linear grooves 138 or 148 of the abradable components shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
Past abradable component designs have required stark compromises between blade tips wear resulting from contact between the blade tip and the abradable surface and blade tip leakage that reduces turbine engine operational efficiency. Optimizing engine operational efficiency required reduced blade tip gaps and smooth, consistently flat abradable surface topology to hinder air leakage through the blade tip gap, improving initial engine performance and energy conservation. As previously noted, any gap between the tip of a rotating blade and the surface to which it seals will result in a loss of turbine efficiency due to the depressurization of hot gas flowing over the tip of the blade rather than through the turbine. Abradable systems have finite service lives that are primarily attributable to either increased hardness of the abradable through gradual sintering by rubbing against the blade tip or loss of the coating through spallation. It is desirable to balance small blade tip/abradable surface gap and low erosion of those opposed surfaces for longer turbine service life between service outages.
In another drive for increased gas turbine operational efficiency and flexibility so-called “fast start” mode engines were being constructed that required faster full power ramp up (order of 40-50 Mw/minute). Aggressive ramp-up rates exacerbated potential higher incursion of blade tips into ring segment abradable coating, resulting from quicker thermal and mechanical growth and higher distortion and greater mismatch in growth rates between rotating and stationary components. This in turn required greater turbine tip clearance in the “fast start” mode engines, to avoid premature blade tip wear, than the blade tip clearance required for engines that are configured only for “standard” starting cycles. Thus as a design choice one needed to balance the benefits of quicker startup/lower operational efficiency larger blade tip gaps or standard startup/higher operational efficiency smaller blade tip gaps. Traditionally standard or fast start engines required different construction to accommodate the different needed blade tip gap parameters of both designs. Whether in standard or fast start configuration, decreasing blade tip gap for engine efficiency optimization ultimately risked premature blade tip wear, opening the blade tip gap and ultimately decreasing longer term engine performance efficiency during the engine operational cycle. The aforementioned ceramic matrix composite (CMC) abradable component designs sought to maintain airflow control benefits and small blade tip gaps of flat surface profile abradable surfaces by using a softer top abradable layer to mitigate blade tip wear. The abradable components of the U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0274336 also sought to reduce blade tip wear by incorporating grooves between the upper layer hollow ceramic spheres. However groove dimensions were inherently limited by the packing spacing and diameter of the spheres in order to prevent sphere breakage. Adding uniform height abradable surface ridges to thermally sprayed substrate profiles as a compromise solution to reduce blade tip gap while reducing potential rubbing contact surface area between the ridge tips and blade tips reduced likelihood of premature blade tip wear/increasing blade tip gap but at the cost of increased blade tip leakage into grooves between ridges. As noted above, attempts have been made to reduce blade tip leakage flow by changing planform orientation of the ridge arrays to attempt to block or otherwise control leakage airflow into the grooves.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In various embodiments of the invention that are described herein, steam or combustion turbine engine components, such as blades, vanes or combustor transitions, are constructed with cooling holes that are formed in and surrounded by a micro surface feature (MSF). The MSF protects the adjoining thermal barrier coating (TBC) from delamination or crack propagation during the hole formation process or during engine operation. The MSF effectively functions as a circumferential sleeve around the cooling hole margin so that relatively more friable TBC material that would otherwise define the cooling hole margin is not directly exposed to coolant fluid exhausting the hole, foreign object damage (FOD) or contact with cooling hole formation tooling when fabricating the hole through the TBC layer. The MSF is formed as a projection from the component substrate or during subsequent application of a metallic bond coat (BC) layer.
More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the invention feature a turbine component that is adapted for incorporation within a turbine engine, having an outer surface for exposure to heated working fluid that drives the engine (such as combustion gas within a combustion turbine engine). The component includes a metallic substrate having a substrate surface. A micro surface feature (MSF) projects from the substrate surface, having an MSF sidewall and an MSF upper surface forming part of the turbine component outer surface that caps the MSF sidewall. A cooling hole is formed within and is circumscribed by the MSF upper surface, with the hole extending within the substrate. A thermally sprayed or vapor deposited or solution/suspension plasma sprayed thermal barrier coat (TBC) is applied over the substrate and abutting the MSF sidewall, forming part of the component outer surface, for exposure to heated working fluid. In some embodiments of the invention the cooling hole or the MSF sidewall or both have central axes that are skewed relative to the substrate surface. In other embodiments the MSF sidewall has an undercut outer surface for mechanically anchoring the TBC layer to the MSF. In some embodiments the MSF is formed in the metallic substrate, while in other embodiments the MSF is formed in or covered by a bond coat (BC) that is interposed between the substrate and the TBC layer. The component may comprise a plurality of the MSFs with cooling holes therein that are arrayed about the substrate.
Other embodiments of the invention are directed to a turbine engine that includes a turbine housing; a rotor having blades rotatively mounted in the turbine housing, a rotor having blades rotatively mounted in the turbine housing; and turbine vanes mounted in the turbine housing at least upstream of the blades. At least one turbine component has an outer surface for exposure to heated working fluid that drives the engine (such as combustion gas within a combustion turbine engine). The component includes a metallic substrate having a substrate surface. A micro surface feature (MSF) projects from the substrate surface, having an MSF sidewall and an MSF upper surface forming part of the turbine component outer surface that caps the MSF sidewall. A cooling hole is formed within and is circumscribed by the MSF upper surface, with the hole extending within the substrate. A thermally sprayed or vapor deposited or solution/suspension plasma sprayed thermal barrier coat (TBC) is applied over the substrate and abutting the MSF sidewall, forming part of the component outer surface, for exposure to heated working fluid. In some embodiments of the invention the cooling hole or the MSF sidewall or both have central axes that are skewed relative to the substrate surface. In other embodiments the MSF sidewall has an undercut outer surface for mechanically anchoring the TBC layer to the MSF. In some embodiments the MSF is formed in the metallic substrate, while in other embodiments the MSF is formed in or covered by a bond coat (BC) that is interposed between the substrate and the TBC layer. The component may comprise a plurality of the MSFs with cooling holes therein that are arrayed about the substrate.
Yet other embodiments of the invention are directed to a method for making a turbine component that is adapted for incorporation within a turbine engine, having an outer surface for exposure to heated working fluid that drives the engine and cooling holes formed through the outer surface. A metallic substrate having a substrate surface is provided. A micro surface feature (MSF) is formed on and projects from the substrate surface. The MSF has an MSF sidewall and an MSF upper surface. The MSF upper surface forms part of the turbine component outer surface, capping the MSF sidewall. A thermally sprayed or vapor deposited or solution/suspension plasma deposited thermal barrier coat (TBC) layer is applied over the substrate surface, abutting the MSF sidewall. The TBC layer forms part of the component outer surface, for exposure to engine heated working fluid. A cooling hole is formed within and is circumscribed by the MSF upper surface.
The respective features of the invention may be applied jointly or severally in any combination or sub-combination by those skilled in the art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The teachings of the invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial axial cross sectional view of an exemplary known gas turbine engine;
FIG. 2 is a detailed cross sectional elevational view of Row 1 turbine blade and vanes showing blade tip gap G between a blade tip and abradable component of the turbine engine of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a radial cross sectional schematic view of a known turbine engine, with ideal uniform blade tip gap G between all blades and all circumferential orientations about the engine abradable surface;
FIG. 4 is a radial cross sectional schematic view of an out of round known turbine engine showing blade tip and abradable surface contact at the 12:00 uppermost and 6:00 lowermost circumferential positions;
FIG. 5 is a radial cross sectional schematic view of a known turbine engine that has been in operational service with an excessive blade tip gap Gw that is greater than the original design specification blade tip gap G;
FIG. 6 is a radial cross sectional schematic view of a known turbine engine, highlighting circumferential zones that are more likely to create blade tip wear and zones that are less likely to create blade tip wear;
FIGS. 7-9 are plan or plan form views of known ridge and groove patterns for turbine engine abradable surfaces;
FIGS. 10 and 11 are cross sectional elevational views of known ridge and groove patterns for turbine engine abradable surfaces taken along sections C-C of FIGS. 7 and 9, respectively;
FIGS. 12-17 are plan or plan form views of “hockey stick” configuration ridge and groove patterns of turbine engine abradable surfaces, in accordance with exemplary embodiments that are described in greater detail herein, with schematic overlays of turbine blades;
FIGS. 18 and 19 are plan or plan form views of another “hockey stick” configuration ridge and groove pattern for a turbine engine abradable surface that includes vertically oriented ridge or rib arrays aligned with a turbine blade rotational direction, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment, and a schematic overlay of a turbine blade;
FIG. 20 is a comparison graph of simulated blade tip leakage mass flux from leading to trailing edge for a respective exemplary continuous groove hockey stick abradable surface profile of the type shown in FIGS. 12-17 and a split groove with interrupting vertical ridges hockey stick abradable surface profile of the type shown in FIGS. 18 and 19;
FIG. 21 is a plan or plan form view of another “hockey stick” configuration ridge and groove pattern for an abradable surface, having intersecting ridges and grooves, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment, and a schematic overlay of a turbine blade;
FIG. 22 is a plan or plan form view of another “hockey stick” configuration ridge and groove pattern for an abradable surface, similar to that of FIGS. 18 and 19, which includes vertically oriented ridge arrays that are laterally staggered across the abradable surface in the turbine engine's axial flow direction, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 23 is a plan or plan form view of a “zig-zag” configuration ridge and groove pattern for an abradable surface, which includes horizontally oriented ridge and groove arrays across the abradable surface in the turbine engine's axial flow direction, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 24 is a plan or plan form view of a “zig-zag” configuration ridge and groove pattern for an abradable surface, which includes diagonally oriented ridge and groove arrays across the abradable surface, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 25 is a plan or plan form view of a “zig-zag” configuration ridge and groove pattern for an abradable surface, which includes Vee shaped ridge and groove arrays across the abradable surface, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIGS. 26-29 are plan or plan form views of nested loop configuration ridge and groove patterns of turbine engine abradable surfaces, in accordance with exemplary embodiments, with schematic overlays of turbine blades;
FIGS. 30-33 are plan or plan form views of maze or spiral configuration ridge and groove patterns of turbine engine abradable surfaces, in accordance with exemplary embodiments, with schematic overlays of turbine blades;
FIGS. 34 and 35 are plan or plan form views of a compound angle with curved rib transitional section configuration ridge and groove pattern for a turbine engine abradable, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment, and a schematic overlay of a turbine blade;
FIG. 36 is a comparison graph of simulated blade tip leakage mass flux from leading to trailing edge for a respective exemplary compound angle with curved rib transitional section configuration ridge and groove pattern abradable surface of the type of FIGS. 34 and 35, an exemplary known diagonal ridge and groove pattern of the type shown in FIG. 7, and a known axially aligned ridge and groove pattern abradable surface abradable surface profile;
FIG. 37 is a plan or plan form view of a multi height or elevation ridge profile configuration and corresponding groove pattern for an abradable surface, suitable for use in either standard or “fast start” engine modes, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 38 is a cross sectional view of the abradable surface embodiment of FIG. 37 taken along C-C thereof;
FIG. 39 is a schematic elevational cross sectional view of a moving blade tip and abradable surface embodiment of FIGS. 37 and 38, showing blade tip leakage L and blade tip boundary layer flow in accordance with embodiments described herein;
FIGS. 40 and 41 are schematic elevational cross sectional views similar to FIG. 39, showing blade tip gap G, groove and ridge multi height or elevational dimensions in accordance with embodiments described herein;
FIG. 42 is an elevational cross sectional view of a known abradable surface ridge and groove profile similar to FIG. 11;
FIG. 43 is an elevational cross sectional view of a multi height or elevation stepped profile ridge configuration and corresponding groove pattern for an abradable surface, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 44 is an elevational cross sectional view of another embodiment of a multi height or elevation stepped profile ridge configuration and corresponding groove pattern for an abradable surface of the invention;
FIG. 45 is an elevational cross sectional view of a multi depth groove profile configuration and corresponding ridge pattern for an abradable surface, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 46 is an elevational cross sectional view of an asymmetric profile ridge configuration and corresponding groove pattern for an abradable surface, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 47 a perspective view of an asymmetric profile ridge configuration and multi depth parallel groove profile pattern for an abradable surface, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 48 is a perspective view of an asymmetric profile ridge configuration and multi depth intersecting groove profile pattern for an abradable surface, wherein upper grooves are tipped longitudinally relative to the ridge tip, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 49 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an asymmetric profile ridge configuration and multi depth intersecting groove profile pattern for an abradable surface, wherein upper grooves are normal to and skewed longitudinally relative to the ridge tip;
FIG. 50 is an elevational cross sectional view of cross sectional view of a multi depth, parallel groove profile configuration in a symmetric profile ridge for an abradable surface, in accordance with another embodiment;
FIGS. 51 and 52 are respective elevational cross sectional views of multi depth, parallel groove profile configurations in a symmetric profile ridge for an abradable surface, wherein an upper groove is tilted laterally relative to the ridge tip, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 53 is a perspective view of an abradable surface, in accordance with embodiment, having asymmetric, non-parallel wall ridges and multi depth grooves;
FIGS. 54-56 are respective elevational cross sectional views of multi depth, parallel groove profile configurations in a trapezoidal profile ridge for an abradable surface, wherein an upper groove is normal to or tilted laterally relative to the ridge tip, in accordance with alternative embodiments described herein;
FIG. 57 is a is a plan or plan form view of a multi-level intersecting groove pattern for an abradable surface in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 58 is a perspective view of a stepped profile abradable surface ridge, wherein the upper level ridge has an array of pixelated upstanding nibs projecting from the lower ridge plateau, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 59 is an elevational view of a row of pixelated upstanding nibs projecting from the lower ridge plateau, taken along C-C of FIG. 58;
FIG. 60 is an alternate embodiment of the upstanding nibs of FIG. 59, wherein the nib portion proximal the nib tips are constructed of a layer of material having different physical properties than the material below the layer, in accordance with an embodiment described herein;
FIG. 61 is a schematic elevational view of the pixelated upper nib embodiment of FIG. 58, wherein the turbine blade tip deflects the nibs during blade rotation;
FIG. 62 is a schematic elevational view of the pixelated upper nib embodiment of FIG. 58, wherein the turbine blade tip shears off all or a part of upstanding nibs during blade rotation, leaving the lower ridge and its plateau intact and spaced radially from the blade tip by a blade tip gap;
FIG. 63 is a schematic elevational view of the pixelated upper nib embodiment of FIG. 58, wherein the turbine blade tip has sheared off all of the upstanding nibs during blade rotation and is abrading the plateau surface of the lower ridge portion;
FIG. 64 is a plan or planform view of peeled layers of an abradable component with a curved elongated pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment described herein;
FIG. 65 is a plan or planform view of peeled layers of an abradable component with a diagonal elongated pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with another exemplary embodiment described herein;
FIG. 66 is a plan or planform view showing peeled layers of an abradable component with a “hockey-stick” elongated pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 67 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a herringbone pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of chevron-shaped micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 68 is a detailed perspective view of a chevron-shaped micro surface feature (MSF) of FIG. 67;
FIG. 69 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a herringbone pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of an alternative embodiment chevron-shaped micro surface features (MSF), which comprise two linear elements converging at an apex that are separated by a gap at the apex;
FIG. 70 is a detailed perspective view of the alternative embodiment chevron-shaped micro surface feature (MSF) of FIG. 69;
FIG. 71 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of a plurality of curved- or annular sector-shaped micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 72 is a detailed perspective view of an annular sector-shaped micro surface feature (MSF) of FIG. 71;
FIG. 73 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of composite annular sector-shaped and rectangular or linear micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 74 is a detailed perspective view of the composite annular sector-shaped and linear micro surface features (MSF) of FIG. 73;
FIG. 75 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a diamond pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of linear micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 76 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a undulating pattern pixelated major planform (PMPP) of curved micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 77 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of discontinuous curved micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 78 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a zig-zag undulating pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of first height and higher second height micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 79 is a cross sectional view of the abradable component of FIG. 78;
FIG. 80 is a fragmented plan or planform view showing an abradable component surface with a zig-zag undulating pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) of first height and higher second height micro surface features (MSF), in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 81 is a cross sectional view of the abradable component of FIG. 80;
FIG. 82 is a cross sectional view of an abradable component with micro surface features (MSF) formed in a metallic bond coat that is applied over a support substrate, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 83 is a cross sectional view of an abradable component with micro surface features (MSF) formed in a support substrate, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 84 is a detailed cross sectional elevational view, similar to that of FIG. 2, of a turbine engine with Row 1 turbine blade and Rows 1 and 2 vanes incorporating one or more exemplary cooling hole micro surface feature (MSF) embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 85 is an exterior plan view of a turbine engine component cooling hole within an MSF, oriented on an outer surface of the component that is exposed to hot working fluid gas in the engine, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 86 is a cross sectional view of the cooling hole within an MSF of FIG. 85, wherein the MSF is formed directly on the component substrate;
FIGS. 87-89 are cross sectional views of alternative embodiment cooling holes within MSFs;
FIGS. 90-94 are cross sectional views of exemplary method steps for making a cooling hole within an MSF, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, wherein as in FIG. 86, the MSF is formed directly on the substrate;
FIG. 95 is a cross sectional view of the cooling hole within an MSF, wherein the MSF is formed in a bond coat (BC) layer applied over the component substrate; and
FIGS. 96-98 are cross sectional views of alternative exemplary method steps for making a cooling hole within an MSF, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, wherein as in FIG. 95, the MSF is formed in a bond coat (BC) layer applied over the component substrate.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. The figures are not drawn to scale. The following common designators for dimensions, cross sections, fluid flow, turbine blade rotation, axial or radial orientation and fluid pressure have been utilized throughout the various invention embodiments described herein:
A forward or upstream zone of an abradable surface;
aft or downstream zone of an abradable surface;
C-C abradable cross section;
DG abradable groove depth;
F flow direction through turbine engine;
G turbine blade tip to abradable surface gap;
GW worn turbine blade tip to abradable surface gap;
H height of a micro surface feature (MSF);
HR abradable ridge height;
L turbine blade tip leakage or length of a micro surface feature (MSF);
P abradable surface plan view or planform;
PP turbine blade higher pressure side;
PS turbine blade lower pressure or suction side;
R turbine blade rotational direction;
R1 Row 1 of the turbine engine turbine section;
R2 Row 2 of the turbine engine turbine section;
SR abradable ridge centerline spacing;
W width of a micro surface feature (MSF);
WG abradable groove width;
WR abradable ridge width;
α abradable groove planform angle relative to the turbine engine axial dimension;
β abradable ridge sidewall angle relative to vertical or normal the abradable surface;
γ abradable groove fore-aft tilt angle relative to abradable ridge height;
Δ abradable groove skew angle relative to abradable ridge longitudinal axis;
ε abradable upper groove tilt angle relative to abradable surface and/or ridge surface; and
Φ abradable groove arcuate angle.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the invention described herein can be readily utilized in turbine engine components, including gas turbine engines, where component surfaces that are exposed to hot working fluid, such as combustion gas, have thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and cooling holes formed in the TBC layer. In exemplary embodiments described in greater detail herein, cooling holes in a turbine component, such as a blade, vane or combustor transition, are formed in and surrounded by a micro surface feature (MSF) “sleeve” that protects the adjoining thermal barrier coating (TBC) from delamination or crack propagation during the hole formation or during engine operation. The MSF effectively functions as a circumferential sleeve around the cooling hole margin so that relatively more friable TBC material that would otherwise define the cooling hole margin is not directly exposed to coolant fluid exhausting the hole, foreign object damage (FOD) or contact with cooling hole formation tooling when fabricating the hole through the TBC layer. The MSF is formed as a projection from the component substrate or during subsequent application of a metallic bond coat (BC) layer. The micro surface features (MSFs) are formed by: (i) known thermal spray of molten particles to build up the surface feature or (ii) known additive layer manufacturing build-up application of the surface feature, such as by 3-D printing, sintering, electron or laser beam deposition or (iii) known ablative removal of substrate material manufacturing processes, defining the feature by portions that were not removed.
Features of various embodiments of the invention that are described herein can be combined to satisfy performance requirements of different turbine applications, even though not every possible combination of embodiments and features of the invention is specifically described in detail herein.
General Summary of Thermally Sprayed TBC Application in Combustion Turbine Engine Components The turbine engine of FIG. 84 includes cooling holes 85A/99/105 within turbine component outer surfaces that are constructed in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, which are not shown in the turbine engine of FIGS. 1 and 2. For simplicity and ease of comprehension, identical reference numbers used for equivalent components shown in the respective sets of figures. Referring to FIG. 84, the combustion turbine engine 80 includes a multi stage compressor section 82, a combustion section 84, a multi stage turbine section 86 and an exhaust system 88. Atmospheric pressure intake air is drawn into the compressor section 82 generally in the direction of the flow arrows F along the axial length of the turbine engine 80. The intake air is progressively pressurized in the compressor section 82 by rows rotating compressor blades and directed by mating compressor vanes to the combustion section 84, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. The ignited fuel/air mixture, now under greater pressure and velocity than the original intake air, is directed through a transition 85 to the sequential blade rows R1, R2, etc., in the turbine section 86. The engine's rotor and shaft 90 has a plurality of rows of airfoil cross sectional shaped turbine blades 92 terminating in distal blade tips 94 in the compressor 82 and turbine 86 sections. For convenience and brevity further discussion of thermal barrier coat (TBC) layers on the engine components will focus on the turbine section 86 embodiments and applications, though similar constructions are applicable for the compressor 82 or combustion 84 sections, as well as for steam turbine engine components. In the engine's 80 turbine section 86, each turbine blade 92 has a concave profile high pressure side 96 and a convex low pressure side 98. Cooling holes 99 that are formed in the blade 92 facilitate passage of cooling fluid along the blade surface. The high velocity and pressure combustion gas, flowing in the combustion flow direction F imparts rotational motion on the blades 92, spinning the rotor. As is well known, some of the mechanical power imparted on the rotor shaft is available for performing useful work. The combustion gasses are constrained radially distal the rotor by turbine casing 100 and proximal the rotor by air seals 102 comprising abradable surfaces. Referring to the Row 1 section shown in FIG. 2, respective upstream vanes 104 and downstream vanes 106 respectively direct upstream combustion gas generally parallel to the incident angle of the leading edge of turbine blade 92 and redirect downstream combustion gas exiting the trailing edge of the blade for a desired entry angle into downstream Row 2 turbine blades (not shown). Cooling holes 105 that are formed in the vanes 104, 106 facilitate passage of cooling fluid along the vane surface. It is noted that the cooling holes 85A, 99 and 105 shown in FIG. 84 are merely schematic representations, are enlarged for visual clarity and are not drawn to scale. A typical combustor transition 85, turbine blade 92 or vane 104, 106 has many more cooling holes distributed about their respective outer surfaces that are of much smaller diameter relative to the respective transition, blade or vane total surface area that is exposed to the engine combustion gas.
As previously noted, turbine component surfaces that are exposed to combustion gasses are often constructed with a thermal barrier coating (TBC) layer for insulation of their underlying substrates. Typical TBC coated surfaces include the turbine blades 92, the vanes 104, 106 and related turbine vane carrier surfaces and combustion section transitions 85. The TBC layer for blade 92, vane 104, 106 and transition 85 exposed surfaces are often applied by thermal sprayed or vapor deposition or solution/suspension plasma spray methods, with a total TBC layer thickness of 300-2000 microns (μm).
FIGS. 12-41 and 43-83 are exemplary turbine blade tip opposing abradable surface planform and projection profile invention embodiments described in the related patent applications for which priority is claimed herein. The abradable component cross sectional profiles shown in FIGS. 38-56 and 58-63 that are formed in the thermally sprayed or vapor deposited abradable layer comprise composite multi height/depth ridge and groove patterns that have distinct upper (zone I) and lower (zone II) wear zones. The abradable component cross sectional profiles shown in FIGS. 64-83 comprise pixelated major planform patterns (PMPP) of discontinuous micro surface features (MSF), over which is applied an abradable layer, so that the finished blade tip abradable layer 120 has aggregate planform and cross sectional patterns of ridge and groove patterns similar to those of the solid rib and groove constructions of FIGS. 12-37 and 57.
With respect to the FIGS. 12-37 and 57 abradable surface patterns—again with ridges and grooves projecting multiple thousands of microns above the underlying substrate surface compared to 2000 or less TBC layer thickness on blade, vane or transition component combustion gas exposed surfaces—the lower wear zone II optimizes engine airflow and structural characteristics while the upper wear zone I minimizes blade tip gap and wear by being more easily abradable than the lower zone. Various embodiments of the abradable component afford easier abradability of the upper zone with upper sub ridges or nibs having smaller cross sectional area than the lower zone rib structure. In some embodiments the upper sub ridges or nibs are formed to bend or otherwise flex in the event of minor blade tip contact and wear down and/or shear off in the event of greater blade tip contact. In other embodiments the upper zone I sub ridges or nibs are pixelated into arrays of upper wear zones so that only those nibs in localized contact with one or more blade tips are worn while others outside the localized wear zone remain intact. In the event that the localized blade tip gap is further reduced, the blade tips wear away the zone II lower ridge portion at that location. However the relatively higher ridges outside that lower ridge portion localized wear area maintain smaller blade tip gaps to preserve engine performance efficiency.
With the progressive wear zones construction of some blade tip abradable wear surface 120 embodiments of the prior applications for which priority is claimed herein, blade tip gap G can be reduced from previously acceptable known dimensions. For example, if a known acceptable blade gap G design specification is 1 mm the higher ridges in wear zone I can be increased in height so that the blade tip gap is reduced to 0.5 mm. The lower ridges that establish the boundary for wear zone II are set at a height so that their distal tip portions are spaced 1 mm from the blade tip. In this manner a 50% tighter blade tip gap G is established for routine turbine operation, with acceptance of some potential wear caused by blade contact with the upper ridges in zone I. Continued localized progressive blade wearing in zone II will only be initiated if the blade tip encroaches into the lower zone, but in any event the blade tip gap G of 1 mm is no worse than known blade tip gap specifications. In some exemplary embodiments the upper zone I height is approximately ⅓ to ⅔ of the lower zone II height. If the blade tip gap G becomes reduced for any one or more blades due to turbine casing 100 distortion, fast engine startup mode or other reason initial contact between the blade tip 94 and the abradable component 10 will occur at the higher ridge tips forming Zone I. While still in zone I the blade tips 94 only rub the alternate staggered higher ridges. If the blade gap G progressively becomes smaller, the higher ridges will be abraded until they are worn all the way through zone I and start to contact the lower ridge tips in zone II. Once in Zone II the turbine blade tip 94 rubs all of the remaining ridges at the localized wear zone, but in other localized portions of the turbine casing there may be no reduction in the blade tip gap G and the upper ridges may be intact at their full height. Thus the alternating height rib construction of some of the abradable component 110 embodiments accommodates localized wear within zones I and II, but preserve the blade tip gap G and the aerodynamic control of blade tip leakage in those localized areas where there is no turbine casing 100 or blade 92 distortion.
Multi-height wear zone constructions in abradable components are also beneficial for so-called “fast start” mode engines that require faster full power ramp up (order of 40-50 Mw/minute). Aggressive ramp-up rates exacerbate potential higher incursion of blade tips into ring segment abradable coating 120, resulting from quicker thermal and mechanical growth and higher distortion and greater mismatch in growth rates between rotating and stationary components. When either standard or fast start or both engine operation modes are desired the taller ridges Zone I form the primary layer of clearance, with the smallest blade tip gap G, providing the best energy efficiency clearance for machines that typically utilize lower ramp rates or that do not perform warm starts. Generally the ridge height for the lower ridge tips in Zone II is between 25%-75% of the higher ridge tip height of those forming Zone I.
Turbine Blade Tip Abradable Component TBC Application Insulative layers of greater thickness than 1000 microns are often applied to sector shaped turbine blade tip abradable components 110 (hereafter referred to generally as an “abradable component”) that line the turbine engine 80 turbine casing 100 in opposed relationship with the blade tips 94. The abradable components 110 having a support surface 112 retained within and coupled to the casing and an insulative abradable substrate 120 that is in opposed, spaced relationship with the blade tip by a blade tip gap G. The abradable substrate is often constructed of a metallic/ceramic material, similar to the TBC coating materials that are applied to blade 92, vane 104, 106 and transition 85 combustion gas exposed surfaces. Those abradable substrate materials have high thermal and thermal erosion resistance and maintain structural integrity at high combustion temperatures. Generally, it should be understood that some form of TBC layer is formed over the blade tip abradable component 110 bare underlying metallic support surface substrate 112 for the latter's insulative protection plus the insulative substrate thickness that projects at additional height over the TBC. Thus it should be understood that abradable components 110 have a functionally equivalent TBC layer to the TBC layer applied over the turbine transition 85, blade 92 and vane 102/104, The abradable surface 120 function is analogous to a shoe sole or heel that protects the abradable component support surface substrate 112 from wear and provides an additional layer of thermal protection. Exemplary materials used for blade tip abradable surface ridges/grooves include pyrochlore, fully cubic or partially stabilized yttria stabilized zirconia. As the abradable surface 120 metallic ceramic materials is often more abrasive than the turbine blade tip 94 material a blade tip gap G is maintained to avoid contact between the two opposed components that might at best cause premature blade tip wear and in worse case circumstances might cause engine damage.
Blade tip abradable components 110 are often constructed with a metallic base layer support surface 112, to which is applied a thermally sprayed ceramic/metallic abradable substrate layer 120 of many thousands of microns thickness, i.e., multiples of the typical transition 85 blade 92 or vane 104/106 TBC layer thickness. As will be described in greater detail herein, the abradable layer of exemplary turbine blade tip opposing abradable surface planform and projection profile invention embodiments described in the related patent applications for which priority is claimed herein include grooves, depressions or ridges in the abradable substrate layer 120 to reduce abradable surface material cross section for potential blade tip 94 wear reduction and for directing combustion airflow in the gap region G. Commercial desire to enhance engine efficiency for fuel conservation has driven smaller blade tip gap G specifications: preferably no more than 2 millimeters and desirably approaching 1 millimeter (1000 μm).
Abradable Surface Planforms Exemplary invention embodiment abradable surface ridge and groove planform patterns are shown in FIGS. 12-37 and 57. Unlike known abradable planform patterns that are uniform across an entire abradable surface, many of the present invention planform pattern embodiments are composite multi groove/ridge patterns that have distinct forward upstream (zone A) and aft downstream patterns (zone B). Those combined zone A and zone B ridge/groove array planforms direct gas flow trapped inside the grooves toward the downstream combustion flow F direction to discourage gas flow leakage directly from the pressure side of the turbine airfoil toward the suction side of the airfoil in the localized blade leakage direction L. The forward zone is generally defined between the leading edge and the mid-chord of the blade 92 airfoil at a cutoff point where a line parallel to the turbine 80 axis is roughly in tangent to the pressure side surface of the airfoil. From a more gross summary perspective, the axial length of the forward zone A can also be defined generally as roughly one-third to one-half of the total axial length of the airfoil. The remainder of the array pattern comprises the aft zone B. More than two axially oriented planform arrays can be constructed in accordance with embodiments of the invention. For example forward, middle and aft ridge/groove array planforms can be constructed on the abradable component surface.
The embodiments shown in FIGS. 12-19, 21, 22, 34-35, 37 and 57 have hockey stick-like planform patterns. The forward upstream zone A grooves and ridges are aligned generally parallel (+/−10%) to the combustion gas axial flow direction F within the turbine 80 (see FIG. 1). The aft downstream zone B grooves and ridges are angularly oriented opposite the blade rotational direction R. The range of angles is approximately 30% to 120% of the associated turbine blade 92 camber or trailing edge angle. For design convenience the downstream angle selection can be selected to match any of the turbine blade high or low pressure averaged (linear average line) side wall surface or camber angle (see, e.g., angle αB2 of FIG. 14 on the high pressure side, commencing at the zone B starting surface and ending at the blade trailing edge), the trailing edge angle (see, e.g., angle αB1 of FIG. 15); the angle matching connection between the leading and trailing edges (see, e.g., angle αB1 of FIG. 14); or any angle between such blade geometry established angles, such as αB3. Hockey stick-like ridge and groove array planform patterns are as relatively easy to form on an abradable surface as purely horizontal or diagonal know planform array patterns, but in fluid flow simulations the hockey stick-like patterns have less blade tip leakage than either of those known unidirectional planform patterns. The hockey stick-like patterns are formed by known cutting/abrading or additive layer building methods that have been previously used to form known abradable component ridge and groove patterns.
In FIG. 12, the abradable component 160 has forward ridges/ridge tips 162A/164A and grooves 168A that are oriented at angle αA within +/−10 degrees relative to the axial turbine axial flow direction F. The aft ridges/ridge tips 162B/164B and grooves 168B are oriented at an angle αB that is approximately the turbine blade 92 trailing edge angle. As shown schematically in FIG. 12, the forward ridges 162A block the forward zone A blade leakage direction and the rear ridges 162B block the aft zone B blade leakage L. Horizontal spacer ridges 169 are periodically oriented axially across the entire blade 92 footprint and about the circumference of the abradable component surface 167, in order to block and disrupt blade tip leakage L, but unlike known design flat, continuous surface abradable surfaces reduce potential surface area that may cause blade tip contact and wear.
The abradable component 170 embodiment of FIG. 13 is similar to that of FIG. 12, with the forward portion ridges 172A/174A and grooves 178A oriented generally parallel to the turbine combustion gas flow direction F while the rear ridges 172B/174B and grooves 178B are oriented at angle αB that is approximately equal to that formed between the pressure side of the turbine blade 92 starting at zone B to the blade trailing edge. As with the embodiment of FIG. 12, the horizontal spacer ridges 179 are periodically oriented axially across the entire blade 92 footprint and about the circumference of the abradable component surface 167, in order to block and disrupt blade tip leakage L.
The abradable component 180 embodiment of FIG. 14 is similar to that of FIGS. 12 and 13, with the forward portion ridges 182A/184A and grooves 188A oriented generally parallel to the turbine combustion gas flow direction F while the rear ridges 182B/184B and grooves 188B are selectively oriented at any of angles αB1 to αB3. Angle αB1 is the angle formed between the leading and trailing edges of blade 92. As in FIG. 13, angle αB2 is approximately parallel to the portion of the turbine blade 92 high pressure side wall that is in opposed relationship with the aft zone B. As shown in FIG. 14 the rear ridges 182B/184B and grooves 188B are actually oriented at angle αB3, which is an angle that is roughly 50% of angle αB2. As with the embodiment of FIG. 12, the horizontal spacer ridges 189 are periodically oriented axially across the entire blade 92 footprint and about the circumference of the abradable component surface 187, in order to block and disrupt blade tip leakage L.
In the abradable component 190 embodiment of FIG. 15 the forward ridges 192A/194A and grooves 198A and angle αA are similar to those of FIG. 14, but the aft ridges 192B/194B and grooves 198B have narrower spacing and widths than FIG. 14. The alternative angle αB1 of the aft ridges 192B/194B and grooves 198B shown in FIG. 15 matches the trailing edge angle of the turbine blade 92, as does the angle αB in FIG. 12. The actual angle αB2 is approximately parallel to the portion of the turbine blade 92 high pressure side wall that is in opposed relationship with the aft zone B, as in FIG. 13. The alternative angle αB3 and the horizontal spacer ridges 199 match those of FIG. 14, though other arrays of angles or spacer ridges can be utilized.
Alternative spacer ridge patterns are shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. In the embodiment of FIG. 16 the abradable component 200 incorporates an array of full-length spacer ridges 209 that span the full axial footprint of the turbine blade 92 and additional forward spacer ridges 209A that are inserted between the full-length ridges. The additional forward spacer ridges 209A provide for additional blockage or blade tip leakage in the blade 92 portion that is proximal the leading edge. In the embodiment of FIG. 17 the abradable component 210 has a pattern of full-length spacer ridges 219 and also circumferentially staggered arrays of forward spacer ridges 219A and aft spacer ridges 219B. The circumferentially staggered ridges 219A/B provide for periodic blocking or disruption of blade tip leakage as the blade 92 sweeps the abradable component 210 surface, without the potential for continuous contact throughout the sweep that might cause premature blade tip wear.
While arrays of horizontal spacer ridges have been previously discussed, other embodiments of the invention include vertical spacer ridges. More particularly the abradable component 220 embodiment of FIGS. 18 and 19 incorporate forward ridges 222A between which are groove 228A. Those grooves are interrupted by staggered forward vertical ridges 223A that interconnect with the forward ridges 222A. The vertical As is shown in FIG. 18 the staggered forward vertical ridges 223A form a series of diagonal arrays sloping downwardly from left to right. A full-length vertical spacer ridge 229 is oriented in a transitional zone T between the forward zone A and the aft zone B. The aft ridges 222B and grooves 228B are angularly oriented, completing the hockey stick-like planform array with the forward ridges 222A and grooves 228A. Staggered rear vertical ridges 223B are arrayed similarly to the forward vertical ridges 223A. The vertical ridges 223A/B and 229 disrupt generally axial airflow leakage across the abradable component 220 grooves from the forward to aft portions that otherwise occur with uninterrupted full-length groove embodiments of FIGS. 12-17, but at the potential disadvantage of increased blade tip wear at each potential rubbing contact point with one of the vertical ridges. Staggered vertical ridges 223A/B as a compromise periodically disrupt axial airflow through the grooves 228A/B without introducing a potential 360 degree rubbing surface for turbine blade tips. Potential 360 degree rubbing surface contact for the continuous vertical ridge 229 can be reduced by shortening that ridge vertical height relative to the ridges 222A/B or 223 A/B, but still providing some axial flow disruptive capability in the transition zone T between the forward grooves 228A and the rear grooves 228B.
FIG. 20 shows a simulated fluid flow comparison between a hockey stick-like ridge/groove pattern array planform with continuous grooves (solid line) and split grooves disrupted by staggered vertical ridges (dotted line). The total blade tip leakage mass flux (area below the respective lines) is lower for the split groove array pattern than for the continuous groove array pattern.
Staggered ridges that disrupt airflow in grooves do not have to be aligned vertically in the direction of blade rotation R. As shown in FIG. 21 the abradable component 230 has patterns of respective forward and aft ridges 232A/B and grooves 238A/B that are interrupted by angled patterns of ridges 233A/B (αA, αB) that connect between successive rows of forward and aft ridges and periodically block downstream flow within the grooves 238 A/B. As with the embodiment of FIG. 18, the abradable component 230 has a continuous vertically aligned ridge 239 located at the transition between the forward zone A and aft zone B. The intersecting angled array of the ridges 232A and 233A/B effectively block localized blade tip leakage L from the high pressure side 96 to the low pressure side 98 along the turbine blade axial length from the leading to trailing edges.
It is noted that the spacer ridge 169, 179, 189, 199, 209, 219, 229, 239, etc., embodiments shown in FIGS. 12-19 and 21 may have different relative heights in the same abradable component array and may differ in height from one or more of the other ridge arrays within the component. For example if the spacer ridge height is less than the height of other ridges in the abradable surface it may never contact a blade tip but can still function to disrupt airflow along the adjoining interrupted groove.
FIG. 22 is an alternative embodiment of a hockey stick-like planform pattern abradable component 240 that combines the embodiment concepts of distinct forward zone A and aft zone B respective ridge 242 A/B and groove 248A/B patterns which intersect at a transition T without any vertical ridge to split the zones from each other. Thus the grooves 248A/B form a continuous composite groove from the leading or forward edge of the abradable component 240 to its aft most downstream edge (see flow direction F arrow) that is covered by the axial sweep of a corresponding turbine blade. The staggered vertical ridges 243A/B interrupt axial flow through each groove without potential continuous abrasion contact between the abradable surface and a corresponding rotating blade (in the direction of rotation arrow R) at one axial location. However the relatively long runs of continuous straight-line grooves 248A/B, interrupted only periodically by small vertical ridges 243 A/B, provide for ease of manufacture by water jet erosion or other known manufacturing techniques. The abradable component 240 embodiment offers a good subjective design compromise among airflow performance, blade tip wear and manufacturing ease/cost.
FIGS. 23-25 show embodiments of abradable component ridge and groove planform arrays that comprise zig-zag patterns. The zig-zag patterns are formed by adding one or more layers of material on an abradable surface substrate to form ridges or by forming grooves within the substrate, such as by known laser or water jet cutting methods. In FIG. 23 the abradable component 250 substrate surface 257 has a continuous groove 258 formed therein, starting at 258′ and terminating at 258″ defines a pattern of alternating finger-like interleaving ridges 252. Other groove and ridge zig-zag patterns may be formed in an abradable component. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 24 the abradable component 260 has a continuous pattern diagonally oriented groove 268 initiated at 268′ and terminating at 268″ formed in the substrate surface 267, leaving angular oriented ridges 262. In FIG. 25 the abradable component embodiment 270 has a vee or hockey stick-like dual zone multi groove pattern formed by a pair of grooves 278A and 278B in the substrate surface 277. Groove 278 starts at 278′ and terminates at 278″. In order to complete the vee or hockey stick-like pattern on the entire substrate surface 277 the second groove 278A is formed in the bottom left hand portion of the abradable component 270, starting at 278A′ and terminating at 278A″. Respective blade tip leakage L flow-directing front and rear ridges, 272A and 272B, are formed in the respective forward and aft zones of the abradable surface 277, as was done with the abradable embodiments of FIGS. 12-19, 21 and 22. The groove 258, 268, 278 or 278A do not have to be formed continuously and may include blocking ridges like the ridges 223A/B of the embodiment of FIGS. 18 and 19, in order to inhibit gas flow through the entire axial length of the grooves.
FIGS. 26-29 show embodiments of abradable component ridge and groove planform arrays that comprise nested loop patterns. The nested loop patterns are formed by adding one or more layers of material on an abradable surface substrate to form ridges or by forming grooves within the substrate, such as by known laser or water jet cutting methods. The abradable component 280 embodiment of FIG. 26 has an array of vertically oriented nested loop patterns 281 that are separated by horizontally oriented spacer ridges 289. Each loop pattern 281 has nested grooves 288A-288E and corresponding complementary ridges comprising central ridge 282A loop ridges 282 B-282E. In FIG. 27 the abradable component 280′ includes a pattern of nested loops 281A in forward zone A and nested loops 281B in the aft zone B. The nested loops 281A and 281B are separated by spacer ridges both horizontally 289 and vertically 289A. In the abradable embodiment 280″ of FIG. 28 the horizontal portions of the nested loops 281″ are oriented at an angle α. In the abradable embodiment 280″ of FIG. 29 the nested generally horizontal or axial loops 281A″ and 281B′″ are arrayed at respective angles αA and αB in separate forward zone A and aft zone B arrays. The fore and aft angles and loop dimensions may be varied to minimize blade tip leakage in each of the zones.
FIGS. 30-33 show embodiments of abradable component ridge and groove planform arrays that comprise spiral maze patterns, similar to the nested loop patterns. The maze patterns are formed by adding one or more layers of material on an abradable surface substrate to form ridges. Alternatively, as shown in these related figures, the maze pattern is created by forming grooves within the substrate, such as by known laser or water jet cutting methods. The abradable component 290 embodiment of FIG. 30 has an array of vertically oriented nested maze patterns 291, each initiating at 291A and terminating at 291B, that are separated by horizontally oriented spacer ridges 299. In FIG. 31 the abradable component 290′includes a pattern of nested mazes 291A in forward zone A and nested mazes 291B in the aft zone B. The nested mazes 291A and 291B are separated by spacer ridges both horizontally 299′ and vertically 293′. In the abradable embodiment 290″ of FIG. 32 the horizontal portions of the nested mazes 291″ are oriented at an angle α. In the abradable embodiment 290′″ of FIG. 33 the generally horizontal portions of mazes 291A′″ and 291B′″ are arrayed at respective angles αA and αB in separate forward zone A and aft zone B arrays, while the generally vertical portions are aligned with the blade rotational sweep. The fore and aft angles αA and αB and maze dimensions may be varied to minimize blade tip leakage in each of the zones.
FIGS. 34 and 35 are directed to an abradable component 300 embodiment with separate and distinct multi-arrayed ridge 302A/302B and groove 308A/308B pattern in the respective forward zone A and aft zone B that are joined by a pattern of corresponding curved ridges 302T and grooves 308T in a transition zone T. In this exemplary embodiment pattern the grooves 308A/B/T are formed as closed loops within the abradable component 300 surface, circumscribing the corresponding ribs 302A/B/T. Inter-rib spacing SRA, SRB and SRT and corresponding groove spacing may vary axially and vertically across the component surface in order to minimize local blade tip leakage. As will be described in greater detail herein, rib and groove cross sectional profile may be asymmetrical and formed at different angles relative to the abradable component 300 surface in order to reduce localized blade tip leakage. FIG. 36 shows comparative fluid dynamics simulations of comparable depth ridge and groove profiles in abradable components. The solid line represents blade tip leakage in an abradable component of the type of FIGS. 34 and 35. The dashed line represents a prior art type abradable component surface having only axial or horizontally oriented ribs and grooves. The dotted line represents a prior art abradable component similar to that of FIG. 7 with only diagonally oriented ribs and grooves aligned with the trailing edge angle of the corresponding turbine blade 92. The abradable component 300 had less blade tip leakage than the leakage of either of the known prior art type unidirectional abradable surface ridge and groove patterns.
Abradable Surface Ridge and Groove Cross Sectional Profiles Exemplary invention embodiment abradable surface ridge and groove cross sectional profiles are shown in FIGS. 37 41 and 43 63. Unlike known abradable cross sectional profile patterns that have uniform height across an entire abradable surface, many of the present invention cross sectional profiles formed in the thermally sprayed abradable layer comprise composite multi height/depth ridge and groove patterns that have distinct upper (zone I) and lower (zone II) wear zones. The lower zone II optimizes engine airflow and structural characteristics while the upper zone I minimizes blade tip gap and wear by being more easily abradable than the lower zone. Various embodiments of the abradable component afford easier abradability of the upper zone with upper sub ridges or nibs having smaller cross sectional area than the lower zone rib structure. In some embodiments the upper sub ridges or nibs are formed to bend or otherwise flex in the event of minor blade tip contact and wear down and/or shear off in the event of greater blade tip contact. In other embodiments the upper zone sub ridges or nibs are pixelated into arrays of upper wear zones so that only those nibs in localized contact with one or more blade tips are worn while others outside the localized wear zone remain intact. While upper zone portions of the ridges are worn away they cause less blade tip wear than prior known monolithic ridges and afford greater profile forming flexibility than CMC/FGI abradable component constructions that require profiling around the physical constraints of the composite hollow ceramic sphere matrix orientations and diameters. In embodiments of the invention as the upper zone ridge portion is worn away the remaining lower ridge portion preserves engine efficiency by controlling blade tip leakage. In the event that the localized blade tip gap is further reduced, the blade tips wear away the lower ridge portion at that location. However the relatively higher ridges outside that lower ridge portion localized wear area maintain smaller blade tip gaps to preserve engine performance efficiency.
With the progressive wear zones construction of some embodiments of the invention blade tip gap G can be reduced from previously acceptable known dimensions. For example, if a known acceptable blade gap G design specification is 1 mm the higher ridges in wear zone I can be increased in height so that the blade tip gap is reduced to 0.5 mm. The lower ridges that establish the boundary for wear zone II are set at a height so that their distal tip portions are spaced 1 mm from the blade tip. In this manner a 50% tighter blade tip gap G is established for routine turbine operation, with acceptance of some potential wear caused by blade contact with the upper ridges in zone I. Continued localized progressive blade wearing in zone II will only be initiated if the blade tip encroaches into the lower zone, but in any event the blade tip gap G of 1 mm is no worse than known blade tip gap specifications. In some exemplary embodiments the upper zone I height is approximately ⅓ to ⅔ of the lower zone II height.
The abradable component 310 of FIGS. 37-41 has alternating height curved ridges 312A and 312B that project up from the abradable surface 317 and structurally supported by the support surface 311. Grooves 318 separate the alternating height ridges 312A/B and are defined by the ridge side walls 315A/B and 316A/B. Wear zone I is established from the respective tips 314A of taller ridges 312A down to the respective tips 314B of the lower ridges 312B. Wear zone II is established from the tips 314B down to the substrate surface 317. Under turbine operating conditions (FIGS. 39 and 40) the blade gap G is maintained between the higher ridge tips 312A and the blade tip 94. While the blade gap G is maintained blade leakage L travels in the blade 92 rotational direction (arrow R) from the higher pressurized side of the blade 96 (at pressure PP) to the low or suction pressurized side of the blade 98 (at pressure PS). Blade leakage L under the blade tip 94 is partially trapped between an opposed pair of higher ridges 312A and the intermediate lower ridge 312B, forming a blocking swirling pattern that further resists the blade leakage. If the blade tip gap G becomes reduced for any one or more blades due to turbine casing 100 distortion, fast engine startup mode or other reason initial contact between the blade tip 94 and the abradable component 310 will occur at the higher ridge tips 314A. While still in zone I the blade tips 94 only rub the alternate staggered higher ridges 312A. If the blade gap G progressively becomes smaller, the higher ridges 312A will be abraded until they are worn all the way through zone I and start to contact the lower ridge tips 314B in zone II. Once in Zone II the turbine blade tip 94 rubs all of the remaining ridges 314A/B at the localized wear zone, but in other localized portions of the turbine casing there may be no reduction in the blade tip gap G and the upper ridges 312 A may be intact at their full height. Thus the alternating height rib construction of the abradable component 310 accommodates localized wear within zones I and II, but preserves the blade tip gap G and the aerodynamic control of blade tip leakage L in those localized areas where there is no turbine casing 100 or blade 92 distortion. When either standard or fast start or both engine operation modes are desired the taller ridges 312A form the primary layer of clearance, with the smallest blade tip gap G, providing the best energy efficiency clearance for machines that typically utilize lower ramp rates or that do not perform warm starts. Generally the ridge height HRB for the lower ridge tips 314B is between 25%-75% of the higher ridge tip 314A height, HRA. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 41 the centerline spacing SRA between successive higher ridges 312A equals the centerline spacing SRB between successive lower ridges 312B. Other centerline spacing and patterns of multi height ridges, including more than two ridge heights, can be employed.
Other embodiments of ridge and groove profiles with upper and lower wear zones include the stepped ridge profiles of FIGS. 43 and 44, which are compared to the known single height ridge structure of the prior art abradable 150 in FIG. 42. Known single height ridge abradables 150 include a base support 151 that is coupled to a turbine casing 100, a substrate surface 157 and symmetrical ridges 152 having inwardly sloping side walls 155, 156 that terminate in a flat ridge tip 154. The ridge tips 154 have a common height and establish the blade tip gap G with the opposed, spaced blade tip 94. Grooves 158 are established between ridges 152. Ridge spacing SR, groove width WG and ridge width WR are selected for a specific application. In comparison, the stepped ridge profiles of FIGS. 43 and 44 employ two distinct upper and lower wear zones on a ridge structure.
The abradable component 320 of FIG. 43 has a support surface 321 and an abradable surface 327 upon which are arrayed distinct two-tier ridges: lower ridge 322B and upper ridge 322A. The lower ridge 322B has a pair of sidewalls 325B and 326B that terminate in plateau 324B of height HRB. The upper ridge 322A is formed on and projects from the plateau 324B, having side walls 325A and 326A terminating in a distal ridge tip 324A of height HRA and width WR. The ridge tip 324A establishes the blade tip gap G with an opposed, spaced blade tip 94. Wear zone II extends vertically from the abradable surface 327 to the plateau 324B and wear zone I extends vertically from the plateau 324B to the ridge tip 324A. The two rightmost ridges 322A/B in FIG. 43 have asymmetrical profiles with merged common side walls 326A/B, while the opposite sidewalls 325A and 325B are laterally offset from each other and separated by the plateau 324B of width W. Grooves 328 are defined between the ridges 322A/B. The leftmost ridge 322A′/B′ has a symmetrical profile. The lower ridge 322B′ has a pair of converging sidewalls 325B′ and 326B′, terminating in plateau 324B′. The upper ridge 322A′ is centered on the plateau 324B′, leaving an equal width offset WP′ with respect to the upper ridge sidewalls 325A′ and 326A′. The upper ridge tip 324A′ has width WR′. Ridge spacing SR and groove width WG are selected to provide desired blade tip leakage airflow control. In some exemplary embodiments of abradable component ridge and groove profiles described herein the groove widths WG are approximately ⅓-⅔ of lower ridge width. While the ridges and grooves shown in FIG. 43 are symmetrically spaced, other spacing profiles may be chosen, including different ridge cross sectional profiles that create the stepped wear zones I and II.
FIG. 44 shows another stepped profile abradable component 330 with the ridges 332A/B having vertically oriented parallel side walls 335A/B and 336A/B. The lower ridge terminates in ridge plateau 334B, upon which the upper ridge 332A is oriented and terminates in ridge tip 334A. In some applications it may be desirable to employ the vertically oriented sidewalls and flat tips/plateaus that define sharp-cornered profiles, for airflow control in the blade tip gap. The upper wear zone I is between the ridge tip 334A and the ridge plateau 334B and the lower wear zone is between the plateau and the abradable surface 337. As with the abradable embodiment 320 of FIG. 43, while the ridges and grooves shown in FIG. 44 are symmetrically spaced, other spacing profiles may be chosen, including different ridge cross sectional profiles that create the stepped wear zones I and II.
In another permutation or species of stepped ridge construction abradable components, separate upper and lower wear zones I and II also may be created by employing multiple groove depths, groove widths and ridge widths, as employed in the abradable 340 profile shown in FIG. 45. The lower rib 342B has rib plateau 344B that defines wear zone II in conjunction with the abradable surface 347. The rib plateau 344B supports a pair of opposed, laterally flanking upper ribs 342A, which terminate in common height rib tips 344A. The wear zone I is defined between the rib tips 344A and the plateau 344B. A convenient way to form the abradable component 340 profiles is to cut dual depth grooves 348A and 348B into a flat surfaced abradable substrate at respective depths DGA and DGB. Ridge spacing SR, groove width WGA/B and ridge tip 344A width WR are selected to provide desired blade tip leakage airflow control. While the ridges and grooves shown in FIG. 45 are symmetrically spaced, other spacing profiles may be chosen, including different ridge cross sectional profiles that create the stepped wear zones I and II.
As shown in FIG. 46, in certain turbine applications it may be desirable to control blade tip leakage by employing an abradable component 350 embodiment having asymmetric profile abradable ridges 352 with vertically oriented, sharp-edged upstream sidewalls 356 and sloping opposite downstream sidewalls 355 extending from the substrate surface 357 and terminating in ridge tips 354. Blade leakage L is initially opposed by the vertical sidewall 356. Some leakage airflow L nonetheless is compressed between the ridge tip 354 and the opposing blade tip 94 while flowing from the high pressure blade side 96 to the lower pressure suction blade side 98 of the blade. That leakage flow follows the downward sloping ridge wall 355, where it is redirected opposite blade rotation direction R by the vertical sidewall 356 of the next downstream ridge. The now counter flowing leakage air L opposes further incoming leakage airflow L in the direction of blade rotation R. Dimensional references shown in FIG. 46 are consistent with the reference descriptions of previously described figures. While the abradable component embodiment 350 of FIG. 46 does not employ the progressive wear zones I and II of other previously described abradable component profiles, such zones may be incorporated in other below-described asymmetric profile rib embodiments.
Progressive wear zones can be incorporated in asymmetric ribs or any other rib profile by cutting grooves into the ribs, so that remaining upstanding rib material flanking the groove cut has a smaller horizontal cross sectional area than the remaining underlying rib. Groove orientation and profile may also be tailored to enhance airflow characteristics of the turbine engine by reducing undesirable blade tip leakage, is shown in the embodiment of FIG. 47 to be described subsequently herein. In this manner, the thermally sprayed abradable component surface is constructed with both enhanced airflow characteristics and reduced potential blade tip wear, as the blade tip only contacts portions of the easier to abrade upper wear zone I. The lower wear zone II remains in the lower rib structure below the groove depth. Other exemplary embodiments of abradable component ridge and groove profiles used to form progressive wear zones are now described. Structural features and component dimensional references in these additional embodiments that are common to previously described embodiments are identified with similar series of reference numbers and symbols without further detailed description.
FIG. 47 shows an abradable component 360 having the rib cross sectional profile of the FIG. 46 abradable component 350, but with inclusion of dual level grooves 368A formed in the ridge tips 364 and 368B formed between the ridges 362 to the substrate surface 367. The upper grooves 368A form shallower depth DG lateral ridges that comprise the wear zone I while the remainder of the ridge 362 below the groove depth comprises the lower wear zone II. In this abradable component embodiment 360 the upper grooves 368A are oriented parallel to the ridge 362 longitudinal axis and are normal to the ridge tip 364 surface, but other groove orientations, profiles and depths may be employed to optimize airflow control and/or minimize blade tip wear.
In the abradable component 370 embodiment of FIG. 48 a plurality of upper grooves 378A are tilted fore-aft relative to the ridge tip 374 at angle γ, depth DGA and have parallel groove side walls. Upper wear zone I is established between the bottom of the groove 378A and the ridge tip 374 and lower wear zone II is below the upper wear zone down to the substrate surface 377. In the alternative embodiment of FIG. 49 the abradable component 380 has upper grooves 388A with rectangular profiles that are skewed at angle A relative to the ridge 382 longitudinal axis and its sidewalls 385/386. The upper groove 388A as shown is also normal to the ridge tip 384 surface. The upper wear zone I is above the groove depth DGA and wear zone II is below that groove depth down to the substrate surface 387. For brevity the remainder of the structural features and dimensions are labelled in FIGS. 48 and 49 with the same conventions as the previously described abradable surface profile embodiments and has the same previously described functions, purposes and relationships.
As shown in FIGS. 50-52, upper grooves do not have to have parallel sidewalls and may be oriented at different angles relative to the ridge tip surface. Also upper grooves may be utilized in ridges having varied cross sectional profiles. The ridges of the abradable component embodiments 390, 400 and 410 have symmetrical sidewalls that converge in a ridge tip. As in previously described embodiments having dual height grooves, the respective upper wear zones I are from the ridge tip to the bottom of the groove depth DG and the lower wears zones II are from the groove bottom to the substrate surface. In FIG. 50 the upper groove 398A is normal to the substrate surface (ε=90°) and the groove sidewalls diverge at angle Φ. In FIG. 51 the groove 408A is tilted at angle +ε relative to the substrate surface and the groove 418A in FIG. 52 is tilted at −ε relative to the substrate surface. In both of the abradable component embodiments 400 and 410 the upper groove sidewalls diverge at angle Φ. For brevity the remainder of the structural features and dimensions are labelled in FIGS. 50-52 with the same conventions as the previously described abradable surface profile embodiments and has the same previously described functions, purposes and relationships.
In FIGS. 53-56 the abradable ridge embodiments shown have trapezoidal cross sectional profiles and ridge tips with upper grooves in various orientations, for selective airflow control, while also having selective upper and lower wear zones. In FIG. 53 the abradable component 430 embodiment has an array of ridges 432 with asymmetric cross sectional profiles, separated by lower grooves 438B. Each ridge 432 has a first side wall 435 sloping at angle β1 and a second side wall 436 sloping at angle β2. Each ridge 432 has an upper groove 438A that is parallel to the ridge longitudinal axis and normal to the ridge tip 434. The depth of upper groove 438A defines the lower limit of the upper wear zone I and the remaining height of the ridge 432 defines the lower wear zone II.
In FIGS. 54-56 the respective ridge 422, 442 and 452 cross sections are trapezoidal with parallel side walls 425/445/455 and 426/446/456 that are oriented at angle β. The right side walls 426/446/456 are oriented to lean opposite the blade rotation direction, so that air trapped within an intermediate lower groove 428B/448B/458B between two adjacent ridges is also redirected opposite the blade rotation direction, opposing the blade tip leakage direction from the upstream high pressure side 96 of the turbine blade to the low pressure suction side 98 of the turbine blade, as was shown and described in the asymmetric abradable profile 350 of FIG. 46. Respective upper groove 428A/448A/458A orientation and profile are also altered to direct airflow leakage and to form the upper wear zone I. Groove profiles are selectively altered in a range from parallel sidewalls with no divergence to negative or positive divergence of angle Φ, of varying depths DG and at varying angular orientations ε with respect to the ridge tip surface. In FIG. 54 the upper groove 428A is oriented normal to the ridge tip 424 surface (ε=90°). In FIGS. 55 and 56 the respective upper grooves 448A and 458A are oriented at angles +/−ε with respect its corresponding ridge tip surface.
FIG. 57 shows an abradable component 460 planform incorporating multi-level grooves and upper/lower wear zones, with forward A and aft B ridges 462A/462B separated by lower grooves 468A/B that are oriented at respective angles αA/B. Arrays of fore and aft upper partial depth grooves 463A/B of the type shown in the embodiment of FIG. 49 are formed in the respective arrays of ridges 462A/B and are oriented transverse the ridges and the full depth grooves 468A/B at respective angles βA/B. The upper partial depth grooves 463A/B define the vertical boundaries of the abradable component 460 upper wear zones I, with the remaining portions of the ridges below those partial depth upper grooves defining the vertical boundaries of the lower wear zones II.
With thermally sprayed abradable component construction, the cross sections and heights of upper wear zone I thermally sprayed abradable material can be configured to conform to different degrees of blade tip intrusion by defining arrays of micro ribs or nibs, as shown in FIG. 58, on top of ridges, without the aforementioned geometric limitations of forming grooves around hollow ceramic spheres in CMC/FGI abradable component constructions, and the design benefits of using a metallic abradable component support structure. The abradable component 470 includes a previously described metallic support surface 471, with arrays of lower grooves and ridges forming a lower wear zone II. Specifically the lower ridge 472B has side walls 475B and 476B that terminate in a ridge plateau 474B. Lower grooves 478B are defined by the ridge side walls 475B and 476B and the substrate surface 477. Micro ribs or nibs 472A are formed on the lower ridge plateau 474B by known additive processes or by forming an array of intersecting grooves 478A and 478C within the lower ridge 472B, without any hollow sphere integrity preservation geometric constraints that would otherwise be imposed in a CMC/FGI abradable component design. In the embodiment of FIG. 58 the nibs 472A have square or other rectangular cross section, defined by upstanding side walls 475A, 475C, 476A and 476C that terminate in ridge tips 474A of common height. Other nib 472A cross sectional planform shapes can be utilized, including by way of example trapezoidal or hexagonal cross sections. Nib arrays including different localized cross sections and heights can also be utilized.
In the alternative embodiment of FIG. 60, distal rib tips 474A′ of the upstanding pixelated nib 472A′ are constructed of thermally sprayed material 480 having different physical properties and/or compositions than the lower thermally sprayed material 482. For example, the upper distal material 480 can be constructed with easier or less abrasive abrasion properties (e.g., softer or more porous or both) than the lower material 482. In this manner the blade tip gap G can be designed to be less than used in previously known abradable components to reduce blade tip leakage, so that any localized blade intrusion into the material 480 is less likely to wear the blade tips, even though such contact becomes more likely. In this manner the turbine engine can be designed with smaller blade tip gap, increasing its operational efficiency, as well as its ability to be operated in standard or fast start startup mode, while not significantly impacting blade wear.
Nib 472A and groove 478A/C dimensional boundaries are identified in FIGS. 58 and 59, consistent with those described in the prior embodiments. Generally nib 472A height H ranges from approximately 20%400% of the blade tip gap G or from approximately ⅓-⅔ the total ridge height of the lower ridge 472B and the nibs 472A. Nib 472A cross section ranges from approximately 20% to 50% of the nib height HBA. Nib material construction and surface density (quantified by centerline spacing SRA/B and groove width WGA) are chosen to balance abradable component 470 wear resistance, thermal resistance, and structural stability and airflow characteristics. For example, a plurality of small width nibs 472A produced in a controlled density thermally sprayed ceramic abradable offers high leakage protection to hot gas. These can be at high incursion prone areas only or the full engine set. It is suggested that were additional sealing is needed this is done via the increase of plurality of the ridges maintaining their low strength and not by increasing the width of the ridges. Typical nib centerline spacing SRA/B or nib 472A structure and array pattern density selection enables the pixelated nibs to respond in different modes to varying depths of blade tip 94 incursions, as shown in FIGS. 61-63.
In FIG. 61 there is no or actually negative blade tip gap G, as the turbine blade tip 94 is contacting the ridge tips 474A of the pixelated nibs 472A. The blade tip 94 contact intrusion flexes the pixelated nibs 472A. In FIG. 62 there is deeper blade tip intrusion into the abradable component 470, causing the nibs 472A to wear, fracture or shear off the lower rib plateau 474B, leaving a residual blade tip gap there between. In this manner there is minimal blade tip contact with the residual broken nib stubs 472A (if any), while the lower ridge 472B in wear zone II maintains airflow control of blade tip leakage. In FIG. 63 the blade tip 94 has intruded into the lower ridge plateau 474B of the lower rib 472B in wear zone II. Returning to the example of engines capable of startup in either standard or fast start mode, in an alternative embodiment the nibs 472A can be arrayed in alternating height HRA patterns: the higher optimized for standard startup and the lower optimized for fast startup. In fast startup mode the higher of the alternating nibs 472A fracture, leaving the lower of the alternating nibs for maintenance of blade tip gap G. Exemplary thermally sprayed abradable components having frangible ribs or nibs have height HRA to width WRA ratio of greater than 1. Typically the width WRA measured at the peak of the ridge or nib would be 0.5-2 mm and its height HRA is determined by the engine incursion needs and maintain a height to width ratio (HRA/WRA) greater than 1. It is suggested that where additional sealing is needed, this is done via the increase of plurality of the ridges or nibs (i.e., a larger distribution density, of narrow width nibs or ridges, maintaining their low strength) and not by increasing their width WRA. For zones in the engine that require the low speed abradable systems the ratio of ridge or nib widths to groove width (WRA/WGA) is preferably less than 1. For engine abradable component surface zones or areas that are not typically in need of easy blade tip abradability, the abradable surface cross sectional profile is preferably maximized for aerodynamic sealing capability (e.g., small blade tip gap G and minimized blade tip leakage by applying the surface planform and cross sectional profile embodiments of the invention, with the ridge/nib to groove width ratio of greater than 1.
Multiple modes of blade depth intrusion into the circumferential abradable surface may occur in any turbine engine at different locations. Therefore, the abradable surface construction at any localized circumferential position may be varied selectively to compensate for likely degrees of blade intrusion. For example, referring back to the typical known circumferential wear zone patterns of gas turbine engines 80 in FIGS. 3-6, the blade tip gap G at the 3:00 and 6:00 positions may be smaller than those wear patterns of the 12:00 and 9:00 circumferential positions. Anticipating greater wear at the 12:00 and 6:00 positions the lower ridge height HRB can be selected to establish a worst-case minimal blade tip gap G and the pixelated or other upper wear zone I ridge structure height HRA, cross sectional width, and nib spacing density can be chosen to establish a small “best case” blade tip gap G in other circumferential positions about the turbine casing where there is less or minimal likelihood abradable component and case distortion that might cause the blade tip 94 to intrude into the abradable surface layer. Using the frangible ridges 472A of FIG. 62 as an example, during severe engine operating conditions (e.g. when the engine is in fast start startup mode) the blade 94 impacts the frangible ridges 472A or 472A′—the ridges fracture under the high load increasing clearance at the impact zones only—limiting the blade tip wear at non optimal abradable conditions. Generally, the upper wear zone I ridge height in the abradable component can be chosen so that the ideal blade tip gap is 0.25 mm. The 3:00 and 9:00 turbine casing circumferential wear zones (e.g., 124 and 128 of FIG. 6) are likely to maintain the desired 0.25 mm blade tip gap throughout the engine operational cycles, but there is greater likelihood of turbine casing/abradable component distortion at other circumferential positions. The lower ridge height may be selected to set its ridge tip at an idealized blade tip gap of 1.0 mm so that in the higher wear zones the blade tip only wears deeper into the wear zone I and never contacts the lower ridge tip that sets the boundary for the lower wear zone II. If despite best calculations the blade tip continues to wear into the wear zone II, the resultant blade tip wear operational conditions are no worse than in previously known abradable layer constructions. However in the remainder of the localized circumferential positions about the abradable layer the turbine is successfully operating with a lower blade tip gap G and thus at higher operational efficiency, with little or no adverse increased wear on the blade tips.
Embodiments Including Pixelated Major Planform Patterns (PMPP) of Discontinuous Micro Surface Features (MSF) Embodiments described herein can be readily utilized in abradable components for turbine engines, including gas turbine engines. In various embodiments, the abradable component includes a support surface for coupling to a turbine casing and a thermally sprayed ceramic/metallic abradable substrate coupled to the support surface for orientation proximal a rotating turbine blade tip circumferential swept path. An elongated pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) comprising a plurality of discontinuous micro surface features (MSF) project from the substrate surface across a majority of the circumferential swept path from a tip to a tail of the turbine blade. In some exemplary embodiments the PMPP aggregate planform mimics the general planform of solid protruding rib abradable components, such as curved or diagonal known designs. In other exemplary embodiments the PMPP aggregate planform mimics the inventive rib and groove planform, hockey stick-like, zig-zag, nested loop, maze and varying curve embodiments shown and described herein. The PMPP repeats radially along the swept path in the blade tip rotational direction, for selectively directing airflow between the blade tip and the substrate surface. Each MSF is defined by a pair of first opposed lateral walls defining a width, length and height that occupy a volume envelope of 1-12 cubic millimeters. In some embodiments the ratio of MSF length and gap defined between each MSF is in the range of approximately 1:1 to 1:3. In other embodiments the ration of MSF width and gap is in the range of approximately 1:3 to 1:5. In some embodiment the ratio of MSF height to width is approximately 0.5 to 1.0. Feature dimensions can be (but not limited to) between 1 mm and 3 mm, with a wall height of between 0.1 mm to 2 mm and a wall thickness of between 0.2 mm and 1 mm. In some embodiments the PMPP has first height and higher second height MSFs.
Either the MSFs in the PMPPs of some embodiments are generated from a cast in or an engineered surface feature formed directly in the substrate material. In other embodiments the MSFs in the PMPPs are generated in the substrate or in an overlying bond coat (BC) layer by an ablative or additive surface modification technique such as water jet or electron beam or laser cutting or by laser sintering methods. The engineered surface feature will then be coated with high temperature abradable thermal barrier coating (TBC), with or without an intermediate bond coat layer applied on the engineered MSF features in the PMPP, to produce a discontinuous surface that will abrade more efficiently than a current state of the art coating. Once contacted (by a passing blade tip), released (abraded) particles are removed via a tortuous, convoluted (above or subsurface) path in gaps between the MSFs or additional slots formed within the abradable surface between the MSFs. Optional continuous slots and/or gaps are oriented so as to provide a tortuous path for hot gas ejection, thereby maintaining the sealing efficiency of the primary (contact) surface. The surface configuration, which reduces potential rubbing contact surface area between the blade tips and the discontinuous MSFs, reduces frictional heat generated in the blade tip. Reduced frictional heat in the blade tip potentially reduces worn blade tip material loss attributable to tip over heating and metal smear/transfer onto the surface of the abradable. Further benefits include the ability to deposit thicker, more robust thermal barrier coatings over the MSFs than normally possible with known continuous abradable rib designs, thereby imparting potentially extended design life for ring segments.
The abradable embodiments of the invention, which comprise PMPP engineered features with discontinuous MSFs, facilitate optimization of potential blade rubbing surface area, optimized angle and planform of the PMPPs for guiding airflow in the abradable surface/blade tip gap and optimized underlying flow/ejection path for abraded particles generated during abradable/blade tip rubbing. The micro surface feature (MSF) in its simplest form can be basic shape geometry, repeated in unit cells across the surface of the ring segment with gaps between respective cells. The unit cell MSFs are analogous to pixels that in aggregate forms the PMPP's larger pattern. In more optimized forms the MSF can be modified according to the requirement of the blade tip relationship of the thermal behavior of the component during operation. In such circumstances, feature depth, orientation, angle and aspect ratio may be modified within the surface to produce optimized abradable performance from beginning to end of blade sweep. Other optimization parameters include ability of thermal spray equipment that forms the TBC to penetrate fully captive areas within the surface and allow for an effective continuous TBC coating across the entire surface.
As previously noted, the abradable component with the PMPPs comprising arrays of MSFs is formed by casting the MSFs directly into the abradable substrate during its manufacture or by additive manufacturing techniques, such as electron beam or laser beam deposition, or by ablation of substrate material. In the first-noted formation process, a surface feature can be formed in a wax pattern, which is then shelled and cast per standardized investment casting procedures. Alternatively, a ceramic shell insert can be used on the outside of the wax pattern to form part of the shell structure. When utilizing a ceramic shell insert the MSFs can be more effectively protected during the abradable component manufacture handing and also can more exotic in feature shape and geometry (i.e., can contain undercuts or fragile protruding features that would not survive a normal shelling operation.
MSFs can be staggered (stepped) to accept and specifically deflect plasma splats for optimum TBC penetration. Surface features cast-in and deposited onto the substrate may not necessarily fully translate in form to a fully TBC coated surface. During coating, ceramic deposition will build upon the substrate in a generally transformative nature but will not directly duplicate the original engineered surface feature. The thermal spray thickness can also be a factor in determining final surface form. Generally, the thicker the thermal spray coating, the more dissipated the final surface geometry. This is not necessarily problematical but needs to be taking into consideration when designing the engineered surface feature (both initial size and aspect ratio. For example, a chevron-shaped MSF formed in the substrate, when subsequently coated by an intermediate bond coat layer and a TBC top layer may dissipate as a crescent- or mount-shaped protrusion in the finished abradable surface projecting profile.
Where exemplary MSF unit cells are shown in FIGS. 64-83, these are provided for dimensional considerations. For effective dimensional guidance, the unit cell size can be considered a cube ranging from 1 mm to 12 mm in size. Variations on the cube dimensions can also be applied to cell height. This can be either smaller or larger than the cube size depending upon the geometry of the feature and the thickness of coating to be applied. Typically the size range of this dimension can be between 1 mm and 10 mm.
Various exemplary embodiments described herein, which incorporate pixelated major planform patterns (PMPP) of discontinuous micro surface features (MSF) jointly or severally in different combinations have at least some of the following features:
The PMPPs comprising MSF engineered surface features create an underlying surface with a raised, discontinuous coated structure that results in a reduced surface area that is abraded by a passing blade tip.
The MSF engineered surface features improve the adhesion and mechanical interlocking properties of the plasma sprayed the abradable coating, due to increased bonding surface area and the uniqueness of the surface features to interlock the coating normal to the surface via various interlocking geometries that have been described herein.
The engineered micro surface feature (MSF), by virtue of its underlying average surface depth, results in an aggregately thicker coating that improves thermal protection for the underlying substrate, leading to potentially cooler substrate temperature.
Due to reduced abradable surface contact area with turbine blade tips, relatively more expensive coatings that are more abradable than standard cost 8YSZ thermal barrier coating material, such as 33YBZO (33% Yb2O3—Zirconia) or Talon-type YSZ (high porosity YSZ co-sprayed with polymer) are not needed. The less abradable (i.e., harder) YSZ wearing of blade tips is negated by the smaller surface area potential rubbing contact with the rotating blade tips.
The micro surface features (MSF)—some as small as 100 μm in height—reduce potential thermal barrier coating spallation, due to the increased adhesion surface contact area with the overlying thermal barrier coating.
Exemplary embodiments of turbine abradable components including pixelated major planform patterns (PMPP) of discontinuous micro surface features (MSF) are shown in FIGS. 64-83. For drawing simplicity the FIGS. 64-66 show schematically PMPPs comprising two rows of MSFs. However, one or more of the PMPPs in any abradable component can comprise a single row or more than two rows of MSFs. For example, FIG. 64 is a planform schematic view of an abradable component 500 split into upper and lower portions, having a metallic substrate 501. On the upper portion above the split the substrate 501 has a curved overall profile pixelated major planform pattern (PMPP) 502 comprising an array of chevron-shaped micro surface features (MSF) 503 formed directly on the substrate. As previously described the MSFs 503 are formed by any one or more of a casting process that directly creates them during the substrate initial formation; an additive process, building MSFs on the previously formed substrate 501 surface; or by an ablative process that cuts or removes metal from the substrate, leaving the formed MSFs in the remaining material.
On the uppermost portion of the abradable component 500 a thermal barrier coating (TBC) 506 has been applied directly over the MSFs 503, leaving mound or crescent-shaped profile projections on the abradable component in a PMPP 502 that are arrayed for directing hot gas flow between the abradable component and a rotating turbine blade tip. In the event of contact between the blade tip and the opposing surface of the abradable component 500 the relatively small cross sectional surface area MSFs 503 will rub against and be abraded by the blade tip. The MSF 503 and turbine blade tip contact is less likely to cause blade tip erosion or abradable 500 surface spallation from the contact compared to previously known continuous rib or solid surface abradable components, such as those shown in FIGS. 3-11.
On the lowermost portion of the abradable component 500 a metallic bond coat (BC) 504 is applied to the substrate 501 and the chevron-shaped MSFs 505 are formed in the BC by additive or ablative manufacturing processes. The BC 504 and the MSFs 505, arrayed in the PMPP 502, are then covered with a TBC 506 leaving generally chevron-shaped MSFs 508 that project from the substrate 500 surface.
An alternate embodiment abradable component 510 is shown in FIG. 65, wherein the diagonal planform PMPPs 512 are formed in the BC 514 and comprise arrays of chevron-shaped MSFs 515. The BC 514 and its MSFs 515 are then covered with TBC 516 leaving crescent-shaped MSFs 517 projecting from the substrate 510 exposed surface. The PMPPs 512 have a diagonal orientation similar to that of the known abradable component 130 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 66 is an abradable surface 520 having hockey stick-like PMPP array profiles 522 that are similar to the rib planform patterns of the embodiments of FIGS. 12-22. In the abradable component 520 micro surface features (MSF) 523 are formed in the substrate surface 521. A bond coat 524 is applied on the existing MSFs 522 previously formed in the substrate 501 (e.g., by thermal spray coating), leaving more pronounced and higher MSFs 525. The TBC 526 is applied over the MSFs 522 and the BC 524, leaving higher mounded crescent-shaped MSFs 527.
In FIGS. 67 and 68 the abradable component 530 has on its top surface 531 discontinuous surface feature PMPPs comprising a seven row herringbone-like pattern of alternating erect and inverted chevron-shaped MSFs 532, having closed continuous leading edges 533, trailing edges 534, top surfaces 535 facing the rotating turbine blades and gaps 537 between successive chevrons. The staggered rows of chevrons 532 create a tortuous path for hot gas flow. There is no direct gas flow path in the vertical direction of the figure. In comparison, the alternative embodiment of FIGS. 69-70 abradable component 540 has on its surface 541 discontinuous surface feature open tip gap chevrons 542, having leading edges 543, trailing edges 544 and tip gaps 545 at the apex of each chevron, along with gaps 547 separating successive chevrons at their base ends 546. The aligned tip gaps 545 are sized to allow gas flow in the vertical direction of the figure, yet due to the staggered herringbone pattern a substantial portion of the hot gas flow will follow a more tortuous path as in the embodiment of FIGS. 67 and 58. Each chevron shaped MSF embodiment 532 and 542 has width W, length L and Height H dimensions that occupy a volume envelope of 1-12 cubic millimeters. In some embodiments the ratio of MSF length and gap defined between each MSF is approximately in the range of 1:1 to 1:3. In other embodiments the ratio of MSF width and gap is approximately 1:3 to 1:8. In some embodiment the ratio of MSF height to width is approximately 0.5 to 1.0. Feature dimensions can be (but not limited to) between 3 mm and 10 mm, with a wall height of between 0.1 mm to 2 mm and a wall thickness of between 0.2 mm and 2 mm.
In FIGS. 71 and 72 the abradable component 550 has on its top surface 551 six rows of sector- or curved-shaped MSFs 552 having leading edges 553, trailing edges 554 top surfaces 555 facing the rotating blades and gaps 557 between successive sectors. Staggered patterns of the MSFs 552 create a tortuous path for hot gas flow. There is no direct gas flow path in the direction normal to the leading 553 and trailing 554 surfaces of the MSFs 552. In the abradable 560 embodiment of FIGS. 73 and 74 the gas flow path in the gaps between parallel rows of sector-shaped MSFs 552 on the surface 561 can be directed in an even greater tortuous manner by inserting rectangular or linear MSFs 562 between successive sector-shaped MSFs. The MSFs 562 have leading 563 and trailing 564 edges. The respective MSFs 552 and 562 have length L, width W and height H dimensions as shown in FIGS. 71-74, which occupy a volume envelope of 1-12 cubic millimeters. In some embodiments the ratio of MSF length and gap defined between each MSF is approximately in the ranges of 1:1 to 1:3. In other embodiments the ratio of MSF width and gap is approximately 1:3 to 1:8. In some embodiment the ratio of MSF height to width is approximately 0.5 to 1.0. Feature dimensions can be (but not limited to) between 3 mm and 10 mm, with a wall height of between 0.1 mm to 1 mm and a wall thickness of between 0.2 mm and 2 mm.
Alternatively, in FIG. 75, the rectangular or linear MSFs 562 on the abradable component 570 surface 571 are arrayed in a diamond-like PMPP discontinuous array pattern separated by gaps 577.
In the abradable component 580 of FIG. 76 the PMPP on the surface 581 comprises an undulating pattern of discontinuous varying curve MSFs 582, 583 and 584 that are separated by gaps 587. In the abradable component 590 embodiment of FIG. 77, the curved abradable MSFs 552 are arrayed in alternative staggered diagonally oriented rows on the component surface 591.
As with the abradable embodiments shown in FIGS. 37-41, MSF heights can be varied within the PMPP for facilitating both fast and normal start modes in a turbine engine with a common abradable component profile. In FIGS. 78-81 the abradable components 600 and 610 have dual height chevron-shaped MSF arrays in their PMPPs, with respective taller height H1 and lower height H2. The abradable component 600 utilizes staggered height discontinuous patterns of Z-shaped MSFs 602 and 602 on the surface 601. The abradable component 610 utilizes a herringbone pattern of staggered height chevron-shaped MSFs 612 and 613.
As previously discussed, the micro surface features MSFs can be formed in the substrate or in a bond coat of an abradable component. In FIG. 82 the abradable component 620 has a smooth, featureless substrate 621 over which has been applied a bond coat (BC) layer 622, into which has been formed the MSFs 624 by any one or more of the additive or ablative processes previously described. The sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) 624 has been applied over the BC 622, including the MSFs 623. Alternatively, in FIG. 83 the abradable component 630's substrate 631 has the engineered surface features 632, which can be formed by direct casting during substrate fabrication, ablative or additive processes, as previously described. In this example a bond coat 633 has been applied over the substrate 631 including the engineered feature MSFs 632. The BC 633 is subsequently covered by a TBC 633. The TBC 633 alternatively can be applied directly to an underlying substrate and its engineered surface MSFs without an intermediate BC layer. As previously noted, the MSFs 623 or 632 can aid mechanical interlocking of the TBC to the underlying BC or substrate layer.
Turbine Component Cooling Hole Sleeved within a Micro Surface Feature
As shown in FIGS. 84-86, cooling holes 85A/99/105 in a turbine component, such as a blade 98, vane 104/106 or combustor transition 85, are formed in and surrounded by a micro surface feature (MSF) “sleeve” that protects the adjoining thermal barrier coating (TBC) from delamination or crack propagation during the hole formation or during engine operation. In the specific embodiment of the invention of FIGS. 85 and 86, the sleeved cooling hole 640 comprises a component substrate 641 with a micro surface feature (MSF) 643 directly that is formed within and projects outwardly from the substrate 641 outer surface and the overlying metallic bond coat (BC) layer 642. As shown in FIG. 86 the overlying BC 642 has also been applied over the peripheral sidewall of the substrate projection, thereby forming the outer periphery of the MSF sidewall 644. The MSF top surface 645, which comprises the distal axial ends of the substrate and BC vertically projecting “sleeve” is flush with the top surface of the thermal bond coat (TBC) layer 646. The TBC marginal edge 647 is in adjoining, abutting contact with the FSF sidewall 644. In this way the radial margins of the cooling hole 99/105 are defined by the MSF 643, which function as a protective sleeve for the TBC layer marginal edge 647. Thus, the relatively more brittle and friable TBC layer is less susceptible to spallation or boundary crack propagation during hole formation or during engine operation than previously known turbine component cooling hole margins that were defined solely by the TBC layer marginal edges.
The sleeved cooling hole alternative embodiments of FIGS. 87-89 employ asymmetric and/or axially/radially varying MSF sidewall profiles that facilitate formation of skewed cooling holes and/or that enhance mechanical anchoring of the MSF sidewall and the adjoining TBC marginal edge. For brevity comparable structural elements to those in FIGS. 85 and 86 share a common numbering sequence: not all comparable elements will be described in subsequent alternative embodiments. In FIG. 87, the sleeved cooling hole 650 includes an MSF 653 with an undulating symmetric or asymmetric sidewall 654 profile that forms anchoring recesses for mechanical interlocking of the TBC layer 656 adjoining marginal edge 657. The cooling hole 85A/99/105 is skewed relative to the substrate 651 outer surface by angle φ. It is also noted that cooling holes 85A/99/105 can have profiles other than the cylindrical profiles shown in FIGS. 84-98 herein. In FIG. 88 the MSF 663 incorporates a serpentine sidewall 664 profile, including a groove recess 664A to provide a relatively large anchoring surface area for the TBC marginal edge 667. Similarly, in FIG. 89 the MSF 673 has an asymmetrical skewed sidewall 674 that may, for example be oriented to redistribute thermal or mechanical stresses within the TBC layer 676.
An exemplary method for making an MSF-sleeved cooling hole is shown in FIGS. 90-94. The specific substrate 681 has substrate surface 681A, which incorporates integrally cast MSFs 683, with MSF sidewalls 684 and MSF top surface 685 that are formed during casting of exemplary the constituent component transition, blade or vane. In FIG. 90, the substrate surface 681A and MSFs 683 topologies are replicated in the corresponding topology of the mold 690, the mold outer face 691A, the mold depressions 693 and the depression floor 695. After casting the substrate 681 it is separated from the mold 690 by known casting methods. Alternatively, the substrate surface 681A and the MSFs 683 can be formed by removing surrounding material by known cutting, electro-discharge machining (EDM) or other ablative processes. Other alternative methods for creating the substrate surface 681A and MSF 683 topology include additive processes, such as laser deposit, 3-D printing, plasma spray and sintering.
A bond coat (BC) layer 682 is applied over the substrate surface 681A and the MSFs 683, using known thermally sprayed or vapor deposited or solution/suspension plasma sprayed application methods. As shown in FIG. 91 the BC layer forms mounds 682A over the substrate MSFs 683, similar to that shown in FIG. 83. A TBC layer 684 is subsequently applied over the BC 682, using known thermally sprayed or vapor deposited or solution/suspension plasma sprayed application methods. The TBC outer surface 684A and the underlying BC mounds 682A are then shaped to the final desired TBC outer surface profile and thickness by known grinding or other material removal methods, as shown in FIG. 93. After the excess TBC 684 and underlying BC 682 has been removed the component outer surface now has a series of arrayed MSFs 680 with exposed MSF top surfaces 685 that are flush with the remaining TBC outer surface 684A, and sidewalls that are in contact with the TBC layer 684. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 94, the cooling holes 85A/99/105 are formed in the MSFs 680 by drilling, electro-discharge machining or the like, which results in the final finished series of MSF-sleeved cooling holes 680 of FIG. 94. While the cooling holes 85A/99/105 of FIG. 94 is shown as having cylindrically-shaped profiles, other profiles can be utilized.
As shown in the alternative sleeved cooling hole embodiment 700 of FIG. 95, the MSF 703 is formed in the bond coat 702 rather than in the substrate 701. In this embodiment only the BC functions as the cooling hole sleeve, with sidewall 704 in adjoining contact with the TBC layer 706 and the BC top surface 705 functioning as the MSF top surface. The cooling hole 99/105 is formed in the MSF top surface 705; so that the MSF 703 shields marginal adjoining edges of the TBC layer 706. An exemplary method for making the sleeved cooling hole 700 is shown in FIGS. 96-98. Bond coat (BC) layer 702 is formed over the substrate 701. MSF 703 is formed on the BC layer 702 by any of the additive deposit or removal techniques described above respecting the embodiment 680, leaving the MSF 703 projecting from the substrate 701/BC 702 outer surface, as shown in FIG. 97. The TBC layer 706 is then applied over the previously applied BC 702 layer and the MSFs 703 by the previously described methods respecting the embodiment 680. As shown schematically in FIG. 98, the TBC outer surface and underlying MSF are shaped to a desired topological profile denoted by the horizontal dashed line, exposing the MSF top surface 705 as a metallic “nub” or the like that is flush with the TBC 706 outer surface (or if desired, slightly raised relative to the TBC outer surface). The exemplary cooling hole 99/105 is then formed within the MSF 703, as indicated by the vertically dashed lines, thereby creating the finished sleeved cooling hole 700 embodiment of FIG. 95.
In the various exemplary sleeved cooling hole embodiments 640, 650, 660, 670, 680 and 690, the cooling hole 85A/99/105 is circumscribed by a metallic sleeve comprising the substrate material or the bond coat material or a combination of both. Thus the corresponding adjoining TBC layer material is spaced away from the actual cooling hole margin and is protected by the MSF metallic material, reducing likelihood of the TBC layer's damage as compared to known turbine component cooling hole configurations that expose TBC material along hole margin peripheries during component fabrication of the cooling holes and subsequent engine field operation.
Although various embodiments that incorporate the teachings of the invention have been shown and described in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate these teachings. The invention is not limited in its application to the exemplary embodiment details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. For example, various ridge and groove profiles may be incorporated in different planform arrays that also may be locally varied about a circumference of a particular engine application. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.
