FALL DETECTION FOR CONTROL OF COMPUTER OR APPARATUS
A rate-of-change mouse (420, 720) positions a cursor (388, 724) of a display device or monitor (390, 726) in response to a user actuating transducers (16, 17, 422A, 422B, 722A, 722), and performs switching functions, such as left click, right click, or click and drag mouse-switching functions, when a rate-of-change of an electrical signal of one of the transducers (16, 17, 422A, 422B, 722A, or 722B) exceeds a predetermined limit. In addition, macro select, “hot key” actuation, and any other selected switching functions are actuated by moving a body member such as a head (18), hand (64), or finger (67) more rapidly. Optionally, more rapidly actuating one or both of the transducers (16, 17, 422A, 422B, 722A, 722B), in selected directions and/or in selected sequences, accesses and controls augmentative and alternative communication devices (AAC) devices, environmental control units (ECUs) (14), and/or accesses and controls power wheelchairs (12), and/or accesses and controls other apparatus (26).
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/581,603, which is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/696,429, filed Oct. 29, 2003, which is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/801,201, filed Mar. 7, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/187,953, filed Mar. 9, 2000; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/696,429 is also a Continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/352,346, filed Jan. 27, 2003, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/331,575, filed Dec. 30, 2002, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/652,395, filed Aug. 31, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/166,240, filed Nov. 18, 1999, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/152,826, filed Sep. 7, 1999, all of which are included in Applicant's claim of priority, and all of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONField of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to controlling computers, augmentative and alternative communication devices (AAC devices), environmental control units (ECUs), power wheelchairs, multiplexers, or other apparatus in response to outputs from transducers that are actuated by human effort. More particularly, the present invention relates to controlling computers, AAC devices, and/or other apparatus by any type of user-actuated transducers, such as joystick X-Y controllers, or body-member-attached transducers, such as tilt transducers, or proximity transducers, such as ultrasonic transducers. The electrical signals are differentiated, and mouse-switching functions, such as click or click and drag, other computer switching and/or selecting function such as macro selecting and “hot key” selecting, are accessed and controlled in response to the differentiated electrical signals. In addition, the differentiated signals may be used to switch user-actuated control of the transducers from a computer, to a power wheelchair, to a multiplexer, or any other suitable apparatus, and back to the computer.
Description of the Related Art
In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the importance, not only providing for the needs of handicapped persons, but also of utilizing them as productive members of society, rather than allowing them partially or wholly dependent upon others.
Fortunately, this enlightened view has coincided with giant strides in technology, particularly electronics and computed-based technology, and this increase in technology has been reflected by giant strides in electrically propelled wheelchairs.
The prior art includes electrically propelled wheelchairs in which control of start, stop, and steering has been achieved by manually actuated X-Y transducers, commonly called “joysticks.”
Lautzenhiser et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,906, which issued on Mar. 6, 1990, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,899, which issued on Dec. 18, 1990, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,165, which issued on Apr. 30, 1991, teach power wheelchairs that are propelled by pulse-width-modulated voltages, that are dynamically braked by shorting the motors between pulses, that are made freewheeling without the expense and complexity of a clutch, and in which tremor control is provided, so that those who have hand tremors can easily and accurately control power wheelchairs.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,624, which issued on Dec. 14, 1993, Lautzenhiser teaches apparatus and method for adjustably minimizing variations of speed of a power wheelchair that ordinarily result from changes in motor torque caused by variations in grade, resilience of floor material, and/or roughness of terrain.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,807, which issued on Jun. 3, 1997, Lautzenhiser provides: signal limiting so that maximum speeds can be selectively adjusted; adjustable transducer sensitivity; adjustable steering sensitivity control; and overrange shutdown.
The above-recited improvements have so greatly enhanced ease of controllability that many handicapped persons, who were previously unable to control a wheelchair by a joystick, can now do so with ease. Perhaps even more significantly, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,807, Lautzenhiser has taken the art a giant step forward by replacing the joystick with two tiny transducers that are mounted to a person's head, spaced behind a person's head, or mounted to an other body member.
In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/352,346, filed Jan. 27, 2003, now abandoned, but incorporated into the present patent application, Lautzenhiser teaches a tilt X-Y transducer that may be mounted to a body component, such as the head or a hand of a user; an automatic nulling device; an adjustable null width that does not attenuate an electrical signal; a turn-signal conditioner that provides easier control of turns and elimination of “fishtailing;” adjustable tilt-axis sensitivity to selectively match the motor skills of the user; control of a second device, such as a computer or an environmental control unit (ECU); and use of voice-recognition technology to provide various switching operations.
Finally, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/801,201, which was filed on Mar. 7, 2001, not abandoned, and also incorporated into the present patent application, Lautzenhiser et al. teach head, or body-member, control of apparatus in which electrical signals from mechanical-to-electrical transducers provide proportional control, and rate-of-change electrical signals of the same transducers control switching operations of such devices as computers or ECU's.
In the present invention, rate-of-change switches function in conjunction with electrical signals produced by user-actuated transducers of any type: to control movement of display cursors, to control click and click and drag functions of display cursers, to control AAC devices and or ECUs, to control comfort needs such as adjusting leg supports, head supports, and backrests of beds or wheelchairs, to control personal comfort needs such as heating, cooling, and lighting, and to control entertainment devices, such as radios or television sets. Alternately, the present invention may be used to control speeds and turns of power wheelchairs and/or to select and control any of a plurality of functions via a multiplexer.
Considering now those who have good motor skills, touch typing depends upon having one's hands located in standard positions on a keyboard so that any key may be struck without the necessity of looking at the keyboard.
Typically, when using modern computer programs, a computer mouse is moved over a desk surface, and a cursor moves on a monitor or display device proportional to movement of the mouse. Using the mouse, the cursor is moved to “point” to an icon or words on the display device representing a desired computer program or to a computer function. Then the user “clicks” on the program or function by pressing a button on the mouse, thereby activating the selected program or function. The user may press the same or an other button on the mouse to “drag” computer information, such as a file or an icon, from one location to an other.
The invention and popular use of “point, click, and drag” programs have been both a help and a nuisance to computer users. “Point, click, and drag” programs have relieved computer users of the necessity of remembering and using complex commands to actuate programs and program operating procedures. But, they have degraded the typing skill of good typists because of the need to move a hand from the keyboard to a mouse.
Thus, the mouse of the present invention, that can be worn on the human head, much as a telephone headset is worn, or as an integral part of a telephone headset, allows a touch typist to keep both hands on standard positions on the keyboard while pointing, clicking, and dragging with the head-attached mouse.
Whether it be a commercial user who takes orders on the telephone, an industrial user who does computer-assisted drawing, or a home owner, the head-attached mouse of the present invention provides increased productivity.
With regard to the physically handicapped, use of the head-attached mouse of the present invention, together with an additional human interface provided by the present invention, allows use of complex computer programs, such as computer-assisted drawing programs, even by those who are paralyzed from the neck down. Further, the present invention enables persons with severely limited motor skills to operate a computer, including performing point, click, and drag operations, by use of any suitable type of user-actuated transducer, such as a joystick X-Y controller.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention provides apparatus and method for controlling computer functions such as click, click and drag, macro selection, and “hot key” selection and actuation, and for using augmentative and alternative communication devices (AAC devices), environmental control units (ECUs), or other apparatus, such as power wheelchairs. Both proportional control and switching operations are achieved in response to x and y electrical signals, or x and y electrical outputs, or x and y signal voltages produced by user-actuated transducers such joystick X-Y controllers, body-attached transducers such as tilt transducers, mouse or mouse emulators such as trackballs or touch pads, proximity transducers, or any suitable transducers.
In a preferred embodiment, a tilt X-Y transducer is attached to the head, or other body member, of a user, and both x and y electrical signals are proportional to X and Y tilt angles of the user's head or other body member, so that proportional control of an apparatus can be achieved by movements of the user's head or other body member. A differentiator changes the x and/or y electrical signals to rate-of-change signals (dx/dt or dy/dt), and a discriminator senses the rate-of-change signals, so that a switching signal is produced whenever a rate-of-change signal of an x or y electrical signal exceeds a predetermined threshold.
By using both proportional electrical signals and rate-of-change signals from two transducers, a mouse can be constructed that does not require good manual dexterity. In a preferred embodiment, X and Y tilt transducers are attached to a single body member, or to separate body members. Alternately, any type of user-actuated transducer, such as a joystick X-Y controller, or a proximity transducer may be used. Movement of the cursor in X and Y directions is achieved by body-component actuation of the tilt transducers and/or proximity transducers.
Both click and drag functions are achieved by the user body-actuating one or more of the transducers more rapidly. When a more rapidly changing electrical signal is differentiated with respect to time, and a rate-of-change in the electrical signal is produced that exceeds a predetermined threshold, and switching operations, such as a left click, right click and/or click and drag switching functions are performed.
The present patent application also teaches using rate-of-change switching operations for environmental control units (ECU's). That is, electrical signals of the same X and Y transducers that are used to control speed and steering of a power wheelchair, whether head-mounted, mounted to an other body member, proximity actuated, or actuated by a joystick, can be used, when differentiated, to power up the wheelchair, shut it down, or selectively control a multitude of other functions through an ECU.
More particularly, a handicapped person, whether in a wheelchair or a hospital bed, can control his sitting/lying position, temperature, lighting, entertainment devices, communication devices, and/or a computer or other productivity device by electrical signals produced by any suitable mechanical-to-electrical transducer, subsequent to differentiation of the electrical signals as taught herein.
In the rate-of-change switches, x and/or y electrical signals, from transducers such as joystick X-Y controllers, tilt X-Y transducers, or proximity transducers, are differentiated with respect to time (dx/dt or dy/dt), and then the differentiated electrical signals are discriminated to provide rate-of-change switching operations.
If an input position of a mechanical-to-electrical transducer is “Y,” then the electrical signal is equal to f(Y), which is designated herein by a lower case “y.” Thus, it is equally accurate to speak of differentiating the mechanical input or the electrical signal, although it is the electrical signal that is differentiated.
While highly successful results have been achieved by differentiating the electrical signals only once (dx/dt or dy/dt), thereby producing values that are a function of the velocity of the input “x” or “y,” alternately, the electrical signals are differentiated twice (d2x/dt2 or d23y/dt2), thereby providing switching signals that are a function of the acceleration of the input “x” or “y.”
By differentiating electrical signals generated by a two-axis transducer, such as a joystick or a tilt X-Y transducer, four rate-of-change signals are produced. Two rate-of-change signals are produced for each axis, one rate-of-change signal for an increase in a rate-of-change signal, and one rate-of-change signal for a decrease in a rate-of-change signal. These four rate-of-change signals may be used selectively to perform left click, right click, click and latch, and at least one other selectable function.
In a preferred embodiment, a mouse includes a tilt X-Y transducer that is mounted onto the head of a user. X and Y movements of the user's head control X and Y movements of a cursor, and an electrical signal from one of the transducers, X or Y, is differentiated. The differentiated electrical signal is effective to control left “clicking” when the differentiated electrical signal is equal or greater than a predetermined magnitude. That is, a differentiated electrical signal is discriminated to provide a rate-of-change switching signal when a differentiated electrical signal equals or exceeds a predetermined magnitude. In the same manner, a second one of the four electrical signals is differentiated and the rate-of-change switching signal is used to control “drag” functions. Since the rate-of-change switching signals are momentary, the drag function is toggled ON and OFF.
In an other embodiment, electrical signals from X and Y transducers, whether head attached or joystick actuated, are used to control a power wheelchair, and rate-of-change switching signals are used to control other apparatus, such as an ECU or an AAC device.
Whenever one rate-of-change signal exceeds a predetermined magnitude, and provides a rate-of-change switching signal, it may be used to initiate a timed-opportunity switch. If a rate-of-change switching signal is delivered to the timed-opportunity switch within a first window-of-opportunity, power is supplied to a first apparatus, such as an electrically propelled wheelchair. Or, if a rate-of-change switching signal is delivered to the timed-opportunity switch within a second window-of-opportunity, the ECU becomes controllable by rate-of-change switching signals.
As defined herein, a rate-of-change control device includes a differentiator and whatever additional components, such as a discriminator, may be required to perform the desired switching operations in response to rate-of-change signals. When a transducer is included with the rate-of-change control device, the combination becomes a rate-of-change switch. Although analog differentiation and discrimination has been shown and described, differentiation and/or discrimination may be done digitally and or by any combination of analog and digital technology.
Rate-of-change switches function by differentiating an electrical signal, and the derivative of a constant is zero. Therefore, when an input to a transducer is constant, the electrical signal is a constant, and the differentiator produces a zero output. This means that transducers for rate-of-change switches do not need neutral positions, because their electrical signals are self centering. In addition, a transducer for use in a rate-of-change switch does not need to have an output that is linear, relatively repeatable, relatively drift free, or relatively free from hysteresis.
In a first aspect of the present invention, a method comprises: selectively actuating a transducer; producing selectively variable electrical signals in response to the selectively actuating step; moving a cursor in plus and minus directions in response to the electrical signals; more rapidly actuating the transducer; performing a switching step in response to the more rapidly actuating step; and preventing the more rapidly actuating step from moving the cursor.
In a second aspect of the present invention, a method comprises: producing selectively variable electrical signals; moving a cursor in response to the electrical signals; changing a magnitude of the electrical signals; and performing a switching step in response to the changing step.
In a third aspect of the present invention, a method comprises: selectively actuating first and second transducers; moving a cursor in horizontal and vertical directions in response to the selectively actuating step; more rapidly actuating one of the transducers; and performing a switching step in response to the more rapidly actuating step.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, a method comprises: producing plus x, minus x, plus y, and minus y signals; moving a cursor in plus X, minus X, plus Y, and minus Y directions in response to the producing step; selectively increasing one of said signals; and performing a switching step in response to the selectively increasing step.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention, apparatus comprises: means, comprising first and second transducers that are connected to a cursor, for moving the cursor in X and Y directions in response to body-member actuating the transducers; and means, being connected to one of the transducers, for performing a switching function in response to more rapidly actuating the one transducer.
Referring now to
As will be shown subsequently, a preferred use for the present invention is control of X and Y movements of a cursor by x and y electrical signals produced by any type of X-Y transducers, such as the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
Referring again to
The control system 10 includes a rate-of-change control device 22, a relay K1, a timed-opportunity switch 26, a signal conditioner 28 that includes an automatic null compensator 30, and a power interface 32.
The power interface 32 is connected to electric motors 34A and 34B of the power wheelchair 12, and the electric motors 34A and 34B are drivingly connected to wheels 36A and 36B, respectively, of the power wheelchair 12.
Referring now to
However, the joystick X-Y controller 17, or any other kind of user-actuated transducer may be used in the control system 10. As shown in
Referring again to
Electrical signals from the X-Y transducer 16 are connected to the signal conditioner 28 that includes the automatic null compensator 30. Signal conditioning may include tremor control, maximum speed limiting, soft starts, soft stops, signal proportioning, turn-signal conditioning, and/or null width adjustment which are taught herein, by Lautzenhiser in U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,807 and/or by Lautzenhiser et al. in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/352,346.
The power interface 32 uses the conditioned signals of the signal conditioner 28 to individually control both speed and direction of rotation of the electric motors 34A and 34B.
Continuing to refer to
The differentiators 40A and 40B produce four rate-of-change signals, one rate-of-change signal each when a differentiated electrical signal of either of the two tilt transducers 38A or 38B of
Whether mechanical inputs to an X-Y transducer are in linear or rotary measurements, the electrical signals of the X-Y transducer are x and y, the differentiated electrical signal of one differentiator 40A is dy/dt and the differentiated electrical signal of the other differentiator 40B is dx/dt.
A discriminator/combiner 42 translates increasing and decreasing rate-of-change signals from the two differentiators, 40A and 40B into four rate-of-change switching signals. A switching operation is performed when any of the four rate-of-change switching signals exceeds a predetermined allowable magnitude.
When the person 20 moves the head 18 in a forward Y direction, in a rearward Y direction, in a leftward X direction, or in a rightward X direction, one of the differentiators 40A or 40B, produces a rate-of-change signal (dy/dt or dx/dt). If one of the differentiated electrical signals is sufficiently large, the discriminator 42 produces a low at an output terminal 44 and in a conductor 45.
Continuing to refer to
If the head 18 is lowered and raised at appropriate times, with sufficient velocity, the rate-of-change control device 22 will initiate the timed-opportunity switch 26. Or, alternately, if the head 18 is moved in any selected combinations of directions, X and/or Y, at appropriate times, and with sufficient velocity, the timed-opportunity switch 26 will be initiated.
Once the timed-opportunity switch 26 has been actuated by movement of the head 18, or by any other type of switch, by a switching action delivered to an input conductor 50 of the timed-opportunity switch 26, additional movements of the head 18 can be used to initiate power to the wheelchair 12 or to initiate operation of the ECU 14.
A timely movement of the head 18 will initiate control of the wheelchair 12 by movement of the head 18 in X and Y directions, as indicated by an arrow 52. However, movement of the head 18 at a different time will initiate control of the ECU 14, as indicated by an arrow 54.
With control of the ECU 14 initiated by an appropriately timed movement of the head 18, as indicated by the arrow 54, tasks 56 can be controlled by appropriately timed movements of the head 18 as the ECU 14 sequentially cycles through opportunities to control the tasks 56.
Continuing to refer to
A Y-axis electrical signal of the X-Y transducer 16 is connected to the rate-of-change control device 22 by a Y-axis conductor, or forward/reverse conductor, 60A, and an X-axis electrical signal of the X-Y transducer 16 is connected to the rate-of-change control device 22 by an X-axis conductor, or turn-signal conductor, 60B. Both conductors, 60A and 60B, are part of a lightweight cable 62, as shown with the conductor 60A.
When the rate-of-change control device 22 is combined with any X and Y transducer, such as the X-Y tilt transducer 16 of
Referring now to
Referring now to
However, in many instances, it may be desirable to provide protection against the ECU 14 being operated by the person 20 who, perhaps because of medication, is not competent to operate the ECU 14 safely or successfully. If so, the ECU 14 can be combined with the timed-opportunity switch 26, to provide a stand-alone ECU 68 of
Referring now to
If a “yes” signal is inadvertently applied to the timed-opportunity switch 26 during the first time delay 74, as indicated by a “yes” arrow, the timed-opportunity switch 26 shuts down. However, if the person 20 refrains from generating a “yes” signal during the first time delay 74, the process proceeds to a second time delay, or a first window-of-opportunity 76.
Continuing to refer to
If the person 20 provides a “yes” signal during the chimed delay 78, as indicated by a “yes” arrow, control of the ECU 14 is given to subsequent “yes” signals. But, if the person 20 refrains from providing a “yes” signal during the chimed delay 78, control of the power wheelchair 12 of
Assuming that the person 20 has provided a “yes” signal during the chimed delay 78, the ECU 14 starts to cascade through timed opportunities for tasks 56. A “yes” signal provided at a timed opportunity for one of the tasks 56 provides opportunity to turn ON, turn OFF, or adjust whatever apparatus is connected to that task 56.
Upon resuming cascading, any other task 56 can be accessed and controlled. Finally, escape from the ECU 14 is achieved by providing a “yes” signal during the escape opportunity 57.
Continuing to refer to
For instance, if the X-Y transducer 16 is knocked off of the head 18 of the person 20, the power wheelchair 12 will shut down. If the person 20 becomes unconscious, and the head 18 drops, the wheelchair 12 will shut down. Even if the lightweight cable 62 of
Referring now to
The automatic null compensator 30 receives x and y tremor-conditioned signals from the tremor conditioner 90, as indicated by the arrow 52, stores and subtracts a null voltage from the tremor-conditioned signals, so that, whatever the initial position of the head 18 of
The nulled x and y signals are delivered to a signal limiter 94 wherein the x and y signals are separately and selectably adjusted, so that speeds of propulsion and steering can be selectively limited.
Following the selective limiting of the x and y signals, a signal proportioner 96 separately and selectively proportions the x and y signals, thereby, in essence, providing selective adjustment of the sensitivity of the individual transducers in the X-Y transducer 16 of
After selective adjustment of transducer sensitivity, the x and y signals are delivered to a null width adjuster 98 wherein an adjustable width null is provided for both x and y signals.
Finally, after providing adjustable null widths, a turn-signal conditioner 100, reduces the y signal as a function of the x signal, thereby reducing propulsion speeds when turns are made, and thereby enhancing stability and control of the wheelchair 12 of
Referring now to
The rate-of-change control device 110 also includes a fixed voltage divider FD1 with resistors R2, R3, R4, and R5. Preferably, the resistors R2, R3, R4, and R5 are proportioned to provide 2.5 volts at a junction J1, 3.3 volts at a junction J2, and 1.7 volts at a junction J3 when the voltage divider FD1 is connected to a 5.0 volt source.
Finally, in addition to the comparators U2A and U2B, the discriminator 114 includes pull-up resistors R6 and R7 that are connected to pins 2 and 1 of the comparators U2A and U2B, respectively, and diodes CR1 and CR2 that also are connected to pins 2 and 1 of the comparators U2A and U2B, respectively.
Preferably, the operational amplifier U1A, and also an operational amplifier U1D, that is included in various embodiments taught herein, are part No. LMC 64841N, manufactured by National Semiconductor of Sunnyvale, Calif. And, preferably the comparators U2A and U2B, and comparators U2C and U2D, which are used in some embodiments, are part No. LM339N, also manufactured by National Semiconductor.
Referring for a moment to
Referring now to
Further, a change in the output voltage VOUT of the differentiator 112 is equal to (/t)×R1×C1. Therefore, a change in the output voltage VOUT, for a given (/t), can be selected by adjusting the resistor R1 of
As shown in
As long as the output voltage VOUT of the operational amplifier U1A, as applied to pin 4 of the comparator U2A, is below the 3.3 volts of pin 5, the output of the comparator U2A will be high, not only because of the pull-up resistor R6 that is connected to a 10.0 volt source, but also because pin 2 is an open collector. However, when the output voltage VOUT of the operational amplifier U1A exceeds 3.3 volts, the comparator U2A pulls pin 2 down to ground.
In like manner, as long as the output voltage VOUT of the operational amplifier U1A, as applied to pin 7 of the comparator U2B, is above the 1.7 volts of pin 6, the output of the comparator U2B will be high, not only because of the pull-up resistor R6 that is connected to a 10.0 volt source, but also because pin 1 is an open collector. However, when the output voltage VOUT drops below 1.7 volts, the comparator U2B sinks pin 1 to ground.
Therefore, the rate-of-change control device 110 provides two separate rate-of-change switching operations. A voltage in a conductor 116A is pulled low through the diode CR1 in response to a rate-of-change (dy/dt) that reflects an electrical output of the Y transducer that is decreasing by a predetermined rate-of-change. And, a voltage in a conductor 116B is pulled low through diode CR2 in response to a rate-of-change (dy/dt) that reflects an electrical output of the Y transducer that is increasing by a predetermined rate-of-change.
Referring now to
More particularly, the rate-of-change control device 120 includes the differentiator 112 with its operational amplifier U1A, the feedback resistor R1, and the capacitor C1, the fixed voltage divider FD1 with its resistors, R2, R3, R4, and R5, the junctions J1, J2, and J3, the pull-up resistor R6, the diodes CR1 and CR2, and the conductors 116A and 116B.
The rate-of-change control device 120 ties pins 2 and 1, of the comparators U2A and U2B together, adds a p-channel field-effect transistor (FET) Q1, a pull-up resistor R8, a capacitor C2, a Zener diode CR3, and a relay K2 with a coil 124 and normally open contacts 126.
Since the FET Q1 is a p-channel FET, a high gate, as provided by the pull-up resistor R8, causes the FET Q1 to function as an open circuit between a source terminal S and a drain terminal D, so that the coil 124 is not energized, normally open contacts 126 remain open, and the capacitor C2 becomes charged.
When either pin 2 of the comparator U2A or pin 1 of the comparator U2B goes to ground, the diode CR1 allows current flow to the grounded pin (2 or 1), thereby discharging the capacitor C2, and pulling down the voltage on a gate terminal G of the FET Q1.
Whereas the rate-of-change signals from the comparators U2A and U2B are of short duration, the pull-up resistor R8 and the capacitor C2 form an RC circuit RC1 that provides a switching operation of a duration of about 300 milliseconds. That is, the RC circuit RC1 of the pull-up resistor R8 and the capacitor C2, lengthens the closure time of the relay K2 to simulate a manually actuated, momentary-contact switch.
The Zener diode CR3 protects the gate G of the FET Q1; and the diode CR2 provides for an additional switching operation that may be accessed by connection to the conductor 116B.
Referring now to
The differentiator 40A includes the operational amplifier U1A, a feedback resistor R9 that includes a resistor R10 and a potentiometer RV1, and a capacitor C3 that includes capacitors C4 and C5 that are placed back-to-back to make the capacitor C3 nonpolarized.
In like manner, the differentiator 40B includes the operational amplifier U1D, a feedback resistor R11 that includes a resistor R12 and a potentiometer RV2, and a capacitor C6 that includes capacitors C7 and C8 that are placed back-to-back to make the capacitor C6 nonpolarized.
The rate-of-change control device 130 further includes the fixed voltage divider FD1 with the resistors R2, R3, R4, and R5, and the junctions J1, J2, and J3.
The gate terminal G of the FET Q1 is connected to pins 2, 1, 14, and 13 of the comparators U2A, U2B, U2C, and U2D, respectively by the diode CR1. The resistor R8 is a pull-up resistor, and the pull-up resistor R8 and the capacitor C2 cooperate to provide the RC circuit RC1 that provides a predetermined time duration to pull down signals provided by the comparators U2A, U2B, U2C, and U2D. And, the Zener diode CR3 protects the gate G of the FET Q1.
Continuing to refer to
Connection of the operational amplifier U1A and the comparator U2A to a voltage source and ground has been shown. More particularly, a resistor R13 has been added to the operational amplifier U1A that also provides power for the operational amplifier U1D, and a capacitor C9 has been included as a decoupling capacitor C9. Finally, capacitors C10 and C11 have been included in the differentiators 40A and 40B to enhance stability of differentiation.
The rate-of-change control device 130 adds the comparators U2C and U2D, to the comparators, U2A and U2B, that are used in the rate-of-change control device 120 of
Operation of the rate-of-change control device 130 is the same as that described for the rate-of-change control device 120 of
Whereas the discriminator/combiner 42 of
Thus, a rate-of-change control device 132 provides switching operations in each of four conductors, 138A, 138B, 138C, and 138D, two each for each axis, X or Y. And, as each of the pins 2, 1, 14, and 13 goes to ground, the corresponding conductor 138A, 138B, 138C, or 138D goes low.
Referring now to
The rate-of-change control device 140 of
Pull-up resistors R15, R16, R17, and R18, capacitors C13, C14, C15, and C16, and the reed relays K4, K5, K6, and K7 are connected to respective ones of the four FETs Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5. The pull-up resistors R15, R16, R17, and R18 and the capacitors C13, C14, C15, and C16 provide RC circuits RC2, RC3, RC4, and RC5 that lengthen the duration of a signal provided by one of the comparators, U2A, U2B, U2C, or U2D. Zener diodes CR4, CR5, CR6, and CR7 protect respective ones of the gates of the FETs Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5.
Thus, four separately switching operations are provided by respective ones of the reed relays K4, K5, K6, and K7, which respond to differentiated electrical signals of the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
In addition, outputs of the comparators U2A and U2C are connected to an OR gate U3 and a diode CR9. Since the output of the OR gate U3 is low only when both inputs are low, the OR gate U3 lowers the gate terminal G of the FET Q1 and actuates a reed relay K8 only when a transducer, such as the tilt transducers 38A and 38B of
That is, if transducer actuation is in a direction, as indicated by an upward arrow at the left of the comparator U2A, pulling the output at pin 2 low, followed by operation downward, as indicated by a downward arrow to the left of the comparator U2C, pulling the pin 14 low during the time that the RC circuit RC2 is holding pin 2 low, the OR gate U3 will pull the gate of the FET Q1 downward, actuating the reed relay K8.
Referring now to
In operation, when pin 2 of the comparator U2A goes low, the gate G of the p-channel FET Q2 is pulled down, causing the FET Q2 to conduct for a period of time that is determined by the RC circuit RC3.
With the FET Q2 conducting for a limited period of time, the capacitor C14 is partially charged, but not sufficiently to cause an n-channel field-effect transistor (FET) Q6 to conduct. However, if the comparator U2A produces a second low within a time period as determined by the RC circuit RC3, the capacitor C14 becomes sufficiently charged to cause the FET Q6 to conduct, thereby actuating the reed relay K8. The reed relay K4 operates as described in conjunction with
Referring now to
Whether an input to the transducer 152 is either a planar or angular motion, the differentiator 156 produces a differentiated electrical signal that is the velocity (dy/dt) of the input of the transducer 152, and the second differentiator 158 produces a differentiated electrical signal that is the acceleration (d2y/dt2) of the input.
The first discriminator 160 produces two differentiated electrical signals, 164A and 164B, one each for increasing and decreasing velocities (dy/dt) of the Y input of the transducer 152 of
Referring now to
Referring now to
Selection between control of the wheelchair 12 of
The UP and DOWN signals that are used to increment and decrement the UP/DOWN counter U5, preferably, are those produced in the conductors 138A and 138B by the rate-of-change control device 132 of
In response to repeated ones of UP signals in the conductor 138A of
The digital information produced by the UP/DOWN counter U5 is connected to two analog multiplexors, U6 and U7, both of which include outputs 0-7 (not all outputs shown.) An input terminal FW/RV of the multiplexer U6 is connected to the forward/reverse propulsion signals in the Y-axis conductor 60A of
Thus, the multiplexer U6 inputs and outputs voltages that are produced in the Y-axis conductor 60A by the X-Y transducer 16 in response to movements of the head 18 forward and backward, as shown in
When the UP/DOWN counter U5 is indexed, by UP or DOWN signals, to a position wherein all three output bits are zeros, the multiplexer U6 is in a zero position and connects the Y-axis conductor 60A to the wheelchair 12. In like manner, the multiplexer U7 connects the X-axis conductor 60B to the wheelchair 12. Thus, when the UP/DOWN counter U5 is in its zero input position, the wheelchair 12 of
When the UP/DOWN counter U5 is indexed to any position other than the zero position, the forward/reverse voltages of the Y-axis conductor 60A are removed from the wheelchair 12, and turn-signal voltages of the X-axis conductor 60B also are removed from the wheelchair 12.
When, in response to UP or DOWN signals, the UP/DOWN counter U5 is indexed to other positions, control of a task, such as the tasks 176A-176F, becomes controllable through the multiplexer U7 in response to movements of the head 18 of
That is, in response to left and right tilting of the head 18 of
Summarizing operation of the control system 170, as described thus far, selection between control of the wheelchair 12 of
That is, control of the UP/DOWN counter U5, and selection of the tasks, 176A-176F, by the multiplexer U6, is by momentary contact switching. Preferably, this momentary contact switching is achieved by relatively rapid forward and backward tilting of the head 18 of
Escape from the ECU 174, and shut-down of the control system 170, is achieved by incrementing the UP/DOWN counter U5 to its maximum input, that is, to a position wherein all outputs are at a digital 1. With all outputs at a digital 1, all three inputs of an AND gate U14 are at a digital 1, so that a digital 1 output is produced in a reset conductor 178 of
Referring again to
The sync pattern detector 172 requires a pattern of input signals that provides assurance that the person 20 of
More particularly, the sync pattern detector 172 requires relatively rapid tilting of the head 18 of
To help the person 20 achieve successful activation of the control system 170, a green light-emitting diode (LED) CR10 is illuminated when head tilting is required, and a red light-emitting diode (LED) CR11 is illuminated when the person 20 must refrain from rapid tilting of the head 18.
A clock/counter U15 is in a quiescent state when it is setting at a count of 8, wherein further counting is inhibited, and all bistable multivibrators U22-U25 are reset, and the green LED CR10 is illuminated.
To initiate, or enable, the control system 170, the person 20 of
This momentary contact switching in the conductor 138A, as applied to an AND gate U16, cooperates with a signal from the clock/counter U15, that is present when the clock/counter U15 is at the 8 count, to start the clock/counter U15 counting upwardly from zero at intervals that may be about one second.
A three-bit output of the clock/counter U15 is connected to an 8-way MUX, or decoder, U17 that sequentially delivers a digital output to AND gates U18-U21, and to four additional AND gates, not shown, same as AND gates U18-U21, but connected to the conductors 138C and 138D. Thus, in sequence, the AND gates U18-U21 are provided one of the signals that each AND gate, U18-21, requires to produce an output in one of conductors generally labeled 180, 182, 184, or 186.
Each of the AND gates U18-U21 is connected to a respective one of the bistable multivibrators U22-U25 by one of the conductors 180, 182, 184, or 186. As shown, Q outputs of the bistable multivibrators U22 and U24 are connected to an AND gate U26, and NOT Q outputs of the bistable multivibrators U23 and U25 also are connected to the AND gate U26.
Therefore, if inputs, produced by tilting the head 18 of
As mentioned previously, the green LED CR10 and the red LED CR11 indicates times when signals must be inputted into the sync pattern detector 172, and times when signals must not be inputted into the sync pattern detector 172. The green LED CR10 and the red LED CR11 are illuminated in accordance with sequential outputs of the decoder U17 and OR gates U27 and U28.
While only Y-axis components of the sync pattern detector 172 have been shown, the conductors 138C and 138D of
Referring now to
The power interface 200 is usable with transducers oriented with respect to X and Y axes as shown in
When two separate tilt transducers, 38A and 38B of
Referring again to
In a first group, located closest to the bottom of the drawing, the boxes are numbered, but they are not labeled. These unlabeled boxes pertain to control signals produced by the tilt transducer 204B.
A second group of boxes, located closest to the top of the drawing, is the same as the unlabeled boxes, except that labels are inserted into the boxes. This second group of boxes pertain to control signals produced by the tilt transducer 204A.
A third group of boxes is disposed between the other two groups. This labeled group of boxes pertain to control signals produced by both tilt transducers 204A and 204B.
Continuing to refer to
The buffers 208A and 208B, the offset storage devices 210A and 210B, and the offset buffers 212A and 212B, cooperate to provide null compensators 220A and 220B, respectively.
The third group of boxes of the power interface 200 includes an overrange comparator 222, a shut-down latch 224, an ON/OFF latch 226, a momentary-contact switch 228, a null timer 230, an amber LED standby indicator 232A, a blue LED delay indicator 232B, and a green LED active indicator 232C. A proportionality adjuster 234 is connected to one or both of the signal proportioners, 216A and 216B, and a null-width adjuster 238 is connected to one or both of the null-width generators, 218A and 218B.
The overrange comparator 222 is connected to conductors 240A and 240B. The shut-down latch 224 is connected to conductors 242A and 242B, and the null timer 230 is also connected to the conductors 242A and 242B.
A null voltage N, which preferably is a positive dc voltage, and which usually is approximately one-half of the supply voltage, is developed by a null-voltage divider, or null-voltage generator, which will be numbered and described subsequently in conjunction with
Referring now to
Referring now to
Further it is assumed that the tilt X-Y transducer 16 has been adjusted, both fore and aft and side to side, to be aligned approximately with null angles, or horizontal angles, 248 and 250, of
Referring again to
Assume that a switch, not shown, which is preferably voice actuated, has been thrown to provide electrical power from a battery, not shown, to the power interface 200. At this time, the amber LED standby indicator 232A is turned on.
A preferred component for voice actuation of the aforementioned switch is manufactured by Sensory, Inc. of Sunnydale, California. The part name is “Voice Direct,” and the part number is RSC-264T.
Referring now to
At the start of the time delay, the amber LED standby indicator 232A is turned OFF, the blue LED delay indicator 232B is turned ON, and the green LED active indicator 232C is turned on.
Assuming that the person 20 has tilted his head 18 sideways to activate the momentary-contact switch 228, at least one of the tilt transducers, 204A or 204B, is producing a signal voltage that is far from the null voltage.
After tilting his head 18 sideways to activate the momentary-contact switch 228, the person 20 then moves his head 18 back to a comfortable position wherein the X-Y transducer 16 is approximately aligned with the null angles, or horizontal angles, 248 and 250 of
Subsequently, the person 20 will be able to control speeds and turns of the power wheelchair 12 of
However, after moving his head 18 to approximately the null angles, 248 and 250, the X-Y transducer 16 of
That is, if a 10.0 volt system is used, and a null voltage N is 5.0 volts, then an approximate null position of the tilt X-Y transducer 16 will produce a signal voltage roughly in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 volts, which is one volt above or below the null voltage, more or less.
During the time delay of the null timer 230, which may be adjustable to times preferably in the range of 0 to 7 seconds, the null timer 230 applies the null voltage N to the conductor 242A, holding the voltage in the conductor 242A to a precise null voltage.
If the person 20 has Parkinson's disease, or some other tremor-inducing disease, one or both of the tilt transducers, 204A and/or 204B, most likely will produce a tremoring approximate-null voltage, or a tremoring electrical signal 260, as shown by a tremoring voltage curve 262 of
As the tremoring approximate-null voltage 260 from the tilt transducer 204A is applied to the tremor conditioner 206A, tremoring voltages are averaged, so that a tremor-controlled voltage curve 264 of
The buffer 208A operates as a follower, faithfully reproducing the output of the tilt transducer 204A in the conductor 240A, so the output of the buffer 208A is also represented by
In the meantime, the conductor 242A of
Therefore, the offset storage capacitor 210A is subjected to a nulling voltage. That is, the offset storage capacitor 210A is subjected to a signal voltage in the conductor 240A that is produced by the tilt transducer 204A and averaged by the tremor conditioner 206A, and that may be either higher or lower than the precise null voltage N. And, the offset storage capacitor 210A is subjected to a voltage in the conductor 242A that is held to the precise null voltage N.
Thus, it can be seen that the offset storage capacitor 210A stores a voltage that is the difference between the approximate-null voltage 266 of
At the end of the time delay produced by the null timer 230, the null voltage N is removed from the conductor 242A, and the blue LED delay indicator 232B is turned OFF, but the green LED active indicator 232C stays on.
At this time, although, the tilt transducer 204A may be developing a signal voltage that would normally cause the power wheelchair 12 of
That is, the approximate-null voltage 266 of
Therefore, instead of lurching forward because of the tremoring approximate-null voltage 260 of
From this time on, until the next shutdown, the null compensator 220A, which includes the buffer 208A, the capacitor 210A, and the offset buffer 212A, offsets the electrical signal of the tilt transducer 204A, so that voltages delivered to the signal limiter 214A are compensated for the approximate-null voltage 266, of
At the end of the time delay produced by the null timer 230, the green LED active indicator 232C stays on, but the blue LED delay indicator 232B is turned off. The person 20 of
Leaving consideration of signal voltages produced by the offset buffer 212A of the null compensator 220A, it is time to consider the overrange comparator 222. Referring again to
Whenever a signal voltage produced by the tilt transducer 204A of
That is, whenever the conductor 242A is brought to the null voltage N, by any means, the offset buffer 212A holds its output to the null voltage N, and the power wheelchair 12 of
Prior to overrange shutdown, the green LED active indicator 232C is lit. Now, to indicate shutdown, preferably the amber LED standby indicator 232A and the green LED active indicator 232C flash alternately. By these flashing lights, if the person 20 is conscious, and is able to control the power wheelchair 12, he knows that he has overranged the tilt X-Y transducer 16, and that he must restart the power interface 200.
The overrange comparator 222 provides a safety device for an occasion in which the tilt X-Y transducer 16 may be knocked from the head 18 of the person 20 of
In any of these situations, instead of the power wheelchair 12 of
The person 20, if conscious and both mentally and physically able, after repositioning his head 18 to approximate null angles 248 and 250 of
As shown in
Returning now to consideration of signal voltages exiting from the offset buffer 212A, and referring now to
The limited voltages, 276A and 276B, are limited to magnitudes that are reasonable for the most skilled person 20 of
It should be noticed that, since the overrange comparator 222 is upstream of the signal limiter 214A, the signal limiter 214A can function to limit maximum voltages without interfering with the overrange comparator 222.
Next, voltages from the signal limiter 214A are delivered to the signal proportioner 216A and are adjustably proportioned in accordance with the skill of a particular person 20 of
Proportioned voltages are then delivered to the null-width generator 218A of
With regard to
Referring now to
Referring now to
The buffer 208A receives the conditioned signal voltage from the tremor conditioner 206A at pin 10. The buffer 208A is a high input-impedance operational amplifier U30 that is connected, as shown, to provide a high-isolation follower, so that the smoothed voltages produced by the tremor conditioner 206A are reproduced in pin 8.
The offset storage device 210A receives the approximate-null voltage 266 of
The offset buffer 212A is a high input-impedance operational amplifier, U31. Pin 12 of the operational amplifier U31 is connected to the capacitor C22 by the conductor 242A, and the operational amplifier U31 is connected as shown to provide a high-isolation follower.
The null timer 230 holds the conductor 242A at the null voltage N. Thus, the approximate-null voltage 266 in the conductor 240A, as shown by the curve 264 of
At the end of the time delay provided by the null timer 230, the null voltage N is removed from the conductor 242A. Thereafter, changes in a signal voltage produced by the tilt transducer 204A are reproduced in pin 14 of the operational amplifier U31 by the offset buffer 212A, except that the signal voltages are corrected to compensate for the approximate null voltage that is produced by inexact mounting of the X-Y transducer 16 on the head 18 of the person 20 of
Successful operation of the null compensator 220A, which includes the buffer 208A, the offset storage capacitor 210A, and the offset buffer 212A, depends upon holding a precise charge in the offset storage capacitor 210A for hours at a time. In the present invention, this has been achieved by three factors.
The offset storage capacitor 210A is of the polyester type that has extremely low internal leakage, and that has an extremely slow self-discharge rate. Secondly, the buffers 208A and 212A are FET technology operational amplifiers and have extremely high impedances. They operate in accordance with voltage levels, rather than currents, so they do not place a current drain on the offset storage capacitor 210A. Thirdly, any relays that would discharge the capacitor C22 are of a high-isolation type.
The corrected null voltage, or null compensated signal 268, is delivered to the signal limiter 214A by a resistor R21 and a conductor 290A. The signal limiter includes npn transistors Q10 and Q11 and diodes CR15 and CR16 that are connected between the source voltage and ground, as shown. The base B of each transistor, Q10 or Q11, is connected to the null voltage.
When the signal voltage in the conductor 290A is greater than the null voltage by approximately 2.5 volts, the transistor Q11 will conduct pulling the signal voltage downwardly toward null, causing a voltage drop across the resistor R21. Conversely, when the signal voltage in the conductor 290A is less than the null voltage by approximately 2.5 volts, the transistor Q10 will conduct pulling the signal voltage upwardly.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, upper and lower limits of the signal limiter 214A depend upon the type of transistors that are used, and both the type and the number of diodes that are used, if any. That is, for a closer range between upper and lower limits, the diodes, CR15 and CR16, may be omitted, and for a higher range, more diodes may be inserted.
Continuing to refer to
Thus, the potentiometer RV5 is a part of the proportionality adjuster 234 of
Before leaving
Referring now to
Referring now to
That is, by selectively adjusting the null widths, 282A and 282B, inadvertent operation of the wheelchair 12 of
Further, the null-width generator 218A of
Referring again to
The resistors R26, R27, and R28, and the potentiometer RV7 cooperate to provide adjustable reference voltages on pins 5 and 6 of the comparators U32 and U33. The signal voltage that has been limited by the signal limiter 214A in the conductor 290A of
The capacitors C25 and C26 cooperate with the resistor R31 to provide an RC circuit RC11. As shown, the capacitors C25 and C26 are positioned back-to-back to provide a non-polarized capacitor. Optionally, a single, non-polarized capacitor may be used.
It should be noticed that it is the limited signal voltage of the conductor 290A of
By selective adjustment of the potentiometer RV7, reference voltages may be set that are in the order of 0.1 to 0.7 volts above and below the null voltage N.
When the limited signal voltage in the conductor 290A is either above or below a respective one of the voltage limits, one of the comparators, U32 or U33, will output a ground. Since the comparators, are of the open collector type, whenever one of the comparators, U32 or U33, outputs a ground, its ground will pull down the high gate voltage on the bilateral switch Q13 that has been provided by the pull-up resistor R30.
However, when the signal voltage in the conductor 290A is within the upper and lower voltage limits, the outputs of both comparators, U32 and U33, are high at pins 1 and 2, the pull-up resistor R30 applies a high gate voltage to the bilateral switch Q13, and the bilateral switch Q13 conducts, thereby forcing a voltage in a conductor 312A to increase or decrease to the null voltage N.
Further, the signal voltage in the conductor 312A will be reproduced in a conductor 314A, since the operational amplifier U34 is configured as a follower.
Continuing to refer to
However, as soon as actuation of the tilt transducer 204A of
Since the operational amplifier U34 is voltage operated, rather than current operated, there is no current flow from the capacitors C25 and C26 directly to pin 5 of the operational amplifier U34. Instead, the capacitors C25 and C26 are discharged by the resistor R31 to the pin 5, at a rate determined by the voltage differential, the capacitance of the capacitors, C25 and C26, and the resistance of the resistor R31.
If the RC circuit RC11 were not included, the voltage differential between the limited signal voltage, in the conductor 292A, and the null voltage N, in the conductor 312A, would be increased by the null voltage almost instantaneously, and the power wheelchair 12 of
But, with the RC circuit RC11 included, discharge of the capacitors C25 and C26, and addition of the null signal, to the voltage that is in the conductor 312A, is at a controlled rate-of-change.
As mentioned previously, the null-width generator 218A of
Further, it becomes evident that the capacitors, C25 and C26, the resistor R31, and the operational amplifier, U34 cooperate to provide a rate-of-change control device 316A that may be included as a part of the null-width generator 218A.
For some power wheelchairs, such as the wheelchair 12 of
Referring now to
The turn-signal conditioner 330 is connected to two null-width generators, such as the null-width generator 218A of
The turn-signal conditioner 330 includes paralleled resistors for the purpose of achieving precise resistances. Since each pair functions as a single resistor, each paralleled pair will be named and numbered as if a single resistor were used.
The turn-signal conditioner 330 includes operational amplifiers, U35 and U36, input resistors R32 and R33, feedback resistors R34 and R35, resistors R36-R43, and diodes CR17, CR18, and CR19. The resistors R32 and R33 are input resistors, and the resistors R34 and R35 are feedback resistors, and the remaining resistors, except for the resistor R42, are used to set, or divide, voltages.
As shown in
As a right/left turn-signal voltage is applied to the turn-signal conditioner 330 by the conductor 332, one of the operational amplifiers, U35 or U36, goes low pulling the forward/reverse signal voltage in the conductor 314A down through the resistor R42, the diode CR17, and one of the other diodes, CR18 or CR19.
The resistor R42 and/or the diode CR17 may be omitted, in accordance with design choices.
In operation, the forward/reverse signal is pulled down as a function of the right/left turn signal by the turn-signal conditioner 330, thereby cooperating with a pair of the null-width generators, such as the null-width generator 218A of
Referring now to
Referring now to
If the turn-signal conditioner 340 is used with a system in which the null voltage is 2.5 volts, and if the maximum signal voltage, as limited by the signal limiters 214A and 214B of
The operational amplifiers U35 and U36 are configured to provide 2.8 volts on pins 1 and 2 when there is no right/left turn signal. That is, the right/left turn-signal voltage, as applied to the conductor 332 of
When the maximum forward/reverse signal voltage in the conductor 314A is 3.4 volts, with a 0.6 voltage drop across the diodes CR24 and CR25, the voltage applied to the pins 1 and 2 is 2.8 volts, which is the same voltage that the pins 1 and 2 are producing from the operational amplifiers U35 and U36, so the turn-signal conditioner 340 is not conditioning the forward/reverse signal voltage.
However, if the right/left turn-signal voltage in the conductor 332 increases for a right turn, since the operational amplifier U35 is an inverting amplifier, the pin 2 will decrease pulling the forward/reverse signal voltage down through the resistor R44, the potentiometer RV8, the resistor R46, and the diode CR24. Conversely, if the right/left turn-signal voltage in the conductor 332 decreases for a left turn, the output of the operational amplifier U36 will decrease, pulling the forward/reverse signal voltage down.
Operation described thus far for the turn-signal conditioners, 330 and 340, of
As mentioned above, a minimum signal voltage of 1.6 volts produces a maximum reverse speed. With the pins 1 and 2 set at 2.8 volts, and with series-connected diodes CR20 and CR21 producing a maximum voltage drop of 1.2 volts, or with series-connected diodes CR22 and CR23 producing a voltage drop of 1.2 volts, the voltage delivered from pins 1 and 2, through the respective pair of diodes, CR20 and CR21, or CR22 and CR23, to a F/R conductor 344 will be 1.6 volts.
Thus, when there is no right/left turn signal, that is when the right/left turn-signal voltage in the conductor 332 is 2.5 volts, the turn-signal conditioner 340 will have no effect on the reverse speed.
However, assuming that the right/left turn signal increases, the noninverting operational amplifier U36 will produce an increased voltage on pin 1, and this increase above the set point of 2.8 volts, although reduced by flowing through the diodes, CR22 and CR23, will cause an increase in voltage in the F/R conductor 344, thereby slowing reverse speeds as a function of right/left turn signals.
Referring again to
Referring now to
Referring now to
The head-actuated mouse 380 also includes the signal conditioner 200 of
Most importantly, as used in the head-actuated mouse 380 of
Inclusion of a pair of the null compensators, 220A and 220B of
Of perhaps equal importance is inclusion of a pair of null-width generators, such as the null-width generators 218A and 218B of
Inclusion of a pair of null-width generators, such as the null-width generator 218A of
The head-actuated mouse 380 also includes a second human input device, or mouse-clicking device, 384. Among the many possibilities, the chin-actuated switch 372 of
Optionally, a prioritize select 386 is included for use with computer programs that do not prioritize X or Y movement of a display cursor 388 of a monitor or display device 390, and for other controllable devices in which optimal operation can be achieved by inclusion of a prioritizing function.
For instance, computer assisted drawing (CAD) systems typically prioritize movement along the axis that has the largest input so that perfectly straight lines can be drawn with ease.
If the prioritize select 386 has been set to give priority to x electrical signals, when an x electrical signal enters the prioritize select 386, if an x electrical signal is greater than a y electrical signal, or occurs before a y electrical signal occurs, the y electrical signal is locked out, and the cursor 388 is allowed to move only in left and right horizontal directions, as shown in
That is, the prioritize select 386 may be configured to sense the first occurring electrical signal, x or y, or the greater electrical signal, x or y. As used herein, the greater electrical signal refers to the absolute value in relation to a null.
A human interface device (HID) 392 is interposed between the prioritize select 386 and the computer 382. The HID 392 translates inclination of the head 18 of the person 20 of
That is, preferably, instead of requiring a continuous input movement, as do conventional mice, the head-actuated mouse 380 of the present invention, whether head actuated or actuated by any other suitable means, continues to move the cursor 388, proportional to the tilt angles 252A and 254A of
The HID 392, in addition to translating inputs from the first human input device 202, which is preferably the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
Optionally, a voice-recognition IC 394 is used as the second human input device 384. With inclusion of the voice-recognition IC 394, the head-actuated mouse 380 becomes a head-voice control 396 for the computer 382, and other controllable devices, such as the power wheelchair 12 of
The HID 392 may be obtained from Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland, Me. One model is shown on data sheet USB 100. The voice-recognition IC 394 may be obtained from Sensory Inc. in Sunnyvale, Calif.
In operation, movement of the cursor 388 is as described above. “Pointing” to programs and/or operating functions may be made by head-actuation of the head-actuated mouse 380 and subsequent “clicking” by the chin-actuated switch 372 of
For use with CAD drawing programs and other complex computer programs, preferably, a rate-of-change device, such as the rate-of-change control device 22 of
While use of the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
While only X and Y axis operation has been shown and described, the present invention includes Z axis actuation. Z axis input of the present invention includes actuation of a Z, or third, input device by any body member, whether mounted thereto or not. Preferably, Z axis input is achieved by a head-actuated rotational-position transducer in which Z axis input is achieved by the person 20 positionally rotating the head 18, although an accelerometer may be used as an input device for the Z axis, or any axis.
Finally, while control of the power wheelchair, 12 of
Before proceeding to describe a preferred embodiment of
Click and drag functions of the mouse 420 are provided by rate-of-change switching as described previously in conjunction with
Operation of the mouse 420 is enabled in one of several ways. In the most unique method, the mouse 420 is enabled in response to a predetermined magnitude of a signal voltage that is produced by a mechanical-to-electrical transducer. For instance, a switching function, to enable operation of the mouse 420, may be achieved by the person 20, of
Therefore, the present invention teaches using an electrical signal from a mechanical-to-electrical transducer in three ways: performing an enabling operation as a function of magnitudes of the electrical signal; performing proportional control of an apparatus as a function of the same electrical signal; and performing a switching operation as a function of derivatives, with respect to time, of the same electrical signal.
Returning again to methods of enabling the mouse 420 of
Referring now to
That is, the signal conditioners 424A and 424B include all of the components that are used to condition the electrical signals for control of movement of the cursor 388 of
Preferably, as named, tilt transducers are preferred for use in the mouse 420. However, any mechanically or manually actuated transducers, of any suitable type, such as the joystick X-Y controller 17 or a proximity transducer, may be used.
In addition to components that are used in the signal conditioner 424A of
Referring again to
In the first group, located closest to the bottom of the drawing, the boxes are numbered, but they are not labeled. These unlabeled boxes pertain to control signals produced by the tilt transducer 422B.
A second group of boxes, located closest to the top of the drawing, is the same as the unlabeled boxes, except that labels are inserted into the boxes. This second group of boxes pertains to control signals produced by the tilt transducer 422A.
A third group of boxes is disposed between the other two groups. This labeled group of boxes pertains to control signals produced by both tilt transducers, 422A and 422B.
Continuing to refer to
The signal conditioner 424A includes an orientator and buffer 432A, an offset storer 434A, a buffer/splitter 436A, a tremor conditioner and limiter 438A, a fast limiter 440A, a speed adjuster 442A, a null-width generator 444A, an attack/decay conditioner 446A, a lockout 448A, a snap-back 450A, and a buffer 452A.
Referring now to
Referring again to
As shown in
In like manner, a signal voltage from the tilt transducer 422B of
Referring again to
More particularly, signal voltages from respective ones of the orientator and buffers, 432A and 432B, proceed from conductors 470A and 470B to the click and drag interpreter 428, as shown in
The click/drag orientation selector 460 selects a click or a drag function, and the click/drag recognizer 462 delivers a click or drag command to the translator 464 by a conductor 472. The translator 464 and the rf link 466 then deliver click and drag commands to the USB and PS2 ports.
Referring now to
Referring now to
In operation, electrical signals from the transducers 422A and 422B are outputted directly to the orientation switches, 480A and 480B, respectively, and electrical signals from the transducers 422A and 422B are also inverted through the inverting amplifiers 478A and 478B, and delivered to the orientator switches.
By selectively closing contacts that are generally numbered 484, the electrical signals from the transducers 422A and 422B can be made to produce increasing, or decreasing, electrical signals in response to a given tilt angle, such as the tilt angles 252A of
Therefore, the orientation switches 480A and 480B allow users to selectively cause either the transducer 422A or the transducer 422B to control horizontal or vertical movements of the cursor 388 of
Referring now to
The buffer/splitter 436A includes an operational amplifier U40A that is configured as a buffer, and resistors R52A and R53A. The buffer/splitter 436A is connected to the tremor conditioner 438A by a conductor 488A and the fast limiter 440A by a conductor 490A.
As can be seen by inspection of
In addition to the components that are shared with the fast limiter 440A, the tremor conditioner 438A includes diodes CR25A, CR26A, CR27A, and CR28A, and capacitors C30A and C31A.
In operation, after the electrical signal is divided into two equal electrical signals by the buffer/splitter 436A of
Signal limiting for the upper limit of the electrical signal in the conductor 488A occurs when the electrical signal, as conducted by the diode CR25A to the buffer U41A, exceeds an upper limit as set by the resistors R54A, R55A, R56A, and the diode CR25A. In like manner, limiting of the lower limit occurs when the electrical signal, as conducted by the diode CR26A, is below the lower limit of the buffer U42, as set by the resistors R54A, R55A, and R56A.
In like manner signal limiting for the fast limiter 440A occurs as the diode CR27A conducts the upper limit, as set by the resistors R54A, R55A, and R56A to the buffer U41A, and as the diode CR27A allows a signal voltage from the buffer U42A to conducts the lower limit to the conductor 490A.
As shown by blocks in
The capacitors C30A and C31A of the tremor conditioner 438A provide tremor buffering, and thereby allow individuals with severe body tremors to successfully operate the mouse 420 of
However, since electrical signals exiting from the fast limiter 440A in the conductor 490A do follow closely to the electrical signals produced by the transducer 422A, and as will be shown later, the electrical signals exiting from the fast limiter 440A are used in the snap back 450A of
The tremor conditioner and limiter 438A of
Referring now to
Continuing to refer to
The null-width generator 444A includes comparators U43A and U44A to detect electrical signals above an adjustable threshold. The comparator U43A responds to tremor-conditioned electrical signals from the tremor conditioner 438A, and the comparator U44A responds to real-time electrical signals from the fast limiter 440A.
In addition, the null-width generator 444A includes comparators U45 and U46 to limit electrical signals that are below an adjustable threshold. The comparator U46 responds to tremor-conditioned electrical signals from the tremor conditioner 438A, and the comparator U45 responds to real-time electrical signals from the fast limiter 440A.
The comparators U43A, U44A, U45A, and U46A are biased by a 2.2 volt supply and resistors R60A, R61A, R62A, and a potentiometer RV9A that is connected to function as a rheostat, thereby setting the aforesaid high and low limits. The potentiometer RV9A provides for user adjustment of the null widths 282A and 282B of
The comparator U43A monitors the tremor-conditioned electrical signal from the tremor conditioner 438A, and trips the comparator U43A when the tremor-conditioned electrical signal increases above the null-hi electric signal 288 of
That is, the comparators U45A and U46A are referenced with the lower of the two reference voltages, so that they both trip at the null-lo electrical signal 288B of
Continuing to refer to
Continuing to refer to
Continuing to refer to
The attack/decay conditioner 446A provides separate ON and OFF slew rates as the signal departs from its null position or returns to null. The attack/decay conditioner 446A provides three signal conditioning functions.
The attack/decay conditioner 446A limits start-up velocity of the cursor 388 of
Starting slowly allows small and precise movements of the cursor 388 of
The attack/decay conditioner 446A includes an RC circuit RC12A that consists of a resistor R63A and a capacitor C33A, bilateral switches Q8A, Q9A, Q10A, and Q11A, resistors R64A, R65A. R66A, R67A, and R68A, and diodes CR30A and CR31A.
Continuing to refer to
When the tremor-conditioned signal, as applied to the comparator U43A is no longer higher than the null-hi signal 288G of
When a tremor-conditioned signal supplied to the comparator U45A is below the null-low signal 288B of
When the tremor-conditioned signal in the conductor 502A is no longer below the null-lo signal 88B of
Continuing to refer to
In summary, the attack/decay conditioner provides non-linear attack/decay signals to the conductor 510A. The null-width generator provides a tremor free adjustable neutral zone that stabilizes cursor movements. The size of the null width is adjustable to accommodate user requirements.
Continuing to refer to
In addition to the decay characteristics of the R63A and C33A components, the snap-back 520A functionality is paramount to the successful implementation of the decay signal traits. The four active low outputs of the null width 444A function are routed to OR gates, 522A and 524A of the snap-back 520A circuitry. These four signals are collectively gated, using summing diodes CR33A and CR34A with the snap signal 526A resulting. Resistors R70A, R71A, and R72A are pull-up resistors.
The snap signal 526A, in conjunction with the lockout 528A function, controls the conductivity of bilateral switch Q14A which forces the combined cursor signal in the conductor 510A to a null state when activated.
Continuing to refer to
During initial cursor movement, the cursor will commence moving after both signals have become active. Cursor movement will cease, when the first of either one of the signals returns to a null position. Normally, the real-time sensor signal in the conductor 502A will be the first signal returned to a null position. Snapping the cursor signal back to the inactive state and stopping the cursor movement, when the sensor input is first detected to have returned to its null position, is crucial to the successful operation of the cursor.
Continuing to refer to
Continuing to refer to
That is, with the axis-lock switch S10 in the ON position, cursor activity is limited to movement in one axis only. This is accomplished by the biasing on the gate of bilateral switch Q16A which is HIGH when the axis-lock switch S10 in the ON position. The bilateral switches Q16A and Q15A are cross-coupled to the bilateral switches Q16B and Q15B and provide for direct feedback to the opposite axis. The axis that detects cursor movement first, disables the other axis by directing a LOW to the bilateral switch Q15A, thereby forcing the combined cursor signal in the conductor 510A to a null voltage by enabling the bilateral switch Q14A to conduct.
Continuing to refer to
This significant feature prevents inadvertent cursor movements while the operator rapidly actuates one axis of an X-Y transducers, such as the transducer 16 of
The combined cursor signal in the conductor 510A is buffered by an operational amplifier U48A which provides axis output signal 532A to the translator 464.
Referring now to
A tilt angle adjustment potentiometer RV11 sources an operational amplifier U50 with a range of voltages between the two fixed values. The operational amplifier U50 provides unity gain buffering for added stability in sourcing a positive tilt bias signal in a conductor 536. Resistors R84 and R85 provide proper bias for the operational amplifier U50, and resistors R86 and R87 set the gain.
An operational amplifier U51 functions as a level shifter, converting voltage differences above 2.5 volts of the positive tilt bias signal in the conductor 536, and producing a similar voltage difference below 2.5 volts of the negative tilt bias signal in a conductor 538.
The tilt-enable switch 454 is designed to accommodate a 2.5 volt null voltage. The positive tilt bias signal in the conductor 536 has an adjustable range of 3.33 volts to 4.88 volts while the negative tilt bias signal in the conductor 538 has a range of 1.67 volts to 0.12 volts.
Continuing to refer to
A four element DIP switch, S11, cooperates with the output signals from comparators U52, U53, U54, and U55, and selectively produces a tilt-enable signal in a conductor 534 from one or more adjustable tilt angle quadrants.
The purpose of the tilt-enable switch 454 is to allow the person 20 of
One function of the tilt-enable switch 454 is to selectively determine whether the mouse 420, of
Referring now to
The push-and-hold switch 550 is connected to 10.0 volts, so that when manually actuated and held closed, a voltage is produced that enables a bilateral switch Q20, thereby providing a low-voltage pre-delay signal in a conductor 552 that enables the mouse 420 of
An output of a bilateral switch Q21 toggles between approximately 0.3 volts and 9.7 volts. With a bilateral switch Q22 disabled, an operational amplifier that is configured as a comparator U60 powers up with a low voltage level, and toggles to a high when the bilateral switch Q22 conducts. That is, comparators U60 and U61 and their associated components, resistors R92, R93, R94, R95, R96, R97, and R98, capacitors C50, C51, and C52, diodes CR45, CR46, and CR47, make a latch circuit that changes state each time the bilateral switch Q22 conducts.
A delay adjustment potentiometer RV12 adjustably slows down the rate at which a capacitor C53 is able to charge, thus delaying the time it takes for a comparator U62 to switch high. A delay signal in a conductor 558 controls conduction of the bilateral switch Q21, turning it ON, thereby activating the mouse 420 of
Referring now to
Portions of
Each of four discriminated outputs from the conductors 138A, 138B, 138C, and 138D of
The capacitors C55, C56, C57, and C58, in conjunction with the resistors R105, R106, R107, and R108 condition the discriminated signals into logic pulses which are then detected by the comparators U65, U66, U67, U68 that provide detection for all quadrants (plus X, minus X, plus Y, or minus Y) of transducer signals.
Resistor R109 is a pull-down resistor for a rate-of-change ROC busy signal in the conductor 530, which utilizes four summing diodes CR50, CR51, CR52, and CR53 to provide a positive source for the ROC busy signal in the conductor 530 when a rate-of-change activity is detected in any of four quadrants.
Continuing to refer to
Output of the right click switch S15 is controlled by a bilateral switch Q25, which disables the signal path when the cursor 388 of
Referring now to
If two pulses from the buffer U70 occur within a two second time-period, the charge voltage of the capacitor C66 will exceed a pre-determined value and cause an operational amplifier U71, that is configured as a comparator, to activate.
A resistor R111 functions as a bleed-off resistor for a capacitor C65, while a resistor R112 provides a discharge path for the capacitor C66, and a resistor R110 increases the charge time of a capacitor C65. The operational amplifier U71, that is configured as a comparator and pulse width limiter with hysteresis, utilizes feedback during signal detection to limit the width of the output pulse to a bilateral switch Q30.
When the comparator U71 activates, a resistor R115 supplies current to allow a capacitor C67 to charge. When the charge in the capacitor C67 increases above that of the capacitor C66, the comparator U71 de-activates. This combination of events produces a proper pulse width to emulate that of a mouse click circuit.
A diode CR61, a resistor R113, and a resistor R114 combine with the resistor R115 and the capacitor C67 to provide hysteresis, thereby preventing multiple pulses. The bilateral switch Q30 conducts while the comparator U71 is activated, and is paralleled with the right click switch S15.
Continuing to refer to
The bilateral switch Q31 conducts when a left click function is desired, and is controlled by any of four independent inputs: the click/drag recognizer 462 of
Continuing to refer to
The drag function is initiated when the person 20 of
The latch circuit for the drag function is identical to the one described in
Comparators U73 and U74, together with their associated components, resistors R121, R122, R123, R124, R125, R126, and R127, diode CR65, capacitors C70, C71, and C72, and a diode CR69 combine to form a latch circuit that changes state each time the bilateral switch Q32 commences conducting.
An output of the bilateral switch Q31 toggles between approximately 0.3 volts and 9.7 volts. When the bilateral switch Q32 is disabled, the bilateral switch Q30 powers up at a low voltage level, and increases to a high when the bilateral switch Q32 begins conducting. The drag circuitry output is provided through the diode CR66 to the bilateral switch Q31.
Referring now to
The resistors R132 and R133 divide the electrical signal, and applies the divided signals to optical couplers Q35 and Q36. Electrical signals that are increasing cause the optical coupler Q36 to become active, while electrical signals that are decreasing activate the optical coupler Q35.
In order to compensate for drift in the acquired rf link 466 of
Continuing to refer to
The resistors R135 and R136 divide the X-axis electrical signal applied to optical couplers Q37 and Q38. Signals activating positive from the null voltage N will cause the optical coupler Q38 to activate, while negative signals will activate the optical coupler Q37.
Continuing to refer to
The comparators U81, U82, U83, and U84 are biased by resistors R137, R138, and R139, to activate if movement of the cursor 388 of
Continuing to refer to
The transmitter unit is disassembled and the transmitter assembly is installed into an enclosure, not shown, of the mouse 420 of
Referring now to
By positioning one of the proximity transducers, such as the transducer 704A slightly forward of an ear 708, or in relation to any article, not shown, that rotates with the head 18, the proximity transducer 704A, or an other one of the proximity transducers, 704B or 704C, will sense rotational movement of the head 18 around a Z-axis 710, so that the cursor 388 of
Vertical movement of the cursor 388 of
Continuing to refer to
One usable input involves the person 20 tilting the head 18 laterally or from side to side. Because the entire side of the head 18 functions as the same reflective plan, the fore or aft mounting location or target area of the proportional proximity transducer 704A is noncritical.
For persons 20 without lateral or side-to-side head movement, a torsional or rotational movement of the head 18 may be a better option, and for some persons 20, the only option.
It can be seen by observing
This aforementioned increase or decrease in distance between the proportional proximity transducer 704A and the head 20 will result in the proportional X-axis signals being outputted by proportional proximity transducer 704A.
To increase and/or improve the proportional proximity transducer's 704A target area, a vertical and horizontally disposed vane may be attached to a headband, a cap or any other suitable attachment, not shown. Once again, the target area is preferably located a significant distance fore or aft the Z-axis 710.
Continuing to refer to
For example, the proportional proximity transducer 704C may be located behind the person's head 20 as shown in
It should be further understood that other combinations of proportional and nonproportional proximity transducers can be utilized to output other meaningful X-Y signals.
It becomes apparent that the mouse 700 of
The tilt-axis X-Y transducer 16 of
The null timer 230 provides means for preventing actuation of the power wheelchair 12 of
During the time delay, the initializing signal is stored in the offset storage device 210A. The null compensator 220A, which includes both the offset storage device 210A and the offset buffer 212A, cooperate to provide means for compensating subsequent outputs of the tilt X-Y transducer 16.
The use of a pair of null-width generators, such as the null-width generator 218A of
Finally, the rate-of-change control device 316A provides means for progressively obviating the preventing step of the null-width generator 218A of
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring again to
Referring now to
Referring again to
In the following discussion, function blocks that are attached to the conductor 732A pertain to x electrical signals and function blocks that pertain to x electrical signals; and function blocks that are attached to the conductor 732B pertain to y electrical signals and function blocks that pertain to y electrical signals. Function blocks nearer the top and bottom of the sheet pertain to cursor-moving electrical signals; and function blocks that are interposed vertically therebetween pertain to computer-mouse switching functions. Since the x and y electrical signals are handled identically, generally it will be unnecessary to discuss the functions of both x and y electrical signals.
Starting with the conductor 732A, x electrical signals from the quad selector 730 proceed to an offset storer 734A. In operation, the transducer 722A is approximately nulled, as described above. That is, if the transducer 722B is a tilt transducer, such as one of the tilt transducers in the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
Therefore, whenever a transducer, such as one of the tilt transducers in the tilt X-Y transducer 16 of
As shown, both the transducer 722A and the offset storer 734A are connected to a summer 736A, so that, when the transducer 722A is actuated subsequently, the summer 736A outputs the algebraic difference between the initializing error and subsequently produced electrical outputs of the transducer 722A. The algebraic differences between the initializing error and subsequently produced electrical signals are corrected electrical signals.
However, during initialization, a null generator 738A, that is connected to the summer 736A, pulls the electrical signal, at the output of the summer 736A, to a precise-null electrical signal until initialization of the transducer 722A is complete. That is, until the x electrical signal is released from the precise-null electrical signal of the null generator 738A, the x signal is pulled to the precise-null electrical signal. Preferably, a timer 740 starts initialization of the transducers 722A and 722B, and controls both null generators, 738A and 738B. Optionally, a single null generator may be used or separate timers may be used.
The summer 736A delivers corrected x electrical signals to a signal limiter 742A. The signal limiter 742A provides means for selectively limiting speeds of operation by limiting magnitudes of the y electrical signals. The signal limiter 742A of
Referring now to
As shown, transmission of x electrical signals is divided into a delayed-time path that includes a proportioner 750A, and a real-time path that includes a fast-back bypass 752A. The fast-back bypass 752A will be discussed subsequently.
The proportioner 750A selectively proportions the time-averaged x electrical signal, as produced by the time averager 746A, thereby providing selectively adjustable sensitivity for whichever transducer, 722A or 722B, is selected by the quad selector 730 of
The proportioner 750A delivers the selectively proportioned x electrical signal to an adjustable null-width generator 754A. As taught in conjunction with
Electrical signals that are within the null width of the null-width generator 754A cannot move the cursor 724 because a null and snap-back 756A, that is connected to the null-width generator 754A by a conductor 758A, pulls the x electrical signals to a precise-null electrical signal whenever the proportioned x electrical signals are within the null width. The null width, and especially the fact that the null width is selectively adjustable, is essential for those whose motor skills are limited, and assures ease of operation for those whose motor skills are good to excellent.
In operation, the null-width generator 754A is selectively adjustable to set both null-hi and null-lo limits of the null-width generator 754A. Whenever an x electrical signal in the null-width generator 752A is within the null width, the null-width generator 752A sends a signal through the conductor 758A to the null and snap-back 756A, and the null and snap-back 756A nulls the x signal at the output of the null-width generator 754A.
An x electrical signal that goes higher than the null-hi electrical signal 282A of the null width of
Since the null and snap-back 756A releases the x electrical signal abruptly, this abrupt change in the x electrical signal would cause the cursor 724 to jump in the X direction, except that an acceleration limiter 760A receives undiminished magnitudes of the x electrical signal from the null-width generator 754A, including abrupt increases, and progressively releases them, so the cursor 724 accelerates in an X direction smoothly.
As shown, the acceleration limiter 760A is connected to a x>y prioritizer 762A, and the x>y prioritizer 762A is connected to a y>x prioritizer 762B. Whenever an x electrical signal in the x>y prioritizer 762A is greater than a y electrical signal in the y>x prioritizer 762B, the y>x prioritizer 762B blocks transmission of the y electrical signal.
Referring now to
The x>y prioritizer 762A delivers the x electrical signal to a cursor-freeze 766A. Both the cursor-freeze 766A and a cursor-freeze 766B are connected to a conductor 768. The cursor-freeze 766A prevents an x electrical signal from proceeding to a cursor driver 770A and to the display device 726 when the conductor 768 is energized. In like manner, the cursor-freeze 766B prevents a y electrical signal from proceeding to a cursor driver 770B when the conductor 768 is energized. Operation of the cursor freeze 766A will be discussed in more detail in conjunction with switching functions of the present invention.
As previously described in this summary, any time that the time-averaged x electrical signal is reduced to be within the null width of the null-width generator 754A, the null and snap-back 756A pulls the x electrical signal to the null electrical signal. Thus, the null-width generator 754A and the null and snap-back 756A help prevent the cursor 724 from overtraveling when the user suddenly positions the transducer 722A to an approximate null position.
However, the time averager 746A, which in an analog configuration includes a capacitor, delays reduction of the x electrical signal, so that the cursor 724 continues to move in the X direction when the user suddenly positions the transducer 722A to an approximate null position.
To correct this problem, the fast-back bypass 752A provides a real-time path to the conductor 744A. Therefore, the time averager 746A cannot delay user-actuated changes in the x electrical signal in the conductor 744A from being reflected almost instantly at the output of the null-width generator 754A whenever user-actuated changes in the x signal are in a direction toward the null electrical signal. Thus it can be seen that the fast-back bypass 752A helps prevent the cursor 724 from proceeding past the user's desired X position.
That is, whenever the user positions the transducer 722A to a position that generates an x electrical signal that is inside the null width of the null-width generator 754A, the fast-back bypass 752A reduces the x electrical signal to this value at the input to the null-width generator 754A, and the null-width generator 754A and the null and snap-back 756A cooperate to pull the x electrical signal to the null electrical signal almost instantly, thereby stopping movement of the cursor 724 almost instantly, and preventing the cursor 724 from overrunning a desired X position.
Referring again to
The adjustable sensitivity control 780A delivers x electrical signals to a dx/dt differentiator 782A wherein the x electrical signals are differentiated by an analog differentiator, as shown in
The discriminator 784A outputs a signal into a conductor 786A if the differentiated x electrical signal is increasing at, or above, an adjustable dx/dt minimum limit. And, the differentiator 784A outputs a signal into a conductor 788A if the differentiated signal is decreasing at, or above, an adjustable dx/dt minimum limit. Therefore, each of the discriminators, 784A and 784B, outputs two signals.
If the joystick X-Y controller 17 of
However, it must be remembered that the discriminator 784A outputs two switching signals. It outputs one switching signal when dx/dt is greater than a selectively determined magnitude in response to an increasing x electrical signal, and it outputs an other switching signal when dx/dt is greater than a selectively determined magnitude in response to a decreasing x electrical signal.
Therefore, when the X-Y joystick controller 17 is bumped in one X direction, the resultant dx/dt is large, and the desired switching function occurs. However, the rapidly bumped movement stops abruptly, so that the x electrical signal decreases abruptly, and the resultant dx/dt may be so large that an unwanted switching function occurs.
To prevent these unwanted switching functions, the conductors 786A and 788A are connected to an over-center release 790A. When a dx/dt produces a desired switching signal in the conductor 786A, the over-center release 790A allows the switching signal in the conductor 786A to proceed through to an “OR” detector 792. However, the over-center release 790A prevents a switching signal in the conductor 788A from proceeding through the over-center release 790A to the “OR” detector 792 until a conductor 794A detects that the x electrical signal has crossed the electrical null, thereby preventing “bounce-back” switching functions.
Alternately, as shown in
Referring now to
Whenever the “OR” detector 792 receives any one of these four switching signals, it outputs a signal into the conductor 768. And, as shown, the conductor 768 is connected to, and actuates, both the cursor-freeze 766A and the cursor-freeze 766B.
Therefore, when either of the transducers, 722A or 722B, or any other suitable transducer is actuated more rapidly, than used to move the cursor 724, for the purpose of achieving a switching function, the cursor-freeze 766A and the cursor-freeze 766B, in cooperation with the “OR” detector 792, provide means for preventing movement of the cursor 724 in either an X or a Y direction.
Continuing to consider preventing switching functions from moving the cursor 724, the time averager 746A cooperates with the “OR” detector 792 and the cursor-freeze 766A by providing a delay in transmitting an increased x electrical signal, through the time-averager 746A to the cursor 724. When done digitally, preferably, not only is a delay provided, but also a number of digital magnitudes of the x electrical signal are added and averaged sequentially.
Returning now to
Since the switching functions produced by the discriminators, 784A and 784B, are momentary, the click and drag function is a click and latch function that is toggled. That is, a first switching function clicks and latches. Then the cursor 724 can be actuated in X and/or Y directions by actuating the transducers, 722A and/or 722B. When the cursor 724 has been dragged to a desired position, the click and drag function is released by toggling the click and drag function.
In
These additional switching functions can be used for any mouse-switching function, or for any other desired use, such as selecting macros and “hot keys.” For instance, in CAD drawing, hot keys are time-savers. And by assigning the additional switching functions as hot keys, productivity is further enhanced. In like manner, user-developed macros can also be time-savers.
Further, as shown in
Therefore, the present invention provides means for switching control to, and controlling, nearly any conceivable task or plurality of tasks, in nearly any conceivable apparatus, by nearly any desired sequence of user-produced electrical signals produced by nearly any conceivable type of user-actuated transducers, whether the present invention is practiced by analog components, digital technology, or a combination thereof
Method steps of the method of the present invention comprise: selectively actuating a transducer; producing selectively variable electrical signals in response to the selectively actuating step; moving a cursor in plus and minus directions in response to the electrical signals; more rapidly actuating the transducer; performing a switching step in response to the more rapidly actuating step; and preventing the more rapidly actuating step from moving the cursor; the performing step comprises determining a rate-of-change in the electrical signals caused by the more rapidly actuation step; the producing step comprises selectively producing increasing and decreasing ones of the electrical signals; the switching step comprises differentiating one of the electrical signals; the preventing step comprises the differentiating step; the preventing step further comprises delaying transmission of the one electrical signals; and the preventive step alternately comprises time-averaging the electrical signals.
Method steps of the present invention further comprises switchably selecting whether the moving step comprises moving the cursor horizontally or vertically; switchably selecting a direction of the moving step that occurs in response to increasing ones of the electrical signals; the selectively actuating step comprises actuating a tilt transducer; the selectively actuating step comprises attaching a tilt transducer to a body member of a user; selectively actuating step comprises attaching an X-Y tilt transducer to a user's head; the selectively actuating step comprises selectively actuating a joystick X-Y controller; and the switching step comprises clicking.
Method steps of the present invention still further comprise: selectively actuating a second transducer and moving the cursor in different plus and minus directions in response the step of selectively actuating the second transducer; the switching step comprises clicking and latching; the method further comprises dragging the cursor in response to selectively actuating one or both of the transducers subsequent to the clicking and latching step; and the method still further comprises releasing the latching step in response to more rapidly actuating one of the transducers.
Method steps of the invention yet further comprise: positioning the transducer to an approximate-null position; producing an approximate-null electrical signal as a function of the approximate null position; preventing the approximate-null electrical signal from moving the transducer as a function of the approximate-null electrical signal; producing a precise-null electrical signal; correcting electrical signals subsequently produced by the transducer as a function of a difference between the approximate-null electrical signal and the precise-null electrical signal; and/or initiating a time delay that includes the preventing step.
Method steps of the present invention still yet further comprise: establishing a precise-null electrical signal; establishing a null width for the electrical signals; precluding the moving step when the electrical signals are within the null width; releasing the precluding step when the electrical signals are outside the null width; moving the cursor by the electrical signals undiminished by the null width subsequent to the releasing step; the moving step comprises moving the cursor initially at a low velocity and progressively increasing the velocity when the electrical signals are outside the null width; allowing the velocity to decrease more rapidly than the increasing step; pulling the electrical signals toward the precise-null electrical signal substantially irrespective of the time-averaging step when the electrical signals move from outside the null width to inside the null width; time-averaging the electrical signals prior to the moving step; and stopping the moving step irrespective of the time-averaging step.
Method steps of the present invention still yet further comprise: selectively actuating the transducer in first and second directions; the selectively actuating in the first and second directions comprises producing the electrical signals on opposite sides of the precise-null electrical signal; the more rapidly actuating step comprises more rapidly actuating the transducer in one of the directions; the method still further comprises more rapidly actuating the transducer in an other of the directions; the step of more rapidly actuating the transducer in the other direction comprises performing an other switching step; preventing rapidly stopping the more rapidly actuating step from performing an other switching step; and preventing the more rapidly actuating of the transducer in the other direction from performing the other switching step unless the electrical signals cross the precise-null electrical signal before the other more rapidly actuating step.
Method steps of the present invention further comprise: performing an other switching step in response to an other more rapidly actuating step; controlling an other function proportional to selectively actuating the transducer subsequent to the other more rapidly actuating step; switching control to a multiplexer in response to the other more rapidly actuating step; performing still an other more rapidly actuating step; selecting a task from the multiplexer in response to still an other more rapidly actuating step; and controlling the selected task in response to an other selectively actuating step; switching control of the transducer to a power wheelchair in response to the other more rapidly actuating step; controlling speeds the wheelchair in response to subsequent ones of the selectively actuating steps; and switching control of the first the transducer back to the moving step in response to still another of the more rapidly actuating steps.
Method steps of the present invention alternately comprise: producing selectively variable electrical signals; moving a cursor in response to the electrical signals; rapidly changing the electrical signals; performing a switching step in response to the rapidly changing step; the performing step comprises determining a rate-of-change in the electrical signals caused by the changing actuation step; preventing the rapidly changing electrical signals from moving the cursor; the preventing step comprises delaying transmission of the rapidly changing electrical signals; the preventing step alternately comprises time-averaging the electrical signals; the method further comprises preventing the rapidly changing electrical signals from moving the cursor; both the performing and preventing step comprises differentiating the rapidly changing electrical signals; comprises performing an other switching step in response to another of the rapidly changing step; performing an other switching step in response to rapidly changing the electrical signals in an opposite direction; preventing the second the rapidly changing step from performing the other switching step unless the second the rapidly changing step is performed on an opposite side of the null electrical signal; and comprises preventing a rapid reduction in the rapidly changing step from performing an other switching step.
Method steps of the present invention also alternately comprise: selectively actuating first and second transducers; moving a cursor in horizontal and vertical directions in response to the selectively actuating step; more rapidly actuating one of the transducers; performing a switching step in response to the more rapidly actuating step; the actuating step comprises produces electrical signals; the performing step comprises determining a rate-of-change in the electrical signals caused by the more rapidly actuation step; preventing the more rapidly actuating step from moving the cursor; the preventing step comprises delaying the response of the cursor to the selectively actuating step; the preventing step comprises differentiating the electrical signals; the switching step comprises differentiating the electrical signals; performing an other switching step in response to an other more rapidly actuating step; preventing rapid reduction of the rapidly actuating step from performing an other switching step.
Method steps of the present invention further alternately comprise: producing plus x, minus x, plus y, and minus y signals; moving a cursor in plus X, minus X, plus Y, and minus Y directions in response to the producing step; selectively increasing one of the signals; performing a switching step in response to the selectively increasing step; the performing step comprises determining a rate-of-change caused by the selectively increasing step; preventing the selectively increasing step from moving the cursor; the preventing step comprises delaying transmission of the selectively increasing of the signal; the preventing step comprises differentiating the selectively increased signal; selectively increasing an other of the signals; performing an other switching step in response to the selectively increasing the other signal; and preventing a sudden reduction in the selectively increasing step from performing the other switching step.
In summary, the present invention provides apparatus and method for positioning a cursor of a display device or monitor, and for providing switching functions, such as click and drag mouse-switching functions, in response to selective actuation of transducers by a user.
In addition, the present invention provides apparatus and method for selecting and actuating “hot keys” and/or macros, for selecting and controlling any computer or AAC device, and/or for controlling other apparatus, such as ECUs or power wheelchairs, in response to a user actuating X and Y transducers, such as the tilt X-Y transducers 16 or joystick X-Y controllers 17, or in response to a user actuating of any other type of transducer device that can be interfaced to the rate-of-change control taught herein.
More particularly, the present invention provides apparatus and method for performing logic functions, such as switching, as a function of differentiated electrical signals of mechanical-to-electrical transducers.
An electrical signal of a mechanical-to-electrical transducer is differentiated as a function of time (dx/dt or dy/dt), thereby producing a rate-of-change electrical signal that is a function of the velocity of the input to the transducer, or its electrical signal. A discriminator and digital logic processes the rate-of-change signal to provide any desired switching or logic function.
Therefore, the present invention provides apparatus and method for proportionally controlling a device in response to proportional mechanical inputs to a mechanical-to-electrical transducer, and for performing digital logic as a function of differentiated electrical signals of the transducer.
The present invention provides apparatus and method for selecting from a plurality of controllable tasks, and for selectively controlling each selected task by actuation of any type of switch, or by inputs to any type of transducer that produces electrical signals that are proportional to inputs.
Further, the present invention provides apparatus and method for: enabling a control system, or apparatus, in response to a predetermined magnitude of an electrical signal produced by a mechanical-to-electrical transducer; selectively controlling either a first or a second electrical device in response to differentiated electrical signals of the transducer; controlling the first device proportional to electrical signals from the transducer; selecting tasks to be performed from the second device in response to differentiated electrical signals of the transducer; and controlling the selected tasks in response to differentiated electrical signals of the transducer.
While the present invention has been taught in conjunction with X-Y transducers that produce a constant electrical signal proportional to a given input, it should be understood that the principles taught herein can be practiced using transducers that produce an output proportional to input velocity, such as computer mice, or mouse emulators, such as a touch pads or track balls, by interfacing the mouse or mouse emulator with apparatus taught herein, or by performing the methods steps recited in the appended claims in response to a mouse or mouse emulator irrespective of apparatus.
Therefore, when a mouse, or any kind of mouse emulator, is used as taught herein, macros can be inserted into a text, “hot keys” can be actuated, and/or other switching functions, such as click or click and drag, can be achieved simply by moving the mouse, or mouse-emulator slightly faster, in +x, −x, +y, and/or −y directions than used for positioning the cursor.
In conclusion, in a preferred embodiment, the rate-of-change control 521 is used in conjunction with the tilt X-Y transducers 16, thereby enabling some severely handicapped persons to operate complicated computer programs such as CAD drawing programs, increasing productivity of those who work simultaneously on a telephone and a computer, and also increasing productivity of some other workers. The rate-of-change device 721 may also be used in conjunction with the joystick X-Y controller 17 thereby enabling other severely handicapped persons to perform mouse-clicking operations by merely bumping the joystick X-Y controller 17. Finally, as taught above, a computer mouse, or mouse emulator, may be interfaced with the rate-of-change device 721 to provide a new convenience of operation and increased productivity for computer users.
While the present invention has been disclosed in conjunction with analog electronic components, the present invention, as summarized in conjunction with
While specific apparatus and method have been disclosed in the preceding description, it should be understood that these specifics have been given for the purpose of disclosing the principles of the present invention and that many variations thereof will become apparent to those who are versed in the art. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims and their respective recitations.
Claims
1. A method which comprises:
- a) selectively actuating a transducer;
- b) producing selectively variable electrical signals in response to said selectively actuating step;
- c) moving a cursor in plus and minus directions in response to said electrical signals;
- d) more rapidly actuating said transducer;
- e) performing a switching step in response to said more rapidly actuating step; and
- f) preventing said more rapidly actuating step from moving said cursor.
2. Apparatus which comprises:
- means, comprising first and second transducers that are connected to a display cursor, for moving said cursor in X and Y directions in response to body-member actuating said transducers; and
- means, being connected to one of said transducers, for performing a switching function in response to more rapidly actuating said one transducer.
Type: Application
Filed: May 17, 2016
Publication Date: May 11, 2017
Inventor: John Lyle Lautzenhiser (Hamilton, IN)
Application Number: 15/157,111
