REFRIGERATION ARRANGEMENT AND METHODS FOR REDUCING CHARGE MIGRATION LOSSES
A method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps: operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle; operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached; operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through a primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and transferring thermal energy from the primary pressure reducing device to a suction line heat exchanger.
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This invention was made with government support under Award No. DE-EE0003910, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONThis Application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/400,844, filed on Feb. 21, 2012, entitled REFRIGERATION ARRANGEMENT AND METHODS FOR REDUCING CHARGE MIGRATION.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSUREThe present disclosure relates to refrigeration appliances and refrigeration methods of operation. More particularly, the disclosure relates to refrigeration configurations and methods to improve system efficiency by minimizing mal-distribution of refrigerant within the sealed system.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSUREMany conventional refrigeration systems used in refrigerator appliances, for example, rely on a sealed configuration allowing refrigerant flow through a circuit with a compressor, a condenser, a pressure reduction device and an evaporator. When the system is called on to cool a refrigeration compartment in the appliance, the compressor operates to increase the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant existing in a vapor state. The refrigerant vapor then travels through the condenser, where it is condensed into a liquid state at constant pressure and temperature. The liquid refrigerant then passes through the pressure reduction device and experiences a significant drop in pressure. This results in evaporation of the refrigerant and a significant decrease in the temperature of the refrigerant. The refrigerant, now in a liquid/vapor state, passes through the evaporator. There, the refrigerant is typically fully vaporized by warmer air that is passed over the evaporator from the compartment intended to be cooled. The process then repeats as the refrigerant vapor is suctioned back into the compressor.
In general, conventional refrigeration systems operate at a high efficiency when the refrigerant exiting the condenser is in a completely liquid state and the refrigerant exiting the evaporator is in a completely vapor state. These refrigerant conditions are possible during steady-state operation of the compressor during a cycle of cooling one or more refrigeration compartments in the appliance. Compressors used in conventional refrigeration systems are also designed and sized to operate under a variety of ambient temperature and humidity conditions (e.g., tropical environments), and to properly cool refrigeration compartments in the appliance under a variety of transient conditions (e.g., a large mass of hot food has been introduced into the appliance).
Consequently, conventional systems rarely operate in a continuous, steady-state mode with high efficiency. At certain times, the system turns the compressor OFF when cooling of a compartment is not necessary. The system might later turn the compressor back ON when cooling is necessary because, for example, the temperature in a refrigeration compartment has exceeded a setpoint. During these down periods, however, refrigerant will re-distribute in the circuit. Often refrigerant in a liquid state will migrate through the circuit and pool in the evaporator. Consequently, the system will need some period of time to re-distribute the refrigerant within the circuit upon start-up of the compressor when cooling of a compartment is required. During these periods, the system is operating far below the efficiencies achieved when the refrigerant is in a completely liquid state at the exit of the condenser and completely vapor state at the exit of the evaporator.
Efficiency losses on the order of 5-10% may result from the effects of refrigerant migration during compressor OFF cycles in conventional refrigeration systems. The refrigerant is often not in an ideal state throughout the refrigerant circuit during the initial phase of a compressor ON cycle. Moreover, when warm refrigerant has migrated from the condenser to the evaporator during a period when the compressor is not operating, efficiency is lost from heat transfer of the warmer refrigerant in the evaporator to the refrigeration compartment. The use of heat exchanging members (e.g., suction line heat exchangers and intercoolers) in some refrigeration systems also can exacerbate the problem. Heat exchangers in contact with the compressor inlet and evaporator inlet lines can improve system efficiency during steady-state operation. However, they tend to prolong the effects of refrigerant migration during compressor OFF cycles by inhibiting the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit upon the initiation of a compressor ON cycle.
Consequently, what is needed is a system that not only maximizes steady-state efficiency, but also has improved efficiency during the initial phase of a compressor ON cycle. Conventional systems are not designed to address refrigerant migration. Indeed, many conventional systems exacerbate the problem by employing heat exchanging elements designed to only improve efficiency during steady-state operation of the compressor.
The refrigerator appliances, and methods associated with operating them, related to this invention address these problems. They allow for the design of control logic that considers the location and condition of the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit. When refrigerant has disadvantageously migrated within the circuit during a compressor OFF-cycle, for example, the appliances and methods according to the invention can operate to improve overall system efficiency. They achieve these gains by taking an unconventional approach to the operation of the appliance during the relatively short, initial phase of a compressor ON-cycle. Very generally, these appliances and associated methods are structured to allow for operation of the appliance at a sub-optimal thermodynamic efficiency during the beginning of a compressor ON-cycle. The immediate emphasis is on an efficient and speedy re-distribution of the refrigerant. Accordingly, the appliance can move into a more efficient, steady-state operational regime at an earlier time than conventional systems, thereby improving overall system efficiency.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSUREAccording to at least one feature of the present disclosure, a method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps: operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle; operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached; operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through a primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and transferring thermal energy from the primary pressure reducing device to a suction line heat exchanger.
According to another feature of the present disclosure, a method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps: operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle; operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached; operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and flowing the refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit to bypass a suction line heat exchanger.
According to another feature of the present disclosure, a method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps: operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle; operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached; operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and flowing a higher mass flow rate of refrigerant through the secondary pressure reducing device than the primary pressure reducing device until the nominal operation condition has been reached.
These and other features, advantages, and objects of the present invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following specification, claims, and appended drawings.
The following is a description of the figures in the accompanying drawings. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
In the drawings:
For purposes of description herein, the invention may assume various alternative orientations, except where expressly specified to the contrary. The specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings and described in the following specification are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.
In the embodiments depicted in
As will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, refrigerant 8 can be composed of any of a number of conventional coolants employed in the refrigeration industry. For example, refrigerant 8 can be R-134a, R-600a or similarly recognized refrigerants for vapor compression systems.
In the embodiments depicted in
The refrigerator appliance 10 depicted in
As shown in
As depicted in the
During nominal (e.g., steady-state) operation conditions of the refrigerator appliance 10, refrigerant vapor 8 exiting first evaporator 12 flows through heat exchanger 26 or intercooler 27 and exchanges heat with relatively warmer refrigerant 8 that passes through pressure reduction device 34 toward evaporator 12. This heat exchange occurs when refrigerant 8 is permitted to flow through pressure reduction device 34 by the valve system 36. The operation of heat exchanger 26 or intercooler 27 to warm refrigerant 8 passing back to the compressor 2 and cool refrigerant 8 that passes through pressure reduction device 34 toward evaporator 12 has the effect of improving the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the appliance during nominal operation conditions.
A controller 40 is also illustrated in
Controller 40 is disposed to receive and generate control signals through wiring arranged between and coupled to compressor 2, valve system 36, condenser fan 102, damper 18 and first refrigeration compartment fan 16. In particular, wiring 42, 46 and 48 are arranged to couple controller 40 with valve system 36, check valve 6 and compressor 2, respectively. Further, wiring 54, 58 and 104 are arranged to couple controller 40 with first refrigeration compartment fan 16, damper 18 and condenser fan 102, respectively.
In the embodiments illustrated in
As depicted in
In
In turn, first evaporator primary valve 38 can direct or restrict the flow of refrigerant 8 through one or both of the primary and secondary evaporator conduits 24 and 22, respectively, arranged between first evaporator 12 and valve 38. Thus, refrigerant 8 can flow through either or both of conduits 24 and 22 before these conduits merge into a single inlet into first evaporator 12.
Similarly, the valve system 36 can direct the flow of refrigerant 8 to second evaporator primary valve 39. Valve 39 can then direct or restrict the flow of refrigerant 8 to one or both of primary and secondary evaporator conduits 64 and 62, respectively, arranged in the refrigerant circuit 20 between second evaporator 52 and valve 39. Accordingly, refrigerant 8 then flows through either or both of conduits 64 and 62 before these conduits merge into a single inlet into second evaporator 52.
Also depicted in
The
As discussed earlier, the embodiments of refrigerator appliance 10 depicted in
Second evaporator 52 is in thermal communication with second refrigeration compartment 15. Here, second refrigeration compartment fan 17 is arranged in the appliance to direct warm air in compartment 15 over second evaporator 52. During operation of the appliance and compartment fan 17, for example, refrigerant 8 may flow through refrigerant circuit 20 and be directed through evaporator 52. The warm air in second refrigeration compartment 15 that is directed over evaporator 52 by fan 17 is then cooled by the refrigerant 8 flowing through evaporator 52.
The controller 40, wiring and sensors configured in the refrigerator appliances depicted in
Controller 40 can evaluate the condition of refrigerant 8 in the
The embodiments of refrigerator appliance 10 in
At the very beginning of the compressor ON-cycle, first evaporator 12 and/or 52 each may contain above-optimal quantities of refrigerant 8. If the systems depicted in
Accordingly, the refrigerator appliances 10 described in
After refrigerant 8 has reached a near-nominal equilibrium state within refrigerant circuit 20, controller 40 then switches the flow of refrigerant 8 back through evaporator conduits (e.g., conduits 24 and/or 64) in thermal contact with the heat exchanging members. This operation ensures optimal thermodynamic efficiency during steady-state operation. In
The length of time that controller 40 directs refrigerant 8 to bypass heat exchanging members 26, 27, 66 and/or 67 during the initial phase of a compressor ON-cycle can be pre-determined or calculated as a variable. In the former case, the duration can be predetermined (e.g., set as a fixed parameter) based on various system geometries and configurations. In particular, the duration of the heat exchanging member bypass may depend on the quantity of refrigerant in circuit 20, the length and geometry of circuit 20, the size of compressor 2, condenser 4, evaporators 12 and 52, the materials used to fabricate these components, and other factors. In addition, the dynamics of the distribution of refrigerant 8 in the refrigerant circuit 20 depicted in
Controller 40 may also operate to direct refrigerant 8 to bypass the heat exchanging members 26, 27, 66 and/or 67 depicted in
Thus, controller 40 can evaluate whether the Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions exist for refrigerant 8. When controller 40 detects these conditions through readings from sensor assemblies 5, 106 and/or 108, it can operate the valve system 36 to stop the heat exchanger bypass operation and direct refrigerant 8 back through conduits in thermal contact with the heat exchanging elements within refrigerant circuit 20.
Controller 40 may also assess whether there are Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions by evaluating the temperatures of refrigeration compartments 14 and 15 (if applicable). Through prior modeling and experimental work (e.g., direct measurements of refrigerant temperature and pressure), it is possible to predict Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions based on actual temperature measurements in the compartments as a function of time. Another related approach is for controller 40 to cease the heat exchanger bypass operation at the point in which the temperature (warm-up) decay rate in compartments 14 and/or 15 approaches zero, signifying that an effective compartment cooling operation has begun.
In addition, controller 40 may rely on another approach to determine the timing of Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions for refrigerant 8 within circuit 20. This approach relies on data associated with the operation of compressor 2. When compressor 2 is configured as a linear compressor, controller 40 can evaluate the resonant frequency of the piston within the compressor as a function of time. Through experimentation and modeling, the piston frequency response for compressor 2 and/or the derivative of the frequency response can be correlated to the temperature and pressure condition of refrigerant 8 at the exit of condenser 4 and/or the exit of the first and second evaporator 12 and 52. Using this data, it is possible to correlate compressor piston frequencies to the desired Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions for refrigerant 8. These frequencies can then be used to establish a predetermined duration for the heat exchanger bypass step. Alternatively, controller 40 can evaluate the real-time piston frequency of compressor 2 (e.g., by using vibration sensors coupled to compressor 2 and control wiring coupled to controller 40 as known in the art). It can then calculate the duration of the heat exchanger bypass step based on the prior developed frequency correlations to the Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions observed in connection with refrigerant 8.
For refrigerator appliances 10 configured with a general, variable speed or variable capacity compressor (not a linear compressor), it is also possible for controller 40 to evaluate Liquid Line Sub-cooling and/or Evaporator Exit Superheat conditions for refrigerant 8. Here, controller 40 can ascertain the power consumption of compressor 2 as a function of time and/or the derivative of this power consumption. Prior correlations (based on modeling and experimentation as known in the art) of compressor power and/or derivatives of the power to the desired refrigerant 8 conditions (e.g., subcooling of the refrigerant 8 at the condenser exit) can be used to set the duration of the heat exchanger bypass step. Preferably, the duration of the bypass step is calculated in real-time by controller 40 based on the power consumption of compressor 2 as a function of time. Some prescribed time (e.g., a few seconds) after the compressor power consumption has peaked is usually an appropriate time to arrest the heat exchanging bypass step. This is because the peak of the compressor power consumption can generally be correlated with the time in which most of refrigerant 8 has reached a sub-cooled state at the exit of the condenser and/or a superheat condition exists at the evaporator exit. Also, note that the above approach to setting the duration of the heat exchanger bypass based on compressor power consumption can be employed when compressor 2 is configured as a linear compressor.
The refrigerator appliances 10 depicted in
Controller 40 may also operate the refrigerator appliances 10 depicted in
Controller 40 can impart further efficiency gains by operating the refrigerator appliances 10 depicted in
Still further, controller 40 can obtain further thermodynamic efficiencies by operating condenser fan 102 and/or refrigeration compartment fans 16 and 17 at the end of a compressor ON-cycle. The operation of condenser fan 102 serves to further cool refrigerant 8 that exists in a high-temperature state upon return to compressor 2 from inlet line 28 and flow into condenser 4. Similarly, the continued short term operation of refrigeration fans 16 and 17 can further extract cooling from the cold, evaporator 12 and/or evaporator 52, even after the compressor 2 is switched OFF during operation.
For its part,
In
Valve systems and assemblies that properly function with the refrigerator appliances 10 depicted in
Other variants of the single and dual evaporator refrigerator appliance 10 and methods illustrated and discussed in connection with
Various refrigerator appliance configurations with single or multiple evaporators are also possible. However, at least two evaporator conduits (e.g., 22 and 24) and at least two pressure reduction devices (e.g., 32 and 34) should be configured in parallel in the refrigerant circuit 20 between each evaporator associated with the appliance and the condenser 4. Thus, a set of two or more evaporator conduits should be configured in parallel within refrigerant circuit 20 and arranged such that the set is associated with one evaporator. Another set of evaporator conduits should be arranged for the next evaporator arranged in the appliance, and so on. In addition, a heat exchanging element (e.g., suction line heat exchanger 26, intercooler 27, etc.) should be arranged in thermal contact with one, but not all of, the evaporator conduits downstream of the valve system 36 arranged between each evaporator and the condenser. Alternatively, the heat exchanging member can be placed in thermal contact with one, but not all of, the pressure reduction devices.
The refrigerator appliance 10 embodiments depicted in
In large part, the single evaporator refrigerator appliance embodiments depicted in
The refrigerator appliance 10 illustrated in
Likewise, the dual evaporator refrigerator appliance embodiments depicted in
Since valve system 36 only needs to direct or restrict the flow of refrigerant 8 from condenser 4 through one, or both of the pressure reduction devices 34, it can rely on one, three-way valve (e.g., a three-way valve comparable to valve 78 in
The refrigerator appliance 10 illustrated in
The refrigerator appliances 10 illustrated in
The appliances 10 depicted in
Preferably, controller 40 operates compressor 2 at a capacity level well above the nominal capacity, which is roughly defined as 35% of the difference between the maximum and minimum capacity levels of the compressor (e.g., 0.35*(4500−1600 rpm)=˜1015 rpm). Similar to the heat exchanging bypass operation detailed for the embodiments shown in
Controller 40 can thus generate an effective re-distribution of refrigerant 8 with various above-nominal compressor speeds and capacities. Optimal priming speeds and capacity levels, for example, can depend on some of the same appliance features that drive the appropriate duration of the priming step. For example, the overall length of circuit 20, the quantity of refrigerant 8 used in circuit 20, the size of compressor 2, and other factors can affect the determination of the appropriate compressor priming capacity or speed.
Also note that the priming operation itself is not highly efficient (e.g., high, inefficient compressor power levels are needed to execute the step). But any loss in efficiency associated with the priming step is offset by the overall gain in thermodynamic efficiency. This is because the priming step moves refrigerant 8 into an equilibrium state within circuit 20 (i.e., a state where thermodynamic efficiency is high) in significantly less time than conventionally arranged refrigerator appliances can do so.
Other variants of the refrigerator appliances and associated methods of operation in connection with
The refrigerator appliances that operate upon the initiation of a compressor ON-cycle with a combined, compressor priming/heat exchanger bypass approach arrange compressor 2 as a multi-capacity compressor. Further, these appliances have dual evaporator inlet conduits configured in parallel between the evaporator (e.g., evaporator 12 as shown in
It is to be understood that variations and modifications can be made on the aforementioned structure without departing from the concepts of the present invention, and further it is to be understood that such concepts are intended to be covered by the following claims unless these claims by their language expressly state otherwise.
Claims
1. A method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps:
- operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle;
- operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached;
- operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through a primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and
- transferring thermal energy from the primary pressure reducing device to a suction line heat exchanger.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- passing a higher mass flow rate of refrigerant through the secondary pressure reducing device than the primary pressure reducing device until the nominal operation condition has been reached.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- dropping a temperature across the primary pressure reducing device by a greater amount than a temperature drop across the secondary pressure reducing device.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- flowing the refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit to bypass the suction line heat exchanger during the compressor ON-cycle.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- flowing the refrigerant through the suction line heat exchanger in response to the nominal operation condition.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a predetermined time.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a superheat condition is calculated at the evaporator.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a sub-cooling condition is calculated at a condenser.
9. A method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps:
- operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle;
- operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached;
- operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and
- flowing the refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit to bypass a suction line heat exchanger.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step:
- operating the valve system in response to a transient condition to allow simultaneous flow of the refrigerant through the primary and secondary pressure reducing devices.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step:
- operating the valve system to equalize pressure in the refrigerant circuit before the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle.
12. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step:
- operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to restrict flow of the refrigerant through the primary and secondary pressure reducing devices in response to a cycle end condition.
13. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step:
- transferring thermal energy from the primary pressure reducing device to the suction line heat exchanger.
14. A method of operating a refrigeration appliance, comprising the steps:
- operating a compressor and a valve system to cause refrigerant to flow through a refrigerant circuit to chill an evaporator during a compressor ON-cycle;
- operating the valve system to direct the refrigerant through a secondary pressure reducing device in response to the initiation of the compressor ON-cycle for a duration that lasts until a nominal operation condition has been reached;
- operating the valve system during the compressor ON-cycle to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition; and
- flowing a higher mass flow rate of refrigerant through the secondary pressure reducing device than the primary pressure reducing device until the nominal operation condition has been reached.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- dropping a temperature across the primary pressure reducing device by a greater amount than a temperature drop across the secondary pressure reducing device.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- flowing the refrigerant through the refrigerant circuit to bypass a suction line heat exchanger during the compressor ON-cycle.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises the step of:
- flowing the refrigerant through the suction line heat exchanger in response to the nominal operation condition.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a predetermined time.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a superheat condition is calculated at the evaporator.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device in response to the nominal operation condition, further comprises:
- operating the valve to direct the refrigerant through the primary pressure reducing device after a sub-cooling condition is calculated at a condenser.
Type: Application
Filed: Mar 6, 2017
Publication Date: Aug 24, 2017
Applicant: WHIRLPOOL CORPORATION (BENTON HARBOR, MI)
Inventors: Andrew D. Litch (St. Joseph, MI), Guolian Wu (St. Joseph, MI)
Application Number: 15/450,767