Hydrogen Generation System and Method

Abstract

A system for generating hydrogen includes a vessel having a first chamber that is separated from a second chamber by a barrier. A trigger assembly integrated with the barrier allows a liquid to be combined with a reactant and a catalyst in the second chamber to form a chemical reaction to generate hydrogen gas. A pressure relief valve located on the vessel opens to allow the hydrogen gas to exit when a predetermined pressure is reached.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/353,723, filed 23 Jun. 2016, entitled “Method for Interactive Automatic Controlled Generation of Hydrogen to Inflate Lighter Than Air Vehicles.”

FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The Hydrogen Generation System and Method is assigned to the United States Government. Licensing inquiries may be directed to the Office of Research and Technical Applications, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, Code 72120, San Diego, Calif. 92152. Phone: (619)553-5118; email: ssc_pac_t2@navy.mil. Reference Navy Case No. 103664.

BACKGROUND

An increase in worldwide manufacturing processes using helium has correspondingly increased the demand for helium. Since helium is a non-renewable source, this increased use in manufacturing has led to decreased helium supplies and a corresponding increase in costs. At the same time, the use of lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicles for military and commercial applications has increased. Traditionally, LTA vehicles have been inflated using helium; however, with the rising costs and scarcity of helium, the use of hydrogen gas to inflate LTA vehicles is gaining greater acceptance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The elements in the figures may not be drawn to scale. Some elements and/or dimensions may be enlarged to provide emphasis or further detail.

FIGS. 1A-1B are functional block diagrams of an embodiment of a system in accordance with the Hydrogen Generation System and Method.

FIG. 2 is a function block diagram of an embodiment of a controller that may be utilized within the system shown in FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a vessel that may be utilized within the system shown in FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a vessel that may be utilized within the system shown in FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a vessel that may be utilized within the system shown in FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a vessel that may be utilized within the system shown in FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method in accordance with the Hydrogen Generation System and Method.

FIGS. 8-21 show graphical results for experiments conducted using system configurations in keeping with the various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 22 shows a table of the experimental conditions pertaining to some of the graphical results shown in FIGS. 8-21.

FIG. 23 shows an example application of an embodiment of a sys-tem used to inflate an LTA vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

References in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment”, “in some embodiments,” and “in other embodiments” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or the same set of embodiments.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inher-ent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or.

Additionally, use of “the,” “a,” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein; this is done merely for grammatical reasons and to conform to idiomatic English. This detailed description should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is clearly meant otherwise.

The embodiments disclosed herein describe a hydrogen generation system and method suitable for, e.g., generating hydrogen gas to use to inflate LTA vehicles or for using in hydrogen fuel cells. Focuses of the system and method include providing a hydrogen generation vessel, storing hydrogen in a chemically dense form as a metal hydride, and generating dry hydrogen gas at a controlled, constant rate.

FIG. 1A shows an example diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system 100 in accordance with the Hydrogen Generation System and Method. System 100 may include a vessel 110 having a first chamber 112 and a second chamber 114. First chamber 112 may be separated from second chamber 114 by a barrier 116 having a trigger assembly 118. Trigger assembly 118 may be integrated with barrier 116 and can be configured to open and close to allow and prevent a liquid (e.g., water) 134 from passing into second chamber 114 from first chamber 112. As an example, distilled or deionized water may be used, or seawater may be used if the dissolved organics and ammonia are removed before use. A reactant container 120 may be located in second chamber 114 and may hold a reactant 122. Reactant container 120 may be perforated on one or more sides and may have a lid 121 configured to inhibit the liquid from entering reactant container 120. Lid 121 may also direct liquid 134 to flow adjacent to a thermal regulator 144 in second chamber 114. A catalyst 124 may also present in second chamber 114.

The types of materials that may be used in construction of vessel 110 are meant to withstand the temperatures and pressures generated during the chemical reaction. The materials are also chemically resistant to the reaction products. In some embodiments, such materials may include anodized aluminum, polytetrafluoroethylene-coated aluminum, copper, and polyvinyl chloride. In some embodiments, vessel 110 may be fabricated from aluminum and then given a polytetrafluoroethylene-impregnated, hard anodic coating. In some embodiments, vessel 110 may have a rounded, conical bottom-shape.

A plurality of temperature sensors 126, 128, 130, 132 may be positioned at various places within vessel 110. In some embodiments, the temperature sensors used may be thermocouples, thermistors, or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). A smart temperature sensor having a temperature sensor and bias circuitry could also be used. No one configuration of the placement of temperature sensors within the vessel is controlling. For example, a sensor may be placed near the bottom of reactant container 120, which may have a perforated bottom plate (not shown), while other sensors may be placed on the upper walls of the various chambers within vessel 110 or at other locations within the various chambers.

Trigger assembly 118 may open at a desired or programmed time to allow liquid 134 to combine with reactant 122, and catalyst 124 (if present), in second chamber 114, as shown in FIG. 1B, to form a chemical reaction generating hydrogen gas 140. FIG. 1B, shows liquid 134 at a lower level in first chamber 112 because a portion has moved into second chamber 114 as shown by a liquid 135. Reactant 122 and catalyst 124 are shown as decreased in size to indicate their combination with liquid 135 as part of the chemical reaction. In some embodiments, trigger assembly 118 may comprise a valve (not shown) and may be configured to open electronically. A pressure relief valve 136 may be disposed on vessel 110 and configured to open to allow hydrogen gas 140 to exit when a predetermined pressure is reached.

In some embodiments, pressure relief valve 136 may be located on a safety rupture disc 138 of vessel 110. Pressure relief valve 136 may aid in maintaining a minimum pressure to prevent reactant volume from exceeding the available vessel size. Pressure relief valve 136 may also provide a more consistent pressure for cooling and an output pressure for the gas product. The predetermined pressure may be a programmed pressure that is within the tolerance rating of the pressure relief valve used in the system. An example of a pressure relief valve is Circle Seal Controls 5-80-A-3MP-100, which is rated for 100 pounds per square inch (psi); however, other pressure relief valves may be utilized.

In embodiments where safety rupture disc 138 is located on vessel 110, it may prevent vessel 110 from over-pressurization during the hydrogen gas generation. An example of a safety rupture disc is the Fike Axius SC, which is rated for a burst pressure of 275 psi; however, other safety rupture discs may be utilized.

Reactant 122 may be a hydride capable of absorbing and desorbing hydrogen in both the hydrogen-depleted (dehydrided) and the hydrogen-rich (hydrided) states. In some embodiments, the hydride may be one of an alkali metal, alkaline earth hydrides, and hydrides of the group III metals, for example, hydrides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the hydride used does not require a catalyst to be present and is also not affected by the dissolved organics and ammonia present in seawater, thus allowing the seawater to be used as-is. For example, the hydride may be one of LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH, MgH₂, and CaH₂. In some embodiments, the hydride is a borohydride, which contains a significant amount of hydrogen on a weight percent basis. For example, the borohydride may be one of lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, and magnesium borohydride. In some embodiments, the hydride may be one of LiBH₄, NaBH₄, KBH₄, Mg(BH₄)₂, Ca(BH₄)₂, LiAlH₄, NaAlH₄, KAlH₄, Li₃AlH₆, and Na₃AlH₆.

If present, catalyst 124 may be a substance involved in catalyzing the reaction of a hydride with a liquid such as water. Transition metals such as one of the precious metals, or other metals such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, or combinations thereof, are non-limiting examples of useful catalysts. In some embodiments, ruthenium, ruthenium chloride, or other Ru₃₊ salts are useful catalysts. Soluble transition metal salts that can be reduced to pure metal by hydrides are also useful for generating finely divided metal particles that can serve as catalysts. In some embodiments, the catalyst may be one of, for example, Ruthenium Chloride, Rhodium Chloride, Cobalt Chloride, Nickel Chloride, and Chloroplatinic acid. In some embodiments, a catalyst such as an acidic accelerant may be used, which is not affected by the disolved organics and ammonia present in seawater, thus allowing the seawater to be used as-is. For example, acidic accelerants such as Boric acid, Citric acid, Tartaric acid, and Acetic acid may be used.

System 100 may include a pump 150 connected to a controller 160. Pump 150 may be activated by controller 160 to circulate a cooling liquid through thermal regulators 142 and 144 within vessel 110. In some embodiments, pump 150 may be a submersible, centrifugal-well pump immersed in a cooling liquid. An example pump is Sun Pumps model SCS 43-70-105 BL; however, other pumps may be utilized. Pump 150 may be activated when a set temperature is reached within vessel 110. The set temperature may be detected by at least one of the plurality of temperature sensors 126, 128, 130, and 132, which are also connected to controller 160. As an example, the set temperature may be a single temperature (e.g., 30° C.), but this may vary depending on the particular system configurations. Also, the set temperature may be ramped as described below.

Controller 160 may regulate the temperature within vessel 110 utilizing pump 150 and thermal regulators 142 and 144. FIG. 2 shows an example diagram illustrating an embodiment of controller 160 shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. Controller 160 may include a proportional and derivative (PD) control system 164 stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium 162. PD control system 164 may include a controlling temperature algorithm 166 and a derivative component 168.

As an example, PD control functions may include a closed feedback loop in which a process variable (e.g., temperature) needs to be controlled. A set point, which may be a selected value for the process variable, may be compared to a measured value of the process variable (e.g., a temperature sensor reading), and the difference between the set point and the process variable may be used to determine an output (e.g., turning the pump on/off as necessary) in order to decrease the difference between the set point and the process variable. The PD control functions may be performed by PD control system 164 and may include additional steps pertaining to proportional, integral, and derivative control.

In some embodiments, controller 160 may turn pump 150 on and off as necessary in attempt to regulate the temperature within vessel 110 when the reaction reaches a set temperature as measured by at least one of temperature sensors 126, 128, 130, and 132. Controller 160 may use at least one of temperature sensors 126, 128, 130, and 132 to monitor the chemical reaction. A temperature profile may be used by controller 160 to ramp the set temperature by a certain number of degrees Celsius (e.g., 1° C.) at timed intervals (e.g., every 2 minutes), but the profile may vary depending on system configurations. The ramping may begin when the chemical reaction is activated. The set temperature may have over/undershoots that may be reduced by using PD control system 164 in addition to ramping the set temperature. This type of automated control may allow the temperature within vessel 110 to remain within a desired range that is close to the set temperature without significant over/undershoots. For example, the set temperature may be 42° C. with over/undershoots of ±1 or 2° C.; therefore, the desired temperature range in this example may be 41-43 or 40-44° C. As an example, the set temperature may be ramped from 42-57° C., but this may vary depending on the particular system configurations.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a vessel 310 that could be utilized in system 100. Components of vessel 310 that are substantially similar to components of vessel 110 may be similarly configured and may not be further described. Vessel 310 may include a first chamber 312, a second chamber 314, a barrier 316, a trigger assembly 318, a reactant container 320, a pressure relief valve 336, a safety rupture disc 338, a coil-shaped thermal regulator 344, coil inlet 345A, and coil outlet 345B. Thermal regulator 344 may be located in second chamber 314 and receive a cooling liquid via coil inlet 345A. Coil outlet 345B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 344. Other elements may be present but not shown (e.g., a plurality of temperature sensors, a reactant, a catalyst, a liquid, a lid, etc.).

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a vessel 410 that could be utilized in system 100. Components of vessel 410 that are substantially similar to components of vessel 110 may be similarly configured and may not be further described. Vessel 410 may include a first chamber 412, a second chamber 414, a barrier 416, a trigger assembly 418, temperature sensors 426 and 432, a pressure relief valve 436, and a safety rupture disc 438. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 442 may be located in first chamber 412 and receive a cooling liquid via a coil inlet 443A. A coil outlet 443B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 442. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 444 may be located in second chamber 414 and receive the cooling liquid via a coil inlet 445A. A coil outlet 445B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 444. Other elements may be present but not shown (e.g., a reactant, a catalyst, a liquid, a lid, etc.).

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a vessel 510 that could be utilized in system 100. Components of vessel 510 that are substantially similar to components of vessel 110 may be similarly configured and may not be further described. Vessel 510 may include a first chamber 512, a second chamber 514A, a third chamber 514B, a barrier 516, a trigger assembly 518, a pressure relief valve 536, a safety rupture disc 538, and a plate 546 having an opening to allow substances to pass between the second chamber 514A and the third chamber 514B. A liquid may pass from first chamber 512 to second and third chambers 514A and 514B when trigger assembly 518 is opened. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 442 may be located in second chamber 514A and receive a cooling liquid via a coil inlet 543A. A coil outlet 543B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 542. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 544 may be located in third chamber 514B and receive the cooling liquid via a coil inlet 545A. A coil outlet 545B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 544. Other elements may be present but not shown (e.g., a plurality of temperature sensors, a reactant, a catalyst, a liquid, a lid, etc.).

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a vessel 610 that could be utilized in system 100. Components of vessel 610 that are substantially similar to components of vessel 110 may be similarly configured and may not be further described. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 642 may be located in a first chamber 612 and receive a cooling liquid via a coil inlet 643A. A coil outlet 643B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 642. A coil-shaped thermal regulator 644 may be located in second chamber 614 and receive the cooling liquid via a coil inlet 645A. A coil outlet 645B allows the cooling liquid to exit after it has circulated through thermal regulator 644. An electrical connector 646 may be located on vessel 610 and may be used to connect the plurality of temperature sensors (not shown) to the controller (not shown). Vessel 610 may also include a reactant container 620, a pressure relief valve 636, a safety rupture disc 638, a barrier 616, and a trigger assembly 618. Other elements may be present but not shown (e.g., a reactant, a catalyst, a liquid, a lid, etc.). As an example, FIG. 6 show that reactant container 620 may be located within an inner dimension of thermal regulator 644 such that it may be bordered by the thermal regulator 644.

In some embodiments, such as FIGS. 3-6, the thermal regulator(s) within the vessel may be coil-shaped. A coil-shaped thermal regulator may border or encircle the reactant container when both are located in the same chamber, such as shown in FIGS. 3,5, and 6. Other shapes of thermal regulators are possible and may be utilized within the vessel, e.g., a serpentine shape, a straight-tubed shape, a u-tubed shape, etc.

In some embodiments, a pressure transducer may be placed outside of the H₂, gas outlet (e.g., pressure relief valve 636) along with a temperature sensor in order to measure the temperature and pressure of the exiting hydrogen gas as it enters a hose. A flowmeter may be placed at the entrance end of the hose to measure gas flow rate, pressure, and temperature. A data logger may be placed at the exit end of the hose to measure temperature and relative percent humidity of the hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, data acquisition pertaining to the abovementioned instruments is performed under computer control (e.g., via controller 160).

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method 700 in accordance with the Hydrogen Generation System and Method. Portions of method 700 may be implemented as a series of modules, either functioning alone or in concert with physical electronic and computer hardware devices. Such modules may be utilized separately and/or together locally and/or remotely to form a program product thereof, which may be implemented through recordable media.

Some of the steps of method 700 may be stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the steps are represented by computer-readable programming code. Some of the steps of method 700 may also be computer-implemented using a programmable device, such as a computer-based system. Method 700 may comprise instructions that, when loaded into a computer-based system, cause the system to execute some of the steps of method 700. Some of the steps of method 700 may be computerimplemented using various programming languages, such as “Java,” “C,” “C++,” etc.

For illustrative purposes, method 700 will be discussed with reference to the steps being performed in system 100. Additionally, while FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of method 700, other embodiments of method 700 may contain fewer or more steps. Further, while in some embodiments the steps of method 700 may be performed as shown in FIG. 7, in other embodiments the steps may be performed in a different order, or certain steps may occur simultaneously with one or more other steps.

In FIG. 7, method 700 begins at step 710, which involves providing a vessel 110 having a first chamber 112, a second chamber 114, and a plurality of temperature sensors, 126, 128, 130, and 132 disposed within vessel 110, wherein first chamber 112 is separated from second chamber 114 by a barrier 116.

Step 720 involves opening a trigger assembly 118 integrated with barrier 116 to allow a liquid 134 to pass into second chamber 114 from first chamber 112 at a desired or programmed time. As an example, trigger assembly 118 may be opened electronically by controller 160 at the desired or programmed time. Upon transition from first chamber 112 to second chamber 114, liquid 134 combines with a reactant 122 and a catalyst 124 in second chamber 114 to form a chemical reaction that generates hydrogen gas 140. The desired or programmed time may vary depending on the particular system configurations.

Step 730 involves determining, via a controller 160 connected to the plurality of temperature sensors 126, 128, 130, and 132, that a temperature within vessel 110 is moving outside a desired temperature range. As previously explained, controller 160 may include a proportional and derivative (PD) control system 164 stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium 162 and configured to keep the temperature within the desired temperature range. PD control system 164 may include a controlling temperature algorithm 166 and a derivative component 168.

Step 740 involves activating a pump 150, via controller 160, to circulate cooling liquid through at least one thermal regulator 144 within second chamber 114 to keep the temperature within the desired temperature range. As previously explained, the set temperature may be 42° C. with over/undershoots of ±1 or 2° C.; therefore, the desired temperature range in this example may be 41-43 or 40-44° C.

Step 750 involves opening a pressure relief valve 136 disposed on vessel 110 to allow hydrogen gas 140 to exit when a predetermined pressure is reached. As previously explained, pressure relief valve 136 may be disposed on a safety rupture disc 138. As an example, pressure relief valve 136 may be set to open when the pressure within vessel 110 reaches about 7 atmospheres (ATM).

The pressure within vessel 110 may vary depending on system configurations. In some embodiments, the pressure may be from about 1 ATM to about 10 ATM. Pressurization may allow the chemical reaction to be conducted while suppressing foaming. Prevention of foaming utilizing pressure may also prevent excess reactant volume and the generation of hydrogen gas having excess water vapor. As a result, the size of the vessel used in the system and method can be reduced, and pressurization may aid in generating hydrogen gas that is drier than the ambient environment. The humidity of the hydrogen gas generated by the Hydrogen Generation System and Method may range between about 10% to about 50% lower than the humidity of an ambient environment. The described system and method may generate up to 330 standard cubic feet (SCF) of hydrogen gas.

Various storage media, such as magnetic computer disks, optical disks, and electronic memories, as well as non-transitory computer-readable storage media and computer program products, can be prepared that can contain information that can direct a device, such as a micro-controller, to implement portions of the above-described systems and/or methods. Once an appropriate device has access to the information and programs contained on the storage media, the storage media can provide the information and programs to the device, enabling the device to perform portions of the above-described systems and/or methods.

FIG. 23 shows an example application of a system in accordance with the Hydrogen Generation System and Method, wherein the system is used to inflate an LTA vehicle such as an aerostat 2370. The system utilizes multiple hydrogen generation vessels 2310 housed in a modular hydrogen generation assembly 2380 and connected to aerostat 2370. As an example, hydrogen generation vessels 2310 may comprise any of the embodiments of vessels previously shown and described. Pump 2350 may be used to provide a cooling liquid 2390 to the vessels 2310 in the assembly 2380. Hoses 2392 and 2394 may carry cooling liquid 2390 to and away from the assembly 2380, respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Using Cobalt Chloride as a catalyst and Sodium Borohydride as a reactant in the experiments described below, the following chemical reaction is involved in generating the hydrogen gas:

CoCl₂+2NaBH₄+3H₂O→0.5Co₂B↓+2NaCl+1.5HBO₂+6.25H₂↑

FIG. 8 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 3. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 1.25% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber where T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were placed 0, 4, 8, and 12 inches (in.) relative to the perforated bottom plate. Thermocouple T₄ was used to control the reaction. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅ and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose. Part (d) shows measured flow rate and total hydrogen gas.

FIG. 9 shows results measured as a function of time for the 165 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 3. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 2.00% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber where T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were placed 0, 4, 10.5, and 8 in. relative to the perforated bottom plate, FIG. 3. Thermocouple T₂ was used to control the reaction. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅, and 6 in. above the trigger assembly, T₆; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 10 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in. above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 11 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in. above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 12 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 13 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 14 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 15 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅, and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate. Spikes in the flow rate are caused by sticking of the pressure release valve.

FIG. 16 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the configuration shown in FIG. 4. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅; 6 in. above T₅, T₆; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 17 shows results measured as a function of time for the 165 SCF H₂ gas generation, 9.3:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the two chamber, one set of cooling coils configuration, FIG. 3. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 3.25% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber where T₁, T₂ and T₃ were placed 4, 8, and 12 in. relative to the perforated bottom plate, FIG. 3. Thermocouple T₃ was used to control the reaction. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄, and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure in the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 18 shows results measured as a function of time for the 247.5 SCF H₂ gas generation, 6.2:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the two chamber, one set of cooling coils configuration, FIG. 3. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 2.75% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber where T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were placed 0, 4, 8, and 12 in. relative to the perforated bottom plate, FIG. 3. Thermocouple T₄ was used to control the reaction. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit Part (c) shows measured pressure in the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 19 shows results measured as a function of time for the 247.5 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the two chamber, one set of cooling coils configuration, FIG. 3. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 1.25% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber where T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were placed 0, 4, 8, and 10.5 in. relative to the perforated bottom plate, FIG. 3. Thermocouple T₄ was used to control the reaction. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₅ and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure in the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 20 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the three chamber, two sets of cooling coils configuration, FIG. 5. The test was carried out at a temperature of 15° C. The catalyst was 2.25% CoCl₂ relative to NaBH₄. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chamber. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in. above T₄, T₅ and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit Part (c) shows measured pressure in the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

FIG. 21 shows results measured as a function of time for the 330 SCF H₂ gas generation, 4.6:1 H₂O:NaBH₄ ratio run using the three chamber, two sets of cooling coils configuration, FIG. 5. See FIG. 22 for experimental conditions. Part (a) shows temperatures measured in the lower chambers. Part (b) shows temperatures measured in the upper chamber at the trigger assembly, T₄; 6 in. above T₄, T₅; and the gas exiting the hydrogen generation vessel, T_exit. Part (c) shows measured pressure into the hose and total hydrogen gas. Part (d) shows measured flow rate.

The use of any examples, or exemplary language (“e.g.,” “such as,” etc.), provided herein is merely intended to better illuminate and is not intended to pose a limitation on the scope of the subject matter unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating that any non-claimed element is essential.

Many modifications and variations of the hydrogen generation system and method are possible in light of the above description. Within the scope of the appended claims, the embodiments described herein may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. The scope of the claims is not limited to the disclosed implementations and embodiments but extends to other implementations and embodiments as may be contemplated by those having ordinary skill in the art.

Claims

1. A system comprising:

a vessel having a first chamber and a second chamber, wherein the first chamber is separated from the second chamber by a barrier;

a reactant container within the second chamber and containing a reactant;

a catalyst within the second chamber;

a plurality of temperature sensors within the vessel;

a trigger assembly integrated with the barrier and configured to open and close to allow and prevent a liquid passing into the second chamber from the first chamber, wherein the trigger assembly opens at a desired time allowing the liquid to combine with the reactant and the catalyst in the second chamber to form a chemical reaction generating hydrogen gas; and

a pressure relief valve located on the vessel and configured to open to allow the hydrogen gas to exit when a predetermined pressure is reached.

2. (canceled)

3. The system of claim 1, wherein a humidity of the hydrogen gas exiting the vessel is between a range of about 10% to about 50% lower than an ambient humidity, and

wherein the pressure relief valve is disposed on a safety rupture disc on the vessel.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the reactant is chosen from at least one of Lithium Borohydride, Sodium Borohydride, and Magnesium Borohydride.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is chosen from at least one of Ruthenium Chloride, Rhodium Chloride, Cobalt Chloride, and Chloroplatinic acid.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein an amount of the hydrogen gas generated is at least 300 standard cubic feet.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the reactant container further comprises a lid configured to inhibit the liquid from entering the reactant container.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a controller connected to the plurality of temperature sensors, wherein the controller includes a proportional and derivative (PD) control system stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium and configured to keep a set temperature within a desired temperature range, wherein the PD control system includes a controlling temperature algorithm and a derivative component.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein a type of the plurality of temperature sensors is chosen from at least one of a thermistor and a thermocouple.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the vessel further comprises a material chosen from at least one of anodized aluminum, polytetrafluoroethylene-coated aluminum, and copper.

11. A method comprising:

providing a vessel having a first chamber, a second chamber, and a plurality of temperature sensors disposed within the vessel, wherein the first chamber is separated from the second chamber by a barrier;

opening a trigger assembly integrated with the barrier to allow a liquid to pass into the second chamber from the first chamber at a desired time, wherein the liquid combines with a reactant and a catalyst in the second chamber to form a chemical reaction generating hydrogen gas; and

opening a pressure relief valve located on the vessel to allow the hydrogen gas to exit when a predetermined pressure is reached.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:

determining, via a controller connected to the plurality of temperature sensors, that a temperature within the vessel is moving outside a desired temperature range, wherein the controller includes a proportional and derivative (PD) control system stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium and configured to keep the temperature within the desired temperature range, wherein the PD control system includes a controlling temperature algorithm and a derivative component.

13. (canceled)

14. The method of claim 11, wherein a humidity of the hydrogen gas exiting the vessel is between a range of about 10% to about 50% lower than an ambient humidity, and

wherein the pressure relief valve is disposed on a safety rupture disc on the vessel.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein the reactant is within a reactant container having a lid configured to inhibit the liquid from entering the reactant container.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein the reactant is chosen from at least one of Lithium Borohydride, Sodium Borohydride, and Magnesium Borohydride.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is chosen from at least one of Ruthenium Chloride, Rhodium Chloride, Cobalt Chloride, and Chloroplatinic acid.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the chemical reaction generates at least 300 standard cubic feet of the hydrogen gas.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the vessel further comprises a material chosen from at least one of anodized aluminum, polytetrafluoroethylene-coated aluminum, and copper.

20. (canceled)