INSULATION MATERIAL
The method is for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough. In the method, the steps comprise: filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material; and consolidating the granular material through heat. The selected plurality of channels is selected to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough.
This is a divisional application of prior application U.S. Ser. No. 14/643,562, filed Mar. 10, 2015, which is a continuation in part filing of U.S. Ser. No. 14/261,048, filed Apr. 24, 2014, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn the aluminum industry, it is a common practice to convey aluminum in insulated troughs or filter boxes comprising a steel shell in which a refractory working lining is mounted to resist molten aluminum attack. Because the refractary working lining is usually quite thermally conductive, a good insulating material has to be placed between the refractory working lining and the steel shell to reduce heat losses. Such an insulating material can be called “back-up insulating material”, alternatively referenced to herein as insulation material and/or granular material.
An example of an insulation material presently in use is sold under the trademark WOLLITE®. This material which forms the subject matter of U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,771 issued on Nov. 1, 1994, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, is a solid, light weight mineral foam obtained by reaction of a wollastonite suspension containing a small quantity of calcium carbonate with a phosphoric acid solution. In addition, E-ZPOUR™ by RexRoto, a non-free flowing vermiculite powder, has been used as an insulating material.
Free flowing granular insulation materials also can use in a catalytic converter apparatus for use in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The converter includes: a housing, the housing including a gas inlet and a gas outlet; and at least one substrate element arranged in the housing, the at least one substrate element including catalytic material, the at least one substrate element divided into a plurality of zones, each of the zones defining a generally separate flow passage connecting the inlet and the outlet in fluid communication. A granular insulation can form at least one wall at least partially separating the plurality of zones.
A method of reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine can include providing the catalytic converter apparatus as described above and placing the inlet of the apparatus in fluid communication with an exhaust gas stream of the engine
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAccording to a first embodiment of the disclosure, a method of forming an insulating material is provided. The method includes the steps of a) mixing from about 65 to 85% by weight of fly-ash with from about 15 to 35% by weight of a heat sensitive binder; and b) casting the mixture obtained in step (a), and firing said casting to at least about 800° C.
According to a second embodiment, a free flowing dry insulating material having a thermal conductivity ranging between about 0.8 and about 1.8 BTU in/ft2·hr ° F. is provided. The material comprises: a) from about 65 to 85% by weight fly-ash cenospheres, b) from about 2 to 15% by weight of a heat sensitive binder selected from the group consisting of boric acid and anhydrous boron oxide; c) from 0 to about 7% by weight of a non-wetting agent selected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and barium sulphate; d) from 0 to about 10% by weight of a heat expandable material selected from the group consisting of vermiculite and graphite; and e) from 0 to 1% by weight of a dust suppressant. The insulating material can have a fexural strength (CMOR) from about 200 psi to about 550 psi.
According to a further embodiment of this disclosure, a granular material from about 65 to 85% by weight of fly-ash and from about 15 to 35% by weight of a heat sensitive binder is provided.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the insulation material can consist essentially of about 80% by weight of the fly-ash comprising cenospheres; and about 20% by weight of said heat sensitive binder.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the heat sensitive binder can be boric acid or anhydrous boron oxide.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the granular material can have a density of from 25 to 30 lb/ft3.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the granular material can have a median particle size of approximately 50 microns and a particle size ranging from 10 to 160 microns.
Forming another aspect of the disclosure is a method for use with a substrate having a plurality of parallel channels extending therethrough. The method includes the steps of filling a selected plurality of the channels with a granular material manufactured in accord with the preceding paragraphs the selected granular material being arranged to produce a wall that separates the substrate into: a first portion having a first plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough; and a second portion having a second plurality of the parallel channels extending therethrough.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the granular matured can be sintered the granular material to form the wall.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the filling step can involve pouring the granular material into a plurality of cells.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the granular material can be vibrated during the filling process.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, the vibration to which the granular is subjected to during the filling step can have an amplitude of about 10 millimeters and a speed of about 3 inch per second RMS.
Further advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent upon review of the following detailed description and the appended drawings, the latter being briefly described hereinafter.
The insulation material is made from a mixture of “fly-ash”, a heat sensitive binder, and optionally a non-wetting agent. The material may also include a heat expandable material and a dust suppressant.
“Fly-ash” is a known coal combustion by-product produced in coal fired utilities. It is usually in the form of ceramic hollow microspheres (also called “cenospheres”), which are formed during the burning of coal. These cenospheres basically consists of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) and comprises nitrogen and/or other gases within their cavities.
The heat sensitive binder can be any kind of binder known to have a low sintering temperature. Boric acid and anhydrous boric oxide are examples of suitable binder.
The optional non-wetting agent can be any kind of agent known to have this property. Examples of such non-wetting agent include calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and barium sulfate.
The heat expandable material that is optionally used in the composition can be vermiculite or graphite.
The dust suppressant that is also optionally used in the composition can be any kind of product known to have such a property. As examples of such dust suppressant, include kerosene, mineral oils and vegetable oils.
In use, the components employed are in the form of microspheres and powders, and are mixed together and “fed” into the structure for which insulation is required.
As examples, material could be used with structures for which insulation is required such as those used in the aluminum, steel industry, or the glass industry or as a separation member for a catalytic converter.
A suitable insulation material has the composition between about 65 and 85%, for example about 80% by weight of fly-ash comprising cenospheres, about 15 to 35%, such as 20%, by weight of boric acid, and has a median particle size of approximately 50 microns and a particle size ranging from 10 to 160 microns.
In use, these components are mixed together and cast under vibration into a thermally conductive mold. The mold is then placed in an oven to reach about 400° C. After that the mold is cooled down, the insulating material is unmolded. At this stage the insulating material is hard enough to be manipulated. The insulating material is then fired from 750 to 1000° C. Surprisingly, when the material is fired above 800° C., preferably 850° C., there is a sharp increase of properties like CMOR and the granular material becomes hydrophobic.
The insulating material according to the disclosure has numerous advantages:
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- a density from 25 to 30 lb/cu. ft.
- a flexural strength (CMOR) from 200 to 550 psi
- a compressive strength (CCS) from 350 to 550 psi
- a thermal conductivity of 1.0 BTU·in/ft2·hr·° F.
- smooth surface as particles size are within 10 to 500 microns
- no moisture pick-up under high relative humidity
- no organic binder
- easily cut and shaped with standard machine tools
It is also possible to add to the composition high temperature fiber or fabric for reinforcement.
The following examples are presented to better explore the invention:
Example 1A composition of 80% by weight of fly ash Fillite 106 from Tolsa USA inc was mixed with 20% by weight of boric acid Optibor from U.S. Borax in an Hobart mixer until homogenisation of the mix.
The mix was cast into a steel mold having 5 cavities of 2″×2″×8″ and vibrated until the material was well distributed into all the cavities.
The steel mold and the mix was placed into an oven to a temperature of 400° C. to get first set of the material.
When cool, the 5 bars were unmolded and then placed into an oven to reach a temperature of 950° C. with a rate increase of 50° C./hr and then held at 950° C. for 16 hr before cool down.
The same procedure was followed but fired at 750° C.
The same procedure was followed but fired at 850° C.
All the bars were tested for density and CMOR. Results are presented in the following table:
A cube of 2″ was cut out of one bar from example 1, fired at 750° C., 850° C. and 950° C. respectively.
These cubes were placed into a humidity cabinet type Blue M and attached to a weight scale located on the top of the cabinet.
The temperature was maintained at 25° C. and a relative humidity maintained at 75% for a period of 72 hours.
The weight gain was recorded for the duration of the experiment and results are presented in the following table:
The insulating material may be cast to get different shapes. It is also possible to cast into honeycomb catalyst (acting as a mold) to insulate it as described in the patent WO 2010/022507, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
When the material is used to form a catalytic converter, one of the parallel faces of the substrate is placed upon a rubber seal, an aluminum mask having a slit defined therethrough is placed upon the opposing face such that the slit lies upon the notional wall and granular material is poured upon the mask while the mask, honeycomb substrate and seal are vibrated as a unit with a vibration having an amplitude of about 10 millimeters and a speed of about 3 inch per second RMS.
A suitable mask 20 is shown in
In the consolidation step, the granular material is heat sintered to produce a wall of insulation corresponding in size to the notional wall. It has been found that a suitable sintering regime involves elevating the temperature of the granular material to 950° C. at a rate of 200° C./hour and then allowing the heated product to cool to ambient temperature at 200° C./hour.
In the sealing step, the ends of the insulated wall are sealed with a material that is adapted to reduce absorption of the catalyst in any subsequent wash coating step carried out on the substrate/wall combination and that is ideally adapted to dissipate during the curing of the catalyst coating. Selection of a sealant suitable for this purpose is a matter of routine for persons of ordinary skill in the art and accordingly further detail is neither provided nor described. The result of the sealing step is the production of an insulated catalytic substrate as described in PCT/CA2009/001187. Such an insulated substrate can be wash coated with a catalyst in any conventional manner. Wash coating forms no part of the present invention and thus is not further described.
Whereas but a single embodiment is herein described in detail, variations are possible.
For example, whereas a specific granular material is described, it is contemplated that other material might be utilized.
As well, whereas a specific mask is shown, other masks can be utilized. For example, whereas the elongate funnel shown has primary walls 24, 26 disposed a 90° to one another, this is not required.
Further, whereas a specific sintering regime is described, sintering of granular material of the type described is a matter of routine to persons of ordinary skill and variations are manifestly possible; all that is required is the avoidance of excessive rates of water vaporization and the avoidance of extreme temperature gradients, either of which can cause fracture.
Additionally, whereas a specific vibration rate and amplitude is specified, variations are manifestly possible, although filling rate may be compromised.
Further, whereas a cordierite monolith is mentioned, the invention can be utilized with other honeycomb type substrates.
Accordingly, the invention should be understood as limited only by the accompanying claims, purposively construed.
Claims
1. (canceled)
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. The insulating material of claim 6 wherein said heat sensitive binder is selected from boric acid and anhydrous boron.
6. A free flowing insulating material having a thermal conductivity of between about 0.8 and 1.8 BTU in/ft2·hr ° F., wherein said material comprises: a) from about 65 to 85% by weight of fly-ash, b) from about 2 to 15% by weight of a heat sensitive binder; c) from 0 to 7% by weight of a non-wetting agent selected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride and barium sulphate; d) from 0 to 10% by weight of a heat expandable material selected from the group consisting of vermiculite and graphite; and e) from 0 to 1% by weight of a dust suppressant, said insulating material having a flexural strength (CMOR) of at least about 200 psi.
7. The insulating material of claim 6 having a compressive strength (CCS) from about 200 to about 550 psi.
8. The insulating material of claim 6 having a thermal conductivity of less than about 1.0 BTU in/ft2·hr·° F. and a CMOR of at least about 400 psi.
9. The insulating material of claim 6 having a moisture weight gain at 25° C. and relative humidity of 75% after 72 hours of less than 1.0%.
10. The insulating material of claim 9 having a moisture weight gain of less than 0.1%.
11. (canceled)
12. (canceled)
13. The insulating material according to claim 6, wherein the granular material consists essentially of:
- from 65 to 85% by weight of fly-ash comprising cenospheres, and
- from 15 to 35% by weight of a heat sensitive binder selected from the group consisting of boric acid and anhydrous boron oxide.
14. The insulating material according to claim 6, wherein the material consists essentially of:
- about 80% by weight of said fly ash; and
- about 20% by weight of said heat sensitive binder.
15. The insulating material according to claim 6, wherein the heat sensitive binder is boric acid.
16. The insulating material according to claim 6, wherein the granular material has a density of from 25 to 30 lb/ft3.
17. The insulating material according to claim 6, wherein the granular material has a median particle size of approximately 50 microns and a particle size ranging from 10 to 160 microns.
18. (canceled)
19. A catalytic converter including the insulation material of claim 6.
20. A molten metal processing apparatus comprised of the material of claim 6.
Type: Application
Filed: Oct 30, 2017
Publication Date: Mar 1, 2018
Inventors: Maurice Lacasse (Stoke), Luc Desrosiers (Sherbrooke)
Application Number: 15/796,891
