VAR2CSA-DRUG CONJUGATES

Abstract

VAR2CSA-drug conjugates having biological activity are disclosed. Methods associated with preparation and use of such conjugates, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such conjugates, are also disclosed.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/921,242, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/051,886, filed Sep. 17, 2014, filed Dec. 27, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/051,899, filed Sep. 17, 2014, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Field

The invention relates to drug conjugates, compositions comprising the same, and methods of using such drug conjugates and compositions for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Description of the Related Art

VAR2CSA Protein

Proteoglycans are proteins conjugated to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. These proteins are distributed inside cells, on the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix serving a variety of functions: cartilage matrix formation; the structural organization of tissues; organizations of basement membranes; regulating the role of secretory vesicles; binding of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens; protease receptors and protease inhibitors; co-receptors, tyrosine-kinase-type growth factor receptors; as endocytic receptors; facilitate cell attachment, cell-cell interactions, and cell motility as well as cell migration.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum utilizes host cell proteoglycans in almost all stages of its complex life cycle. The sporozoite infects hepatocytes in the liver through surface-expressed circumsporozoite protein interacting with highly sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Merozoite infection of the erythrocytes is mediated by EBA-175 binding to sialic acid on glycophorin A. In addition, a number of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) proteins, mediating host endothelial adhesion, have been described as glycan-binding. One of these is VAR2CSA, which is a unique member of the PfEMP1 protein family. VAR2CSA binds with high affinity to a distinct form of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), attached to proteoglycans, so called Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (CSPG), in the intervillous spaces of the placenta. This type of CSA is referred to as placental-like CSA (plCSA). VAR2CSA is a large multi-domain protein (350 kDa) expressed on the surface of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs), and the VAR2CSA-plCSA interaction is responsible for placenta specific sequestration in placental malaria (PM). Importantly, recombinant full-length VAR2CSA ecto-domain from FCR3 and 3D7 type parasites has shown affinity for plCSA in the low nano-molar range.

CSA belongs to the family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are linear polymers of alternating amino sugars and hexuronic acid residues, attached to proteoglycans. There are several types of GAGs including; chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS or CSB), heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin. While the polysaccharide backbone of these GAGs is simple, considerable diversity arises in modifications such as sulfation and uronate epimerization. This is the basis for the wide variety in domain structure and biological activities of different GAGs.

CS interacts with many important factors such as growth hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules and is thought to be involved in structural stabilization, cytokinesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, cell migration, tissue morphogenesis, organogenesis, infection, and wound repair. CS chains are composed of alternating units of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) and glucuronic acid residues. Glucuronic acid can be sulfated at its C₂ position and GalNAc can be sulfated at C₄ and/or C₆, giving rise to various disaccharide units. Varying modifications of the sugar backbone allows structural and functional heterogeneity of the CS chains.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), also known as High Molecular Weight-Melanoma Associated Antigen (HMW-MAA) or melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MSCP), is a cell surface proteoglycan which has been shown to be expressed by melanoma cells. CSPG4/MSCP/HMW-MAA is a large proteoglycan characterized by having CS chains on the protein backbone.

VAR2CSA retains its ability to bind with high affinity and specificity to certain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans with minimal structural elements of the polypeptide sequence. The core plCSA-binding site lies within the DBL2X domain including small parts of the flanking interdomain regions. The binding does not depend on the ID2b region, or on the DBL1X or DBL3X flanking domains, as previously suggested. The minimal binding region is ID1-DBL2Xb, which binds CSPG with characteristics comparable to that of full-length VAR2CSA. The ID1-DBL2Xb minimal binding region is much smaller than full-length VAR2CSA, having a molecular weight of only 62 kDa. This VAR2CSA fragment and other VAR2CSA polypeptides bind with high and specific affinity to cancer cells and tissues, which binding is suggested to be through a specific interaction with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans expressed on the surface of the cancer cells or in the surrounding extracellular matrix (Salanti et al., WO2013/117705). Accordingly, this specific and high affinity binding may be used for the targeting of cancer cells or other tissues or cells with high or otherwise expression, such as inappropriate expression, of this particular type of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan.

In the medical field, there is a need for stable protein-drug conjugates that can release biologically active compounds selectively at desired target locations having high, or otherwise inappropriate, expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The present disclosure fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In brief, the present disclosure is directed to biologically active protein-drug conjugates and methods of using such protein-drug conjugates. Provided are protein-drug conjugates which are compounds of Formula I:

T-L-P   I

wherein:

T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;

L-P is selected from: L¹-P¹ or L²-P²;

L¹ is a linker, or L¹ is absent;

P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XIV

wherein:

• • R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: —OH, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CHO, —COSH, or —NO₂; or R¹⁷ and R²⁰ are fused and form a ring;
  • R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—, or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are joined to form a ring;
  • R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, and Ar; or R²⁰ and R¹⁷ are fused and form a ring;
  • R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;
  • R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;
  • R²⁴ is: —Y—(CO)NHSO₂—R²⁶
  • R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;
  • the ring formed by joining R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ is a three to seven member non-aromatic cyclic skeleton within the definition of R²⁵,
  • Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,
  • X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;
  • R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

L² is a linker, or L² is absent;

P² is a biologically active compound; and

L²-P² has the following structure (III):

• • wherein:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent;
  • P³ is the remaining portion of compound P²; and
  • L³ is optionally the remaining portion of linker L² when L² is present.

In a preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent.

In another embodiment, a method of using a compound of Formula I in therapy is provided. In particular, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent or excipient.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting tumor growth in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of killing cancer cells in vitro using a compound of construct. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of killing cancer cells in vivo in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

These and other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows summarized cytotoxicity data (EC₅₀) for each of Compounds A-E for two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat)

FIG. 2 shows a cytotoxicity data plot for Compound A on two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat)

FIG. 3 shows a cytotoxicity data plot for Compound B on two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat).

FIG. 4 shows a cytotoxicity data plot for Compound C on two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat).

FIG. 5 shows a cytotoxicity data plot for Compound D on two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat).

FIG. 6 shows a cytotoxicity data plot for Compound E on two cell lines (HCC1954 and Jurkat).

FIG. 7 shows the in vivo results of administration of Compound F, Compound 14, or Compound 23 on tumor volume in female athymic nude mice with established tumors.

FIG. 8: shows the SEC-UPLC-QTof-MS MaxEnt1 processed intact mass of VAR2-Compound O. The MS signals at 115323 Da, 117662 Da and 119999 Da are consistent with conjugation of 1, 3 and 5 toxins, with a mean conjugation level of ˜4 toxins per protein.

FIG. 9 shows the: SEC-UPLC-QTof-MS MaxEnt1 processed intact mass of VAR2-Compound KK. The profile of the deconvolved MS data is consistent with conjugation of up to 5 toxins (Compound KK), but with a mean drug load of ˜2.5 drugs.

FIG. 10 shows the analysis of free unconjugated toxin-linker in VAR2CSA drug conjugate preparation. X-axis: Time. Y-axis: Intensity. Lines (based on decreasing height of apex) correspond to 20 nM drug-linker, 10 nM drug-linker, 1 nM drug linker, 0.5 nM drug linker, and analyte.

FIG. 11 shows the specificity of non-modified DBL1-ID2a (MP1255) binding to Myla2059 cell line in the presence and absence of CSA (Sigma C9819).

FIG. 12 shows the specificity of VAR2-Compound O (Cysteine conjugate) binding to the Myla2059 cell line in the presence and absence of CSA (Sigma C9819).

FIG. 13 shows the specificity of VAR2-Compound KK (Lysine conjugate) binding to the Myla2059 cell line in the presence and absence of CSA (Sigma C9819).

FIG. 14 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugate against Colo205 cells. The VAR2 protein used was DBL1-ID2a. VAR2-Compound O—circles. VAR2-Compound O with added CSA (Sigma C9819)—diamonds. CSA alone—squares.

FIG. 15 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugates against Colo205 cells. VAR2-Compound O prepared by cysteine conjugation—triangles. VAR2-Compound KK prepared by lysine conjugation—circles.

FIG. 16 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugates against Colo205 cells. VAR2-Compound O—circles. Toxin-linker alone—squares.

FIG. 17 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugates against UM-UC 3 Cells. VAR2-Compound O—circles. VAR2CSA alone—diamonds.

FIG. 18 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugates against U138 MG Cells. VAR2-Compound O—circles. VAR2CSA alone—diamonds.

FIG. 19 shows the cytotoxicity of VAR2CSA drug conjugates against OVCAR-3 Cells. VAR2-Compound O—circles. VAR2CSA alone—diamonds.

FIG. 20 shows the body weights of mice in a tolerability study with VAR2-Compound O.

FIG. 21 shows the body weights of mice in a Karpas 299 xenograft efficacy study following three IV doses of test articles.

FIG. 22 shows tumor volumes of mice in a Karpas 299 xenograft efficacy study following three IV doses of test articles.

FIG. 23 shows the body weights of mice in a PC3 prostate cancer efficacy study.

FIG. 24 shows tumor volumes of mice in a PC3 prostate cancer efficacy study.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the disclosure. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the disclosure may be practiced without these details.

Definitions

Unless stated otherwise, the following terms and phrases as used herein are intended to have the following meanings. When trade names are used herein, applicants intend to independently include the trade name product formulation, the generic drug, and the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) of the trade name product.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the present specification and claims, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to”.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. It is appreciated that certain features described herein, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described herein, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Chemical Groups

All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the chemical groups represented by the variables (e.g., R¹-R⁵⁰, Q, X, Y, and Z) contained within the generic chemical formulae described herein, (e.g., II, XIV, XV, and XX) are specifically embraced by the present invention just as if each and every combination was individually explicitly recited, to the extent that such combinations embrace compounds that result in stable compounds (i.e., compounds that can be isolated, characterized and tested for biological activity). In addition, all subcombinations of the chemical groups listed in the embodiments describing such variables, as well as all subcombinations of uses and medical indications described herein, are also specifically embraced by the present invention just as if each and every subcombination of chemical groups and subcombination of uses and medical indications was individually and explicitly recited herein. In addition, in the event that a list of substituents is listed for any particular variable (e.g., R¹-R⁵⁰, Q, X, Y, and Z) in a particular embodiment and/or claim, it is understood that each individual substituent may be deleted from the particular embodiment and/or claim and that the remaining list of substituents will be considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

The term “acyloxy”, as used herein, includes —OC(O)-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined herein. Examples of acyloxy include, but are not limited to: formyloxy, acetoxy, propionyloxy, isobutyryloxy, pivaloyloxy, and the like.

The term “acylthio”, as used herein, refers to —SC(O)-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined herein. Examples of acylthio include, but are not limited to: formylthio, acetylthio, propionylthio, isobutyrylthio, pivaloylthio, and the like.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl”, as used herein, refers to —C(O)O-alkyl. Examples of alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to: methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, n-butoxycarbonyl, sec-butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, pentyloxycarbonyl, isopentyloxycarbonyl, t-pentyloxycarbonyl, neo-pentyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylbutoxycarbonyl, 2-methylbutoxycarbonyl, n-hexyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain substituent consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds), having from one to twelve carbon atoms (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), preferably one to eight carbon atoms (C₁-C₈ alkyl) or one to six carbon atoms (C₁-C₆ alkyl), and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” or “alkyldiyl” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a substituent group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, which is saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds), and having from one to twelve carbon atoms, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, propynylene, n-butynylene, and the like. The alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single or double bond and to the substituent group through a single or double bond. The points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the substituent group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkenyldiyl”, as used herein, refers to a straight or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon di-radical containing the specified number of carbon atoms, and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, e.g., C₂-C₆ alkenyldiyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyldiyl, or C₂ alkenyldiyl. Examples of alkenyldiyl include, but are not limited to: ethenyldiyl, n-propenyldiyl, isopropenyldiyl, n-butenyldiyl, sec-butenyldiyl, isobutenyldiyl, t-butenyldiyl, pentenyldiyl, isopentenyldiyl, t-pentenyldiyl, neo-pentenyldiyl, 1-methylbutenyldiyl, 2-methylbutenyldiyl, n-hexenyldiyl, and the like.

“Alkoxy” refers to a substituent of the formula —OR_a where R_a is an alkyl substituent as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted.

“Alkylamino” refers to a substituent of the formula —NHR_a or —NR_aR_a where each R_a is, independently, an alkyl substituent as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted.

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ substituent.

The term “amino-cycloalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a cycloalkyl group, substituted with one amino substituent, as those terms are defined herein. Examples of amino-cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to: aminocyclopropyl, aminocyclobutyl, aminocyclopentyl, aminocyclohexyl, and the like.

The term “amino-alkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, substituted with one amino substituent, as those terms are defined herein. Examples of amino-alkyl include, but are not limited to: aminomethyl, aminoethyl, amino-n-propyl, amino-isopropyl, amino-n-butyl, amino-sec-butyl, amino-isobutyl, amino-t-butyl, amino-pentyl, amino-isopentyl, amino-t-pentyl, amino-neo-pentyl, amino-1-methylbutyl, amino-2-methylbutyl, amino-n-hexyl, and the like.

The term “amino-aryl”, as used herein, refers to an aryl group, substituted with one amino substituent, as those terms are defined herein. Examples of amino-aryl include, but are not limited to: amino-phenyl, amino-naphthalenyl, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system substituent comprising hydrogen, 6 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this disclosure, the aryl substituent may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl substituents include, but are not limited to, aryl substituents derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl substituents that are optionally substituted.

“Aralkyl” refers to a substituent of the formula —R_b—R_c where R_b is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_c is one or more aryl substituents as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “carboxamide”, as used herein, refers to —C(O)NH₂.

The term “carboxyl”, as used herein, refers to —C(O)OH.

“Cyano” refers to the —CN substituent.

“Cycloalkyl” or “carbocyclic ring” refers to a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon substituent consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, having from three to fifteen carbon atoms, preferably having from three to ten carbon atoms, and which is saturated or unsaturated and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Monocyclic substituents include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic substituents include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a substituent of the formula —R_bR_d where R_d is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_g is a cycloalkyl substituent as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkylalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure in the compounds of the disclosure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo substituents, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “haloalkoxy”, as used herein, refers to —O-haloalkyl, wherein haloalkyl is as defined herein. Examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to: difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, and the like.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system substituent comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroaryl substituent may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl substituent may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e. thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

“N-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl substituent as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of the heteroaryl substituent to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heteroaryl substituent. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an N-heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to a substituent of the formula —R_bR_f where R_b is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_f is a heteroaryl substituent as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroarylalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryldiyl”, as used herein, refers to a divalent radical derived from a 6- to 12-membered mono- or bicyclic ring system wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom and at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of a heteroatom include, but are not limited to: O, S, N, and the like. Examples of heteroaryldiyl include, but are not limited to: thiazolyldiyl, 2,4-thiazolyldiyl, triazolyldiyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl-1,4-diyl, pyridyldiyl, benzofuranyldiyl, pyrazinyldiyl, pyridazinyldiyl, pyrimidinyldiyl, triazinyldiyl, quinolinyldiyl, benzoxazolyldiyl, benzothiazolyldiyl, 1H-benzimidazolyldiyl, isoquinolinyldiyl, quinazolinyldiyl, quinoxalinyldiyl, pyrrolyldiyl, indolyldiyl, 1H-benzoimidazol-2-yldiyl, benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yldiyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-7-yldiyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzofurn-7-yldiyl, 2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yldiyl, and the like. Examples of include, but are not limited to: and the like.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring substituent which consists of two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl substituent may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl substituent may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl substituent may be partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocyclyl substituents include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.

“N-heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclyl substituent as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heterocyclyl substituent. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a N-heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a substituent of the formula —R_bR_e where R_b is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_e is a heterocyclyl substituent as defined above, and if the heterocyclyl is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, the heterocyclyl may be attached to the alkyl substituent at the nitrogen atom. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclylalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heterocyclyldiyl”, as used herein, refers to a divalent radical derived from a 3- to 12-membered mono- or bicyclic non-aromatic ring system wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom. Examples of a heteroatom include, but are not limited to: O, S, N, and the like. A heterocyclyldiyl substituent can be attached via any two of its available ring atoms, for example, ring carbons, or ring nitrogens. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyldiyl is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered containing ring. Examples of a heterocyclyldiyl group include, but are not limited to: aziridin-1-yldiyl, aziridin-2-yldiyl, azetidin-1-yldiyl, azetidin-2-yldiyl, azetidin-3-yldiyl, piperidin-1-yldiyl, piperidin-2-yldiyl, piperidin-3-yldiyl, piperidin-4-yldiyl, morpholin-2-yldiyl, morpholin-3-yldiyl, morpholin-4-yldiyl, piperazin-1-yldiyl, piperazin-2-yldiyl, piperazin-3-yldiyl, piperazin-4-yldiyl, pyrrolidin-1-yldiyl, pyrrolidin-2-yldiyl, pyrrolidin-3-yldiyl, [1,3]-dioxolan-2-yldiyl, thiomorpholin-4-yldiyl, [1,4]oxazepan-4-yldiyl, 1,1-dioxo-1λ6-thiomorpholin-4-yldiyl, azepan-1-yldiyl, azepan-2-yldiyl, azepan-3-yldiyl, azepan-4-yldiyl, octahydro-quinolin-1-yldiyl, octahydro-isoquinolin-2-yldiyl, and the like.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the —OH substituent.

The term “hydroxy-alkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, substituted with one hydroxy substituent, as those terms are defined herein. Examples of hydroxy-alkyl include, but are not limited to: hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxy-n-propyl, hydroxy-isopropyl, hydroxy-n-butyl, hydroxy-sec-butyl, hydroxy-isobutyl, hydroxy-t-butyl, hydroxy-pentyl, hydroxy-isopentyl, hydroxy-t-pentyl, hydroxy-neo-pentyl, hydroxy-1-methylbutyl, hydroxy-2-methylbutyl, hydroxy-n-hexyl, and the like.

“Imino” refers to the ═NH substituent.

“Thioalkyl” refers to a substituent of the formula —SR_a where R_a is an alkyl substituent as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a thioalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ substituent.

“Oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.

“Thiol” refers to the —SH substituent.

“Thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.

The term “substituted” used herein means any of the above groups (i.e., alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl) wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atoms such as, but not limited to: a halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, and I; an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, thioalkyl groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as azides, amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, and triarylsilyl groups; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NR_gR_h, —NR_gC(═O)R_h, —NR_gC(═O)NR_gR_h, —NR_gC(═O)OR_h, —NR_gC(═NR_g)NR_gR_h, —NR_gSO₂R_h, —OC(═O)NR_gR_h, —OR_g, —SR_g, —SOR_g, —SO₂R_g, —OSO₂R_g, —SO₂OR_g, ═NSO₂R_g, and —SO₂NR_gR_h. “Substituted also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —C(═O)R_g, —C(═O)OR_g, —C(═O)NR_gR_h, —CH₂SO₂R_g, —CH₂SO₂NR_gR_h. In the foregoing, R_g and R_h are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl. “Substituted” further means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a bond to an amino, cyano, hydroxyl, imino, nitro, oxo, thioxo, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl group. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents.

The present disclosure also meant to encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of Formula I being isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ¹²³I, and ¹²⁵I, respectively. These radiolabelled compounds are useful to help determine or measure the effectiveness of the compounds, by characterizing, for example, the site or mode of action, or binding affinity to pharmacologically important site of action. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds described herein, for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.

Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. ²H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.

Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compounds described herein can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Preparations and Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

The present disclosure is also meant to encompass the in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds. Such products may result from, for example, the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes compounds produced by a process comprising administering a compound of this disclosure to a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products are typically identified by administering a radiolabelled compound of the disclosure in a detectable dose to an animal, such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur, and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.

The compounds of the disclosure, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present disclosure is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

Other Definitions

The term “amino acid” or “amino acid residue” as used herein includes any one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids, the D-form of any one of the naturally occurring amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids, and derivatives, analogs, and mimetics thereof. Any amino acid, including naturally occurring amino acids, may be purchased commercially or synthesized by methods known in the art. Examples of non-naturally-occurring amino acids include citrulline (“Cit”), norleucine (“Nle”), norvaline (“Nva”), p-Alanine, L- or D-naphthalanine, ornithine (“Orn”), homoarginine (homoArg) and others well known in the peptide art, including those described in M. Bodanzsky, “Principles of Peptide Synthesis,” 1st and 2nd revised ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y., 1984 and 1993, and Stewart and Young, “Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis,” 2nd ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., 1984. Common amino acids may be referred to by their full name, standard single-letter notation, or standard three-letter notation for example: A, Ala, alanine; C, Cys, cysteine; D, Asp, aspartic; E, Glu, glutamic acid; F, Phe, phenylalanine; G, Gly, glycine; H, His, histidine; I, Ile isoleucine; K, Lys, lysine; L, Leu, leucine; M, Met, methionine; N, Asn, asparagine; P, Pro, proline; Q, Gln, glutamine; R, Arg, arginine; S, Ser, serine; T, Thr, threonine; V, Val, valine; W, Trp, tryptophan; X, Hyp, hydroxyproline; Y, Tyr, tyrosine. Any and all of the amino acids in the compositions herein can be naturally occurring, synthetic, and derivatives or mimetics thereof. When the amino acid residues contain one or more chiral centers, any of the D, L, meso, threo or erythro (as appropriate) racemates or mixtures thereof, fall within the scope of this invention.

The term “another amino acid” as used herein means one amino acid that is different from that amino acid naturally present at that position. This includes but is not limited to amino acids that can be encoded by a polynucleotide. In some embodiments the different amino acid is in natural L-form and can be encoded by a polynucleotide.

The term “construct” is intended to indicate a polynucleotide segment which may be based on a complete or partial naturally occurring nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest. The construct may optionally contain other polynucleotide segments. In a similar way, the term “amino acids which can be encoded by polynucleotide constructs” covers amino acids which can be encoded by the polynucleotide constructs defined above, i.e. amino acids such as Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Trp, Pro, Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, Asp and Gin.

The term “DBL2Xb” as used herein refers to a domain of VAR2CSA characterized by having an amino acid sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence identified by 153-577 of SEQ ID NO:1.

The term “derivative” as used herein, is intended to designate a VAR2CSA polypeptide exhibiting substantially the same or improved biological activity relative to wild-type VAR2CSA identified by SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56, or a fragment thereof, in which one or more of the amino acids of the parent peptide have been chemically modified, e.g. by alkylation, PEGylation, acylation, ester formation or amide formation or the like.

A “disease or condition of interest” includes diseases and conditions involving expression, such as inappropriate expression of CSA, such as in cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, healing after neural damage, cartilage repair, wound healing, and in psoriasis.

“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound described herein which, when administered to a mammal, preferably a human, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, of the particular indication (e.g., cancer or tumor cells in the mammal, preferably a human). The amount of a compound described herein which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the condition and its severity, the manner of administration, and the age of the mammal to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.

The phrases “functional variant”, “functional fragment”, and “functional derivatives” as used herein refers to variants, fragments, truncated versions, as well as derivatives of SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56, such as any one of SEQ ID NO:1, 3-5, 10, 11, 29, 34, 36-38, 41, 43-45, 48, 53-56, which polypeptides comprises essential binding sequence parts of SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56 and at least possess the ability to bind plCSA. Accordingly, such polypeptides are VAR2CSA polypeptides, as used herein. It is to be understood that a VAR2CSA functional variant or functional fragment may have two or three features selected from being a both a variant, and/or a fragment and/or a derivative. A functional variant or fragment of a VAR2CSA polypeptide encompass those that exhibit at least about 25%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 90% of the binding affinity of wild-type VAR2CSA polypeptide that has been produced in the same cell type, when tested in the assays as described herein or in WO 2013/117705.

The term “immunologic fragment” as used herein refers to fragment of an amino acid sequence that possesses essentially the same functional activities and the same spatial orientation to be recognized by a targeting moiety. Accordingly a specific targeting moiety will bind both the polypeptide and immunologic fragments thereof.

The term “intracellular metabolite” refers to a compound resulting from a metabolic process or reaction inside a cell on a compound described herein (e.g., a VAR2CSA-drug conjugate). The metabolic process or reaction may be an enzymatic process such as proteolytic cleavage of a peptide linker of the subject compound, or hydrolysis of a functional group such as a hydrazone, ester, or amide within the subject compound, or degradation of a portion or all of a targeting moiety. In the context of conjugates, intracellular metabolites may include, but are not limited to, VAR2CSA polypeptides and free drug, which may have been separated intracellularly, i.e., after entry, diffusion, uptake or transport into a cell (e.g., by enzymatic cleavage of a conjugate by an intracellular enzyme, or degradation of VAR2CSA polypeptide).

In the context of conjugates, the terms “intracellularly cleaved” and “intracellular cleavage” refer to metabolic processes or reactions inside a cell on a compound described herein whereby the covalent attachment, e.g., the linker between the payload and the targeting moiety is broken, resulting in the free drug dissociated from targeting moiety inside the cell. In some embodiments, the cleaved moieties of the subject compounds are intracellular metabolites. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides compounds that are cleavage products of a compound of Formula I, which cleavage products include compounds of Formula II. Alternatively, drug may be liberated through the degradation or proteolysis of VAR2CSA polypeptide.

The term “extracellular cleavage” refers a metabolic process or reaction outside a cell on a compound described herein whereby the covalent attachment, e.g., the linker between the payload and the targeting moiety is broken, resulting in the free drug dissociated from the targeting moiety outside the cell. In some embodiments, the cleaved moieties of the subject compounds are initially extracellular metabolites, which may move intracellularly by diffusion and cell permeability or transport.

The term “isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide described herein that (1) has been separated from at least about 50 percent of polynucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates or other materials (i.e., contaminants) with which it is naturally associated (not including post-translational modifications). Preferably, the isolated polypeptide is substantially free from any other contaminating polypeptides or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment, which would interfere with its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic or research use.

The term “ID1” as used herein refers to a domain of VAR2CSA characterized by having an amino acid sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence identified by 1-152 of SEQ ID NO:1.

The term “ID2a” as used herein refers to a domain of VAR2CSA characterized by having an amino acid sequence of at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, or at least 62, such as the 63 consecutive amino acids from the N-terminal of amino acids 578-640 of SEQ ID NO:1 and with at least 70% sequence identity to such a sequence of consecutive amino acids. In some embodiments an amino acid sequence identity referred to herein of at least 70% of any one sequence identified by SEQ ID NO:1-57 or a fragment thereof, refers to a sequence with at least 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 8, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% sequence identity to this sequence.

“Mammal” includes humans and both domestic animals such as laboratory animals and household pets (e.g., cats, dogs, swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits), and non-domestic animals such as wildlife and the like.

The term “microorganism” as used herein refers to bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists (such as green algae and plankton), planarians and amoebae. Included within this definition are pathogenic microorganisms.

A “native sequence” polypeptide is one which has the same amino acid sequence as a polypeptide derived from nature. Such native sequence polypeptides can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means. Thus, a native sequence polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of naturally-occurring human polypeptide, murine polypeptide, or polypeptide from any other mammalian species.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that the aryl substituent may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl substituents and aryl substituents having no substitution.

A “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a compound of the disclosure and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, e.g., humans. Such a medium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts. “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, undecylenic acid, and the like. “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

“Prodrug” is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound of the disclosure. Thus, the term “prodrug” refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound of the disclosure that is pharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the disclosure. Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the disclosure, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam)). A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987. Prodrugs of a compound of the disclosure may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound of the disclosure in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound of the disclosure. Prodrugs include compounds of the disclosure wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound of the disclosure is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol or amide derivatives of amine functional groups in the compounds of the disclosure and the like.

The term “protecting group”, as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect reactive groups including without limitation, hydroxyl and amino groups, against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. Hydroxyl and amino groups which protected with a protecting group are referred to herein as “protected hydroxyl groups” and “protected amino groups”, respectively. Protecting groups are typically used selectively and/or orthogonally to protect sites during reactions at other reactive sites and can then be removed to leave the unprotected group as is or available for further reactions. Protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Groups can be selectively incorporated into compounds of the present disclosure as precursors. For example an amino group can be placed into a compound of the disclosure as an azido group that can be chemically converted to the amino group at a desired point in the synthesis. Generally, groups are protected or present as a precursor that will be inert to reactions that modify other areas of the parent molecule for conversion into their final groups at an appropriate time. Further representative protecting or precursor groups are discussed in Agrawal, et al., Protocols for Oligonucleotide Conjugates, Eds, Humana Press; New Jersey, 1994; Vol. 26 pp. 1-72. Examples of “hydroxyl protecting groups” include, but are not limited to, t-butyl, t-butoxymethyl, methoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, p-chlorophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, diphenylmethyl, p-nitrobenzyl, triphenylmethyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), triphenylsilyl, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, pivaloate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate, mesylate and tosylate. Examples of “amino protecting groups” include, but are not limited to, carbamate-protecting groups, such as 2-trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (Teoc), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Bpoc), t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz); amide protecting groups, such as formyl, acetyl, trihaloacetyl, benzoyl, and nitrophenylacetyl; sulfonamide-protecting groups, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl; and imine and cyclic imide protecting groups, such as phthalimido and dithiasuccinoyl.

Often crystallizations produce a solvate of the compound of the disclosure. As used herein, the term “solvate” refers to an aggregate that comprises one or more molecules of a compound of the disclosure with one or more molecules of solvent. The solvent may be water, in which case the solvate may be a hydrate. Alternatively, the solvent may be an organic solvent. Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist as a hydrate, including a monohydrate, dihydrate, hemihydrate, sesquihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and the like, as well as the corresponding solvated forms. The compound of the disclosure may be true solvates, while in other cases, the compound of the disclosure may merely retain adventitious water or be a mixture of water plus some adventitious solvent.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

The term “sequence identity” as known in the art, refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptide molecules or two or more nucleic acid molecules, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between nucleic acid molecules or between polypeptides, as the case may be, as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more nucleotide residues or two or more amino acid residues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., “algorithms”). The term “similarity” is a related concept, but in contrast to “identity”, refers to a sequence relationship that includes both identical matches and conservative substitution matches. Therefore, in cases where there are conservative substitutions, the degree of similarity between two polypeptides will be higher than the percent identity between those two polypeptides.

A “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable. The present disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The present disclosure includes tautomers of any said compounds.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of the disease or condition of interest in a mammal, preferably a human, having the disease or condition of interest, and includes:

(i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;

(ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development;

(iii) relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease or condition; or

(iv) relieving the symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, i.e., relieving pain without addressing the underlying disease or condition.

In one embodiment, the term “VAR2CSA polypeptide” as used herein refers to the extracellular part of a specific Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) protein expressed by Plasmodium falciparum interacting with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) and characterized by having a sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56, or fragments or variants or derivatives thereof with the ability to bind plCSA that could be presented on a proteoglycan (CSPG). In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide at least comprises the protein fragment of VAR2CSA, which fragment consist of a sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, and b) DBL2Xb. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide at least comprises the protein fragment of VAR2CSA, which fragment consist of a sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, and b) DBL2Xb, and c) ID2a. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide competes for binding to plCSA with a VAR2CSA polypeptide consisting of sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, and b) DBL2Xb. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide competes for binding to plCSA with a VAR2CSA polypeptide consisting of sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, b) DBL2Xb and c) ID2a. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide competes for binding to plCSA with a VAR2CSA polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56. Included within the definition of a VAR2CSA polypeptide are polypeptides described in Salanti A. et al. Mol. Micro 2003 July; 49 (1):179-91; in Khunrae P. et al., J Mol Biol. 2010 Apr. 2; 397 (3):826-34, in Srivastava A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 Mar. 16; 107 (11):4884-9, in Dahlbäck M. et al, J Biol Chem. 2011 May 6; 286 (18):15908-17, and in Srivastava A. et al., PLoS One. 2011; 6 (5):e20270.

The terms “variant” or “variants”, as used herein, refer to a VAR2CSA polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 or SEQ ID NO:56 or fragments of a VAR2CSA polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-54, which fragments or variants retain the ability to bind plCSA on proteoglycans (CSPG), wherein one or more amino acids have been substituted by another amino acid and/or wherein one or more amino acids have been deleted and/or wherein one or more amino acids have been inserted in the polypeptide and/or wherein one or more amino acids have been added to the polypeptide. Such addition can take place either at the N-terminal end or at the C-terminal end or both. The “variant” or “variants” within this definition still have functional activity in terms of being able to bind plCSA. Accordingly, such polypeptides are VAR2CSA polypeptides, as used herein. In some embodiment a variant has at least 70%, such as at least 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 8, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1-57, such as the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 3-5, 10, 11, 29, 34, 36-38, 41, 43-45, 48, 53-56, 60-70, 72-75.

The term “vector”, as used herein, means any nucleic acid entity capable of the amplification in a host cell. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector, which exists as an extra-chromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. The choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Vectors include, but are not limited to plasmid vectors, phage vectors, viruses or cosmid vectors. Vectors usually contain a replication origin and at least one selectable gene, i.e., a gene which encodes a product which is readily detectable or the presence of which is essential for cell growth.

Compounds

Provided are protein-drug conjugates which are compounds of Formula I:

T-L-P   I

wherein:

T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;

L-P is selected from: L¹-P¹ or L²-P²;

L¹ is a linker, or L¹ is absent;

P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XIV

wherein:

• • R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: —OH, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CHO, —COSH, or —NO₂; or R¹⁷ and R²⁰ are fused and form a ring;
  • R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—, or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are joined to form a ring;
  • R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, and Ar; or R²⁰ and R¹⁷ are fused and form a ring;
  • R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;
  • R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;
  • R²⁴ is: —Y—(CO)NHSO₂—R²⁶
  • R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;
  • the ring formed by joining R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ is a three to seven member non-aromatic cyclic skeleton within the definition of R²⁵,
  • Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,
  • X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;
  • R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

L² is a linker, or L² is absent;

P² is a biologically active compound; and

L²-P² has the following structure (III):

wherein:

• • R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent;
  • P³ is the remaining portion of compound P²; and
  • L³ is optionally the remaining portion of linker L² when L² is present.

In a preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent.

In some embodiments, L² is present and T and L² are linked via a peptide bond. In some embodiments, R is present and L² is present and L² and P² are linked via a peptide bond. In some embodiments, L² is absent, R is present, and T and P² are linked via a peptide bond.

In certain embodiments, one payload molecule is linked to one linker molecule. In certain embodiments, a plurality of payload molecules are linked to the same linker molecule. In certain embodiments, one linker molecule is linked to one targeting moiety. In certain embodiments, a plurality of linker molecules are linked to the same targeting moiety. “Drug-antibody ratio” or “DAR” is meant to indicate the number of drug moieties conjugated to a targeting moiety (an antibody).

Targeting Moiety (T)

A targeting moiety can form a bond to a linker unit (L) or a payload compound (P). A targeting moiety can form a bond to the linker moiety or the payload compound via a heteroatom of the targeting moiety. Heteroatoms that may be present on a targeting moiety include sulfur (in one embodiment, from a sulfhydryl group of T), oxygen (in one embodiment, from a carbonyl, carboxyl or hydroxyl group of T) and nitrogen (in one embodiment, from a primary or secondary amino group of T). These heteroatoms can be present on the targeting moiety in the targeting moiety's natural state, or can be introduced into the targeting moiety, for example by chemical modification or recombinant means.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a sulfhydryl group and bonds to the linker moiety via the sulfhydryl group's sulfur atom. In another embodiment, the targeting moiety has one or more lysine residues that can be chemically modified to introduce one or more sulfhydryl groups. The targeting moiety bonds to the linker moiety via the sulfhydryl group. Reagents that can be used to modify lysines include, but are not limited to, N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) and 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (Traut's Reagent).

In another embodiment, the linker moiety can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be chemically modified to have one or more sulfhydryl groups. The targeting moiety bonds to the linker moiety via the sulfhydryl group's sulfur atom. In yet another embodiment, the targeting moiety can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be oxidized to provide an aldehyde (—CHO) group (see, e.g., Laguzza et al., 1989, J. Med. Chem. 32 (3):548-55). The corresponding aldehyde can form a bond with a reactive site on a portion of a linker moiety. Reactive sites that can react with a carbonyl group on a targeting moiety include, but are not limited to, hydrazine and hydroxylamine. Other protocols for the modification of proteins for the attachment or association of payload compounds are described in Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Protein Science, vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons (2002).

Provided are compounds of Formula I:

T-L-P   I

wherein T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide.

The targeting moiety described herein includes within its scope any molecule comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide as defined herein. In a preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety is a protein comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety consists essentially of a VAR2CSA polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety consists of a VAR2CSA polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, the VAR2CSA polypeptide is a VAR2CSA polypeptide disclosed in WO2013/117705.

The VAR2CSA protein may be recombinantly produced from any number of host cell types, as will be recognized by one of reasonable skill in the art. In one embodiment, VAR2CSA polypeptide is produced recombinantly using a mammalian cell system. In another embodiment, VAR2CSA polypeptide is produced using a non-mammalian cell system. In one embodiment, VAR2CSA polypeptide is produced using an insect cell system. As will be appreciated by the reasonably skilled artisan, the glycosylation pattern of recombinant VAR2CSA polypeptide produced by different cell types may vary.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide is not a minimal binding fragment. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide is a minimal binding fragment. In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide consists of a sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, and b) DBL2Xb, and optionally c) ID2a. In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide comprises ID2a.

VAR2CSA, part of a malaria protein, can bind to a cancer-specific antigen and extra-cellular CSPG with very high specificity and very high binding strength. VAR2CSA mediates adhesion of parasite-infected cells exclusively to CSA attached to proteoglycans (CSPG) in the placenta of pregnant women. Recombinant protein has been shown to bind with unprecedented high affinity and specificity to plCSA. This may be due to an interaction with plCSA that is not only dependent on the charged sulfates but also on the CS backbone. CS present in the placenta is believed to be very similar to the CS presented on various cancer cells including cancer stem cells (Salanti et al., WO2013/117705). This is substantiated by the fact that VAR2CSA-expressing parasite infected cells adhere specifically to plCSA on C32 melanoma cells and to human brain cancer cells. By coupling VAR2CSA to an apoptotic or cytotoxic payload the compounds described herein can be used to specifically target and eliminate cancer cells and cancer stem cells. plCSA can be present on a number of protein backbones, e.g. CSPG4, CD44, biglycan, decorin, versican, aggrecan (the major CSPG in cartilage), perlecan, syndecan, and others listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Potential molecules targeted by a VAR2CSA polypeptide
Protein ID 1	Protein ID 2	Gene name
NG2	CSPG4	cspg4
Neuroglycan and	CSPG5	ngc 7
Neuroglycan-C
Neuropilin-1 CS	NRP-1-CS	NRP1
APLP2 and APP (and when	amyloid precursor-like	APLP2
plCSA is added the	protein 2
proteins are called
Appicans)
Snorc		Snorc
Tomoregulin-1	TENB1	TMEFF1
Tomoregulin-2	TENB2	TMEFF2
Thrombomodulin	CD141	THBD
Betaglycan	Transforming growth	TGFBR3
	factor beta receptor III
Syndecan 1	CD138	SDC1
Syndecan 2	CD362	SDC2
Syndecan 3		SDC3
Syndecan 4	Amphiglycan	SDC4
CSPG8	CSPG8	Cd44
Glypican1-6 (kun l og 5)		GPC1-6
Brevican	CSPG7	bcan
lubricin	Proteoglycan 4	PRG4
Dentin matrix protein 1		DMP1
Neurocan	CSPG3	ncan
Versican	CSPG2	vcan
Aggrecan	CSPG1	acan
Bamecan	CSPG6	smc3
SRPX2	Sushi repeat-containing	SRPX2
	protein
Serglycin	Hematopoietic proteoglycan	SRGN
	core protein
Decorin	Small leucine-rich	dcn
	proteoglycan
	(SLRP) family
Biglycan	Small leucine-rich	bgn
	proteoglycan
	(SLRP) family
Lumican	Small leucine-rich	lum
	proteoglycan
	(SLRP) family
Fibromodulin	Small leucine-rich	fmod
	proteoglycan
	(SLRP) family
Keratocan	Small leucine-rich	kera
	proteoglycan
	(SLRP) family
Mimecan	osteoglycin	ogn
Testican 1-3	BM-40/SPARC/osteonectin	SPOCK1
	family of extracellular
	calcium-binding proteins
phosphacan	Receptor-type tyrosine-	PTPRZ1
	protein phosphatase zeta
Leprecan	Leucine Proline-Enriched	LEPRE1
	Proteoglycan 1
Perlecan	basement membrane-specific	HSPG2
	heparan sulfate
	proteoglycan core protein

VAR2CSA binds plCSA in the intervillous spaces of the placenta with an affinity below 10 nM. Smaller recombinant parts of VAR2CSA have been produced that bind plCSA with characteristics similar to that of the full-length and native VAR2CSA protein. Table 2 lists the plCSA affinity of certain VAR2CSA polypeptides using biosensor technology. Affinity is given as a K_D (nM) value determined in kinetics experiments using a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor (Attana A100). N/A: proteins for which no KD value could be determined, due to a lack of binding to plCSA.

TABLE 2
plCSA Binding Affinity of Certain VAR2CSA Polypeptides.
	FCR3	3D7
	VAR2CSA Fragment	Baculo	E. coli	Baculo
	FV2	5.2*		8.2
	ID1-DBL4ϵ	8.6*		9.4
	IDl-DBL3ϵ	0.3*		8.5
	DBL2X-DBL4ϵ	2.4*		1.2
	DBL1-ID2b	1.5*
	DBL1-ID2a	8.0	3.5	29.5
	ID1-ID2a	7.6	18.3	5.7
	DBL1X-DBL2Xb		14.6
	DBL1X-DBL2Xa	N/A
	ID1-DBL2Xb			21.8
	ID1-DBL2Xa			N/A
	*Proteins published in (Dahlbäck et al., JBC, 2011)

Recombinant VAR2CSA protein does not bind other CS such as chondroitin sulfate C (C6S) or highly sulfated GAGs such as heparan sulfate (HS). Recombinant proteins can be produced to bind with high affinity to plCSA in various expression systems, e.g., S2 cells, T. ni cells, CHO cells, and E. coli strains including BL21 and SHuffle.

A number of VAR2CSA polypeptides smaller than full length VAR2CSA and which bind plCSA with very high affinity (nM) and high specificity have been identified (Salanti et al., WO2013/117705). As shown herein, such a representative VAR2CSA polypeptide (75 kDa) binds strongly at low concentrations to a wide range of cancer cell lines including cutaneous melanoma (C32, MeWo), lung carcinoma (A549), breast carcinoma (HCC1395), osterosarcoma (U205, MNNG/HOS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RH30) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Tables 3 and 4). As a control molecule another VAR2CSA protein was used, which is identical to the minimal binding VAR2CSA construct except for a 151 amino acids truncation in the C-terminal part of the molecule. This truncation removes the plCSA binding. Recombinant VAR2CSA binds all CSPG4 expressing cell lines and cancer cell lines expressing other CSPG molecules having plCSA chains (e.g. T-cell lymphoma). Recombinant VAR2CSA protein fails to interact with human red blood cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (Table 3).

TABLE 3
Staining of Cancer Cell Lines and Negative Control Cells Using
the Minimal Binding Domain of VAR2CSA (ID1-ID2a). Shown are
the mean FITC 30 fluorescence values recorded from a minimum
of 5000 cells using a FC500 flowcytometer (Becton Dickinson).
	Cell type	Blank	ID1-DBL2Xa	ID1-ID2a
	C32	5.77	6.94	63.81
	MyLa 2059	5.61	5.61	145.35
	MyLa 1850	5.87	5.6	137.86
	Cho WT	3.09	4.35	34.79
	Cho 745	4.24	4.29	4.38
	PBMC	1.34	1.36	1.67
	Erythrocytes	1.11	1.17	1.07

TABLE 4
Staining of cancer cell lines using recombinant VAR2CSA.
Shown are the medium score of FITC fluorescence intensity
recorded from a minimum of 4 high power field images
using a HAL100 Zeiss microscope.
	Cell type	Blank	DBL1-ID2a
	U2OS	NS	+++
	MG63	NS	++++
	MDA-MB-231	NS	+++
	TC32	NS	+
	TC71	NS	++
	MNNG	NS	+++
	CHLA9	NS	++
	CHLA10	NS	++
	RH30	NS	+++
	RH18	NS	++
	PC3	NS	+++
	NS: No staining;
	+: weak;
	++: medium;
	+++: strong;
	++++: Very strong.

Cells infected with malaria parasites adhere to C32 melanoma cells, probably through a specific interaction between CSPG4 and VAR2CSA. Thus, it is envisioned that the compounds described herein may be used as therapeutic compounds targeting plCSA on various cancer cells. The advantages of targeting plCSA on cancer cells with VAR2CSA polypeptides over other current therapies in development are numerous: 1) The interaction between VAR2CSA and plCSA is of unprecedented high affinity and highly specific; 2) VAR2CSA is an evolutionary refined malaria protein and it is thus unlikely that therapy will break tolerance and cause autoimmune reactions in the patient; 3) VAR2CSA is a stable protein that is well characterized and can be highly expressed in organisms compatible with large-scale protein production; 4) VAR2CSA is a polymorphic protein with a number of serovariants. Repeated therapy could be offered by different serovariants to avoid issues with neutralizing antibodies; 5) VAR2CSA is naturally exposed extracellularly on the P. falciparum-infected the red blood cell and is thus by nature a stable protein in human serum and has been shown to be highly protease resistant.

The compounds described herein utilize the interaction between VAR2CSA polypeptides and plCSA. This interaction is a high affinity interaction and one use of such compounds is to target plCSA expressing cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Accordingly, the compounds described herein may be used to target cancer cells with minimal adverse toxicity to plCSA-negative tissue.

plCSA is also involved in other diseases and pathological conditions like for example arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis and healing after neural damage, cartilage repair, wound healing, and in psoriasis. Accordingly, the compounds described herein are useful in the treatment of any such disease or condition. For example, the compounds described herein are useful for targeting drugs that block protease mediated degradation of aggrecan during arthritis and arthrosis. The compounds described herein may also be used to target anti-inflammatory drugs to the affected tissues and to deliver inhibitors such as ADAMTS4 and -5 inhibitors. The compounds described herein may be used to target drugs that stimulate the production of aggrecan by chondrocytes.

The compounds described herein may be used to target drugs that degrade CSPG or inhibit CSPG production in affected neural tissue, such as chondroitinase ABC, which cut the sugar chains of the protein core of CSPG molecules; xylocides, which reduce CSPG production; and drugs that inhibit enzymes important for CSPG production such as chondroitin synthase or chondroitin polymerizing factor. Examples of such drugs include: 4-fluoro-glucosamine, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloxide, and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside.

The compounds described herein may also be used to target and maintain cytokines such as IL1-alpha, which stimulate production of ADAMTS4, which subsequently cleave CSPG.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein consists of a sequential amino acid sequence of a) ID1, and b) DBL2Xb, and optionally c) ID2a.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises ID2a.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein does not comprise ID2a.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein further comprises an amino acid sequence in the N- or C-terminal, or within the sequence of the protein fragment of VAR2CSA of not more than 100 amino acids, such as not more than 90 amino acids, such as not more than 80 amino acids, such as not more than 70 amino acids, such as not more than 60 amino acids, such as not more than 50 amino acids, such as not more than 40 amino acids, such as not more than 30 amino acids, such as not more than 20 amino acids, such as not more than 18 amino acids, such as not more than 16 amino acids, such as not more than 14 amino acids, such as not more than 12 amino acids, such as not more than 10 amino acids, such as not more than 8 amino acids, such as not more than 6 amino acids, such as not more than 4 amino acids, such as not more than 2 amino acids derived from any part of a VAR2CSA polypeptide as defined herein, which is not part of ID1, DBL2Xb, or ID2a.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein further comprises an amino acid sequence in the N- or C-terminal, or within the sequence of the protein fragment of VAR2CSA of not more than 100 amino acids, such as not more than 90 amino acids, such as not more than 80 amino acids, such as not more than 70 amino acids, such as not more than 60 amino acids, such as not more than 50 amino acids, such as not more than 40 amino acids, such as not more than 30 amino acids, such as not more than 20 amino acids, such as not more than 18 amino acids, such as not more than 16 amino acids, such as not more than 14 amino acids, such as not more than 12 amino acids, such as not more than 10 amino acids, such as not more than 8 amino acids, such as not more than 6 amino acids, such as not more than 4 amino acids, such as not more than 2 amino acids, which amino acid sequence is not derived from any part of a VAR2CSA polypeptide as defined herein.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein binds chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on proteoglycans (CSPG) with an affinity as measured by a K_D lower than 100 nM, such as lower than 80 nM, such as lower than 70 nM, such as lower than 60 nM, such as lower than 50 nM, such as lower than 40 nM, such as lower than 30 nM, such as lower than 26 nM, such as lower than 24 nM, such as lower than 22 nM, such as lower than 20 nM, such as lower than 18 nM, such as lower than 16 nM, such as lower than 14 nM, such as lower than 12 nM, such as lower than 10 nM, such as lower than 9 nM, such as lower than 8 nM, such as lower than 7 nM, such as lower than 6 nM, or lower than 4 nM.

In some embodiments, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein binds plCSA on proteoglycans (CSPG) with an affinity as measured by a K_D lower than 100 nM, such as lower than 80 nM, such as lower than 70 nM, such as lower than 60 nM, such as lower than 50 nM, such as lower than 40 nM, such as lower than 30 nM, such as lower than 26 nM, such as lower than 24 nM, such as lower than 22 nM, such as lower than 20 nM, such as lower than 18 nM, such as lower than 16 nM, such as lower than 14 nM, such as lower than 12 nM, such as lower than 10 nM, such as lower than 9 nM, such as lower than 8 nM, such as lower than 7 nM, such as lower than 6 nM, or lower than 4 nM.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with any one amino acid sequence of 1-577 of SEQ ID NO:1, 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:3, 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:4, 1-576 of SEQ ID NO:5, 1-586 of SEQ ID NO:10, 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:11, 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:29, 1-584 of SEQ ID NO:34, 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:36, 1-575 of SEQ ID NO:37, 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:38, 1-603 of SEQ ID NO:41, 1-588 of SEQ ID NO:43, 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:44, 1-589 of SEQ ID NO:45, 1-573 of SEQ ID NO:48, 1-583 of SEQ ID NO:53, or 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:54.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence of 578-640 of SEQ ID NO:1, 593-656 of SEQ ID NO:3, 580-643 of SEQ ID NO:4, 577-640 of SEQ ID NO:5, 587-650 of SEQ ID NO:10, 580-643 of SEQ ID NO:11, 566-628 of SEQ ID NO:29, 585-647 of SEQ ID NO:34, 570-632 of SEQ ID NO:36, 576-639 of SEQ ID NO:37, 593-655 of SEQ ID NO:38, 604-667 of SEQ ID NO:41, 589-652 of SEQ ID NO:43, 566-628 of SEQ ID NO:44, 590-653 of SEQ ID NO:45, 574-637 of SEQ ID NO:48, 584-646 of SEQ ID NO:53, or 570-632 of SEQ ID NO:54.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, or 52.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein consists of an 30 amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with any one amino acid sequence of 1-577 of SEQ ID NO:1, 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:3, 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:4, 1-576 of SEQ ID NO:5, 1-586 of SEQ ID NO:10, 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:11, 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:29, 1-584 of SEQ ID NO:34, 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:36, 1-575 of SEQ ID NO:37, 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:38, 1-603 of SEQ ID NO:41, 1-588 of SEQ ID NO:43, 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:44, 1-589 of SEQ ID NO:45, 1-573 of SEQ ID NO:48, 1-583 of SEQ ID NO:53, or 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:54.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the list consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3-5, 10, 11, 29, 34, 36-38, 41, 43-45, 48, 53, and 54.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein consists of an amino acid sequence having a length of less than 700 amino acids, such as less than 690 amino acids, such as less than 680 amino acids, such as less than 670 amino acids, such as less than 660 amino acids, such as less than 650 amino acids, such as less than 640 amino acids, such as less than 630 amino acids, such as less than 620 amino acids, such as less than 610 amino acids, such as less than 600 amino acids, such as less than 590 amino acids, such as less than 580 amino acids, such as less than 570 amino acids.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein has a molecular mass of less than about 100 kDa under non-reducing conditions on an SDS-PAGE.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein is a recombinant protein.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein is non-glycosylated.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein is glycosylated.

In some aspects of the present invention, the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises a sequence as defined by one or more sequences selected from SEQ ID NO 57 or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

In some embodiments the VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein comprises a protease inhibitor, such as basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) in the terminal, such as the N-terminal of the protein sequence, such as a sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:57.

VAR2CSA Polypeptide Modifications

Conservative modifications to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-56 (and the corresponding modifications to the encoding nucleotides) will produce VAR2CSA polypeptides having functional and chemical characteristics similar to those of naturally occurring VAR2CSA polypeptides. In contrast, substantial modifications in the functional and/or chemical characteristics of a VAR2CSA polypeptide may be accomplished by selecting substitutions in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-56 that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the molecular backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. For example, a “conservative amino acid substitution” may involve a substitution of a native amino acid residue with a nonnative residue such that there is little or no effect on the polarity or charge of the amino acid residue at that position. Furthermore, any native residue in the polypeptide may also be substituted with alanine, as has been previously described for “alanine scanning mutagenesis” (see, for example, MacLennan et al., 1998, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 643:55-67; Sasaki et al., 1998, Adv. Biophys. 35:1-24, which discuss alanine scanning mutagenesis). Desired amino acid substitutions (whether conservative or non-conservative) can be determined by those skilled in the art at the time such substitutions are desired. For example, amino acid substitutions can be used to identify important residues of a VAR2CSA polypeptide, or to increase or decrease the affinity of a VAR2CSA polypeptide described herein.

Naturally occurring residues may be divided into classes based on common side chain properties: 1) hydrophobic: norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile; 2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln; 3) acidic: Asp, Glu; 4) basic: His, Lys, Arg; 5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; and 6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe. Non-conservative substitutions may involve, for example, the exchange of a member of one of these classes for a member from another class. Such substituted residues may be introduced into regions of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide that are homologous with non-Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides, or into the non-homologous regions of the molecule. In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered.

Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics, these are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (−0.4); threonine (−0.7); serine (−0.8); tryptophan (−0.9); tyrosine (−1.3); proline (−1.6); histidine (−3.2); glutamate (−3.5); glutamine (−3.5); aspartate (−3.5); asparagine (−3.5); lysine (−3.9); and arginine (−4.5). The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is understood in the art. Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol., 157:105-131 (1982). It is known that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still retain a similar biological activity. In making changes based upon the hydropathic index, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indexes are within ±2 is preferred, those that are within ±1 are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even more particularly preferred.

It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly where the biologically functionally equivalent protein or peptide thereby created is intended for use in immunological embodiments. The greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with its immunogenicity and antigenicity, i.e., with a biological property of the protein. The following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0±1); glutamate (+3.0±1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (−0.4); proline (−0.5±1); alanine (−0.5); histidine (−0.5); cysteine (−1.0); methionine (−1.3); valine (−1.5); leucine (−1.8); isoleucine (−1.8); tyrosine (−2.3); phenylalanine (−2.5); tryptophan (−3.4). In making changes based upon similar hydrophilicity values, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ±2 is preferred, those that are within ±1 are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even more particularly preferred. One may also identify epitopes from primary amino acid sequences on the basis of hydrophilicity. These regions are also referred to as “epitopic core regions.”

A skilled artisan will be able to determine suitable variants of the polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1-57 using well known techniques. For identifying suitable areas of the molecule that may be changed without destroying activity, one skilled in the art may target areas not believed to be important for activity. For example, when similar polypeptides with similar activities from the same species or from other species are known, one skilled in the art may compare the amino acid sequence of a VAR2CSA polypeptide to such similar polypeptides. With such a comparison, one can identify residues and portions of the molecules that are conserved among similar polypeptides. It will be appreciated that changes in areas of a VAR2CSA polypeptide that are not conserved relative to such similar polypeptides would be less likely to adversely affect the biological activity and/or structure of the VAR2CSA polypeptide. One skilled in the art would also know that, even in relatively conserved regions, one may substitute chemically similar amino acids for the naturally occurring residues while retaining activity (conservative amino acid residue substitutions). Therefore, even areas that may be important for biological activity or for structure may be subject to conservative amino acid substitutions without destroying the biological activity or without adversely affecting the polypeptide structure.

Additionally, one skilled in the art can review structure-function studies identifying residues in similar polypeptides that are important for activity or structure. In view of such a comparison, one can predict the importance of amino acid residues in a VAR2CSA polypeptide that correspond to amino acid residues that are important for activity or structure in similar polypeptides. One skilled in the art may opt for chemically similar amino acid substitutions for such predicted important amino acid residues of VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein. One skilled in the art can also analyze the three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence in relation to that structure in similar polypeptides. In view of that information, one skilled in the art may predict the alignment of amino acid residues of a VAR2CSA polypeptide with respect to its three dimensional structure.

One skilled in the art may choose not to make radical changes to amino acid residues predicted to be on the surface of the protein, since such residues may be involved in important interactions with other molecules. Moreover, one skilled in the art may generate test variants containing a single amino acid substitution at each desired amino acid residue. The variants can then be screened using activity assays as described herein. Such variants could be used to gather information about suitable variants. For example, if one discovered that a change to a particular amino acid residue resulted in destroyed, undesirably reduced, or unsuitable activity, variants with such a change would be avoided. In other words, based on information gathered from such routine experiments, one skilled in the art can readily determine the amino acids where further substitutions should be avoided either alone or in combination with other mutations.

A number of scientific publications have been devoted to the prediction of secondary structure. See Moult J., Curr. Op. in Biotech., 7 (4):422-427 (1996), Chou et al., Biochemistry, 13 (2):222-245 (1974); Chou et al., Biochemistry, 113 (2):211-222 (1974); Chou et al., Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol, 47:45-148 (1978); Chou et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem., 47:251-276 and Chou et al., Biophys. J., 26:367-384 (1979). Moreover, computer programs are currently available to assist with predicting secondary structure. One method of predicting secondary structure is based upon homology modeling. For example, two polypeptides or proteins, which have a sequence identity of greater than 30%, or similarity greater than 40% often have similar structural topologies. The recent growth of the protein structural data base (PDB) has provided enhanced predictability of secondary structure, including the potential number of folds within a polypeptide's or protein's structure. See Holm et al., Nucl. Acid. Res., 27 (1):244-247 (1999). It has been suggested (Brenner et al., Curr. Op. Struct. Biol., 7 (3):369-376 (1997)) that there are a limited number of folds in a given polypeptide or protein and that once a critical number of structures have been resolved, structural prediction will gain dramatically in accuracy.

Additional methods of predicting secondary structure include “threading” (Jones, D., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 7 (3):377-87 (1997); Sippl et al., Structure, 4 (1):15-9 (1996)), “profile analysis” (Bowie et al., Science, 253:164-170 (1991); Gribskov et al., Meth. Enzymol., 183:146-159 (1990); Gribskov et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 84 (13):4355-4358 (1987)), and “evolutionary linkage” (See Home, supra, and Brenner, supra).

Identity and similarity of related polypeptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988).

Preferred methods to determine identity and/or similarity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are described in publicly available computer programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package, including GAP (Devereux et al., Nucl. Acid. Res., 12:387 (1984); Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990)). The BLASTX program is publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul et al. NCB/NLM/NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894; Altschul et al., supra). The well known Smith Waterman algorithm may also be used to determine identity.

Certain alignment schemes for aligning two amino acid sequences may result in the matching of only a short region of the two sequences, and this small aligned region may have very high sequence identity even though there is no significant relationship between the two full length sequences. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the selected alignment method (GAP program) will result in an alignment that spans at least 50 contiguous amino acids of the target polypeptide.

For example, using the computer algorithm GAP (Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), two polypeptides for which the percent sequence identity is to be determined are aligned for optimal matching of their respective amino acids (the “matched span”, as determined by the algorithm). A gap opening penalty (which is calculated as 3 times the average diagonal; the “average diagonal” is the average of the diagonal of the comparison matrix being used; the “diagonal” is the score or number assigned to each perfect amino acid match by the particular comparison matrix) and a gap extension penalty (which is usually one tenth of the gap opening penalty), as well as a comparison matrix such as PAM 250 or BLOSUM 62 are used in conjunction with the algorithm. A standard comparison matrix (see Dayhoff et al., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, supp.3 (1978) for the PAM 250 comparison matrix; Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 89:10915-10919 (1992) for the BLOSUM 62 comparison matrix) is also used by the algorithm.

Preferred parameters for a polypeptide sequence comparison include the following: Algorithm: Needleman et al., J. Mol. Biol, 48:443-453 (1970); Comparison matrix: BLOSUM 62 from Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:10915-10919 (1992); Gap Penalty: 12, Gap Length Penalty: 4, Threshold of Similarity: 0. The GAP program is useful with the above parameters. The aforementioned parameters are the default parameters for polypeptide comparisons (along with no penalty for end gaps) using the GAP algorithm. Preferred parameters for nucleic acid molecule sequence comparisons include the following: Algorithm: Needleman et al., J. Mol Biol., 48:443-453 (1970); Comparison matrix: matches=+10, mismatch=0, Gap Penalty: 50, Gap Length Penalty: 3. The GAP program is also useful with the above parameters. The aforementioned parameters are the default parameters for nucleic acid molecule comparisons.

Other exemplary algorithms, gap opening penalties, gap extension penalties, comparison matrices, thresholds of similarity, etc. may be used, including those set forth in the Program Manual, Wisconsin Package, Version 9, September, 1997. The particular choices to be made will be apparent to those of skill in the art and will depend on the specific comparison to be made, such as DNA to DNA, protein to protein, protein to DNA; and additionally, whether the comparison is between given pairs of sequences (in which case GAP or BestFit are generally preferred) or between one sequence and a large database of sequences (in which case FASTA or BLASTA are preferred).

The amino acid sequence alterations may be accomplished by a variety of techniques. Modification of the nucleic acid sequence may be by site-specific mutagenesis. Techniques for site-specific mutagenesis are well known in the art and are described in, for example, Zoller and Smith (DNA 3:479-488, 1984) or “Splicing by extension overlap”, Horton et al., Gene 77, 1989, pp. 61-68. Thus, using the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of VAR2CSA, one may introduce the alteration(s) of choice. Likewise, procedures for preparing a DNA construct using polymerase chain reaction using specific primers are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf. PCR Protocols, 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., USA).

The polypeptides described herein can also comprise non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Non-naturally occurring amino acids include, without limitation, beta-alanine, desaminohistidine, trans-3-methylproline, 2,4-methanoproline, cis-4-hydroxyproline, trans-4-hydroxyproline, N-methylglycine, allo-threonine, methylthreonine, hydroxyethylcysteine, hydroxyethylhomocysteine, nitroglutamine, homoglutamine, pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylproline, 3,3-dimethylproline, tert-leucine, nor-valine, 2-azaphenylalanine, 3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, and 4-fluorophenylalanine. Several methods are known in the art for incorporating non-naturally occurring amino acid residues into polypeptides. For example, an in vitro system can be employed wherein nonsense mutations are suppressed using chemically aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs. Methods for synthesizing amino acids and aminoacylating tRNA are known in the art. Transcription and translation of plasmids containing nonsense mutations is carried out in a cell-free system comprising an E. coli S30 extract and commercially available enzymes and other reagents. Polypeptides are purified by chromatography. See, for example, Robertson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:2722, 1991; Ellman et al., Methods Enzymol. 202:301, 1991; Chung et al., Science 259:806-9, 1993; and Chung et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10145-9, 1993). In a second method, translation is carried out in Xenopus oocytes by microinjection of mutated mRNA and chemically aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs (Turcatti et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:19991-8, 1996). Within a third method, E. coli cells are cultured in the absence of a natural amino acid that is to be replaced (e.g., phenylalanine) and in the presence of the desired non-naturally occurring amino acid(s) (e.g., 2-azaphenylalanine, 3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, or 4-fluorophenylalanine). The non-naturally occurring amino acid is incorporated into the polypeptide in place of its natural counterpart. See, Koide et al., Biochem. 33:7470-6, 1994. Naturally occurring amino acid residues can be converted to non-naturally occurring species by in vitro chemical modification. Chemical modification can be combined with site-directed mutagenesis to further expand the range of substitutions (Wynn and Richards, Protein Sci. 2:395-403, 1993).

VAR2CSA Nucleic Acid Constructs

The VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may be produced by means of recombinant nucleic acid techniques. In general, a cloned wild-type VAR2CSA nucleic acid sequence is modified to encode the desired protein. This modified sequence is then inserted into an expression vector, which is in turn transformed or transfected into host cells. Higher eukaryotic cells, in particular cultured mammalian cells, may be used as host cells. Procaryotic cells such as Lactococcus lactis or E. coli can also be used to express the polypeptides as long as these prokaryotes are able to produce disulfide bonds or the protein is or may be refolded correctly. In addition, Yeast strains can also be used to express the protein, here among Saccharomyces cerevisiae and P. Pichia.

The nucleic acid construct encoding the VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may suitably be of genomic or cDNA origin, for instance obtained by preparing a genomic or cDNA library and screening for DNA sequences coding for all or part of the polypeptide by hybridization using synthetic oligonucleotide probes in accordance with standard techniques (cf. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd. Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

The nucleic acid construct encoding a VAR2CSA polypeptide may also be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letters 22 (1981), 1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al., EMBO Journal 3 (1984), 801-805. According to the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, e.g. in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in suitable vectors. The DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, for instance as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202, Saiki et al., Science 239 (1988), 487-491, or Sambrook et al., supra.

Furthermore, the nucleic acid construct may be of mixed synthetic and genomic, mixed synthetic and cDNA or mixed genomic and cDNA origin prepared by ligating fragments of synthetic, genomic or cDNA origin (as appropriate), the fragments corresponding to various parts of the entire nucleic acid construct, in accordance with standard techniques.

The nucleic acid construct is preferably a DNA construct. DNA sequences for use in producing VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein will typically encode a pre-pro polypeptide at the amino-terminus of VAR2CSA to obtain proper posttranslational processing and secretion from the host cell.

The DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein are usually inserted into a recombinant vector which may be any vector, which may conveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector, which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.

The vector is preferably an expression vector in which the DNA sequence encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein is operably linked to additional segments required for transcription of the DNA. In general, the expression vector is derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or may contain elements of both. The term, “operably linked” indicates that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g. transcription initiates in a promoter and proceeds through the DNA sequence coding for the polypeptide.

Expression vectors for use in expressing VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein will comprise a promoter capable of directing the transcription of a cloned gene or cDNA. The promoter may be any DNA sequence, which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide in mammalian cells include the SV40 promoter (Subramani et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 1 (1981), 854-864), the MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter (Palmiter et al., Science 222 (1983), 809-814), the CMV promoter (Boshart et al., Cell 41:521-530, 1985) and the adenovirus 2 major late promoter (Kaufman and Sharp, Mol. Cell. Biol, 2:1304-1319, 1982).

Examples of a suitable promoter for use in insect cells include the polyhedrin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,051; Vasuvedan et al., FEBS Lett. 311, (1992) 7-11), the P10 promoter (J. M. Vlak et al., J. Gen. Virology 69, 1988, pp. 765-776), the Autographa californica polyhedrosis virus basic protein promoter (EP 397 485), the baculovirus immediate early gene 1 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,037; U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,222), and the baculovirus 39K delayed-early gene promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,037; U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,222).

Examples of suitable promoters for use in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980), 12073-12080; Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1 (1982), 419-434) and alcohol dehydrogenase genes (Young et al., in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals (Hollaender et al, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982), and the TPI1 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) and ADH2-4c (Russell et al., Nature 304 (1983), 652-654) promoters.

Examples of suitable promoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells include, for instance, the ADH3 promoter (McKnight et al., The EMBO J. 4 (1985), 2093-2099) and the tpiA promoter. Examples of other useful promoters are those derived from the gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, A. niger neutral alpha-amylase, A. niger acid stable alpha-amylase, A. niger or A. awamori glucoamylase (gluA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, A. oryzae alkaline protease, A. oryzae triose phosphate isomerase or A. nidulans acetamidase. Preferred are the TAKA-amylase and gluA promoters. Suitable promoters are mentioned in, e.g. EP 238 023 and EP 383 779.

The DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may also, if necessary, be operably connected to a suitable terminator, such as the human growth hormone terminator (Palmiter et al., Science 222, 1983, pp. 809-814) or the TPI1 (Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1, 1982, pp. 419-434) or ADH3 (McKnight et al., The EMBO J. 4, 1985, pp. 2093-2099) terminators. Expression vectors may also contain a set of RNA splice sites located downstream from the promoter and upstream from the insertion site for the VAR2CSA sequence itself. Preferred RNA splice sites may be obtained from adenovirus and/or immunoglobulin genes. Also contained in the expression vectors is a polyadenylation signal located downstream of the insertion site. Particularly preferred polyadenylation signals include the early or late polyadenylation signal from SV40 (Kaufman and Sharp, ibid.), the polyadenylation signal from the adenovirus Elb region, the human growth hormone gene terminator (DeNoto et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 9:3719-3730, 1981) and the polyadenylation signal from Plasmodium falciparum, human or bovine genes. The expression vectors may also include a noncoding viral leader sequence, such as the adenovirus 2 tripartite leader, located between the promoter and the RNA splice sites; and enhancer sequences, such as the SV40 enhancer.

To direct the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein into the secretory pathway of the host cells, a secretory signal sequence (also known as a leader sequence, pre-pro sequence or pre sequence) may be provided in the recombinant vector. The secretory signal sequence is joined to the DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein in the correct reading frame. Secretory signal sequences are commonly positioned 5′ to the DNA sequence encoding the peptide. The secretory signal sequence may be that normally associated with the protein, or may be from a gene encoding another secreted protein.

For secretion from yeast cells, the secretory signal sequence may encode any signal peptide, which ensures efficient direction of the expressed Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein into the secretory pathway of the cell. The signal peptide may be naturally occurring signal peptide, or a functional part thereof, or it may be a synthetic peptide. Suitable signal peptides have been found to be the alpha-factor signal peptide (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008), the signal peptide of mouse salivary amylase (cf. O. Hagenbuchle et al., Nature 289, 1981, pp. 643-646), a modified carboxypeptidase signal peptide (cf. L. A. Valls et al., Cell 48, 1987, pp. 887-897), the yeast BAR1 signal peptide (cf. WO 87/02670), or the yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3) signal peptide (cf. M. Egel-Mitani et al., Yeast 6, 1990, pp. 127-137).

For efficient secretion in yeast, a sequence encoding a leader peptide may also be inserted downstream of the signal sequence and upstream of the DNA sequence encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein. The function of the leader peptide is to allow the expressed peptide to be directed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and further to a secretory vesicle for secretion into the culture medium (i.e. exportation of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein across the cell wall or at least through the cellular membrane into the periplasmic space of the yeast cell). The leader peptide may be the yeast alpha-factor leader (the use of which is described in e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082, U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008, EP 16 201, EP 123 294, EP 123 544 and EP 163 529). Alternatively, the leader peptide may be a synthetic leader peptide, which is to say a leader peptide not found in nature. Synthetic leader peptides may, for instance, be constructed as described in WO 89/02463 or WO 92/11378.

For use in filamentous fungi, the signal peptide may conveniently be derived from a gene encoding an Aspergillus sp. amylase or glucoamylase, a gene encoding a Rhizomucor miehei lipase or protease or a Humicola lanuginosa lipase. The signal peptide is preferably derived from a gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, A. niger neutral alpha-amylase, A. niger acid-stable amylase, or A. niger glucoamylase. Suitable signal peptides are disclosed in, e.g. EP 238 023 and EP 215 594.

For use in insect cells, the signal peptide may conveniently be derived from an insect gene (cf. WO 90/05783), such as the lepidopteran Manduca sexta adipokinetic hormone precursor signal peptide (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,328).

The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein, the promoter and optionally the terminator and/or secretory signal sequence, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

Methods of transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequences introduced in the cells are described in e.g. Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol. 159 (1982), 601-621; Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1 (1982), 327-341; Loyter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982), 422-426; Wigler et al., Cell 14 (1978), 725; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7 (1981), 603, Graham and van der Eb, Virology 52 (1973), 456; and Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1 (1982), 841-845.

Cloned DNA sequences are introduced into cultured mammalian cells by, for example, calcium phosphate-mediated transfection (Wigler et al., Cell 14:725-732, 1978; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7:603-616, 1981; Graham and Van der Eb, Virology 52d:456-467, 1973) or electroporation (Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1:841-845, 1982). To identify and select cells that express the exogenous DNA, a gene that confers a selectable phenotype (a selectable marker) is generally introduced into cells along with the gene or cDNA of interest. Preferred selectable markers include genes that confer resistance to drugs such as neomycin, hygromycin, and methotrexate. The selectable marker may be an amplifiable selectable marker. A preferred amplifiable selectable marker is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) sequence. Selectable markers are reviewed by Thilly (Mammalian Cell Technology, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Mass.). The person skilled in the art will easily be able to choose suitable selectable markers.

Selectable markers may be introduced into the cell on a separate plasmid at the same time as the gene of interest, or they may be introduced on the same plasmid. If on the same plasmid, the selectable marker and the gene of interest may be under the control of different promoters or the same promoter, the latter arrangement producing a dicistronic message. Constructs of this type are known in the art (for example, Levinson and Simonsen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,339). It may also be advantageous to add additional DNA, known as “carrier DNA,” to the mixture that is introduced into the cells.

After the cells have taken up the DNA, they are grown in an appropriate growth medium, typically 1-2 days, to begin expressing the gene of interest. In this context, “appropriate growth medium” means a medium containing nutrients and other components required for the growth of cells and the expression of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide of interest. Media generally include a carbon source, a nitrogen source, essential amino acids, essential sugars, vitamins, salts, phospholipids, protein and growth factors. Drug selection is then applied to select for the growth of cells that are expressing the selectable marker in a stable fashion. For cells that have been transfected with an amplifiable selectable marker the drug concentration may be increased to select for an increased copy number of the cloned sequences, thereby in-creasing expression levels. Clones of stably transfected cells are then screened for expression of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide of interest.

The host cell into which the DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein is introduced may be any cell which is capable of producing the posttranslational modified polypeptides, and includes yeast, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells.

Examples of mammalian cell lines for use in the present invention are the COS-1 (ATCC CRL 1650), baby hamster kidney (BHK) and 293 (ATCC CRL 1573; Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36:59-72, 1977) cell lines. A preferred BHK cell line is the tk-ts13 BHK cell line (Waechter and Baserga, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:1106-1110, 1982), hereinafter referred to as BHK 570 cells. The BHK 570 cell line has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, Md. 20852, under ATCC accession number CRL 10314. A tk-ts13 BHK cell line is also available from the ATCC under accession number CRL 1632. In addition, a number of other cell lines may be used within the present invention, including Rat Hep I (rat hepatoma; ATCC CRL 1600), Rat Hep II (rat hepatoma; ATCC CRL 1548), TCMK (ATCC CCL 139), human lung (ATCC HB 8065), NCTC 1469 (ATCC CCL 9.1), CHO (ATCC CCL 61) and DUKX cells (Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, 1980).

Examples of suitable yeasts cells include cells of Saccharomyces spp. or Schizosaccharomyces spp., in particular strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces kluyveri. Methods for transforming yeast cells with heterologous DNA and producing heterologous polypeptides there from are described, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311, U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,870,008, 5,037,743, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,075. Transformed cells are selected by a phenotype determined by a selectable marker, commonly drug resistance or the ability to grow in the absence of a particular nutrient, e.g. leucine. A preferred vector for use in yeast is the POT1 vector disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373. The DNA sequences encoding the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may be preceded by a signal sequence and optionally a leader sequence, e.g. as described above. Further examples of suitable yeast cells are strains of Kluyveromyces, such as K. lactis, Hansenula, e.g. H. polymorpha, or Pichia, e.g. P. pastoris (cf. Gleeson et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 132, 1986, pp. 3459-3465; U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,279).

Examples of other fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp., Neurospora spp., Fusarium spp. or Trichoderma spp., in particular strains of A. oryzae, A. nidulans and A. niger. The use of Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins is described in, e.g., EP 272 277, EP 238 023, EP 184 438 The transformation of F. oxysporum may, for instance, be carried out as described by Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156. The transformation of Trichoderma spp. may be performed for instance as described in EP 244 234.

When a filamentous fungus is used as the host cell, it may be transformed with the DNA construct described herein, conveniently by integrating the DNA construct in the host chromosome to obtain a recombinant host cell. This integration is generally considered to be an advantage as the DNA sequence is more likely to be stably maintained in the cell. Integration of the DNA constructs into the host chromosome may be performed according to conventional methods, e.g. by homologous or heterologous recombination.

Transformation of insect cells and production of heterologous polypeptides therein may be performed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,051; U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,236; U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,037; U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,222; and EP 397,485. The insect cell line used as the host may suitably be a Lepidoptera cell line, such as Spodoptera frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia ni cells (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,214). Culture conditions may suitably be as described in, for instance, WO 89/01029 or WO 89/01028, or any of the aforementioned references.

The transformed or transfected host cell described above is then cultured in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions permitting expression of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide after which all or part of the resulting peptide may be recovered from the culture. The medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells, such as minimal or complex media containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). The Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA polypeptide produced by the cells may then be recovered from the culture medium by conventional procedures including separating the host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating the protein aqueous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulfate, purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g. ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like, dependent on the type of polypeptide in question.

Transgenic animal technology may be employed to produce the VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein. It is preferred to produce the proteins within the mammary glands of a host female mammal. Expression in the mammary gland and subsequent secretion of the protein of interest into the milk overcomes many difficulties encountered in isolating proteins from other sources. Milk is readily collected, available in large quantities, and biochemically well characterized. Furthermore, the major milk proteins are present in milk at high concentrations (typically from about 1 to 15 g/L).

From a commercial point of view, it is clearly preferable to use as the host a species that has a large milk yield. While smaller animals such as mice and rats can be used (and are preferred at the proof of principle stage), it is preferred to use livestock mammals including, but not limited to, pigs, goats, sheep and cattle. Sheep are particularly preferred due to such factors as the previous history of transgenesis in this species, milk yield, cost and the ready availability of equipment for collecting sheep milk (see, for example, WO 88/00239 for a comparison of factors influencing the choice of host species). It is generally desirable to select a breed of host animal that has been bred for dairy use, such as East Friesland sheep, or to introduce dairy stock by breeding of the transgenic line at a later date. In any event, animals of known, good health status should be used.

To obtain expression in the mammary gland, a transcription promoter from a milk protein gene is used. Milk protein genes include those genes encoding caseins (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,489), beta lactoglobulin, a lactalbumin, and whey acidic protein. The beta lactoglobulin (BLG) promoter is preferred. In the case of the ovine beta lactoglobulin gene, a region of at least the proximal 406 bp of 5′ flanking sequence of the gene will generally be used, although larger portions of the 5′ flanking sequence, up to about 5 kbp, are preferred, such as a ˜4.25 kbp DNA segment encompassing the 5′ flanking promoter and non coding portion of the beta lactoglobulin gene (see Whitelaw et al., Biochem. J. 286: 31 39 (1992)). Similar fragments of promoter DNA from other species are also suitable.

Other regions of the beta lactoglobulin gene may also be incorporated in constructs, as may genomic regions of the gene to be expressed. It is generally accepted in the art that constructs lacking introns, for example, express poorly in comparison with those that contain such DNA sequences (see Brinster et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 836 840 (1988); Palmiter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 478 482 (1991); Whitelaw et al., Transgenic Res. 1: 3 13 (1991); WO 89/01343; and WO 91/02318). In this regard, it is generally preferred, where possible, to use genomic sequences containing all or some of the native introns of a gene encoding the protein or polypeptide of interest, thus the further inclusion of at least some introns from, e.g, the beta lactoglobulin gene, is preferred. One such region is a DNA segment that provides for intron splicing and RNA polyadenylation from the 3′ non coding region of the ovine beta lactoglobulin gene. When substituted for the natural 3′ non coding sequences of a gene, this ovine beta lactoglobulin segment can both enhance and stabilize expression levels of the protein or polypeptide of interest. Within other embodiments, the region surrounding the initiation ATG of the VAR2CSA sequence is replaced with corresponding sequences from a milk specific protein gene. Such replacement provides a putative tissue specific initiation environment to enhance expression. It is convenient to replace the entire VAR2CSA pre pro and 5′ non coding sequences with those of, for example, the BLG gene, although smaller regions may be replaced.

For expression of VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein in transgenic animals, a DNA segment encoding VAR2CSA is operably linked to additional DNA segments required for its expression to produce expression units. Such additional segments include the above mentioned promoter, as well as sequences that provide for termination of transcription and polyadenylation of mRNA. The expression units will further include a DNA segment encoding a secretory signal sequence operably linked to the segment encoding modified VAR2CSA. The secretory signal sequence may be a native secretory signal sequence or may be that of another protein, such as a milk protein (see, for example, von Heijne, Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 4683-90 (1986); and Meade et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316).

Construction of expression units for use in transgenic animals is conveniently carried out by inserting a VAR2CSA sequence into a plasmid or phage vector containing the additional DNA segments, although the expression unit may be constructed by essentially any sequence of ligations. It is particularly convenient to provide a vector containing a DNA segment encoding a milk protein and to replace the coding sequence for the milk protein with that of a VAR2CSA variant; thereby creating a gene fusion that includes the expression control sequences of the milk protein gene. In any event, cloning of the expression units in plasmids or other vectors facilitates the amplification of the VAR2CSA sequence. Amplification is conveniently carried out in bacterial (e.g. E. coli) host cells, thus the vectors will typically include an origin of replication and a selectable marker functional in bacterial host cells. The expression unit is then introduced into fertilized eggs (including early stage embryos) of the chosen host species. Introduction of heterologous DNA can be accomplished by one of several routes, including microinjection (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191), retroviral infection (Jaenisch, Science 240: 1468-74 (1988)) or site directed integration using embryonic stem (ES) cells (reviewed by Bradley et al., Biotechnology 10: 534-9 (1992)). The eggs are then implanted into the oviducts or uteri of pseudopregnant females and allowed to develop to term. Offspring carrying the introduced DNA in their germ line can pass the DNA on to their progeny in the normal, Mendelian fashion, allowing the development of transgenic herds. General procedures for producing transgenic animals are known in the art (see, for example, Hogan et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1986; Simons et al., Biotechnology 6: 179-83 (1988); Wall et al., Biol. Reprod. 32: 645 651 (1985); Buhler et al., Biotechnology 8: 140-3 (1990); Ebert et al., Biotechnology 9: 835-8 (1991); Krimpenfort et al., Biotechnology 9: 844-7 (1991); Wall et al., J. Cell. Biochem. 49: 113-20 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316; WO 88/00239, WO 90/05188, WO 92/11757; and GB 87/00458). Techniques for introducing foreign DNA sequences into mammals and their germ cells were originally developed in the mouse (see, e.g., Gordon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7380-84 (1980); Gordon and Ruddle, Science 214:1244-46 (1981); Palmiter and Brinster, Cell 41: 343-5 (1985); Brinster et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4438-42 (1985); and Hogan et al. (ibid.)). These techniques were subsequently adapted for use with larger animals, including livestock species (see, e.g., WO 88/00239, WO 90/05188, and WO 92/11757; and Simons et al., Biotechnology 6: 179-83 (1988)). To summarize, in the most efficient route used to date in the generation of transgenic mice or livestock, several hundred linear molecules of the DNA of interest are injected into one of the pro nuclei of a fertilized egg according to established techniques. Injection of DNA into the cytoplasm of a zygote can also be employed.

Production in transgenic plants may also be employed. Expression may be generalized or directed to a particular organ, such as a tuber (see, Hiatt, Nature 344:469 479 (1990); Edelbaum et al., J. Interferon Res. 12:449 453 (1992); Sijmons et al., Biotechnology 8:217-21 (1990); and EP 0 255 378).

The VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may be recovered from cell culture medium or milk. The VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989). Preferably, they may be purified by affinity chromatography on an anti-VAR2CSA antibody column. Additional purification may be achieved by conventional chemical purification means, such as high performance liquid chromatography. Other methods of purification, including barium citrate precipitation, are known in the art, and may be applied to the purification of the VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein (see, for example, Scopes, R., Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1982).

For therapeutic purposes it is preferred that the VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein are substantially pure. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein are purified to at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity, preferably to at least about 98% homogeneity. Purity may be assessed by e.g. gel electrophoresis and amino-terminal amino acid sequencing.

Linker Moiety L¹

Provided are compounds of Formula IV:

T-L¹-P¹   IV

wherein:

• • T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;
  • L¹ is a linker, or L¹ is absent; and
  • P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XIV

• • wherein R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³, and R²⁴ are as defined herein supra and infra.

The linker moiety L¹ is a bifunctional compound which can be used to link payload P¹ and targeting moiety T to form a conjugate compound, T-L¹-P¹. Such conjugates allow the selective delivery of drugs to target cells (e.g., tumor cells). Linker moieties include a divalent substituent such as an alkyldiyl, an aryldiyl, a heteroaryldiyl, moieties such as: —(CR₂)_nO(CR₂)_n—, repeating units of alkyloxy (e.g., polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy) and alkylamino (e.g., polyethyleneamino, Jeffamine™); and diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide. The compounds described herein can be prepared using a linker moiety having a reactive site for binding to the payload and the targeting moiety.

In some embodiments, L¹ has a reactive site which has an electrophilic group that is reactive to a nucleophilic group present on T. Useful nucleophilic groups on T include but are not limited to sulfhydryl, hydroxyl and amino groups. The heteroatom of the nucleophilic group of T is reactive to an electrophilic group on L¹ and forms a covalent bond to L¹. Useful electrophilic groups include, but are not limited to maleimide and haloacetamide groups. The nucleophilic group on T provide a convenient site for attachment to L¹.

In some embodiments, L¹ has a reactive site which has a nucleophilic group that is reactive to an electrophilic group present on the targeting moiety. Useful electrophilic groups on the targeting moiety include, but are not limited to, aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups. The heteroatom of a nucleophilic group of L¹ can react with an electrophilic group on the targeting moiety and form a covalent bond to the targeting moiety. Useful nucleophilic groups on L¹ include, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide. The electrophilic group on the targeting moiety provides a convenient site for attachment to L¹.

Carboxylic acid functional groups and chloroformate functional groups are also useful reactive sites for L¹ because they can react, for example, with an amino group of P¹ to form an amide linkage. Also useful as a reactive site is a carbonate functional group on L¹, such as but not limited to p-nitrophenyl carbonate, which can react, for example, with an amino group of P¹ to form a carbamate linkage.

It will be appreciated that any linker moieties taught in the prior art, and particularly those taught for use in the context of drug delivery, may be used in the current invention. In some embodiments, linkers with features well suited to a particular use, such as susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage or chemical cleavage within a cell of interest, may be used.

Without limiting the scope of the preceding statement, in one embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2012/113847. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,288,352. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,697. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,652. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,849. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,394. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,368. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,578. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,667. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,929. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,146. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,522. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,236. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,509. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,509. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2007/103288. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2008/083312. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2003/068144. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2004/016801. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2009/134976. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2009/134952. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2009/134977. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2002/08180. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2004/043493. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2007/018431. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2003/026577. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2005/077090. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2005/082023. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2007/011968. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2007/038658. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2007/059404. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2006/110476. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2005/112919. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in WO 2008/103693. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,037. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,229. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,189. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,164. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,623. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,573. In another embodiment, L¹ comprises a linker moiety disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,358. Linkers L¹ comprising a self-immolative component may also be used. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345. An example of a self-immolative component is p-aminobenzylcarbamoyl (PABC). Commercially available linkers may be used in the invention. For example, the commercially available cleavable linker sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3′(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamido]hexanoate (sulfo-LC-SPDP: Thermo Pierce Cat#21650) and Non-cleavable linker succinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC: Thermo Pierce Cat#22360) may be used, as demonstrated herein. See also, WO2012171020, WO2010138719, the range of commercially available linkers, for example, from Concortis http://www.concortis.com/home. See also Kim et al., Bioconjugate Chemistry, 21 (8): 1513-1519 August 2010. See also EP2326349. See also copper-free click chemistry linkers, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, p. 9422-9425, ChemBioChem, 2011, 12, p. 1309-1312, http://www.synaffix.com/technology/.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises: SPDP, SMCC, vcPABC, MCvcPABC, MTvc, ADvc, maleimide, NHS, biotin, streptavidin, NeutrAvidin, a glycoside, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises SPDP.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises SMCC.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises vcPABC.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises MCvcPABC.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises MTvc.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises ADvc.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises maleimide.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises NHS.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises biotin.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises streptavidin.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises NeutrAvidin.

In some embodiments, L¹ comprises a glycoside.

In some embodiments, L¹ is absent.

Payload Moiety P¹

Talpir, R. et al. (1994) Tetrahedron Lett. 35:4453-6, describe the naturally occurring compound hemiasterlin, a stable tripeptide obtained from marine sponges that causes microtubule depolymerization and mitotic arrest in cells. Hemisasterlin consists of unusual and highly congested amino acids, features thought to contribute to its activity. A number of groups have modified particular structural elements of hemiasterlin to evaluate structure-activity relationships and assess the activity of hemiasterlin analogs. See for example Zask et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14:4353-4358, 2004; Zask et al., J Med Chem, 47:4774-4786, 2004; Yamashita et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14:5317-5322, 2004; PCT/GB96/00942; WO 2004/026293; WO96/33211; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323.

Analogs of hemiasterlin with modifications in the “A-segment”, or the amino terminal segment, have been described (see for example, Zask et al., J Med Chem, 47:4774-4786, 2004; Yamashita et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14:5317-5322, 2004; U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323). U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323 discloses an analog of hemiasterlin, referred to as HTI-286, in which the indole moiety is replaced by a phenyl group. HTI-286 exhibits potent anti-mitotic activity and has been assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer (Ratain et al., Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 22:129, 2003).

Analogs of hemiasterlin with modifications in the “D-segment”, or the carboxy terminal segment, have also been reported (see, for example, WO 2004/026293; Zask et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14:4353-4358, 2004; Zask et al., J Med Chem, 47:4774-4786, 2004). The majority of modifications at the carboxy terminus result in compounds with substantially decreased potency compared to parent carboxylic acids. See, for example, WO 2004/026293, particularly Table 12. Zask et al., (J Med Chem, 47:4774-4786, 2004) also report that amide analogs prepared using simple cyclic and acyclic amines exhibit significantly reduced potency (reductions of one to three orders of magnitude). Among the few tolerated modifications, Zask et al., (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14:4353-4358, 2004) report that the addition of esterified cyclic amino acids at the carboxy-terminus yields tetrapeptide analogs with prolyl-like ester-containing termini, some of which exhibit potency comparable to parent compound in a tested cancer cell line.

While a wide variety of hemiasterlin analogs have been generated, many, including a wide variety of compounds with modifications at the carboxy terminus, exhibit reduced potency that limits utility in methods of medical treatment. However, certain hemiasterlin analogs modified by the addition of an N-acyl sulfonamide moiety at the carboxy terminus, such as those disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US14/29463 or U.S. Ser. No. 14/213,504, demonstrate potent anticancer activity across a broad range of cancer cell lines.

Accordingly, provided are compounds of Formula IV:

T-L¹-P¹   IV

wherein:

T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;

L¹ is a linker, or L is absent; and

P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XIV:

wherein:

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: —OH, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CHO, —COSH, or —NO₂; or R¹⁷ and R²⁰ are fused and form a ring;

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—, or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are joined to form a ring;

R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, and Ar; or R²⁰ and R¹⁷ are fused and form a ring;

R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;

R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;

R²⁴ is: —Y—(CO)NHSO₂—R²⁶

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;

the ring formed by joining R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ is a three to seven member non-aromatic cyclic skeleton within the definition of R²⁵,

Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,

X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;

R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In one embodiment, Ar is an aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of: phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, pyrrolyl.

In some embodiments, P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XV:

wherein:

R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH;

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³² and R³⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C_1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that R³² and R³⁸ cannot both be H;

R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently H and C_1-6 alkyl, at least one of R³³ and R³⁴ is H; or R³⁴ and R³⁵ form a double bond, R³³ is H, and R³⁶ is H or C_1-6 alkyl; and

R³⁷ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In a further embodiment, each optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl is, independently, optionally substituted with ═O, ═S, —OH, —OR²⁷, —O₂CR²⁷, —SH, —SR²⁷, —SOCR²⁷, —NH₂, —N₃, —NHR²⁷, —N(R²⁷)₂, —NHCOR²⁷, —NR²⁷COR²⁷, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁷, —CHO, —COR²⁷, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁷, —CON(R²⁷)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁷, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁷ or —SO₂R²⁷ wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

In another further embodiment, each optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl is, independently, selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted anthracyl, optionally substituted phenanthryl, optionally substituted furyl, optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thiophenyl, optionally substituted benzofuryl, optionally substituted benzothiophenyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted oxazolyl, and optionally substituted pyridinyl.

In another further embodiment, R²⁹ is selected from one of the following structures XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX:

wherein:

Q is CR³⁹ or N;

Z is C(R³⁹)₂, NR³⁹, S, or O;

each R³⁹ is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —R²⁷, —OR²⁷, —O₂CR²⁷, —SH, —SR²⁷, —SOCR²⁷, —NH₂, —N₃, —NHR²⁷, —N(R²⁷)₂, —NHCOR²⁷, —NR²⁷COR²⁷, —R²⁷NH₂, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁷, —CHO, —COR²⁷, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁷, —CON(R²⁷)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁷, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁷, and —SO₂R²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

In another further embodiment, R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each R³⁹ is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —R²⁷, —OR²⁷, —O₂CR²⁷, —SH, —SR²⁷, —SOCR²⁷, —NH₂, —N₃, —NHR²⁷, —N(R²⁷)₂, —NHCOR²⁷, —NR²⁷COR²⁷, —R²⁷NH₂, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁷, —CHO, —COR²⁷, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁷, —CON(R²⁷)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁷, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁷, and —SO₂R²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

In another further embodiment, R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:

In another further embodiment, R²⁹ is:

In another further embodiment, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², and R³⁸ are each methyl.

In another further embodiment, R³⁰ is H, R³¹ is methyl, R³² is methyl, and R³⁸ is methyl.

In some embodiments, P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XX:

wherein:

R⁴⁰ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R⁴¹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl; and

R³² is selected from the group consisting of C_1-6 alkyl and —SH,

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, R⁴⁰ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In a further embodiment, each optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl is, independently, optionally substituted with ═O, ═S, —OH, —OR⁴², —O₂CR⁴², —SH, —SR⁴², —SOCR⁴², —NH₂, —N₃, —NHR⁴², —N(R⁴²)₂, —NHCOR⁴², —NR⁴²COR⁴², —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R⁴², —CHO, —COR⁴², —CONH₂, —CONHR⁴², —CON(R⁴²)₂, —COSH, —COSR⁴², —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR⁴² or —SO₂R⁴², wherein each R⁴² is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

In another further embodiment, each optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl is, independently, selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted anthracyl, optionally substituted phenanthryl, optionally substituted furyl, optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thiophenyl, optionally substituted benzofuryl, optionally substituted benzothiophenyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted oxazolyl, and optionally substituted pyridinyl.

In another further embodiment, R⁴¹ is selected from one of the following structures XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX:

wherein:

Q is CR⁴³ or N;

Z is C(R⁴³)₂, NR⁴³, S, or O;

each R⁴³ is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —OR⁴², —O₂CR⁴², —SH, —SR⁴², —SOCR⁴², —NH₂, —N₃, —NHR⁴², —N(R⁴²)₂, —NHCOR⁴², —NR⁴²COR⁴², —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R⁴², —CHO, —COR⁴², —CONH₂, —CONHR⁴², —CON(R⁴²)₂, —COSH, —COSR⁴², —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR⁴², and —SO₂R⁴², wherein each R⁴² is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

In another further embodiment, R⁴¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

In another further embodiment, R⁴¹ is:

In another further embodiment, R³⁰, R³¹ and R³² are each methyl.

In another further embodiment, R³⁰ is H, R³¹ is methyl, and R³² is methyl.

In some embodiments, P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula II:

wherein:

R¹ is selected from: aryl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₄ acylthio, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁-C₄ alkyl, halo, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄ alkyl, and thio, wherein C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino and C₁-C₄ alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkylaryl, hydroxyl, and thio;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from: H and C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and thio; and

R⁵ is selected from: C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, amino, amino-C₁-C₆ alkyl, amino-aryl, amino-C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, carboxamide, carboxyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, and thio-C₁-C₆ alkyl; and

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from: is selected from: H, aryl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₄ acylthio, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁-C₄ alkyl, halo, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄ alkyl, and thio, wherein C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino and C₁-C₄ alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from p-tolyl, hydroxyl, and thio.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from: H, aryl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: (2-hydroxyethyl)amino, (2-mercaptoethyl)amino, 2-(acetylthio)ethoxy, 2-aminoethoxy, 2-hydroxyethoxy, 2-mercaptoethoxy, 3-methoxy, 4-methylstyryl, amino, aminomethyl, chloro, fluoro, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, methyl, thio, trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from: H, cyclohexyl, 1H-indol-3-yl, phenyl, and thien-2-yl each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: (2-hydroxyethyl)amino, (2-mercaptoethyl)amino, 2-(acetylthio)ethoxy, 2-aminoethoxy, 2-hydroxyethoxy, 2-mercaptoethoxy, 3-methoxy, 4-methylstyryl, amino, aminomethyl, chloro, fluoro, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, methyl, thio, and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from: H, 1H-indol-3-yl, 1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-(2-(acetylthio)ethoxy)phenyl, 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 3-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 3-(4-methylstyryl)phenyl, 3-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-mercaptophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-(2-(acetylthio)ethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-mercaptophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, cyclohexyl, thien-2-yl, m-tolyl, and phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from: H, 1H-indol-3-yl, 1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 3-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-mercaptophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 4-mercaptophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, cyclohexyl, thien-2-yl, m-tolyl, and phenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R² is H.

In some embodiments, R² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from: C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: 1-aminocyclopropyl, 4-aminophenyl, amino, aminomethyl, bromo, tert-butyl, carboxamide, carboxyl, chloro, cyano, cyclopentyl, ethyl, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, nitro, phenyl, pyridin-3-yl, thio, thiomethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, ethyl, hexan-2-yl, methyl, naphthalen-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, phenyl, propyl, pyridin-3-yl, and thien-2-yl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: 1-aminocyclopropyl, 4-aminophenyl, amino, aminomethyl, bromo, tert-butyl, carboxamide, carboxyl, chloro, cyano, cyclopentyl, ethyl, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, nitro, phenyl, pyridin-3-yl, thio, thiomethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from: 4-aminobenzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)benzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, benzyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, 2-mercaptoethyl, 4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl, p-tolyl, methyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl, 4-aminocarbonyl-2-nitrophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-aminophenyl, phenyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, piperidin-1-yl, o-tolyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthalen-2-yl, 4-methoxycarbonyphenyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, hexan-2-yl, 2-methoxyethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, 3-aminophenyl, pyridin-3-yl, thien-2-yl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)benzyl, 4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)phenyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, phenethyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 4-cyanobenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-tert-butylbenzyl, 2-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrophenethyl, 2-chloro-3-methoxycarbonylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl, 4′-amino-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, 3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-amino-2-ethylphenyl, 4-amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 4-amino-2,3-dimethylphenyl, 4-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, 4-amino-3-methylphenyl, 4-amino-3-fluorophenyl, 4-amino-3-ethylphenyl, and 4-amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from: aryl and aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: amino and amino-C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from: 4-aminobenzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)benzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, and benzyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is 4-aminobenzyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is 4-(aminomethyl)benzyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is 4-aminophenyl.

In some embodiments, wherein R⁵ is benzyl.

In some embodiments P¹ is a monovalent radical of a compound disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US14/29463 or U.S. Ser. No. 14/213,504.

It will be recognized by the artisan of reasonable skill that compounds of Formula XIV may be appropriately modified to facilitate a conjugation reaction with L¹, or if L¹ is not present, with T, and formation of a conjugate T-L¹-P¹ or T-P¹. Any point of attachment on P¹ may be used. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of P¹ forms the point of attachment in a T-L¹-P¹ conjugate. In another embodiment, the N-terminus of P¹ forms the point of attachment in a T-L¹-P¹ conjugate. In another embodiment, a side chain of P¹ forms the point of attachment in a T-L¹-P¹ conjugate.

In some embodiments, P¹ is a microtubule disrupting peptide toxin that covalently linked to L¹ through the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of P¹, or if L¹ is not present, P¹ is covalently linked to T through the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of P¹. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is hemiasterlin or an analog thereof and the toxin is covalently linked in the conjugate through the indole moiety within the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of the toxin peptide. In another embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is HTI-286 or an analog thereof and the toxin is covalently linked in the conjugate through the phenyl group within the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of the toxin peptide. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is tubulysin or an analog thereof and the toxin is covalently linked in the conjugate through the indole moiety within the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of the toxin peptide. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is auristatin or an analog thereof and the toxin is covalently linked in the conjugate through the indole moiety within the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of the toxin peptide. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is a compound having structure XIV, XV, or XX.

In some embodiments, the compound T-L¹-P¹ has anti-mitotic activity and the following structure (XXI):

T-L¹-PT   XXI

wherein T is a targeting moiety as described herein, L is an optional linker as described herein, and PT is a microtubule disrupting peptide toxin that covalently linked to L¹ through the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of PT, or if L is not present, PT is covalently linked to T through the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid of PT.

In one embodiment, VAR2CSA-drug conjugates comprising microtubule disrupting peptide toxins that are linked to the conjugate through the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid are provided.

In one embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXII):

wherein,

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: —OH, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CHO, —COSH, or —NO₂;

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R, ArR²⁵—, or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are joined to form a ring;

R⁴⁴ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R⁴⁶, ArR²⁵—, Ar—R²⁵—Ar, R²⁵—Ar—Ar, Ar—Ar—R²⁵—, and Ar, wherein each R²⁵ and each Ar may be substituted, and zero to ten heteroatoms may replace carbon atoms in the chain, for example O or S or N may be incorporated into the carbon chain; and wherein R⁴⁶ is —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_m—, wherein m is an integer from one to fifteen;

R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of: H, R²⁵, and ArR²⁵—;

R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R, and ArR²⁵—; and

R⁴⁵ is Z—C(O)—Y—; —Z—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶; or —Y—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶;

wherein,

Z is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵; —SH; —SR²⁵; —NH₂; —NR²⁵CH(R⁴⁷)COOH; and —NHCH(R⁴⁷)COOH, wherein R⁴⁷ is a moiety having the formula: R²⁵, or —(CH₂)_nNR⁴⁸R⁴⁹, wherein n=1-4 and R⁴⁸ and R⁴⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; R²⁵; and —C(NH)(NH₂);

Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,

X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;

R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;

the ring formed by joining R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ is a three to seven member non-aromatic cyclic skeleton within the definition of R²⁵,

Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,

X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In one embodiment, Ar is an aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of: phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, pyrrolyl.

In one embodiment, R⁴⁵ is Z—C(O)—Y—, wherein Z and Y are defined as above.

In one embodiment, R₄₅ is —Z—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶, wherein Z and R²⁶ are defined as above.

In one embodiment, R₄₅ is —Y—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶, wherein Y and R²⁶ are defined as above.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXIII):

wherein,

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³² and R³⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C_1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that both the R³² and R³⁸ substituents cannot be H;

R⁴⁵ is Z—C(O)—Y—; —Z—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶; or —Y—C(O)NHS(O)₂—R²⁶;

wherein Y and R²⁶ are defined as above;

Z is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR; —SH; —SR²⁵; —NH₂; —NR²⁵CH(R⁴⁷)COOH; and —NHCH(R⁴⁷)COOH, wherein R⁴⁷ is a moiety having the formula: R²⁵, or —(CH₂)_nNR⁴⁸R⁴⁹, wherein n=1-4 and R⁴⁸ and R⁴⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of: H; R²⁵; and —C(NH)(NH₂),

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;

Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,

X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXIV):

wherein,

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³² and R³⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C_1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that both the R³² and R³⁸ substituents cannot be H;

R⁵⁰ is Z—C(O)—Y—, wherein Z is as defined above,

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;

Y is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R²⁵, ArR²⁵—, or X; and,

X is defined as a moiety selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR²⁵, ═O, ═S, —O₂CR²⁵, —SH, —SR²⁵, —SOCR²⁵, —NH₂, —NHR²⁵, —N(R²⁵)₂, —NHCOR²⁵, —NRCOR²⁵, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁵, —CHO, —COR²⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁵, —CON(R²⁵)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁵, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁵, and —SO₂R²⁵;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXV):

wherein,

R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, —SR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷ wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³² and R³⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C_1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that both the R³² and R³⁸ substituents cannot be H;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXVI):

wherein,

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of H and C_1-6 alkyl;

R³² and R³⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C_1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that both the R³² and R³⁸ substituents cannot be H;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXVII):

wherein,

R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXVIII):

wherein,

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group,

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, T-L¹-PT has the following structure (XXIX):

wherein,

R²⁵ is defined as a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR²⁸, —O₂CR²⁸, —SH, —SR²⁸, —SOCR²⁸, —NH₂, —NHR²⁸, —N(R²⁸)₂, —NHCOR²⁸, —NR²⁸COR²⁸, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²⁸, —CHO, —COR²⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR²⁸, —CON(R²⁸)₂, —COSH, —COSR²⁸, —NO₂, —SO₃H, —SOR²⁸, —SO₂R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group, or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further embodiment of the invention, (PT) is a hemiasterlin analog, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In a further embodiment of the invention, (PT) is a hemiasterlin analog, such as those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/666,722 or U.S. application Ser. No. 10/911,300, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

Linker Moiety L²

Provided are compounds of Formula VII:

T-L²-P²   VII

wherein:

T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;

L² is a linker, or L² is absent;

P² is a biologically active compound; and

L²-P² has the following structure (III):

wherein:

• • R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent;
  • P³ is the remaining portion of compound P²; and
  • L³ is optionally the remaining portion of linker L² when L² is present.

In a preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent.

Also provided are compounds comprising a payload compound linked to a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide in a conjugate that is enzymatically cleavable and capable of releasing payload compound from targeting moiety upon enzymatic cleavage. In some embodiments, the payload compound is a biologically active compound. In some embodiments, the payload compound is a cytotoxic or cytostatic drug.

As disclosed herein, N-acyl sulfonamide-containing cleavable conjugates may be synthesized such that an N-acyl sulfonamide moiety is covalently linked to a chemical group, (R), which is covalently bonded to a nitrogen atom that forms an enzymatically cleavable peptide bond (the junction peptide bond (JPB)) with the carbonyl group of an amino acid that forms part of the amino acid sequence facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB. Moieties similar to N-acyl sulfonamides, such as N-acyl sulfamamides, may also be used.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula VII:

T-L²-P²   VII

wherein P² is a biologically active compound, L² is a linker, and T is a targeting moiety comprising VAR2CSA, wherein P² has the following structure (V):

and wherein L²-T has the following structure (VI):

wherein P⁴ is the remaining portion of payload compound P², wherein the —NH— group bonded to R in Formula V forms a peptide bond (JPB) with AA₁ in formula VI, wherein said JPB is enzymatically cleavable, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein each AA is independently an amino acid, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 25, wherein L⁴ is optionally the remaining portion of linker L², wherein T is said targeting moiety, and wherein AA₁-(AA)_n, taken together comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of said JPB.

In some embodiments, R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, —R—NH— of Formula V is selected from:

wherein each n is independently an integer from 0-10.

In some embodiments, —R—NH— of Formula V is selected from:

In some embodiments, —R—NH— of Formula V is selected from:

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula VIII:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula XXIX:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula IX:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

In some embodiment, P² has the following structure (X):

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and L²-T has the following structure (IV):

wherein:

R⁶ is selected from: aryl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₄ acylthio, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁-C₄ alkyl, halo, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄ alkyl, and thio, wherein C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino and C₁-C₄ alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkylaryl, hydroxyl, and thio;

R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from: H and C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and thio; and

wherein the —NH— group bonded to R¹⁰ in Formula X forms the junction peptide bond (JPB) with AA₁ in Formula IV, wherein the JPB is enzymatically cleavable, wherein each AA is independently an amino acid, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 25, wherein L³ is the remaining portion (if any) of linker L², wherein T is the targeting moiety, AA₁-(AA)_n, taken together comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of said JPB.

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR²⁷, —CSR²⁷, —OR²⁷, and —NHR²⁷, wherein each R²⁷ is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, —R¹⁰—NH— of Formula X is selected from:

wherein each n is independently an integer from 0-10.

In some embodiments, —R¹⁰—NH— of Formula X is selected from:

In some embodiments, —R¹⁰—NH— of Formula X is selected from:

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula VIII:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula XXIX:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

In one embodiment, cleavage of the JPB results in a compound of Formula IX:

wherein P⁴ corresponds to P⁴ in Formula V.

The linker moiety L² is characterized from the perspective of an assembled conjugate described herein. Accordingly, L² as characterized herein does not necessarily but may correspond to a particular reactant used in the synthesis of a conjugate. The components of L² may be contributed by a number of reactants. Accordingly, L² is a bifunctional unit that links a payload compound (P²) to a targeting moiety (T) to form a conjugate compound, T-L²-P², that may be cleaved enzymatically at the junction peptide bond (JPB) between P² and L² to release P². Such conjugates allow the selective delivery of payload P² to target cells (e.g., tumor cells).

The linker L² and the targeting moiety T taken together have the following structure (VI):

wherein the carbonyl of AA₁ forms a peptide bond referred to herein as the junction peptide bond (JPB) with the —NH— group bonded to R in Formula V, wherein the JPB is enzymatically cleavable, wherein each AA is independently an amino acid, wherein x is an integer from 0 to 25, wherein L³ is the remaining portion (if any) of linker L², wherein T is the targeting moiety, and wherein AA₁-(AA)_n comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB.

The amino acid unit AA₁-(AA)_n, comprises a recognition sequence that provides for cleavage of the junction peptide bond (JPB) to release payload P² from the targeting moiety T. Any sequence capable of providing for such enzymatic cleavage may be used. Such sequences include, but are not limited to, applicable sequences described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345. For example, amino acid sequences known in the art to direct cleavage of a peptide bond linking a PABC self-immolative unit directly to the amino acid sequence may be used in the present invention. Additional amino acid sequences useful in the present invention can be readily determined experimentally by the artisan of reasonable skill. In certain embodiments, an amino acid unit, AA₁-(AA)_n allows for cleavage of the (JPB) by a protease, thereby facilitating release of payload P² from the conjugate upon exposure to such proteases. In certain embodiments, these include intracellular proteases, such as lysosomal enzymes.

In yet further embodiments, these include extracellular proteases.

Exemplary amino acid units (AA)¹-(AA)_x include, but are not limited to, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide, and/or a pentapeptide. Exemplary dipeptides include: Val-Cit, Ala-Phe, Phe-Lys, Val-Ala, Val-Lys(Ac), Phe-Lys(Ac), or Me-Val-Cit. It is noted that while the naming convention for peptides and proteins is to list amino acid sequence from N-terminus to C-terminus, the configuration of the JPB is such that (AA)¹ is the C-terminus amino acid in the (AA)¹-(AA)_x amino acid sequence. Accordingly, in an embodiment where the amino acid sequence facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB was valine-citrulline, (AA)¹ in formula (III) would be citrulline and the carbonyl group of citrulline would form JPB with the —NH— group bonded to (R) in structure (II). In some embodiments, additional amino acids are linked to valine-citrulline through the N-terminus of valine and, accordingly, “x” for (AA)_x is an integer greater than one.

Exemplary tripeptides include: Gly-Val-Cit, Pro-Pro-Pro, D-Ala-Phe-Lys, (D)-Val-Leu-Lys, Gly-Gly-Arg, and Ala-Ala-Asn. For illustration and clarity, when the tripeptide is (gly-val-cit), (AA)¹ of formula (III) is citrulline. An amino acid unit may comprise amino acid residues that occur naturally, as well as minor amino acids and non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs, such as citrulline. D-amino acids are included for use in the invention. Amino acid units can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme, for example, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.

Exemplary tetrapeptides include: Lys-Ser-Gly-Arg, Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, Leu-Ser-Gly-Arg, Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu, Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Arg, Gly-Lys-Ala-Phe-Arg-Arg, and HomoGly-Arg-Ser-Arg-Gly

Exemplary amino acid sequences for use in linkers of the invention include the amino acid sequences within Phe-Lys, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Trp-Cit, Phe-Arg. These sequences have been used for release of doxorubicin. See, for example, Table 1, Dubowchik, Firestone et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 855-869 and references contained therein. Another exemplary amino acid sequence for use in linkers of the present invention is Pro-Pro (see, for example, Gianolio et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012 70, 439-449). See also Firestone et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345 for amino acid sequences useful in the present invention. See also Miao et al., WO 2013/173392 for amino acid sequences useful in the present invention, including but not limited to amino acid sequences comprising non-natural amino acids. See also Dubowchik et al., Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 8:3341-3346, 1998. See also Burke et al., Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 19:2650-2653, 2009. See also Jeffrey et al., Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 16:358-362, 2006. The artisan of reasonable skill will appreciate that additional amino acids may be included in the linker (L) to the N-terminus side of the amino acid sequence that is facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB.

In one example, the JPB is cleavable by a protease that is associated with a disease. In another example, the JPB is cleavable by a protease that is up-regulated or associated with cancers in general. In still another example, the JPB is cleavable by a protease secreted by cancer-associated cells.

In another example, the JPB is cleavable by an enzyme that is up-regulated or associated with a specific cancer.

In certain embodiments, the remaining portion of linker (L³) includes a stretcher moiety (S) between the amino acid unit, AA₁-(AA)_n and the targeting moiety as shown in the following structures (XIa) and (XIb):

-AA₁-(AA)_n-S-L⁴-T   XIa

-AA₁-(AA)_n-L⁴-S-T   XIb

wherein the carbonyl of AA₁ forms a peptide bond referred to herein as the junction peptide bond (JPB) with the —NH— group bonded to R in Formula V, wherein the JPB is enzymatically cleavable, wherein each AA is independently an amino acid, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 25, wherein L⁴ is the remaining portion (if any) of L³, wherein S is the stretcher unit, wherein T is the targeting moiety, and wherein AA₁-(AA)_n comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB. In particular embodiments, this stretcher is as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,566 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345.

Payload Moiety (P²)

Provided are compounds of Formula VII:

T-L²-P²   VII

wherein:

• • T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide;
  • L² is a linker, or L² is absent;
  • P² is a biologically active compound; and
  • L²-P² has the following structure (III):

• • wherein:
    • R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent;
    • P³ is the remaining portion of compound P²; and
    • L³ is optionally the remaining portion of linker L² when L² is present.

As with the linker moiety L², the payload P² is characterized from the perspective of an assembled conjugate described herein. Accordingly, the payload P² as characterized herein does not necessarily but may correspond to a particular reactant used in the synthesis of a conjugate. The components of the payload P² may be contributed by a number of reactants. Included within the scope of P² are precursors of biologically active compounds that may be converted to biologically active compounds in vivo.

A wide variety of compounds may be used to assemble desirable payload components of a conjugate described herein. Any compound that is functional as an amide as in Formula VIII or as a compound containing an N-acyl sulfonamide-R—NH₂ group as in Formula IX could be delivered to a target cell or tissue using the present conjugate technology. Any precursor compounds that can be used (directly, or following appropriate modification) to produce amides of Formula VIII or N-acyl sulfonamide-R—NH₂ compounds of Formula IX find use in the invention. Particularly preferred are amide containing drugs, carboxylic acid containing drugs that have active amide derivatives, carboxylic acid containing drugs, and drugs having the Formula IX. The route of synthesis and the particular reactants used to produce compounds of Formula VII are not limiting. It will be appreciated that in combination with the group “R”, compounds of formula IX may be similar to N-acyl sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamamides).

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula VII can be used to deliver biologically active compounds of Formula VIII or IX. Suitable payload compounds P² that may be advantageously delivered by way of compositions described herein to targeted locations include, e.g., anti-inflammatory agents, cytotoxic agents, and anti-cancer drugs. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula VIII and IX show cytotoxic or cytostatic activity.

Non-limiting examples of cytotoxic payloads which may be fused or conjugated to targeting moieties comprising VAR2CSA polypeptides described herein, are chemotherapeutics selected from calicheamycin, cisplatin, adriamycin, auristatin, doxorubicin, maytansinoid, taxol, ecteinascidin, geldanamycin, methotrexate and their derivatives, and combinations thereof and the like suitable for cancer therapy. Examples of cytotoxic proteins fused to targeting moieties comprising VAR2CSA polypeptides are Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin, ricin toxin, pokeweed antiviral protein, saporin, gelonin and variants hereof.

The payload molecule is preferably selectively guided to a cell, which expresses plCSA and includes anticancer agents, radioisotopes, toxins, cytostatic or cytolytic drugs, etc. Anticancer agents comprise, for example, anthracyclins (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin, mitoxantrone), platinium and non-platinium based alkylating agents (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, ifosfamide, busulfan, carmustine, dacarbazine, lomustine, procarbazine), vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine), taxanes (taxol and decetaxel), topoisomerase I inhibitors (camptothecin, irinotecan, topotecan), topoisomerase II inhibitors (amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide and other alkaloid-derivates naturally occurring in the root of American Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)), non-anthracycline cytotoxic antibiotics (dactinomycin, bleomycin, plicamycin and mitomycins), Anti-steroids (such as aminoglutethimide), nucleoside analogues (cytarabidine, fluorouracil and mercaptopurine), antimetabolites (methotrexate and thioguanine), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane analogues (like mitotane), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing compounds (including but not limited to piperlongumine, and beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate). Other anticancer agents are described, for example, in Goodman and Gilman, “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, 8th Edition, 1990, McGraw-Hill, Inc., in particular Chapter 52 (Antineoplastic Agents (Paul Calabresi and Bruce A. Chabner). Toxins may be proteins such as pokeweed antiviral protein, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, ricin, gelonin, abrin, diphtheria exotoxin or Pseudomonas exotoxin. Toxin residues may also be high energy-emitting radionuclides such as cobalt-60. A VAR2CSA polypeptide conjugate may be used together with cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) to facilitate transport of the conjugate across cell plasma membranes. Cell-penetrating peptides have found numerous applications in medicine as drug delivery agents in the treatment of different diseases including cancer and virus inhibitors. Examples on CPP include but are not limited to: trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) from human immunodeficiency virus; pep-1 (Chariot™); R8, azo-R8; SMoC. (Okuyama M et al. Nat Methods. 2007 February; 4 (2): 153-9M; Soane L and Fiskum G J Neurochem. 2005 October; 95 (1):230-43; Loudet A et al. Org Biomol Chem. 2008 Dec. 21; 6 (24):4516-22).

In some embodiments, a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide is conjugated with an anti-inflammatory agent, including steroid hormones. Cartilage and scar tissue is known to contain CSPG in high amounts. Accordingly, it is useful to direct anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory compounds, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (such as methotrexate, azathioprine, sulfasalazine, ciclosporine, pennicillamine, leflunomide, or gold), biological anti-rheumatic drugs (such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-1-receptor antagonists, CD20-antibody, insulin growth factor 1) and steroid hormones or alternative compounds to such tissues.

In some embodiments, P² is a cytotoxic compound.

In some embodiments, P² is a cytotoxic compound, for example, a compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323; WO 2004/026293; U.S. Pat. No. 8,129,407; US 2014/0227295; WO 2013/068874; US 2013/0095123; US 2013/0190243; WO 2014/126198; EP 2740493; WO 2014086942; WO 2013072813; WO 2012166559; WO 2012166560; WO 2012123423; WO 2011154359; WO 2006063707; WO 2003008378; WO 2002000263; US 2013/224,228; WO 2013/085925; WO 2014/009774; U.S. Pat. No. 8,476,451; U.S. 2011/0027274; or related applications or patents, or Lundquist et al., Organic Letters, (3), pp. 781-783, 2001; Domling et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7235-7239; Kaur et al., Biochem J., (2006), 396:235-242; Steinmetz et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4888-4892; Khalil et al., ChemBioChem 2006, 7, 678-683; Peltier et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16018-16019.

In some embodiments, P² is a microtubule disrupting peptide toxin.

In some embodiments, P² is hemiasterlin or an analog thereof.

In some embodiments, P² is tubulysin or an analog thereof.

In some embodiments, P² is auristatin or an analog thereof.

In some embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is selected from: calicheamycin, auristatin, doxorubicin, maytansinoid, taxol, ecteinascidin, geldanamycin, methotrexate Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin, ricin toxin, pokeweed antiviral protein, saporin, gelonin, pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and functional variants, fragments, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the cytotoxic compound is a polyketide from Lithoplocamia lithistoides. Examples of polyketides from Lithoplocamia lithistoides include those disclosed in Martin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 10164-10171. In some embodiments, the polyketide from Lithoplocamia lithistoides is selected from: PM050489 and PM060184.

In some embodiments, cytotoxic compound is a synthetic chemotoxin not derived from a naturally occurring compound.

In some embodiments, P² is an anti-inflammatory compound.

In some embodiments, P² is a microtubule disrupting peptide toxin. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is hemiasterlin or an analog thereof. In another embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is HTI-286 or an analog thereof. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is auristatin or an analog thereof. In one embodiment, the microtubule disrupting peptide toxin is a compound having structure XIII, XIV, or XIX.

In some embodiments, P² is a compound of Formula XIII

or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R¹¹ is selected from: aryl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₄ acylthio, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, amino-C₁-C₄ alkyl, halo, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄ alkyl, and thio, wherein C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₄ alkylamino and C₁-C₄ alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from C₁-C₄ alkylaryl, hydroxyl, and thio;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from: H and C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl and thio; and

R¹⁵ has the same definition as R¹⁰ in Formula X.

In one embodiment R¹¹ is selected from: phenyl, 1H-indol-3-yl, 1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, cyclohexyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, and m-tolyl.

In another further embodiment, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each methyl.

In another further embodiment, R¹² is H, R¹³ is methyl, and R¹⁴ is methyl.

Methods of Preparing VAR2CSA-Drug Conjugates

Provided are methods of making compounds of Formula I. As will be appreciated by the artisan of reasonable skill, a wide variety of means are available to covalently link T-L-P. Any known method may be used to link the conjugate components. Any known linker technology may be used to link T to P. Further, T, L, and P may be modified in any suitable manner, as recognized by the artisan of reasonable skill, in order to facilitate conjugate formation.

Compounds of Formula I can be produced using a wide range of synthetic routes and a wide range of reactants. For example, the N-acyl sulfonamide moiety and the R group of Formula III may be present in the same reactant or different reactants. The N-acyl sulfonamide moiety may be present on a single reactant or may be formed by two reactants in a conjugation reaction step. The JPB may be intact within a reactant or may be formed by two reactants in a conjugation reaction step. The JPB may be intact within a single reactant that also contains the amino acid sequence facilitating enzymatic cleavage of the JPB, or the amino acid sequence facilitating enzymatic cleavage may be formed and brought together with the JPB by multiple reactants in a conjugation reaction step.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I are prepared by the conjugation of T with a precursor of L-P of Formula XII:

FG-L-P   XII

wherein FG is a functional group that forms a covalent bond with one or more atoms of the targeting moiety. In further embodiments, FG forms a bond with a heteroatom of the targeting moiety. In particular embodiments, the FG group comprises a maleimide. As will be appreciated by the artisan of reasonable skill, additional moieties and bonding technologies may be used, including but not limited to transglutaminase sequences, 2-bromoacetamide chemistry, glycosylation chemistries, and others. See for example the linkage chemistry disclosed in WO2013173391, WO2013173392, WO2013173393, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,566.

Indications

The compounds described herein may be used in a wide range of indications associated with expression, such as inappropriate expression of plCSA, such as in various cancers, such as metastatic cancers including, but not limited to, melanomas, sarcomas, oligodendrocytomas, brain tumors, leukemias, lymphomas, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, urothelium, colon, pancreas, and liver. The compounds described herein may also be used for cancer stem cells and accordingly target the cells before development into a cancer. Other conditions associated with expression, such as inappropriate expression of plCSA are conditions of the cartilage and/or the development of scar tissue.

Accordingly, provided are methods for the treatment of any indication associated with expression, such as inappropriate expression of plCSA, such as in cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, pathological conditions caused by neural damage, conditions of the cartilage and scar tissue, such as in rheumatism, cartilage repair or wound healing, or in psoriasis; the methods comprising administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound described herein to a subject in need thereof.

Also provided are compounds for the treatment of any indications associated with a condition involving expression, such as inappropriate expression of plCSA, such as in cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, pathological conditions caused by neural damage, conditions of the cartilage and scar tissue, such as in rheumatism, cartilage repair or wound healing, or in psoriasis.

The compounds described herein may be used in identifying, tracking and targeting distant micro-metastasis in vivo. Virtually all primary tumors, including cancers of the hematopoietic system, have the potential of developing into metastatic disease, which is highly associated with poor therapeutic outcome of the patients.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are useful in the treatment of malignant melanoma cancer including cutaneous, ocular and conjunctival melanoma having CSPG4 with plCSA chains on the surface of the melanoma cells. This GAG chain is believed to be involved in mitoses and metastases. However, CSPG4 is not only specific to melanoma. Micro- and tissue array analyses, performed on data from large panels of human tissue and cell lines, suggest that CSPG4 and other types of plCSA-containing proteoglycans may be present on a wide range of cancer types originating from all three cellular germ layers. These cancer types include carcinomas (breast carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, testis carcinoma, basal cell skin carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, keratinized head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar keratinized squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar basal cell carcinoma), sarcomas (breast liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, dedifferentiated chondro- and liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, uterine corpus leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma), hematopoietic cancers (chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell, T-cell and large granular lymphoma), tumors of neuroepithelial tissue, such as astrocytomas (pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, fibrillary astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme), oligodrendroglioma, ependymoma, choroid plexus tumor, oligoastrocytoma, gliosarcoma, ganglioglioma, retinoblastoma, neurocytoma, neuroblastomas (esthesioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma), medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors and all types of neuroendocrine cancer.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) also constitute an important component of the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system (CNS) including the eye, and of joint cartilage. Extra-cellular CSPG is critically involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis and the lack of regeneration after neural damage. Loss of extra-cellular CSPG is critical for the development of arthritis and arthrosis, and high local concentrations of extra-cellular CSPG prevents neural out-growth after neural damage. Accordingly, the compounds described herein may be used not only in the treatment of indications associated with malignant growth, such as in cancers, but also to either increase or decrease CSPG presence in the extracellular environment in order to treat arthritis, arthrosis and to enhance neural recovery after neurite damage, including multiple sclerosis.

The compounds described herein may be used to target compounds that prevent degradation of or repair extracellular CSPG such as growth hormones, anti-inflammatory compounds or protein inhibitors, to cartilage tissue, joints, and neural tissue.

The compounds described herein may be used to target compounds that enhance degradation or prevent production of extracellular CSPG such as chondroitinase ABC, which cut the sugar chains of the protein core of CSPG molecules. Xylocides, which reduce CSPG production, or drugs that inhibit enzymes important for CSPG production such as chondroitin synthase or chondroitin polymerizing factor (such as 4-fluoro-glucosamine, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloxide, 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside), to damaged neural tissue.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from cutaneous, ocular or conjunctival melanoma; carcinomas (triple negative- and metaplastic breast carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, testis carcinoma, basal cell skin carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, keratinized head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar keratinized squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar basal cell carcinoma); sarcomas (breast liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, dedifferentiated chondro- and liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, uterine corpus leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma); hematopoietic cancers (chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell, T-cell and large granular lymphoma); tumors of neuroepithelial tissue, such as astrocytomas (pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, fibrillary astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme), oligodrendroglioma, ependymoma, choroid plexus tumor, oligoastrocytoma, gliosarcoma, ganglioglioma, retinoblastoma, neurocytoma, neuroblastomas (esthesioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma), medulloblastoma, and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors; and any other plCSA-expressing cancer subtype. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from all plCSA-expressing malignancies including carcinomas (including but not limited to breast carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, testis carcinoma, basal cell skin carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar keratinized squamous cell carcinoma and vulvar basal cell carcinoma); sarcomas (including but not limited to fibrosarcoma, dedifferentiated chondro- and liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, uterine corpus leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor), hematopoietic cancers (including but not limited to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), b-cell, t-cell and large granular lymphoma); tumors of neuroepithelial tissue, such but not limited to astrocytomas (pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, fibrillary astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme), oligodrendroglioma, ependymoma, choroid plexus tumor, oligoastrocytoma, gliosarcoma, ganglioglioma, retinoblastoma, neurocytoma, neuroblastomas (esthesioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma), medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors; and all types of neuroendocrine cancer.

Solid tumors contemplated for treatment using the presently disclosed compounds include but are not limited to: sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer), oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., of the lung), basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (e.g., of the lung), sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma, multiforme astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Blood-borne cancers contemplated for treatment using the presently disclosed compounds include but are not limited to: acute lymphoblastic leukemia “ALL”, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia “AML”, acute promyelocytic leukemia “APL”, acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia “CML”, chronic lymphocytic leukemia “CLL”, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Acute and chronic leukemias contemplated for treatment using the presently disclosed compounds include but are not limited to: lymphoblastic, myelogenous, lymphocytic, and myelocytic leukemias. Lymphomas contemplated for treatment using the presently disclosed compounds include but are not limited to: Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and polycythemia vera. Other cancers contemplated for treatment using the presently disclosed compounds include but are not limited to: peritoneal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, hepatoma, salivary cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid, penile cancer, anal cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cell carcinoma, acute anaplastic large cell carcinoma, and cutaneous anaplastic large cell carcinoma.

Non-limiting examples of disorders to be treated herein include benign and malignant tumors; leukemia and lymphoid malignancies, in particular breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic, prostate or bladder cancer; neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic and other glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal and blastocoelic disorders, autoimmune disease, inflammatory disease, fibrosis, and infectious disease. Given the characteristics, and particularly the potency of the subject compounds, it will be apparent to the artisan of reasonable skill that the compounds described herein may be indicated for use to treat any disease where exertion of a cytotoxic or cytotoxic effect on a target cell is desirable. Cancers, including, but not limited to, a tumor, metastasis, or other disease or disorder characterized by uncontrolled or undesired cell growth, can be treated or prevented by administration of the presently disclosed compounds.

A therapeutically effective amount of compound in respect of cancer treatment may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; increase survival time; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer. To the extent the drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic. Compounds of the present invention are preferably cytotoxic. For cancer therapy, efficacy can, for example, be measured by assessing the time to disease progression (TTP) and/or determining the response rate (RR).

The compounds described herein can also be used in an in vitro or ex vivo fashion, such as for the treatment of certain cancers, including, but not limited to leukemias and lymphomas, such treatment involving autologous stem cell transplants. This can involve a multi-step process in which the animal's autologous hematopoietic stem cells are harvested and purged of all cancer cells, the animal's remaining bone-marrow cell population is then eradicated via the administration of a high dose of a compound described herein with or without accompanying high dose radiation therapy, and the stem cell graft is infused back into the animal. Supportive care is then provided while bone marrow function is restored and the animal recovers.

Combination Therapy

In other embodiments, methods for treating or preventing cancer are provided, including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein in combination with an additional method of treatment. In some embodiments, the additional method of treatment includes treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent. In one embodiment the chemotherapeutic agent is that with which treatment of the cancer has not been found to be refractory. In another embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent is that with which the treatment of cancer has been found to be refractory. The compound described herein may be administered before, after, or at the same time as the chemotherapeutic agent.

Suitable anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, methotrexate, taxol, L-asparaginase, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, hydroxyurea, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, nitrosoureas, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin, dacarbazine, procarbizine, topotecan, nitrogen mustards, cytoxan, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, BCNU, irinotecan, camptothecins, bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, actinomycin D, dactinomycin, plicamycin, mitoxantrone, asparaginase, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, and docetaxel.

Other examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, treosulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; TLK 286 (TELCYTA™); acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol, MARINOL®); beta-lapachone; lapachol; colchicines; betulinic acid; a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan (HYCAMTIN®), CPT-11 (irinotecan, CAMPTOSAR®), acetylcamptothecin, scopoletin, and 9-aminocamptothecin); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); podophyllotoxin; podophyllinic acid; teniposide; cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, and uracil mustard; triazines such as decarbazine; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimustine; epipodophyllins, such as etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, 9-aminocamptothecin, camptothecin orcrisnatol; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gamma1I and calicheamicin omegal1 (see, e.g., Agnew, Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl., 33:183-186 (1994)) and anthracyclines such as annamycin, AD 32, alcarubicin, daunorubicin, dexrazoxane, DX-52-1, epirubicin, GPX-100, idarubicin, KRN5500, menogaril, dynemicin, including dynemicin A, an esperamicin, neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins (e.g., A2 and B2), cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN® doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, and deoxydoxorubicin), esorubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, and zorubicin; photodynamic therapies, such as vertoporfin (BPD-MA), phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, pteropterin, and trimetrexate; dpurine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, and thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, and floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, and testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, and trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as folinic acid (leucovorin); aceglatone; anti-folate anti-neoplastic agents such as ALIMTA®, LY231514 pemetrexed, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as methotrexate and trimetrexate; antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its prodrugs such as UFT, S-1 and capecitabine, floxuridine, doxifluridine and ratitrexed; and thymidylate synthase inhibitors and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitors such as raltitrexed (TOMUDEX®, TDX); inhibitors of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase such as eniluracil; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine (ELDISINE®, FILDESIN®); dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids and taxanes, e.g., TAXOL® paclitaxel (Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE™ Cremophor-free, albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, Ill.), and TAXOTERE® doxetaxel (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chloranbucil; gemcitabine (GEMZAR®); 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; platinum; platinum analogs or platinum-based analogs such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine (VELBAN®); etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine (ONCOVIN®); vinca alkaloid; vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®); velcade; revlimid; thalidomide; IMiD3; lovastatin; verapamil; thapsigargin; 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; cell cycle inhibitors such as staurosporine; novantrone; edatrexate; daunomycin; mitoxantrone; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); vitamin D3 analogs, such as EB 1089, CB 1093 and KH 1060; retinoids such as retinoic acid; pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above; as well as combinations of two or more of the above such as CHOP, an abbreviation for a combined therapy of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone, and FOLFOX, an abbreviation for a treatment regimen with oxaliplatin (ELOXATIN™) combined with 5-FU and leucovorin.

Anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen), raloxifene, megastrol, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LYL17018, onapristone, and FARESTON® toremifene; aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane, formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, and ARIMIDEX® anastrozole; and anti-androgens such as flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; as well as troxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); antisense oligonucleotides, particularly those that inhibit expression of genes in signaling pathways implicated in abherant cell proliferation, such as, for example, PKC-alpha, Raf, H-Ras, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R); vaccines such as gene therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTIN® vaccine, LEUVECTIN® vaccine, and VAXID® vaccine; PROLEUKIN® rIL-2; LURTOTECAN® topoisomerase 1 inhibitor; ABARELIX® rmRH; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.

In some embodiments, the additional method of treatment is radiation therapy. The compound described herein may be administered before, after, or at the same time as the radiation.

Compounds described herein may also be administered to a patient that has undergone or will undergo surgery as treatment for the cancer.

In a specific embodiment, the compound described herein is administered concurrently with the chemotherapeutic agent or with radiation therapy. In another specific embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy is administered prior or subsequent to administration of compound described herein, in one aspect at least an hour, five hours, 12 hours, a day, a week, a month, in further aspects several months (e.g., up to three months), prior or subsequent to administration of a compound described herein.

A chemotherapeutic agent can be administered over a series of sessions. Any one or a combination of the chemotherapeutic agents listed herein or otherwise known in the art can be administered. With respect to radiation, any radiation therapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer to be treated. For example, but not by way of limitation, x-ray radiation can be administered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation of greater that 1 MeV energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electron beam and orthovoltage x-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers. Gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes, such as radioactive isotopes of radium, cobalt and other elements, can also be administered.

Additionally, methods of treatment of cancer with a compound described herein are provided as an alternative to chemotherapy or radiation therapy where the chemotherapy or the radiation therapy has proven or can prove too toxic, e.g., results in unacceptable or unbearable side effects, for the subject being treated. Additionally, methods of treatment of cancer with a compound described herein are provided as an alternative to surgery where the surgery has proven or can prove unacceptable or unbearable for the subject being treated.

Provided are methods of treating cancer in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Also provided are methods of increasing survival of a mammal having cancer, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Also provided are methods of inhibiting tumor growth in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in treating cancer in a mammal.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in increasing survival of a mammal having cancer.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in inhibiting tumor growth in a mammal.

Also provided are uses of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a mammal.

Also provided are uses of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for increasing survival of a mammal having cancer.

Also provided are uses of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting tumor growth in a mammal.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from: carcinomas, sarcomas, hematopoietic cancers, and tumors of neuroepithelial tissue.

Also provided are methods of treating an indication selected from: cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, neural damage, cartilage damage, and psoriasis in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in a method of treatment of an indication selected from: cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, neural damage, cartilage damage, and psoriasis.

Also provided are uses of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an indication selected from: cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, neural damage, cartilage damage, and psoriasis.

Also provided are methods of treating an indication selected from: arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Also provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein for use in a method of treatment of an indication selected from: arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.

Also provided are uses of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an indication selected from: arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.

Administration

Provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

For the purposes of administration, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered as a raw chemical or may be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure comprise a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. The compound described herein is present in the composition in an amount which is effective to treat a particular disease or condition of interest, e.g., in an amount sufficient to treat cancer or tumor cell growth, and preferably with acceptable toxicity to the patient. The activity of compounds described herein can be determined by one skilled in the art, for example, as described in the Examples below. Appropriate concentrations and dosages can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

Administration of the compounds described herein, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration of agents for serving similar utilities. The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure can be prepared by combining a compound described herein with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi solid, liquid or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, gels, microspheres, and aerosols. Typical routes of administering such pharmaceutical compositions include, without limitation, oral, topical, transdermal, inhalation, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, and intranasal. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. Pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient. Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound described herein in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (22nd ed.) eds. Loyd V. Allen, Jr., et al., Pharmaceutical Press, 2012. The composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, for treatment of a disease or condition of interest in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure.

A pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in the form of a solid or liquid. In one aspect, the carrier(s) are particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form. The carrier(s) may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup, injectable liquid or an aerosol, which is useful in, for example, inhalatory administration.

When intended for oral administration, pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure typically are either solid or liquid form, where semi solid, semi liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.

As a solid composition for oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form. Such a solid composition will typically contain one or more inert diluents or edible carriers. In addition, one or more of the following may be present: binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.

When the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a capsule, for example, a gelatin capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or oil.

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be in the form of a liquid, for example, an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid may be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as two examples. When intended for oral administration, pharmaceutical compositions described herein typically contain, in addition to the present compounds, one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer. In a composition intended to be administered by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions described herein, whether they be solutions, suspensions or other like form, may include one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. Parenteral preparations can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Physiological saline is a preferred adjuvant. An injectable pharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.

A liquid pharmaceutical composition described herein intended for either parenteral or oral administration should contain an amount of a compound described herein such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise a solution, emulsion, ointment or gel base. The base, for example, may comprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, bee wax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers. Thickening agents may be present in a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration. If intended for transdermal administration, the composition may include a transdermal patch or iontophoresis device.

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be intended for rectal administration, in the form, for example, of a suppository, which will melt in the rectum and release the drug. Compositions for rectal administration may contain an oleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient. Such bases include, without limitation, lanolin, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may include various materials, which modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit. For example, the composition may include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients. The materials that form the coating shell are typically inert, and may be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be encased in a gelatin capsule.

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared in dosage units that can be administered as an aerosol. The term aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery may be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system that dispenses the active ingredients. Aerosols of compounds described herein may be delivered in single phase, bi phasic, or tri phasic systems in order to deliver the active ingredient(s). Delivery of the aerosol includes the necessary container, activators, valves, subcontainers, and the like, which together may form a kit. One skilled in the art, without undue experimentation may determine preferred aerosols.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art. For example, a pharmaceutical composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining a compound described herein with sterile, distilled water so as to form a solution. A surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension. Surfactants are compounds that non covalently interact with the compound described herein so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the compound in the aqueous delivery system.

The compounds described herein, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disorder or condition; and the subject undergoing therapy.

Compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may also be administered simultaneously with, prior to, or after administration of one or more other therapeutic agents. Such combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation which contains a compound described herein and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of the compound described herein and each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation. For example, a compound described herein and the other active agent can be administered to the patient together in a single oral dosage composition such as a tablet or capsule, or each agent administered in separate oral dosage formulations. Where separate dosage formulations are used, the compounds described herein and one or more additional active agents can be administered at essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently, or at separately staggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all these regimens.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples illustrate various methods of making compounds described herein, i.e., compounds of Formula I and related formulae. It is understood that one skilled in the art may be able to make these compounds by similar methods or by combining other methods known to one skilled in the art. It is also understood that one skilled in the art would be able to make, in a similar manner as described below, other compounds of Formula I not specifically illustrated below by using the appropriate starting components and modifying the parameters of the synthesis as needed. In general, starting components may be obtained from sources such as Sigma Aldrich, Lancaster Synthesis, Inc., Maybridge, Matrix Scientific, TCI, and Fluorochem USA, etc. or synthesized according to sources known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition (Wiley, December 2000)) or prepared as described herein.

The following examples are provided for purposes of illustration, not limitation.

Example 1: Production of Truncated Recombinant VAR2CSA Proteins

All protein truncations are produced according to previously defined domain borders (Dahlbäck et al. J Biol Chem 286: 15908-17). The CIDRPAM domain is divided into two domains ID2a and ID2b, where ID2a is the N-terminal part of CIDRPAM not containing the CIDR-like sequence and ID2b corresponds to the CIDR-like sequence. There are two DBL2X borders—DBL2Xa and DBL2Xb. DBL2Xb incorporates 93 amino acids of ID2a. Primers used in cloning are listed in Table 5. Fragments are expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells or C3029H E. coli cells as soluble proteins as described in Methods 1 and 2. Most proteins are produced based on the FCR3 genotype. Some FCR3 fragments do not express and these are instead made based on the 3D7 genotype. VAR2CSA polypeptides from both genotypes bind equally to plCSA.

TABLE 5
Cloning Primers
FCR3 Primers
Protein	Forward Primer	Reverse Primer
ID1-ID2b	AACTACATCAAGGGCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 76)	CTTGTTGATATTGGTGTCGGT (SEQ ID NO: 77)
DBL1X-ID2a	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 78)	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 79)
ID1-ID2a	AACTACATCAAGGGCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 80)	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 81)
ID1-DBL2Xa	AACTACATCAAGGGCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 82)	AGCGGCGTTGGTGGTGGA (SEQ ID NO: 83)
ID1-DBL2Xb	AACTACATCAAGGGCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 84)	GTACTI-GTACCGGTAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 85)
DBL1X-DBL2Xb	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 86)	GTACTTGTACCGGTAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 87)
3D7 Primers
Protein	Forward Primer	Reverse Primer
DBL2X-DBL4E	CTGACCAACTGCTACAAG (SEQ ID NO: 88)	GGTCCAGAGGGTACAGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 89)
ID1-DBL3E	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 90)	TTCAGCGTTGTTGTACTCGTA (SEQ ID NO: 91)
ID1-DBL4E	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 92)	GTCCAGAGGGTACAGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 93)
DBL1X-ID2b	CACTCTGACTCTGGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 94)	AGAGGACTTCATCTTGTTGTTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 95)
ID1-ID2b	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 96)	AGAGGACTTCATCTTGTTGTTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 97)
DBL1X-ID2a	CACTCTGACTCTGGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 98)	GTCCAGCTTAGAGGAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 99)
ID1-ID2a	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 100)	GTCCAGCTTAGAGGAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 101)
DBL1X-DBL2Xa	CACTCTGACTCTGGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 102)	GGCGGCGTTGGTGGTAGA (SEQ ID NO: 103)
ID1-DBL2Xa	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 104)	GGCGGCGTTGGTGGTAGA (SEQ ID NO: 105)
DBL1X-DBL2Xb	CACTCTGACTCTGGCACC (SEQ ID NO: 106)	GTACTTGTATCCGTGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 107)
ID1-DBL2Xb	CTGTCCTTCATCCTGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 108)	GTACTTGTATCCGTGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 109)
Mutating Putative pICSA Binding Sites
	PCR1
	Fragment 1
Protein	Forward	Reverse
DBL1X-ID2a (DSM	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	GGTGTCGAAGTTGATGTCGGGCAGATTGCCCAGGTA
Deletion)	(SEQ ID NO: 110)	(SEQ ID NO: 111)
Alanine sub.	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	AGCTGCGGCCAGATTAGCGCCCTCGTGGAAGGACAC
K(626,629,630), R(631)	(SEQ ID NO: 112)	(SEQ ID NO: 113)
Alanine sub.	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	AGCGCATTCAGCTGCGGCGTTGGTCTTGATGGAGCT
K(459,460,461,464)	(SEQ ID NO: 114)	(SEQ ID NO: 115)
Fragment 2
Protein	Forward	Reverse
DBL1X-ID2a (DSM	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
Deletion)	(SEQ ID NO: 116)	(SEQ ID NO: 117)
Alanine sub.	GCTAATCTGGCCGCAGCTTACCCCCAGAATAAGAAC	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
K(626,629,630), R(631)	(SEQ ID NO: 118)	(SEQ ID NO: 119)
Alanine sub.	GCCGCAGCTGAATGCGCTGACGTGAAGCTGGGCGTG	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
K(459,460,461,464)	(SEQ ID NO: 120)	(SEQ ID NO: 121)
PCR2
Final Constuct
Protein	Forward	Reverse
DBL1X-ID2a (DSM	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
Deletion)	(SEQ ID NO: 122)	(SEQ ID NO: 123)
Alanine sub.	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
K(626,629,630), R(631)	(SEQ ID NO: 124)	(SEQ ID NO: 125)
Alanine sub.	CACAGCGATAGCGGCAAG	GTCCAGCTTGCTGGAGTT
K(459,460,461,464)	(SEQ ID NO: 126)	(SEQ ID NO: 127)

Method 1: Cloning and Protein Expression in Insect Cells.

VAR2CSA sequence fragments are amplified from codon optimized FCR3 (GenBank accession no. GU249598) or 3D7 (GenBank accession no. 3Q247428) VAR2CSA genes using specific primers (Table 5). Simple fragments are amplified in a one-step PCR. Amino acid substitution constructs are made in a two-step PCR. First PCR amplifies two fragments from the codon optimized FCR3 template, containing overlapping complimentary ends. Second PCR amplifies the total construct, using the two overlapping fragments as template with primers specific for the outer borders. All fragments are sequenced for verification. Fragments are cloned into the baculovirus vector pAcGP67-A (BD Biosciences), modified to contain a V5 and His tag at the C-terminal. The proteins are expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells as soluble protein secreted into the cell culture supernatant. Briefly, linearized Bakpak6 Baculovirus DNA (BD Biosciences) is co-transfected with the pAcGP67-A plasmids, into Sf9 insect cells for generation of recombinant virus particles. 10 mL of the second amplification is used to infect High-Five cells in 400 mL serum-free medium (10486, GIBCO) at a density of 1×10⁶ cells/mL. The secreted recombinant protein is harvested from the supernatant 3 days after initial infection. The supernatant is filtered (0.2 μm), dialyzed and concentrated before protein purification. The filtered supernatant containing the secreted recombinant protein is dialyzed using an AKTA cross-flow (GE Healthcare). The dialysis is performed in 10 mM NaH₂PO₄ (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich) and 500 mM NaCl. The resulting solution is filtered (0.2 μm) and imidazole is added to a final concentration of 15 mM. The protein is then purified on a 1-mL HisSelect column (H8286, Sigma-Aldrich). Bound protein is eluted with 10 mM NaH₂PO₄ (pH 7.4), 500 mM NaCl, and 500 mM imidazole. The purity and structural integrity of the protein was verified by SDS-PAGE.

Method 2: Protein Expression in E. coli Cells

Recombinant VAR2CSA proteins were expressed in C3029H or C3030 E. coli SHuffle cells. 20 mL warm 2×YT [+AMP] medium was inoculated with an E. coli clone bearing an appropriate plasmid and incubated overnight at 37° C. overnight with shaking (150 rpm). 800 mL of prewarmed 2×YT [+AMP] in a 5 L flask was next inoculated with 16 mL of the starter culture and incubated at 37° C. with shaking (100-150 rpm) until OD600 reached 0.5-0.8, after which time the temperature was adjusted to 20° C. After 20 minutes the culture was induced with 80 μL 1 M IPTG and incubated for a further 18-20 hours with shaking (100-150 rpm). Cells were harvested by centrifugation (10000×g, 10 min) and the pellet was resuspended in 40 mL lysis buffer (10 mM NaPO₄ (pH 7.2), 0.5 M NaCl, 60 mM imidazole+CMPIT protease inhibitor tablet without EDTA per 20 mL buffer) and split equally into two 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Cells were lysed by sonication (2×5 mins.) on ice and the debris was removed by centrifugation (40000×g, 30 min, 4° C.). Supernatants were filtered (0.2 μm) into a tube on ice and either purified directly or frozen at −20° C.

Example 2: Preparation of T-L²-P²

Scheme 1 illustrates a particular embodiment of a general scheme for the synthesis of L²-P². In further embodiments, the protecting group (PG₁) is removed from the Toxin (P²) before amino acid (e.g., AA₁-AA₂) addition. In certain embodiments, the Anchor includes a functional group that can form a covalent bond with the target moiety (T). In other embodiments, the Anchor comprises a Stretcher.

Scheme 2 illustrates a particular embodiment of a general scheme for the convergent synthesis of a P-L complex where the JPB between the payload and AA sequence is assembled prior to installation of stretcher and anchor moieties. This synthetic approach was used to generate the following compounds: Compound G, Compound H, Compound I, Compound J, Compound K, Compound L, Compound M, Compound N, Compound O, Compound P, Compound Q, Compound R, Compound U, Compound EE, Compound FF, Compound GG, Compound HH, Compound II, and Compound JJ.

Scheme 3 illustrates a particular embodiment of a general scheme for the convergent synthesis of a P-L complex where the JPB is established between the payload and a proteolytic sequence that already contains a stretcher and anchor functionality. This synthetic approach was used to generate the following compounds: Compound S, Compound T, Compound W, Compound X, Compound Y, Compound Z, Compound AA, Compound BB, Compound CC, and Compound DD.

In certain embodiments, the general scheme comprises the procedures as discussed below. As will be understood by the reasonably skilled artisan, these procedures are illustrative of certain embodiments, and could be performed with alternative solvents, reagents and protecting groups known to be suitable in the art.

Example 2.1: General Procedure 1—Trifluoroacetamide Installation

To a stirred suspension of the amine in 1,4-dioxane was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.1 equivalents). The reaction mixture transitioned from a suspension to a solution and back to a suspension again. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and/or HPLC-MS for completion. Once the starting material was fully consumed, the reaction was diluted with hexanes or diethyl ether, filtered on a Buchner funnel and the resulting solids were dried under reduced pressure to give the pure trifluoroacetamide.

Example 2.2: General Procedure 2—DCC/DMAP Mediated N-Acyl Sulfonamide Formation

To a stirred solution of the acid in dichloromethane was added a solution of the sulfonamide (1.3 equivalents, in dichloromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, or a mixture thereof, as necessary). Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.2 equivalents) was added and subsequently N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (1.2 equivalents). Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS (typically 16 h) and excess by-products could be precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether. Solids were removed by filtration and washed with 1:1 diethyl ether/dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to give the desired N-acyl sulfonamide.

Example 2.3: General Procedure 3—Trifluoroacetamide Saponification

To a solution of the trifluoroacetamide containing-construct in 1,4-dioxane or methanol was added lithium hydroxide (10 equivalents) and water (10% v/v). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature or optionally heated to 50° C. Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was quenched with an aqueous solution of 5% w/v citric acid or 1 M hydrochloric acid. The resulting aqueous solution was washed successively with dichloromethane or ethyl acetate and the organic phases were pooled, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The reaction product was either used “as is” or purified by silica gel chromatography as necessary.

Example 2.4: General Procedure 4—HATU Mediated Peptide Bond Formation

To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid in a minimal amount of dichloromethane or N,N-dimethylformamide or mixture thereof, at 0° C. was added HATU (1.05-1.2 equivalents) and either N,N-diisopropylamine (2-4 equivalents) or 2,4,6-collidine (2-4 equivalents). Stirring was continued for a brief induction period (5-20 minutes) at which time the reaction was charged with a solution of the amine in dichloromethane. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and monitored for progress by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residual material was purified by silica gel chromatography or reverse phase HPLC to furnish amide in adequate purity.

Example 2.5: General Procedure 5—Fmoc Group Removal

The Fmoc-protected compound was dissolved in 20% piperidine in N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. When complete, all volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to yield a residue that was either purified by silica gel chromatography or used directly in the next step.

Example 2.6: General Procedure 6—N-Acylation of Amines Using NHS-Activated Esters

To a solution of the amine in a minimal amount of N,N-dimethylformamide was added the corresponding N-hydroxy succinimide containing ester (1.5 equivalents). The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS (typically ˜16 h) at which point all volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was then purified by either silica gel chromatography or reverse phase HPLC to give the desired amide product.

Example 2.7: General Procedure 7—Boc Group Removal

To a solution of the Boc-protected compound in dichloromethane was added 10% v/v trifluoroacetic acid. Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon reaction completion, all volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residual material was purified either by reverse phase HPLC, silica gel chromatography or precipitation from a mixture of cold methanol/dichloromethane/diethyl ether.

Example 2.7.1: General Procedure 8—4-Anilino Sulfonamide Synthesis

To a stirred suspension or solution of the starting aniline in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 M) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.1 equiv). The reaction was allowed to stir for ˜1 h at which point it was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was twice dissolved in CHCl₃ and concentrated to give the desired trifluoroacetanilide in quantitative yield with the expected analytical results.

The trifluoroacetanilide (˜8 mmol) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (10 mL). Chlorosulfonic acid (3 equiv) was added with stirring. The resulting solution was heated to 70° C. for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature at which time thionyl chloride (2 equiv) was added with stirring. The resulting biphasic mixture was re-heated to 70° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was then twice diluted with CHCl₃ and concentrated in vacuo to remove excess acids.

The resulting phenylchlorosulphonic acid was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (˜10 mL) and the resulting solution was added dropwise to a concentrated solution of aqueous ammonia (10 mL) at 0° C. with vigorous stirring. The reaction was quenched by addition of 1M citric acid and adjusted to pH=3. In most cases the sulfonamide precipitated and was filtered directly from the aqueous phase; in instances where the product did not precipitate, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (˜100 mL), transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was washed with brine before being dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the desired 4-trifluoroacetanilide substituted sulfonamides.

Example 2.7.2: General Procedure 9—Alternative Acyl Benzotriazole Mediated N-Acyl Sulfonamide Formation

This procedure was adapted from the one described in ARKIVOC 2004 (xii), 14-22.

Example 2.7.3: General Procedure 10—EDCI/Cu(II) Mediated Peptide Bond Formation

To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid in a minimal amount of 30% N,N-dimethylformamide in dichloromethane was added 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (0.95 equiv), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (1.0 equiv), the amine (0.33 equiv) and anhydrous copper (II) chloride (1.0 equiv) in sequence with a brief pause between each additional reagent. Stirring was continued at room temperature and progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residual material was purified by silica gel chromatography or reverse phase HPLC to furnish the desired amide in adequate purity.

Example 2.7.4: General Procedure 11—Ester Saponification

To a solution of the ester containing compound in 1,4-dioxane or methanol was added lithium hydroxide (10 equivalents) and water (10% v/v). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature or optionally heated to 50° C. Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, the aqueous layer was pH adjusted if necessary and washed successively with dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The organic phases were pooled, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The reaction product was either used “as is” or purified by silica gel chromatography as necessary.

Example 2.8.1: Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH: (R)-2-((R)-2-(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl-methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanoic Acid, Fmoc-Valine-Citrulline-OH

The title compound was prepared according to Dubowchik et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2002, 13, 855-869. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.96 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.93 (dd, J=9.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.96 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.57 (dtd, J=13.9, 9.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (dhept, J=13.2, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.88 (dd, J=13.3, 6.7 Hz, 6H). C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₆ calcd. [M+H]⁺ 497.23. found [M+H]⁺ 497.19.

Example 2.8.2: Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH: (S)-2-((S)-2-(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl-methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanoic Acid, Fmoc-Valine-Citrulline-OH

The title compound was prepared according to Dubowchik et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2002, 13, 855-869. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.96 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.93 (dd, J=9.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.96 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.57 (dtd, J=13.9, 9.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (dhept, J=13.2, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.88 (dd, J=13.3, 6.7 Hz, 6H).). C₂₆H₃₂N₄O₆ calcd. [M+H]⁺ 497.23. found [M+H]⁺ 497.19.

Example 2.9: MC-NHS: 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoate

To a stirred solution of 6-aminocaproic acid (10.0 g, 76.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) in acetic acid (75 mL), maleic anhydride (7.85 g, 80.0 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added. The solids took a few minutes to dissolve, then after ca. 5 min, white solids began to crash out. After an hour, the suspension thickened to a white cake. This material was scooped onto a fritted funnel and washed with toluene and dried in vacuo with heating to remove all traces of acetic acid. The intermediate powder was taken up in toluene (250 mL), triethylamine (21.3 mL, 152 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added, and the mixture heated to reflux with a Dean-Stark trap. After 5 h of reflux, the mixture was cooled and the clear toluene layer was decanted from the rest of the sticky residue in the flask. The toluene was removed in vacuo to yield a triethylamine salt of 6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoate. The salt was redissolved in toluene, and a small amount of acetic acid was added, then concentrated. Next, the mixture was taken up in 50% saturated sodium bicarbonate, and 1 M HCl was added to adjust the pH to 3, forming a milky precipitate. This was extracted three times with EtOAc, combined organics dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to yield pure 6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoate (3.08 g, 19%). To a stirred solution of 6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoate (3.08 g, 14.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.76 g, 15.3 mmol, 1.05 eq) in EtOAc (30 mL) at 0° C., was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (3.16 g, 15.3 mmol, 1.05 eq). The reaction was then allowed to warm to rt. After 20 h, the reaction was filtered and washed with EtOAc and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (2.16 g, 48%) as a clear oil that solidified slowly to a waxy white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.71 (s, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (s, 4H), 2.63 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₆=308.10. Found [M+H]⁺=309.13. R_f=0.28 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 2.10: Fmoc-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH: (R)-2((R)-2(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl-methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)hexanoic Acid; Fmoc-Phenylalanine-Lysine(Boc)-OH

The title compound was prepared according to Walker et al., Bioorganic Med Chem Lett, 2004, 14, 4323-4327. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.28 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.71-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.41 (td, J=7.6, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.19 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.24 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.07 (m, 5H), 3.02 (dd, J=13.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.71 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.22 (m, 13H). m/z calcd. for C₃₅H₄₁N₃O₇=615.29. Found [M+H]⁺=616.27, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=516.16.

Example 2.11: MT-OH: 3-(2-(2-(2-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)propanoic Acid

The title compound was prepared according to Warnecke, A., Kratz, F. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2003, 14, 377-387. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.74 (s, 2H), 3.87-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.62 (m, 10H), 2.73-2.64 (m, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₁₃H₂₉NO₇=301.12. Found [M+H]⁺=302.14.

Example 2.12: MT-NHS: 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3-(2-(2-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)propanoate

MT-OH (2.6 g, 8.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) was treated with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.87 g, 9.06 mmol, 1.05 eq), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.04 g, 6.06 mmol, 1.05 eq) in 30 mL of 5:1 EtOAc/dioxane at rt. After 36 h, the mixture was filtered, washing with EtOAc, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (309 mg, 9.0%) as a clear oil along with starting material (1.31 g, 50% recovered). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.72 (s, 2H), 3.87 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.70-3.58 (m, 10H), 2.93 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (s, 4H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₁₇H₂₂N₂O₉=398.13. Found [M+H]⁺=399.15, [M+Na]⁺=421.14. R_f=0.59 (10% (5% AcOH/MeOH)/10% Hex/CH₂Cl₂).

Example 2.13: Boc-HTI-286-OH: (6S,9S,12S,E)-9-tert-Butyl-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oic Acid

The title compound was prepared according to Nieman et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.57 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dq, J=9.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.94 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₂H₅₁N₃O₆ calcd. [M+H]⁺ 574.38. found [M+Na]⁺ 586.42, [M+H]⁺ 574.46, [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 474.39.

Example 2.14: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound G)

Step 1: 4-(Azidomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (0.50 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was added sodium azide (0.20 g). The suspension was heated to 50° C. for 3 hours at which point the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the title compound as a syrup that solidified on standing. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.06-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.44 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H).

Step 2: 4-(Aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a solution of 4-(azidomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (0.354 g) in methanol (10 mL) in a round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was added 10% Pd/C (0.05 g). The flask was evacuated of gases at reduced pressure and charged with hydrogen. This evacuation and charge was repeated three times at which point the suspension was left to stir overnight. At 16 h, TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was diluted with methanol (40 mL), Celite® was added and the mixture was filtered through a fritted glass funnel. The resulting solution was concentrated to dryness. ¹H NMR suggested that the material was sufficiently clean at this stage for further use without purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 3.76 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H).

Step 3: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized by reaction of 4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide with TFAA according to General Procedure 1, with a ¹H NMR spectrum that was complicated by rotamers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.72 (m, 2H), 4.47 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 2H).

Step 4: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate)

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH according to General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.11-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.50 (dd, J=18.3, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 7.39-7.07 (m, 7H), 6.43 (d, =9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 3.00 (d, J=33.9 Hz, 3H), 2.88 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 2.34 (s, 2H), 2.00 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 1.81 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (s, 13H), 0.98-0.68 (m, 14H). C₄₁H₅₈F₃N₅O₈S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 838.40; found [M+Na]⁺ 860.48; [M+H]⁺ 838.46; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 738.33.

Step 5: (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate) according to General Procedures 3 and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.13 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.41 (m, 4H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.84 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (m, 6H). C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 642.38; found [M+H]⁺ 642.40.

Step 6: (9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(N—(S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate

Synthesized from (S,E)-N-(4-(aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 4 with minor contamination by DIPEA and AcOH. Material used “as is” in the subsequent step. C₆₀H₈₁N₉O₁₀S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1120.58; found [M+H]⁺ 1120.68.

Step 7: (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was synthesized staring with (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(N—(S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate according to General Procedure 5.

Step 8: (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was synthesized from (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.89 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 7.28 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (s, 2H), 6.67 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.51-4.35 (m, 3H), 4.18 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 1H), 3.50 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.01 (m, 5H), 2.35-2.18 (m, 5H), 2.08 (dq, J=13.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.02-1.91 (m, 6H), 1.91-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.72 (dtd, J=14.0, 9.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.40 (m, 10H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.24 (m, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 0.96 (dd, J=6.8, 4.0 Hz, 6H), 0.91-0.86 (m, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₅₅H₈₂N₁₀O₁₁S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1091.59; found [M+H]⁺ 1091.67.

Example 2.15: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-(((R)-6-amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound H)

Step 1: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate) according to General Procedure 3. See above for characterization.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((5R,8R)-5-Benzyl-8-(4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)butyl)-1-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-3,6,9-trioxo-2-xa-4,7,10-triazaudecan-11-yl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate (Compound H-1)

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(aminomethyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and Fmoc-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₇₄H₉₈N₈O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1338.70 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1339.86, [M+Na]⁺=1361.88, [M+K]⁺=1377.95, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1239.83, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=1139.72.

Step 3: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(((R)-2-((R)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanamido)-6-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)hexanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate (Compound H-2)

The title compound was prepared from Compound H-1 according to General Procedure 5. C₅₉H₈₈N₈O₁₁S calcd. m/z=1116.63 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1117.78, [M+Na]⁺=1139.80, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1017.72, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=917.64.

Step 4: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate (Compound H-3)

The title compound was prepared from Compound H-2 and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₆₉H₉₉N₉O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1309.70 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1310.89, [M+Na]⁺=1332.91, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1210.86, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=1110.77.

Step 5: (S,E)-N-(4-(((R)-6-Amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from Compound H-3 according to General Procedure 7. C₅₉H₈₃N₉O₁₀S calcd. m/z=1109.60 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1110.76, [M+Na]⁺=1132.75, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=556.11.

Example 2.16: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methylbenzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I)

Step 1: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)benzyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available (4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide and TFAA using General Procedure 1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H).

Step 2: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-((4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I-1)

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)benzyl)acetamide according to General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.27 (m, 51H), 7.21 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 3H), 4.46 (s, 3H), 3.06-2.91 (m, 3H), 2.88 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3H), 2.04 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 3H), 1.79-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.52 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.23-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.97 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 0.90 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 9H), 0.80 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). C₄₂H₆₀F₃N₅O₈S calcd. m/z=851.41 amu; found [M+H]⁺=852.47, [M+Na]⁺=874.47, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=752.38.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-((4-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I-2)

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-1 according to General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.28 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 5.07-4.94 (m, 2H), 4.72 (s, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.05-2.82 (m, 3H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.32 (m, 16H), 0.97-0.85 (m, 12H), 0.85-0.74 (m, 4H). C₄₀H₆₁N₅O₇S calcd. m/z=755.43 amu; found [M+H]⁺=756.46, [M+Na]⁺=778.48, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=656.39.

Step 4: (S,E)-N-((4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I-3)

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-2 and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₆₆H₉₁N₉O₁₂S calcd. m/z=1233.65 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1234.82, [M+Na]⁺=1256.80, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1134.73.

Step 5: (S,E)-N-((4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I-4)

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-3 according to General Procedure 5. C₅₁H₈₁N₉O₁₀S calcd. m/z=1011.58 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1012.72, [M+Na]⁺=1034.68, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=912.66.

Step 6: (S,E)-N-((4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-((5-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)pentyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound I-5)

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-4 and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₆₁H₉₂N₁₀O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1204.66 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1205.84, [M+Na]⁺ 1227.82, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1105.75.

Step 7: (S,E)-N-(4-(((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)methylbenzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-5 according to General Procedure 7. C₅₆H₈₄N₁₀O₁₁S calcd. m/z=1104.60 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1105.78, [M+Na]⁺=1127.76, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=553.60.

Example 2.17: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-(((R)-6-Amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound J)

Step 1: (S,E)-N-((4-(((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound J-1)

The title compound was prepared from Compound I-2 and Fmoc-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₇₅H₁₀₀N₈O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1352.71 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1353.96, [M+Na]⁺=1375.83, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1253.78, [M-2Boc+H]⁺=1153.70.

Step 2: (S,E)-N-((4-(((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trim ethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound J-2)

The title compound was prepared from Compound J-1 according to General Procedure 5. C₆₀H₉₀N₈O₁₁S calcd. m/z=1130.64 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1131.75, [M+Na]⁺=1153.75, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1031.68, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=931.61.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-(((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound J-3)

The title compound was prepared from Compound J-2 and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₇₀H₁₀₁N₉O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1323.72 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1324.96, [M+Na]⁺=1346.94, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1224.87, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=1124.79.

Step 4: (S,E)-N-(4-(((R)-6-Amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)methyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound J)

The title compound was prepared from Compound J-3 according to General Procedure 7. C₆₀H₈₅N₉O₁₀S calcd. m/z=1123.61 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1124.75, [M+Na]⁺=1146.77, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=563.09.

Example 2.18: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K)

Step 1: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-(Sulfamoylmethylphenyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available (4-aminophenyl)methanesulfonamide and TFAA using General Procedure 1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.31 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H).

Step 2: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-((4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K-1)

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)acetamide according to General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.23 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J=9.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 5.05-4.80 (m, 3H), 4.72-4.40 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.74 (m, 3H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.35 (m, 15H), 1.02-0.63 (m, 15H). C₄₁H₅₈F₃N₅O₈S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 838.40; found [M+Na]⁺ 860.48; [M+H]⁺ 838.52; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 738.39.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-((4-Aminobenzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K-2)

The title compound was prepared from Compound K-2 according to General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.63-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.35 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.54 (m, 2H), 6.36 (dd, J=9.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 5.00 (m, 2H), 4.60 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.75 (m, 6H), 1.97-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.34 (m, 15H), 0.97-0.63 (m, 15H). C₃₉H₅₉N₅O₇S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 742.41; found [M+H]⁺ 742.47; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 642.40.

Step 4: (S,E)-N-((4-((R)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K-3)

The title compound was prepared from Compound K-2 and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₆₅H₈₉N₉O₁₂S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1220.64; found [M+H]⁺ 1 220.97; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 1120.87.

Step 5: (S,E)-N-((4-((R)-2-((R)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K-4)

The title compound was prepared from Compound K-3 according to General Procedure 5. C₅₀H₇₉N₉O₁₀S calcd. [M+Na]⁺ 998.57; found [M+14]⁺ 998.75; [M-Boc+H]⁺ 898.69.

Step 6: (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound K-5)

The title compound was prepared by reaction of Compound K-4 with MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₆₀H₉₀N₁₀O₁₃S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1191.64; found [M+H]⁺ 1191.74; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 1091.67.

Step 7: (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from Compound K-5 according to General Procedure 7. C₅₅H₈₂N₁₀O₁₁S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1091.59; found [M+H]⁺ 1091.67.

Example 2.19: Preparation of (S,E)-N-((4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound L)

Step 1: (S,E)-N-((4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound L-1)

To a stirred solution of Compound K-4 (40.0 mg, 0.040 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) was added MT-OH (18.1 mg, 0.060 mmol, 1.5 eq). Next, triethylamine (0.017 mL, 0.120 mmol, 3.0 eq) then Mukiyama's reagent (15.4 mg, 0.060 mmol, 1.5 eq) were added. After 3 h, approximately one equivalent of acid, triethylamine, and Mukiyama's reagent was added, and after 30 more min, HPLC indicated consumption of starting material Compound K-4. The reaction mixture was diluted with 0.25 mL hexanes and loaded directly onto flash chromatography to yield the title compound (29.3 mg, 57%) as a clear yellow film. C₆₃H₉₆N₁₀O₁₆S calcd. m/z=1280.67. Found [M+H]⁺=1281.94, [M+Na]⁺=1303.91, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1181.86. R_f=0.45 (10% (5% AcOH/MeOH)/10% Hex/CH₂C1₂)

Step 2: (S,E)-N-((4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 7 from Compound L-1. C₅₈H₈₈N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z for=1180.62. Found [M+H]⁺=1181.82, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=591.60.

Example 2.20: (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-6-Amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound M)

Step 1: (S,E)-N-((4-((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound M-1)

The title compound was prepared from Compound K-2 and Fmoc-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₇₄H₉₈N₈O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1338.70 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1339.96, [M+Na]⁺⁼1361.92, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1239.85, [M-2Boc+H]⁺=1139.77.

Step 2: (S,E)-N-((4-((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound M-2)

The title compound was prepared from Compound M-1 according to General Procedure 5. C₅₉H₈₈N₈O₁₁S calcd. m/z=1116.63 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1117.78, [M+Na]⁺=1139.80, [M-Boc+H]⁺=1017.72, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=917.64.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-6-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound M-3)

The title compound was prepared from Compound M-2 and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₆₉H₉₉N₉O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1309.70 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1310.93, [M+Na]⁺=1332.89, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1210.84, [M-2Boc+3H]⁺=1110.76.

Step 4: (S,E)-N-(4-((R)-6-Amino-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from Compound M-3 according to General Procedure 7. C₅₉H₈₃N₉O₁₀S calcd. m/z=1109.60 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1110.71, [M+Na]⁺=1132.74, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=556.18.

Example 2.21: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound N)

Step 1: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available sulfanilamide and TFAA using General Procedure 1.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.14-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=7.6, 2H), 7.20 (q, J=7.4, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.08-2.95 (m, 3H), 2.87 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 2.01 (m, 6H), 1.80 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.62 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.52-1.36 (m, 14H), 1.26 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.72 (m, 15H). C₄₀H₅₆F₃N₅O₈S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 824.38; found [M+Na]⁺ 846.43; [M+H]⁺ 824.40; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 724.34.

Step 3: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate (Compound N-1c)

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate according to General Procedure 3.

Step 4: tert-Butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate (Compound N-1)

Synthesized from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-aminophenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 4. C₆₄H₈₇N₉O₁₂S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1206.62; found [M+Na]⁺ 1230.81; [M+H]⁺ 1206.73; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 1106.63.

Step 5: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared from Compound N-1 according to General Procedure 5. C₄₉H₇₇N₉O₁₀S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 984.55; found [M+H]⁺ 984.63; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 884.57.

Step 6: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and MC-NHS according to General Procedure 6. C₅₉H₈₈N₁₀O₁₃S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1177.63; found [M+Na]⁺ 1199.74; [M+H]⁺ 1177.85; [M-Boc+2H]⁺ 1077.68.

Step 7: (S,E)-N-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate according to General Procedure 7. C₅₄H₈₀N₁₀O₁₁S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1077.63; found [M+H]⁺ 1077.68.

Example 2.22: Preparation of (S,E)-N-((4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound O)

Step 1: tert-Butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 6 from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and MT-NHS. m/z calcd. for C₆₂H₉₄N₁₀O₁₆S=1266.66. Found [M+H]⁺=1267.87 [M+Na]⁺=1289.86, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1167.82. R_f=0.49 (10% (5% AcOH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-((4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 7 from tert-butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate. m/z calcd. for C₅₇H₈₆N₁₀O₁₄S=1166.60. Found [M+H]⁺=1167.67, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=584.57.

Example 2.23: Preparation of (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P)

Step 1:4-(Tritylthiomethyl)benzonitrile

Tritylmercaptan (1.48 g, 5.36 mmol, 1.05 eq) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 214 mg, 5.36 mmol, 1.05 eq) in THF (5 mL) under N₂ at 0° C. After 15 min, 4-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile (1.00 g, 5.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (5 mL) was added and the reaction was allowed to come to rt. After 1 h, TLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The reaction was quenched by adding saturated ammonium chloride, then some dH₂O. The mixture was extracted three times with ether, washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a viscous yellow oil. Purification by flash chromatography gave the title compound (1.76 g, 88%) as a light white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.52 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 6H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H), 7.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (s, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₂₇H₂₁NS=391.14. Found [M+Na]⁺=414.13. R_f=0.32 (10% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 2: 1-(4-(Tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropanamine

4-(Tritylthiomethyl)benzonitrile (1.47 g, 3.75 mmol, 1.0 eq) was taken up in 40 mL THF, under N₂ atmosphere, then cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added Ti(O-iPr)₄ (1.21 mL, 4.13 mmol, 1.1 eq), then ethylmagnesium bromide (3 M, 2.75 mL, 8.26 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added dropwise over 5 min. The dry-ice bath was removed, allowing the solution to reach rt. After 45 min at rt, BF₃.Et₂O (0.93 mL, 7.51 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added to the now very dark reaction mixture. After stirring for an additional 2.5 h, the reaction was quenched with 5 mL of 2 M HCl, followed by pH adjustment to strong base with about 15 mL 2 M NaOH. Some water was added to the mixture, then it was extracted three times with 75 mL EtOAc, washed once with dH₂O, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a clear oil. The material was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (680 mg, 36%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 7.33 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 6H), 7.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.20 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 1.06 (dd, J=7.9, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (dd, J=7.9, 4.7 Hz, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₂₉H₂₇NS=421.19. Found [M+H]⁺=422.19. R_f=0.21 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 3: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropanamine (680 mg, 1.61 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.448 mL, 3.22 mmol, 2.0 eq) and triethylamine (0.45 mL, 3.22 mmol, 2.0 eq). After two hours, TLC and HPLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 3 mL NaHCO₃, then some dH₂O was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with CH₂C1₂. The combined organics were washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a yellow foam, giving the title compound (715 mg, 86%) in sufficient purity to move to the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.48 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 6H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 6H), 7.25 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 1.40-1.24 (m, 4H). m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₂₆F₃NOS=517.17. Found [M+Na]⁺=540.25. R_f=0.71 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 4: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide (715 mg, 1.38 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ was treated with 2.5 mL TFA. After 1 min, TIPSH (0.42 mL, 2.1 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added, causing the yellow color to fade. After 30 min, TLC indicated the reaction to be complete. The mixture was concentrated, then co-evaporated once with CH2C12 and twice with toluene. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (261 mg, 69%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.35-7.23 (m, 4H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (s, 4H). R_f=0.47 (20% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 5: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide (220 mg, 0.799 mmol, 1.0 eq) in acetonitrile were added dH₂O (0.029 mL, 1.6 mmol, 2.0 eq), tetrabutylammonium chloride (110 mg, 0.40 mmol, 0.5 eq), then N-chlorosuccinimide (320 mg, 2.40 mmol, 3.0 eq). After 20 minutes, no starting material was visible by TLC. After 90 min, concentrated NH₄OH (0.18 mL, 3.2 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added. After 10 minutes, 1 mL of NH₄C1 was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed twice with dH₂O, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a clear oil. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (192 mg, 74%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.21 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 1.27 (dt, J=6.1, 2.3 Hz, 4H). R_f=0.26 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 6: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-((4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P-1)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 2 from 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide and Boc-HTI-286-OH. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.11 (m, 5H), 6.33 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.28-6.14 (m, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 4.97 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (d, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.50 (d, =8.9 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.34 (m, 4H), 0.85 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 0.82-0.67 (m, 12H). m/z calcd. for C₄₄H₆₂F₃N₅O₈S=877.43. Found [M+Na]⁺=900.67. R_f=0.34 (50% (2% AcOH/EtOAc)/Hex).

Step 7: (S,E)-N-((4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P-2)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 3 in MeOH/H₂O from Compound P-1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.62-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.35 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.12 (m, 3H), 6.51 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.36-6.18 (m, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 5.00-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 4.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.07-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.16 (s, 2H), 0.89-0.81 (m, 12H), 0.80 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). m/z calcd. for C₄₂H₆₃N₅O₇S=781.44. Found [M+H]⁺=782.63.

Step 8: (S,E)-N-((4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P-3)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 4 from Compound P-2 and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH. m/z calcd. for C₆₈H₉₃N₉O₁₂S=1259.67. Found [M+H]⁺=1261.11, [M+Na]⁺=1283.06, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1160.97. R_f=0.54 (5% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)).

Step 9: (S,E)-N-((4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)benzyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P-4)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 5 from Compound P-3. m/z calcd. for C₅₃H₈₃N₉O₁₀S=1037.60. Found [M+H]⁺=1038.90, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=938.78. R_f˜0.1 (25% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂).

Step 10: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound P-5)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 6 from Compound P-4 and MC-NHS. m/z calcd. for C₆₃H₉₄N₁₀O₁₃S=1230.67. Found [M+H]⁺=1232.11, [M+Na]⁺=1254.09, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1132.01. R_f=0.44 (10% (5% AcOH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Step 11: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 7 from Compound P-5. m/z calcd. for C₅₈H₈₆N₁₀O₁₁S=1130.62. Found [M+H]⁺=1131.95, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=566.69.

Example 2.24: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound Q)

Step 1: 1-Phenylcyclopropanamine

The title compound was prepared as described in Bertus, P., Szymoniak, J. J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 7133-7136 from benzonitrile (1.0 mL, 9.7 mmol) to give 270 mg (21%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.15 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.06 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.95 (m, 2H). R_f=0.28 (5% (5% NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Step 2: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 1-phenylcyclopropanamine (270 mg, 2.03 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dioxane (5 mL), was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.310 mL, 2.23 mmol, 1.1 eq). After 5 min, TLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The mixture was concentrated, then coevaporated once with CH₂Cl₂ and once with toluene to yield the title compound (453 mg, 97%) as a flaky white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.47-7.15 (m, 5H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 1.65 (s, 4H). m/z calcd. for C₁₁H₁₀F₃NO=229.07. Found [M+H]⁺=230.14. R_f=0.82 (5% (5% NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Step 3: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To stirred chlorosulfonic acid (0.78 mL, 11.8 mmol, 6.0 eq) at 0° C., was added solid 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)acetamide (450 mg, 1.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) portionwise, keeping the temperature low. After complete addition, the mixture was heated to 50° C. After 1 minute, gas evolution ceased, and the reaction was allowed to cool. The mixture was added slowly to a beaker of ice, being mindful of splattering. The solid that was left in the ice was filtered off. This solid was dried in vacuo and then taken up in THF (4 mL). Concentrated NH₄OH (0.44 mL, 7.85 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added, turning the solution green-black. After 2 min, TLC indicated complete consumption of the sulfonylchloride intermediate. 2M HCl was added until the color faded, then the mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc, washed once with saturated NaHCO₃, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a flaky solid. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (235 mg, 39%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.28 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (s, 2H), 1.42-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁F₃N₂O₃S=308.04. Found [M+H]⁺=309.07. R_f=0.27 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 4: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 2 from 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide and Boc-HTI-286-OH. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 3H), 6.46 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.17-6.08 (m, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.97-4.76 (m, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 6H), 2.01-1.79 (m, 4H), 1.62 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 4H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 0.86 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, =6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (s, 9H). m/z calcd. for C₄₃H₆₀F₃N₅O₈S=863.41. Found [M+H]⁺=864.56, [M+Na]⁺=886.52, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=764.44. R_f=0.34 (50% (2% AcOH/EtOAc)/Hex).

Step 5: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 3 in dioxanes from compound tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.97 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 5.03-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.37 (m, 21H), 1.36-1.32 (m, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 12H), 0.82-0.76 (m, 3H). m/z calcd. for C₄₁H₆₁N₅O₇S=767.43. Found [M+H]⁺=768.51 [M-Boc+2H]⁺=668.38. R_f=0.32 (10% EtOAc/Hex).

Step 6: tert-Butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate (Compound Q-1)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 4 from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and Fmoc-Val-Cit-OH. m/z calcd. for C₆₇H₉₁N₉O₁₂S=1245.65. Found [M+H]⁺=1246.89, [M+Na]⁺=1268.88, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1146.82. R_f=0.52 (5% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)).

Step 7: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate (Compound Q-2)

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 5 from Compound Q-1. m/z calcd. for C₅₂H₈₁N₉O₁₀S=1023.58. Found [M+H]⁺=1024.72, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=924.66.

Step 8: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 6 from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate and MC-NHS. m/z calcd. for C₆₂H₉₂N₁₀O₁₃S=1216.66. Found [M+H]⁺=1217.89, [M+Na]+=1239.94, [M-Boc+2H]⁺=1117.82. R_f=0.39 (10% (5% AcOH/MeOH)/CH₂C₁₂).

Step 9: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

The title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 7 from compound tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-(1-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate. m/z calcd. for C₅₇H₈₄N₁₀O₁₁S=1116.60. Found [M+H]⁺=1117.77, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=559.56.

Example 2.25: 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-((R)-1-((R)-1-(4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-6-oxohexanoate (Compound KK)

Step 1: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available sulfanilamide and TFAA using General Procedure 1.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.14-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=7.6, 2H), 7.20 (q, J=7.4, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.08-2.95 (m, 3H), 2.87 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 2.01 (m, 6H), 1.80 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.62 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.52-1.36 (m, 14H), 1.26 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.72 (m, 15H). C₄₀H₅₆F₃N₅O₈S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 824.38; found [M+Na]⁺ 846.43; [M+H]⁺ 824.40; [M-Boc+H]+724.34. MS found; 846.43 [M+Na]⁺; 824.40 [M+H]⁺; 724.34 [M-Boc+H]⁺.

Step 3: tert-Butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((R)-2-((R)-2-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate

The title compound was synthesized from tert-butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl(methyl)carbamate by first liberation of the aniline from the trifluoroacetanilide according to General Procedure 4, followed by coupling with Boc-Val-Cit-OH (synthesized according to US2010/0233190) according to General Procedure 5. A small sample was deprotected according to General Procedure 9 to resolve rotamers and facilitate NMR analysis. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.51-6.44 (m, 1H), 5.05-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.64 (dd, J=9.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.08 (m, 4H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.13-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.16-0.99 (m, 15H), 0.91 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 6H). C₅₄H₈₅N₉O₁₂S calcd. [M+H]⁺ 1083.60; found [M+Na]⁺ 1106.8.

Step 4: 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-((R)-1-((R)-1-(4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-6-oxohexanoate

To a solution of tert-butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((R)-2-((R)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxo-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)(methyl)carbamate (0.05 g, 0.046 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS and upon completion, evaporated under reduced pressure and twice concentrated from toluene to remove excess TFA. The resulting residue was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL). The solution was stirred, cooled to 0° C. and di-isopropylethylamine (0.008 mL, 1 equiv) and bis-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl adipate (prepared according to Mishra et al., Molecular Pharmaceutics, 10, (10), 3903-3912, 2013, 0.062 g, 4 equiv) were added. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at which time HPLC-MS indicated that the starting peptide had been converted to new product. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in acetone and the resulting solution purified by prep-scale HPLC to afford the title compound (0.0145 g) as a white powder after lyophilization. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆ with D₂O exchange) δ 8.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.10-2.87 (m, 5H), 2.80 (s, 4H), 2.71-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.11 (m, 5H), 2.01-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.64-1.58 (m, 5H), 1.36 (s, 5H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.81 (m, 12H). C₅₄H₈₀N₁₀O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1108.56 found [M+H]⁺=1109.54.

Example 3: Preparation of T-L¹-P¹

Example 3.1: General Procedure 8—Trifluoroacetamide Installation

To a stirred suspension of the amine in 1,4-dioxane was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.1 equivalents). The reaction mixture transitioned from a suspension to a solution and back to a suspension again. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and/or HPLC-MS for completion. Once the starting material was fully consumed, the reaction was diluted with hexanes or diethyl ether, filtered on a Buchner funnel and the resulting solids were dried under reduced pressure to give the pure trifluoroacetamide.

Example 3.2: General Procedure 9—DCC/DMAP Mediated N-Acyl Sulfonamide Formation

To a stirred solution of the acid in dichloromethane was added a solution of the sulfonamide (1.3 equivalents, in dichloromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, or a mixture thereof, as necessary). Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.2 equivalents) was added and subsequently N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (1.2 equivalents). Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS (typically 16 h) and excess by-products could be precipitated by the addition of diethyl ether. Solids were removed by filtration and washed with 1:1 diethyl ether/dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography or optionally prep-HPLC to give the desired N-acyl sulfonamide.

Example 3.3: General Procedure 10—General Saponification

To a solution of the trifluoroacetamide or ester containing construct in 1,4-dioxane or methanol was added lithium hydroxide (10 equivalents) and water (10% v/v). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature or optionally heated to 50° C. Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, the aqueous layer was pH adjusted if necessary and washed successively with dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. The organic phases were pooled, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The reaction product was either used “as is” or purified by silica gel chromatography as necessary.

Example 3.4: General Procedure 11—HATU Mediated Peptide Bond Formation

To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid in a minimal amount of dichloromethane or N,N-dimethylformamide or mixture thereof, at 0° C. was added HATU (equivalents) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4 equivalents). Stirring was continued for a brief induction period (5-20 minutes) at which time the reaction was charged with a solution of the amine in dichloromethane. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and monitored for progress by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residual material was purified by silica gel chromatography or reverse phase HPLC to furnish amide in adequate purity.

Example 3.5: General Procedure 12—Boc Group Removal

To a solution of the Boc-protected construct in dichloromethane was added 10% v/v trifluoroacetic acid. Reaction course was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon completion, all volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residual material was purified either by reverse phase HPLC, silica gel chromatography or precipitation from a mixture of cold methanol/dichloromethane/diethyl ether.

Example 3.6: General Procedure 13—Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross Coupling

A suspension of aryl bromide, aryl (or alkenyl) boronic acid (1.5 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (10 mol %), 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)biphenyl (20 mol %), and K₃PO₄ (3 eq) in THF was stirred under N₂ at ambient temperature for 16 h (or 50° C. for 2 h). The resulting brown reaction mixture was dilute with ether and washed with 1 M NaOH (3×). The aqueous washes were combined and extracted with ether (2×). The organics were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel column chromatography (eluted with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ mixtures) to afford the cross-coupled product.

Example 3.7: General Procedure 14—Cu-Catalyzed Ullman Cross Coupling (Methoxy Installation)

A mixture of aryl bromide, CuBr (20 mol %), NaOMe (20 eq, 4.9 M in MeOH), and EtOAc (1.5 eq) was stirred under N₂ at 95° C. for 16 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with H₂O and poured into cold (0° C.) stirring 1 M citric acid. After stirring for 10 min, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (4×). The organics were combined, washed with H₂O (2×) and brine (1×), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The product was used in the next step without further purification.

Example 3.8: General Procedure 15—Vinylogous Amino Ester Synthesis

The procedure for Weinreb amide synthesis, reduction and subsequent olefination thereof as described by Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199 was employed to the desired commercially available amino acids with no modifications.

Example 3.9: General Procedure 16—Establishment of Boc-t-Leucine-(Me)-Vinylogous Amino Acid

The vinylogous amino ester was deprotected and coupled to Boc-t-leucine according to procedures described by Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199 with no modifications.

Example 3.10: General Procedure 17—Sulfonamide Formation from Alkyl Halide

To a suspension of the desired alkyl halide in 2:1 H₂O/EtOH was added sodium sulfite (1.2 equiv). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 6-24 h. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature, the solvents were removed at reduced pressure to remove ethanol and the product was precipitated. The sodium alkylsulfonate were filtered, collected and dried in vacuo. These solids were then suspended in dichloromethane and phosphorous pentachloride (2 equiv) was added with stirring. The resulting suspension was heated to reflux for 2 h and allowed to cool to room temperature. The reactions were then cooled to 0° C. and water was added dropwise to consume excess phosphorous pentachloride. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the desired sulfonyl chloride. The thusly derived chloride was subsequently dissolved in THF and added dropwise to a stirred aqueous solution of concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 0° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the desired sulfonamide in sufficient purity for further use.

Example 3.11: General Procedure 18—Sulfonamide Formation from Substituted Aryl Compounds

To a stirred mixture of the desired aryl substituted compound in chloroform was added chlorosulfonic acid (4 equiv). The reaction was heated to 70° C. for 1 h and allowed to cool to room temperature. Thionyl chloride (2 equiv) was added and the reaction was again heated to 70° C. for 1 h. The contents of the reaction vessel were concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil which was subsequently twice dissolved in toluene and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove residual acid. The remaining material was dissolved in THF and added dropwise to a concentrated, stirred solution of ammonium hydroxide at 0° C. Once the addition was complete, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the desired phenylsulfonamide in adequate purity for further use.

Example 3.12: General Procedure 19—Sulfamamide Formation

The procedures used to generate the desired sulfamamides were adapted from Winum, J.-Y. et al., Org Lett, 2001, 3 (14), 2241-2243

Example 3.13: General Procedure 20—Preparation of MC-VC-PABC-Toxins (L¹-P¹)

The appropriate intermediate amine or aniline was taken up in DMF (˜90 mg/mL), and to this was added 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.3 eq), then commercially obtained MC-VC-PABC-PNP (4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate) (1.3 eq) as described in Firestone, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345 was added followed by pyridine (25 eq). The reaction was covered to protect from light and stirred at ambient temperature for 24 to 48 h. The reaction mixture could be purified by concentrating the mixture and performing flash chromatography directly on the crude, or alternatively, it could be diluted with DMSO to an appropriate volume and injected directly onto a preparatory HPLC to give the pure MC-VC-PABC-R construct.

All sulfonamides and sulfamamides or precursors to the materials used in the procedures below were purchased commercially and manipulated, if necessary, such that they were suitable for use. Specifically, General Procedures 8, 17, 18 and 19 were employed to manipulate commercially available starting materials unless otherwise noted below. Sulfamamide analogs of the N-acyl sulfonamide containing compounds disclosed herein may be synthesized by the artisan of reasonable skill based on the teachings herein and knowledge in the art, and are included within the scope of the invention.

Example 3.14: 3-Bromopropane-1-sulfonamide

To a stirred slurry of potassium bromide (1.904 g) in water (2.8 mL) was added 1,3-propanesultone. The reaction was heated to 60° C. with stirring for 1 h and allowed to cool to room temperature. Ethanol (˜45 mL) was added with stirring and a precipitate formed. The suspension was filtered on a Buchner funnel and the solids were collected and dried at high vacuum over night to give potassium 3-bromopropane-1-sulfonate (2.90 g, 12.0 mmol) as a white solid. The above solid was added to a round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar. Phosphorous pentachloride (3.22 g, 1.3 equiv) was added in a single charge and the flask was gently shaken to mix the solids. A gas was observed to form and the solids became slightly molten. A singular drop of water was added to the mixture and a vigorous evolution of gas was observed, with more significant melting of the reaction mixture. The flask was submerged in an oil bath at 70° C. and the molten mixture manipulated to attempt to make it as uniform as possible. After 10 minutes of heating, the flask was allowed to cool to room temperature and was charged with ice (˜60 mL) and diethyl ether (˜80 mL) and stirred vigorously. The biphasic mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the organic layer washed with brine, then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to a total volume of ˜25 mL. The ethereal layer was added to a 100 mL round bottom flask, a stir bar was added and the flask was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Ammonia (NH₄OH, 28% aq, 5 mL) was added with vigorous stirring and an emulsion formed. After the emulsion had subsided, brine (˜20 mL) and diethyl ether (˜20 mL) were added and the mixture transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the title compound as a stiff syrup that solidified on standing (0.782 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm)=2.24 (p, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 3.12 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 3.66 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 6.91 (s, 2H).

Example 3.15: 3-(Tritylthio)propane-1-sulfonamide

To a stirred solution of triphenylmethanethiol (0.276 g) in N,N-dimethyl formamide at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (0.04 g, 1 equiv). After effervescence had ceased, 3-bromopropane-1-sulfonamide (0.100 g, 0.5 equiv) was added as a solid in a single portion and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. Progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS and TLC (40% EtOAc in hexanes). After 2 h, the reaction was quenched with water (˜0.5 mL) and concentrated on a rotovap at high-vacuum. The resulting oil was partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine, transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (5-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the title compound (0.135 g) as a white crystalline solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=1.77-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 2.95-2.99 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 7.22-7.33 (m, 9H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 6H).

Example 3.16: (6S,9S,12S,E)-9-tert-Butyl-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oic Acid

Synthesized as per Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199.

Example 3.17 (S,E)-N-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound A)

Example 3.17 was synthesized from Examples 3.15 and 3.16 according to General Procedures 9 and 12 with the inclusion of tri-isoproypsilane (2 equiv) to Procedure 14. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=0.88 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 0.94 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.94 (d, 3H, J=1.29 Hz), 2.03-2.16 (m, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, 2H, J=9.76 Hz), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.50 (m, 2H), 4.08 (br s, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 5.07 (t, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 6.59 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 7.32-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.57 (m, 2H).

Methods described above were used to generate the following analogous compounds.

Example 3.18: 2,2′-Disulfanediyldiethanesulfonamide

Synthesized as described by Lemaire, H. and Rieger, M in J. Org. Chem., 1961, 1330-1331.

Example 3.19 (S,E)-N-(2-Mercaptoethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound B)

To a solution of (6S,9S,12S,E)-9-tert-butyl-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oic acid (0.138 g, 2.4 equiv) in dichloromethane (4 mL) was added 2,2′-disulfanediyldiethanesulfonamide (0.028 g), di-isopropylcarbodiimide (0.044 mL, 2.4 equiv) and N,N-dimethylpyridine (0.034 g, 2.8 equiv). Stirring was continued for 16 h at which point TLC analysis (5% MeOH (with 5% AcOH) in 70/30 CH₂Cl₂/Hexanes) indicated complete consumption of the disulfanedisulfonamide. The reaction was diluted with hexanes (˜5 mL), filtered to remove solids, concentrated and the resultant oil purified by flash chromatography. The chromatographically purified materials was then dissolved in dichloromethane (3 mL), a stir bar was added, then trifluoroacetic acid (0.60 mL) and tri-isopropylsilane (0.20 mL). The mixture immediately went yellow, with the color fading over 5 minutes and conversion of the material to the desired product was monitored by HPLC-MS. Upon complete conversion, the reaction was concentrated to dryness and the residue purified by flash chromatography (0-15% MeOH (containing 5% AcOH) in 80/20 CH₂Cl₂/hexanes). HPLC-MS showed this isolate to be a mixture of free thiol and disulfide. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=0.88 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 0.93 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.91-2.05 (m, 5H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, 2H, J=9.76 Hz), 3.07-3.18 (m, 5H), 3.52-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 1H), HH 4.08 (br s, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 5.09 (t, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 7.29-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.55 (m, 2H). C₂₉H₄₈N₄O₅S₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=598.15 amu; found m/z=598.16.

Example 3.20: 4-(Tritylthiomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of triphenylmethanethiol (0.276 g, 2 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium hydride (60% w/w dispersion in mineral oil, 0.04 g, 2 equiv). When the effervescence had ceased, 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (0.125 g, 1 equiv) was added in a single portion and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. HPLC-MS at 20 minutes indicated that conversion was complete. The reaction was quenched with acetic acid (˜0.2 mL), concentrated to dryness in vacuo and the subsequent residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Fractions containing the desired material were concentrated to dryness to furnish the desired compound as a colorless solid (0.200 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm)=3.38 (s, 2H), 7.24-7.35 (m, 7H), 7.36-7.44 (m, 12H), 7.67-7.73 (m, 2H).

Example 3.21 (S,E)-N-(4-(Mercaptomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound C)

Title compound prepared from Examples 3.16 and 3.20 according to General Procedures 9 and 12 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz), 1.06 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H), 1.99-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, 2H, J=9.76 Hz), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 2H), HH 4.10 (br s, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 5.00 (t, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 6.54 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 7.30-7.51 (m, 5H), 7.52-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.90-7.97 (m, 2H). C₃₄H₅₀N₄O₅S₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=659.25 amu; found m/z=659.37.

Example 3.22 (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-tosyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound D)

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and tosylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=0.88-0.94 (m, 6H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H), 2.02-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 3.17 (s, 3H), HH 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.89-4.99 (m, 2H), 6.48 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 7.30-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.57 (m, 2H). C₃₄H₅₀N₄O₅S calcd. [M+H]⁺=627.15 amu; found m/z=627.31.

Example 3.23 (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound E)

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and methanesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm)=0.87-0.98 (m, 6H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 2.03-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, 2H, J=9.76 Hz), 3.18 (s, 3H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 4.94 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 5.07 (t, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 6.54 (d, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 7.30-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 2H). C₂₈H₄₆N₄O₅S calcd. [M+H]⁺=551.30 amu; found m/z=551.34.

Example 3.24 (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoic Acid (Compound F)

The title compound was synthesized using methods as described by Nieman et al. in J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199.

Example 3.25: (S,E)-N-(Mesitylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and mesitylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.60-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.03 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 5.06-4.91 (m, 3H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 6H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.07 (m, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.09-1.04 (m, J=16.8 Hz, 10H), 0.92 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). C₃₆H₅₄N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=654.38 found [M+H]⁺=655.03.

Example 3.26: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.16 (dd, J=8.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.28 (m, 4H), 6.52 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 0H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 1H), 2.51 (s, 1H), 2.05 (ddd, J=15.9, 10.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (s, 1H), 1.47 (s, 1H), 1.36 (s, 1H), 1.07 (s, 4H), 0.91 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₄₇F₃N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=696.32 found [M+H]⁺=697.26.

Example 3.27: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (FIG. 7, Compound 14)

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and benzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (brs, 6H), 6.39 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 4H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.90 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₇F₃N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=626.35 found [M+H]⁺=626.99.

Example 3.28: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,4,6-tri-isopropylphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.61-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.27 (s, 2H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.26 (m, 3H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.94 (dd, J=14.3, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 4H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.22 (m, 18H), 1.11 (s, 2H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 7H). C₄₂H₆₆N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=738.48 found [M+H]⁺=738.10.

Example 3.29: (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-tert-butylphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 3H), 7.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J=9.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 10H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 7H). C₄₂H₆₆N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=668.40 found [M+H]⁺=669.28.

Example 3.30: (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-chlorophenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.03 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (dd, J=10.9, 9.1 Hz, 2H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.03 (m, 1H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.5, 4.6 Hz, 7H). C₃₃H₄₇ClN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=646.30 found [M+H]⁺=647.20.

Example 3.31: (S,E)-N-(3-Cyanophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-cyanophenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.31 (dt, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.02-7.92 (m, 1H), 7.75 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 1H), 6.55 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.15-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=6.6, 3.9 Hz, 7H). C₃₄H₄₇N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=637.33 found [M+H]⁺=638.00.

Example 3.32: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-nitrophenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.36-8.27 (m, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=5.9, 3.8 Hz, 3H), 7.61-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=9.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.97-0.86 (m, 6H). C34H47N5O5S calcd. m/z=657.32 found [M+H]⁺=658.21.

Example 3.33: (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound Was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-nitro-4-methoxyphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.24 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.60 (dd, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 2H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.99-0.88 (m, 6H). C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₈S calcd. m/z=687.33 found [M+H]⁺=689.23.

Example 3.34: 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)-3-nitrobenzamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-nitro-4-sulfamoylbenzamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.70-6.57 (m, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 11H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.05 (ddd, J=10.3, 7.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=14.7, 6.8 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₈N₆O₈S calcd. m/z=700.33 found [M+H]⁺=701.28.

Example 3.35: (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-methoxyphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (dd, J=9.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.94-0.84 (m, 6H). C₃₄H₅₀N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=642.35 found [M+H]⁺=643.31.

Example 3.36: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (FIG. 7, Compound 23)

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.06 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.1, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.13-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.85 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=6.8, 4.7 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₄₈F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=723.33 found [M+H]⁺=724.08.

Example 3.37: (S,E)-N-(4-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 886)

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (dd, J=9.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (t, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.16-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=627.35 found [M+H]⁺=628.35.

Example 3.38: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and phenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 2, and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.06-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.40 (m, 8H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=9.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.85 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=11.9, 6.5 Hz, 7H). C₃₃H₄₈N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=612.33 found [M+H]⁺=613.06.

Example 3.39: (S,E)-N—(N-(2-Fluorobenzyl)sulfamoyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

2-Fluorobenzylsulfamamide was prepared from 2-fluorobenzylamine according to General Procedure 14; the title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-fluorobenzylsulfamamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.63-7.41 (m, 6H), 7.41-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.14 (td, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (ddd, J=9.5, 8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.07-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.83 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.97-0.84 (m, 6H). C₃₄H₅₀FN₅O₅S calcd. m/z=659.35 found [M+H]⁺=660.28.

Example 3.40: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Piperidine-1-sulfonamide was synthesized from piperidine according to General Procedure 14; the title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and piperidine-1-sulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.42-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J=9.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.07 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.61 (ddd, J=20.0, 10.3, 5.4 Hz, 9H), 1.49 (s, 4H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.99-0.84 (m, 9H). C₃₂H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=619.38 found [M+H]⁺=620.38.

Example 3.41: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(o-tolylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-toluenesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.10 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.33 (m, 11H), 6.52 (dd, J=9.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.04-4.90 (m, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₅₀N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=626.35 found [M+H]⁺=627.05.

Example 3.42: (S,E)-N-(4-Bromophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-bromophenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.95 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.06 (dt, J=10.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.9, 4.9 Hz, 8H). C₃₃H₄₇BrN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=690.25 found [M+H]⁺=691.17, 693.18.

Example 3.43: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-naphthylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.69-8.62 (m, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.14-7.95 (m, 5H), 7.71 (dddd, J=18.4, 8.2, 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.13-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.85 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.90 (dd, J=6.6, 4.0 Hz, 6H). C₃₇H₅₀N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=662.35 found [M+H]⁺=663.32.

Example 3.44: Methyl 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-carboxymethylphenylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.24-8.10 (m, 4H), 7.58-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J=9.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.7, 3.8 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₀N₄O₇S calcd. m/z=670.34 found [M+H]⁺=671.10.

Example 3.45: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N—(N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)sulfamoyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-trifluoromethylbenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.78 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=8.1, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.5, 6.8 Hz, 4H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 1H), 6.48-6.40 (m, 1H), 5.11-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.92 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=9.3, 6.7 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₀F₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=709.35 found [M+H]⁺=710.02.

Example 3.46: (4S,E)-N-(Hexan-2-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and hexane-2-sulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.58-6.50 (m, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 1H), 3.65 (dt, J=10.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.93 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.27 (m, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.98-0.90 (m, 6H), 0.87 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). C₃₃H₅₆N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=620.40 found [M+H]⁺=621.55.

Example 3.47: (S,E)-N-(2-Methoxyethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-methoxyethanesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.82 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.93 (dd, J=14.8, 6.6 Hz, 6H). C₃₀H₅₀N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=594.35 found [M+H]⁺=595.44.

Example 3.48: (S,E)-N-(Cyclopentylmethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and cyclopentylmethanesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.61-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.52 (dd, J=7.0, 5.4 Hz, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.35 (p, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.16-1.89 (m, 6H), 1.77-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.45-1.26 (m, 5H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.93 (dd, J=11.3, 6.7 Hz, 6H). C₃₃H₅₄N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=618.38 found [M+H]⁺=619.54.

Example 3.49: (S)-Methyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methylbutanoate

To a mixture of the methyl ester of Example 3.51 (0.06 g, 0.15 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.014 g, 0.015 mmol), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.02 g, 0.25 equiv), magnesium acetate (0.013 g, 0.06 mmol), zinc dust (0.004 g, 0.06 mmol) and zinc cyanide (0.0264 g, 0.225 mmol) under a bath of nitrogen was added N,N-dimethylformamide/water (0.8/0.08 mL). The reaction was sparged with nitrogen gas, then the vial was sealed and immersed in an oil bath at 105° C. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight and allowed to cool to room temperature. HPLC-MS analysis indicated good conversion to the desired product. The reaction was concentrated at reduced pressure, suspended in CH₂Cl₂ and the resulting suspension purified by silica gel chromatography (15-25% EtOAc in Hexanes) to yield the final compound as a colorless oil (0.036 g, 69%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.69-7.35 (m, 4H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.45-1.25 (m, 12H).

Example 3.50: (S)-Methyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-(4-((tert-butoxycarbonylamino)methyl)phenyl)-3-methylbutanoate

To a solution of the benzonitrile (0.300 g, 0.87 mmol) in methanol/acetic acid (10:1, 9 mL) in a shaker vessel was added palladium black. The flask was charged with hydrogen gas at 60 psi and the shaker turned on for 24 h. At that time, the vessel was purged of H2 under reduced pressure. The reaction was diluted with methanol and the suspension filtered through a Celite® pad. The filtrate was concentrated to a slightly yellow oil and re-dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL). t-Butyl dicarbonate (0.524 g, 2.0 equiv) and triethylamine (0.846 mL, 5 equiv) were added to the solution at 0° C. with stirring. The reaction was allowed to stir for 3 h at which time HPLC-MS indicated complete consumption of the amine. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by silica gel chromatography (diethyl ether in hexanes, 15-30%) to yield the title compound as a colorless oil (0.232 g, 60%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.38 (dd, J=16.6, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 2.78 (s, 3H), 1.50-1.61 (m, 6H), 1.47 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 18H).

Example 3.51: (S)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic Acid

To a stirred solution of (S)-methyl 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoate (0.710 g, 1.77 mmol) in 1,4 dioxane (4 mL) was added water (lmL) (2 mL) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.367 g, 8.9 mmol). The reaction was heated to 50° C. and monitored by HPLC for completion. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, acidified to pH 3 with 1M citric acid and concentrated to near dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in ˜20 mL ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give analytically pure material that was used without further manipulation. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.60-1.42 (m, 15H).

Example 3.52: (S)-3-(4-Azidophenyl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic Acid

To an open pressure tube containing a magnetic stir bar was added Example 3.51 (0.690 g, 1.8 mmol), copper(I) iodide (0.034 g, 0.18 mmol), sodium azide (0.350 g, 5.4 mmol), N¹,N²-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (0.029 mL, 0.27 mmol), sodium ascorbate (0.036 g, 0.18 mmol), sodium hydroxide (0.072 g, 1.8 mmol), ethanol (6 mL) and water (1 mL). The suspension was sparged with nitrogen gas, the vessel was sealed and immersed in an oil bath at 105° C. with vigorous stirring. The course of reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS over the course of 24 h at which time little starting material remained. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (˜20 mL) and washed with brined. The aqueous layer was extracted 2× with ˜20 mL ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20-65% EtOAc (containing 2% v/v AcOH) in hexanes) to give the title compound as a colorless oil (0.475 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (dd, J=9.0, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 1.63-1.38 (m, 18H).

Example 3.53: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.49 and (S,E)-4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide using General Procedures 10, 11 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.83 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 5H), 6.39 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.95 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=11.2, 4.8 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=651.35 found [M+H]⁺=652.4.

Example 3.54: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.50 and (S,E)-4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide using General Procedures 10, 11 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.63 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 6.39 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 3H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.98-0.81 (m, 6H).

Example 3.55: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Azidophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.52 and (S,E)-4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide using General Procedures 11 and 12. C₃₄H₄₉N₇O₅S calcd. m/z=667.35 amu; found [M+H]⁺=668.4.

Example 3.56: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

To a stirred solution of Boc protected Example 3.55 (0.035 g, 0.046 mmol) in ethanol (1.6 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added zinc dust (0.015 g, 0.23 mmol) and ammonium chloride (0.025 g, 0.46 mmol). After 1 h HPLC-MS indicated complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was quenched with ammonium hydroxide (˜0.1 mL) and diluted with ethyl acetate (5 mL). The reaction was filtered, the solids washed with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and the biphasic filtrate transferred to a separatory funnel. The aqueous phase was washed twice with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and the organic phases were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The reaction product was purified by silica gel chromatography (5-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the Boc protected intermediate as a colorless glass (0.027 g, 66%). The intermediate was deprotected according to General Procedure 12 to give the title compound. C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=641.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=642.4.

Example 3.57: (S,E)-N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and cyclohexylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.61-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61-6.50 (m, 1H), 5.11-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.97-1.87 (m, 6H), 1.78-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.60 (td, J=14.2, 10.9 Hz, 2H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.44-1.23 (m, 6H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.93 (dd, J=13.7, 6.6 Hz, 7H). C₃₃H₅₄N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=618.38 found [M+H]⁺=619.47.

Example 3.58: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and pyridin-3-ylmethanesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.55 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J=5.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 0H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J=9.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 0H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.91 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 8H), 0.89 (dd, J=15.1, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₃H₅₄N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=627.35 found [M+H]⁺=628.35.

Example 3.59: 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic Acid

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and methyl 4-sulfamoylbenzoate using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.25-8.07 (m, 4H), 7.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.06 (q, J=9.0, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 6H).

Example 3.60: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.49 (p, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dtd, J=6.0, 4.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 7.64-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.53 (tt, J=5.4, 4.3, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.28 (m, 1H), 6.56-6.38 (m, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 3H), 2.49 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 3H), 2.14-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.57-1.28 (m, 6H), 1.14-0.94 (m, 9H), 0.95-0.85 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 172.26, 168.81, 167.10, 167.00, 144.95, 141.82, 138.82, 138.47, 135.31, 130.71, 130.38, 128.91, 127.36, 126.65, 126.32, 121.39, 71.20, 66.92, 57.87, 57.78, 42.05, 35.83, 34.15, 32.66, 30.84, 29.79, 26.95, 21.39, 19.84, 19.82, 15.45, 14.03. ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ−76.96, −77.07. C₃₅H₄₈F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=723.33 amu; found [M+H]⁺=724.30, [M+Na]+=746.30.

Example 3.61: (S,E)-N-(3-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.97 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.89 (m, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H). C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=627.35 found [M+H]⁺=628.36.

Example 3.62: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and pyridine-3-sulfonamide using General Procedures 2, and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 8.46 (dt, J=8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=8.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.88 (m, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 3H). C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=613.33 found [M+H]⁺=614.23.

Example 3.63: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and thiophene-2-sulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.93-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=5.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.93 (m, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3H). C₃₁H₄₆N₄O₅S₂ calcd. m/z=618.29 found [M+H]⁺=619.24.

Example 3.64: (S,E)-N-(4-Hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)benzenesulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 0.89 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). C₃₃H₄₈N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=628.33 found [M+H]⁺=629.38.

Example 3.65: 4-(Tritylthiomethyl)benzonitrile

Tritylmercaptan (1.48 g, 5.36 mmol, 1.05 eq) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 214 mg, 5.36 mmol, 1.05 eq) in THF (5 mL) under N2 at 0° C. After 15 min, 4-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile (1.00 g, 5.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (5 mL) was added and the reaction was allowed to come to rt. After 1 h, TLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The reaction was quenched by adding saturated ammonium chloride, then some dH₂O. The mixture was extracted three times with ether, washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a viscous yellow oil. Purification by flash chromatography gave the title compound (1.76 g, 88%) as a light white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.52 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 6H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H), 7.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (s, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₂₇H₂₁NS=391.14. Found [M+Na]⁺=414.13. R_f=0.32 (10% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.66: 1-(4-(Tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropanamine

4-(Tritylthiomethyl)benzonitrile (1.47 g, 3.75 mmol, 1.0 eq) was taken up in 40 mL THF, under N2 atmosphere, then cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added Ti(O-iPr)₄ (1.21 mL, 4.13 mmol, 1.1 eq), then ethylmagnesium bromide (3 M, 2.75 mL, 8.26 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added dropwise over 5 min. The dry-ice bath was removed, allowing the solution to reach rt. After 45 min at rt, BF3.Et₂O (0.93 mL, 7.51 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added to the now very dark reaction mixture. After stirring for an additional 2.5 h, the reaction was quenched with 5 mL of 2 M HCl, followed by pH adjustment to strong base with about 15 mL 2 M NaOH. Some water was added to the mixture, then it was extracted three times with 75 mL EtOAc, washed once with dH₂O, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a clear oil. The material was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (680 mg, 36%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 7.33 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 6H), 7.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.20 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 1.06 (dd, J=7.9, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (dd, J=7.9, 4.7 Hz, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₂₉H₂₇NS=421.19. Found [M+H]⁺=422.19. R_f=0.21 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.67: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropanamine (680 mg, 1.61 mmol, 1.0 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.448 mL, 3.22 mmol, 2.0 eq) and triethylamine (0.45 mL, 3.22 mmol, 2.0 eq). After two hours, TLC and HPLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 3 mL NaHCO3, then some dH2O was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organics were washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a yellow foam, giving the title compound (715 mg, 86%) in sufficient purity to move to the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.48 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 6H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 6H), 7.25 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 1.40-1.24 (m, 4H). m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₂₆F₃NOS=517.17. Found [M+Na]⁺=540.25. R_f=0.71 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.68: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(tritylthiomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide (715 mg, 1.38 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ was treated with 2.5 mL TFA. After 1 min, TIPSH (0.42 mL, 2.1 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added, causing the yellow color to fade. After 30 min, TLC indicated the reaction to be complete. The mixture was concentrated, then co-evaporated once with CH₂Cl₂ and twice with toluene. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (261 mg, 69%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.35-7.23 (m, 4H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (s, 4H). R_f=0.47 (20% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.69: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-(4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide (220 mg, 0.799 mmol, 1.0 eq) in acetonitrile were added dH2O (0.029 mL, 1.6 mmol, 2.0 eq), tetrabutylammonium chloride (110 mg, 0.40 mmol, 0.5 eq), then N-chlorosuccinimide (320 mg, 2.40 mmol, 3.0 eq). After 20 minutes, no starting material was visible by TLC. After 90 min, concentrated NH₄OH (0.18 mL, 3.2 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added. After 10 minutes, 1 mL of NH₄Cl was added, and the mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed twice with dH₂O, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a clear oil. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford the title compound (192 mg, 74%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.21 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 1.27 (dt, J=6.1, 2.3 Hz, 4H). R_f=0.26 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.70: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.69 using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.37 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 4H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 170.93, 168.81, 165.64, 143.58, 142.24, 136.87, 134.19, 130.64, 129.00, 127.63, 127.53, 125.95, 125.61, 69.90, 57.10, 57.02, 56.39, 40.73, 34.55, 34.25, 32.80, 30.60, 29.33, 28.39, 25.57, 20.11, 18.38, 18.34, 16.21, 16.15, 14.04, 12.85. C₃₉H₅₄F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=777.37 found [M+H]⁺=778.55.

Example 3.71: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.69 using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (s, 4H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 8H), 1.45-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 170.94, 169.00, 165.69, 143.57, 137.54, 137.12, 134.38, 131.43, 129.66, 128.98, 127.51, 125.98, 69.85, 65.51, 57.68, 57.15, 56.39, 40.72, 36.16, 34.51, 32.80, 30.68, 29.42, 28.40, 25.61, 20.14, 18.42, 18.39, 14.05, 12.86, 11.80. C₃₇H₅₅N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=681.39 found [M+H]⁺=682.49.

Example 3.72: 1-Phenylcyclopropanamine

The title compound was prepared as described in Bertus, P., Szymoniak, J. J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 7133-7136 from benzonitrile (1.0 mL, 9.7 mmol) to give 270 mg (21%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.15 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.06 (m, 2H), 1.07-0.95 (m, 2H). R_f=0.28 (5% (5% NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Example 3.73: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)acetamide

To a stirred solution of 1-phenylcyclopropanamine (270 mg, 2.03 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dioxane (5 mL), was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.310 mL, 2.23 mmol, 1.1 eq). After 5 min, TLC indicated complete conversion of starting material. The mixture was concentrated, then coevaporated once with CH₂Cl₂ and once with toluene to yield the title compound (453 mg, 97%) as a flaky white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.47-7.15 (m, 5H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 1.65 (s, 4H). m/z calcd. for C₁1H₁₀F₃NO=229.07. Found [M+H]⁺=230.14. R_f=0.82 (5% (5% NH₄OH/MeOH)/CH₂Cl₂).

Example 3.74: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide

To stirred chlorosulfonic acid (0.78 mL, 11.8 mmol, 6.0 eq) at 0° C., was added solid 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)acetamide (450 mg, 1.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) portionwise, keeping the temperature low. After complete addition, the mixture was heated to 50° C. After 10 minutes, gas evolution ceased, and the reaction was allowed to cool. The mixture was added slowly to a beaker of ice, being mindful of splattering. The solid that was left in the ice was filtered off. This solid was dried in vacuo and then taken up in THF (4 mL). Concentrated NH₄OH (0.44 mL, 7.85 mmol, 4.0 eq) was added, turning the solution green-black. After 2 min, TLC indicated complete consumption of the sulfonylchloride intermediate. 2M HCl was added until the color faded, then the mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc, washed once with saturated NaHCO₃, once with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to a flaky solid. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compound (235 mg, 39%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.28 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (s, 2H), 1.42-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 2H). m/z calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁F₃N₂O₃S=308.04. Found [M+H]⁺=309.07. R_f=0.27 (50% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.75: (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl) phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.3.74 using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.33 (m, 4H), 6.47 (dd, J=9.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 2H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H). C₃₇H₅₀F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=763.36 found [M+H]⁺=764.45.

Example 3.76: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropyl)acetamide using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.13 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.51-1.46 (m, 5H), 1.46-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.7, 1.7 Hz, 6H). C₃₆H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=667.38 found [M+H]⁺=668.40.

Example 3.77: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-methylbenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-methylbenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.61-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.98 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₅₂N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=640.37 found [M+H]+=641.41.

Example 3.78: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-nitrobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.95 (dt, J=11.4, 6.6 Hz, 4H), 1.89 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₇S calcd. m/z=671.34 found [M+H]⁺=672.36.

Example 3.79: (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-chlorobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.39 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₄₉ClN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=660.31 found [M+H]⁺=661.32.

Example 3.80: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and homobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 3H), 6.47 (dd, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (td, J=7.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.12 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₅₂N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=640.37 found [M+H]⁺=641.36.

Example 3.81: (S,E)-N-(4-Bromobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-bromobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.60-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.03-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H) C₃₄H₄₉BrN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=704.26 found [M+H]⁺=705.23.

Example 3.82: (S,E)-N-(4-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-cyanobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.64-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=651.35 found [M+H]⁺=652.38.

Example 3.83: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-nitrobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.29 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₇S calcd. m/z=671.34 found [M+H]⁺=672.39.

Example 3.84: (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylbenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-t-butylbenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J=9.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). C₃₈H₅₈N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=682.41 found [M+H]⁺=683.47.

Example 3.85: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-nitrobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.03 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (td, J=7.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (td, J=7.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₄₉N₅O₇S calcd. m/z=671.34 found [M+H]⁺=672.39.

Example 3.86: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrophenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-nitro-homobenzylsulfonamide using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J=9.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=14.9, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=12.9, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₅₁N₅O₇S calcd. m/z=685.35 found [M+H]⁺=686.38.

Example 3.87: Methyl 4-Chloro-3-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and methyl 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoate using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.80 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (dd, J=8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.63-6.56 (m, 1H), 5.02 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.96-0.87 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 170.87, 165.65, 164.87, 143.61, 137.01, 136.04, 134.29, 133.23, 131.81, 129.16, 128.98, 128.88, 127.50, 125.98, 69.81, 65.53, 57.39, 56.35, 56.15, 55.37, 51.86, 40.70, 34.51, 32.77, 30.80, 29.39, 28.44, 26.18, 25.56, 20.06, 18.40, 14.06, 12.74. C₃₅H₄₉ClN₄O₇S calcd. m/z=704.30 amu; found [M+H]⁺=705.25, [M+Na]+=727.25.

Example 3.88: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)benzyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available (4-(aminomethyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide and TFAA using General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.56 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H).

Example 3.89: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.88 using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.57-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.45 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (p, J=8.8, 7.9 Hz, 5H), 6.37 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.09-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.44 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.45 (d, J=17.5 Hz, 3H), 2.02-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.95-0.81 (m, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ−76.94, −77.24. C₃₇H₅₂F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=751.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=752.46, [M+Na]+=774.38.

Example 3.90: (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.88 using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.60-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J=9.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.83 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.4; found [M+H]⁺=656.3, [M+2H]2+=328.8.

Example 3.91: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized from commercially available (4-aminophenyl)methanesulfonamide and TFAA using General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.31 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H).

Example 3.92: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.91 using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.68 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=10.6, 5.0 Hz, 3H), 6.34 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.93 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.88 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (s, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ−76.97, −77.05. C₃₆H₅₀F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=737.34 amu; found [M+H]⁺=738.38, [M+Na]+=760.35.

Example 3.93: (S,E)-N-(4-Aminobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.91 using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.39 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=641.4; found [M+H]⁺=642.3.

Example 3.94: 4-(Azidomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a stirred solution of 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (0.50 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was added sodium azide (0.20 g). The suspension was heated to 50° C. for 3 hours at which points the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to dryness to give the title compound as a syrup that solidified on standing. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.06-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.44 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H).

Example 3.95: 4-(Aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a solution of 4-(azidomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (0.354 g) in methanol (10 mL) in a round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was added 10% Pd/C (˜0.05 g). The flask was evacuated of gases at reduced pressure and charged with hydrogen. This evacuation and charge was repeated three times at which point the suspension was left to stir overnight. At 16 h, TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was diluted with methanol (40 mL), Celite was added and the mixture was filtered through a fritted glass funnel. The resulting solution was concentrated to dryness. ¹H NMR suggested that the material was sufficiently clean at this stage for further use without purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 3.76 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H).

Example 3.96: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)acetamide

The title compound was synthesized by reaction of 4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide with TFAA according to General Procedure 8, with a ¹H NMR spectrum that was complicated by rotamers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.31 (m, 4H), 4.72 (m, 2H), 4.47 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 2H).

Example 3.97: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)methyl)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.96 using General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.02 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.42 (m, 7H), 7.35 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.83 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.53 (s, 1H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ−76.94, −77.26. C₃₆H₅₀F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=737.34 amu; found [M+H]⁺=738.39, [M+Na]+=760.41

Example 3.98: (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Prepared from Example 3.16 and Example 3.96 using General Procedures 9, 10 and 12 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.13 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.13-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.7, 2.0 Hz, 7H). C₃₄H₅₁N₅OS calcd. m/z=641.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=642.4.

Example 3.99: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.51 and (S,E)-4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide using General Procedures 11 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.62 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 5H), 6.38 (dd, J=9.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.94-0.86 (m, 6H). C₃₄H₄₉BrN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=704.26 amu; found [M+H]⁺=705.29, [M+Na]⁺=727.36.

Example 3.100: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 13 from Boc protected Example 3.99 and 4-acetylphenylboronic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.15-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.76 (m, 4H), 7.66 (dd, J=14.7, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 5H), 6.39 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.53 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 3H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.54 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 9H), 0.96-0.83 (m, 6H). C₄₂H₅₆N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=744.39 amu; found [M+H]⁺=745.42, [M+Na]⁺=767.36.

Example 3.101: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 13 from Boc protected Example 3.99 and 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.74-7.53 (m, 6H), 7.38 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 5H), 7.08-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.43-6.35 (m, 1H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.99 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.96-0.85 (m, J=6.0, 5.1 Hz, 6H). C₄₁H₅₆N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=732.39 amu; found [M+H]⁺=733.41, [M+Na]⁺=755.40.

Example 3.102: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 13 from Boc protected Example 3.99 and phenylboronic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.86-7.51 (m, 6H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 6H), 6.39 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 3H), 2.55 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 9H), 0.96-0.83 (m, 6H). C₄₀H₅₄N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=702.38 amu; found [M+H]⁺=703.40, [M+Na]+=725.45.

Example 3.103: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-(4-(4-methylstyryl)phenyl)butanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 13 from Boc protected Example 3.99 and (E)-4-methylstyrylboronic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.65 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (s, 5H), 7.26-7.11 (m, 4H), 6.39 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.97-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.12 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.93 (m, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 9H), 0.91 (tq, J=10.8, 4.9 Hz, 6H). C₄₃H₅₈N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=742.41 amu; found [M+H]⁺=743.44, [M+Na]+=765.41.

Example 3.104: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 14 from Boc protected Example 3.99. Major diastereomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.44 (dd, J=12.9, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.00 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.92-0.86 (m, 6H). Minor diastereomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.44 (dd, J=12.9, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.00 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.92 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.92-0.86 (m, 6H). C₃₅H₅₂N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=656.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=657.35, [M+Na]+=679.25.

Example 3.105: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((R)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to General Procedure 14 from Boc protected (S,E)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide. The two diastereomeric products resulted from diastereomerically impure starting material and were separable by prep-scale HPLC. Major diastereomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.51-7.32 (m, 6H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.98-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J=9.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.93 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=6.6, 3.4 Hz, 6H). Minor diastereomer: refer to Example 3.106 (immediately following) for ¹H NMR spectral data C₃₅H₅₂N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=656.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=657.36, [M+Na]+=679.29.

Example 3.106: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared according to Example 3.105. The two diastereomeric products resulted from diastereomerically impure starting material and were separable by prep-scale HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.39 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 6H), 7.11 (dd, J=4.9, 2.8 Hz, 3H), 6.38 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.90 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₂N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=656.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=657.36, [M+Na]+=679.32.

Example 3.107: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared as follows: a mixture of Boc protected Example 3.99, CuI (10 mol %), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (20 mol %), Cs₂CO₃ (2.5 eq), and ethylene glycol (90 eq) was stirred under N₂ at 130° C. for 20 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with H₂O, carefully acidified with 1M citric acid and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (5×). The organics were combined, washed with brine (1×), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel column chromatography (eluted with AcOH/EtOAc/hexanes mixtures) to afford the cross-coupled product which was subsequently deprotected and purified according to General Procedure 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.46 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 5H), 7.05 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.28 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.90 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 2.50 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 3H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.94 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 3H), 1.56-1.34 (m, 6H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.90 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 6H). C₃₆H₅₄N₄O₇S calcd. m/z=686.37 amu; found [M+H]⁺=687.42, [M+Na]+=709.37.

Example 3.108: S-2-(4-((S)-4-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(benzylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-2-methyl-3-(methylamino)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl Ethanethioate

Title compound was prepared as follows: Tributylphosphine (6 eq) was added to a cold (0° C.) stirring solution of di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (6 eq) in THF. After 0.5 h, a solution of the Boc protected Example 3.107 (1 eq) in THF was added, followed by a solution of AcSH (4.5 eq) in THF. The pale yellow mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h then at ambient temperature for 23 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in EtOAc and successively washed with 1M HCl (2×), sat'd NH₄Cl (1×) and brine (1×). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel column chromatography (eluted with AcOH/EtOAc/hexanes mixtures) to afford the Boc-protected thioacetate product (HPLC/MS-[M+Na]⁺=867.47). The thioacetate was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and treated with TFA. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The yellow/brown residue was dissolved in minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂, cooled to 0° C. and treated with ether to precipitate out the desired aminothioacetate as an off-white solid in 10% yield over two synthetic steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.46 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 5H), 7.03 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 2.49 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 6H). C₃₈H₅₆N₄O₇S₂ calcd. m/z=744.36 amu; found [M+H]⁺=745.39, [M+Na]⁺=777.32.

Example 3.109: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared as follows: Et₃N (4 eq) was added to a cold (0° C.) stirring solution of MsCl (3.7 eq) in CH₂Cl₂. After 2 min, a solution of the Boc protected Example 3.107 in CH₂Cl₂ was added. The pale yellow mixture was stirred cold for 5 min and then at ambient temperature for 72 h. The resulting mixture was dilute with EtOAc and successively washed with 1M citric acid (1×), 1M NaHCO₃ (1×) and brine (1×). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the mesylated-alcohol (HPLC/MS-[M+Na]⁺=887.42) which was used in the next step without further purification.

The mesylate was dissolved in DMF and treated with NaN₃ (7 eq). The resulting suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h and then at 60° C. for 5 h. The reaction mix was diluted with H₂O, acidified with 1M HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (4×). The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the azido product (HPLC/MS-[M+Na]⁺=834.44) which was used in the next step without further purification.

The azide was dissolved in THF/H₂O (10:1) and treated with tributylphosphine (3.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 21 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in EtOAc and successively washed with 1M HCl (3×), 1M NaHCO3 (3×), H2O (2×) and brine (2×). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via silica gel column chromatography (eluted with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ mixtures) to afford the primary amine as a white solid (HPLC/MS-[M+H]⁺=786.45).

The amine was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and treated with TFA. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The off-white solid residue was dissolved in minimal amount of MeOH, cooled to 0° C. and treated with ether to precipitate out the desired diamine product as an off-white solid in 6% yield over four synthetic steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.50 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (s, 5H), 7.09 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.94 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=9.7, 6.6 Hz, 6H). C₃₈H₅₅N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=685.39 amu; found [M+H]⁺=686.32, [M+Na]⁺=708.27, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=343.77.

Example 3.110: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.27 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (dt, J=13.3, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6, 3.5 Hz, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ−76.96, −77.73. C₃₅H₄₈F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=723.33 amu; found [M+H]⁺=723.34, [M+Na]+=746.23.

Example 3.111: (S,E)-N-(2-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.75 (dd, J=8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J=9.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.92 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=627.35 amu; found [M+H]⁺=628.36, [M+Na]+=650.37, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=314.76.

Example 3.112: (S,E)-N-(Biphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared using from Boc protected Example 3.69 with phenylboronic acid according to General Procedures 13 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.12 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=11.6, 7.6 Hz, 4H), 7.45 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 7.36 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). C₃₉H₅₂N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=688.37 amu; found [M+H]⁺=689.10, [M+Na]⁺=711.32.

Example 3.113: (S,E)-N-(4′-Aminobiphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Boc protected Example 3.81 with 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenylboronic acid according to General Procedures 13 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.45 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.98-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.92 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 6H). C₃₉H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=703.38 amu; found [M+H]⁺=704.26, [M+Na]+=726.41, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=352.77.

Example 3.114: (S,E)-N-(4-Fluorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 4-fluorobenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.60-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J=9.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.90 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₉FN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=644.34 found [M+H]⁺=645.32.

Example 3.115: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-trifluorobenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.74-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.61 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.89 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₄₉F₃N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=694.34 found [M+H]⁺=695.38.

Example 3.116: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-trifluoromethoxybenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 3H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.90 (dd, J=6.6, 4.3 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₄₉F₃N₄O₆S calcd. m/z=710.33 found [M+H]⁺=711.38.

Example 3.117: (S,E)-N-(3,4-Dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (td, J=5.2, 4.5, 1.9 Hz, 4H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=9.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.90 (dd, J=6.6, 4.9 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₈Cl₂N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=694.27 found [M+H]⁺=695.32.

Example 3.118: (S,E)-N-(2-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-cyanobenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (td, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=10.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.98 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₅H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=651.35 found [M+H]⁺=652.38.

Example 3.119: (S,E)-N-(3-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 3-chlorobenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 4H), 7.32 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₉ClN₄O₅S calcd. m/z=660.31 found [M+H]⁺=661.32.

Example 3.120: (107) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2-ethylbenzylsulfonamide according to General Procedures 9 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.79 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.38 found [M+H]⁺=656.4.

Example 3.121: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.51-6.42 (m, 1H), 4.98 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₈F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=711.33 found [M+H]⁺=712.4.

Example 3.122: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-2,3-dimethylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=6.8, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.38 found [M+H]⁺=656.4.

Example 3.123: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.74 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.46 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=7.1 Hz, 6H). C₃₇H₅₅N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=681.39 found [M+H]⁺=682.4.

Example 3.124: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-methyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.10-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₅₁N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=641.36 found [M+H]⁺=642.4.

Example 3.125: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.62-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). C₃₃H₄₈FN₅O₅S calcd. m/z=645.34 found [M+H]⁺=646.4.

Example 3.126: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-ethyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.66 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.54 (dd, J=7.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, 6H) C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.38 found [M+H]⁺=656.5.

Example 3.127: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide

Title compound was prepared from Example 3.16 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9, 10 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=14.5, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=7.0 Hz, 6H). C₃₄H₄₈F₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=695.33 found [M+H]⁺=696.4.

Example 3.128: (S)-1-Isopropyl-N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(3-mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)piperidine-2-carboxamide

To a solution of (S,E)-ethyl 4-((S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoate (0.373 g, 0.905 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL). The reaction was monitored by HPLC and upon complete conversion of the starting material concentrated under reduced pressure. N-isopropyl-pipecolic acid (0.200 g, 1.3 equiv) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and stirred at 0° C., to which was added HBTU (0.450 g, 1.3 equiv) and N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.400 μL, 2.5 equiv). After 10 minutes, the above deprotected dipeptide was added as a solution in CH₂Cl₂ (˜1 mL). The reaction was monitored by HPLC for complete consumption of the dipeptide at which time the entire reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction mixture was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and purified by silica gel chromatography (1-20% MeOH (5% NH₄OH) in CH₂Cl₂).

The resulting ester was saponified with LiOH in 1,4-dioxane. The resulting carboxylic acid (0.128 g, 0.29 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and to the stirred solution was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.084 g, 1.4 equiv), N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.05 g, 1.4 equiv) and 3-(tritylthio)propane-1-sulfonamide (0.174 g, 1.5 equiv). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and monitored for reaction progress by HPLC-MS. When the reaction was complete, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (5-30% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give the S-trityl derivative of the parent compound as a colorless oil (0.056 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.44-7.35 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.15 (m, 9H), 6.56 (dd, J=9.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (dd, J=10.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J=11.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.92 (td, J=12.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.18-1.70 (m, 15H), 1.61 (ddt, J=12.8, 8.4, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (dd, J=30.1, 6.7 Hz, 7H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.88 (dd, J=37.3, 6.5 Hz, 6H).

Finally, the trityl protected thiol was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid was added (0.6 mL) with triisopropyl silane (0.1 mL). The reaction was monitored by HPLC-MS and upon completion, was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (˜0.8 mL) with a couple of drops of ethanol and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Cold diethyl ether (˜3 mL) was added with vigorous stirring to generate a white precipitate which was collected by filtration on a Buchner funnel at dried under high vacuum to yield the parent compound as an amorphous white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 6.52 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (dd, J=10.7, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 4.16-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.48 (dd, J=13.3, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.03-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.68 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.24-1.77 (m, 11H), 1.61 (s, 1H), 1.31 (dd, J=27.2, 6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=34.1, 6.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 3.129: (S)—N—((S)-1-((S)-2-((E)-3-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-proline and Example 3.15 according to General Procedures 15, 16, 9, 10, 12 and others from Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199. The compound was isolated as two diastereoisomers in an approximately 1:1 ratio. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.57-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.39 (dd, J=9.4, 1.6 Hz, 0.5H), 6.31 (dd, J=8.2, 1.5 Hz, 0.5H), 4.72 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 0.5H), 4.66-4.56 (m, 0.5H), 4.40 (s, 0.5H), 4.28 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (m, 0.5H), 3.76-3.56 (m, 3H), 2.77-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.59 (m, 3H), 2.39-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.72 (m, 7H), 1.61-1.33 (m, 6H), 1.15-0.85 (m, 11H). C₂₉H₄₆N₄O₅S₂ calcd. m/z=594.35 found [M+H]⁺=595.3.

Example 3.130: (S)—N—((S)-1-(2-(3-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-homoproline and Example 3.15 according to General Procedures 15, 16, 9, 10, 12 and others from Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199. The compound was isolated as two diastereoisomers in an approximately 2:3 ratio. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (m, 3H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 0.6H), 6.79 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 0.4H), 5.66 (m, 0.6H), 5.12 (m, 0.4H), 5.05 (s, 0.6H), 4.86 (s, 0.4H), 4.42 (d, J=14.9 Hz, 0.4H), 4.35 (s, 0.6H), 4.26 (s, 0.4H), 4.12 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 0.6H), 3.64 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (m, 0.6H), 2.94 (td, J=13.8, 2.6 Hz, 0.4H), 2.68 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (m, 3H), 2.10 (m, 3.5H), 1.97 (s, 1.5H), 1.90-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.65-1.29 (m, 6H), 1.07 (s, 3.5H), 1.04 (s, 4.5H) ppm. C₃₀H₄₇N₄O₅S₂ calcd. m/z=608.31; found [M+H]⁺=609.32.

Example 3.131: (S)—N—((S)-1-(2-(3-(4-(Mercaptomethyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide

The title compound was synthesized from Boc-homoproline and Example 3.20 according to General Procedures 15, 16, 9, 10, 12 and others from Nieman J. A. et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199. The compound was isolated as two diastereoisomers in an approximately 2:3 ratio. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 0.8H), 8.00 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1.2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 0.6H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 0.4H), 6.74 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (m, 0.6H), 5.06 (m, 0.4H), 5.02 (s, 0.6H), 4.84 (s, 0.4H), 4.39 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 0.4H), 4.34 (s, 0.6H), 4.20 (s, 0.4H), 4.08 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 0.6H), 3.83 (s, 1.2H), 3.73 (s, 0.8H), 3.35 (m, 0.6H), 2.93 (td, J=13.6, 3.0 Hz, 0.4H), 2.55 (m, 3H), 2.00 (s, 1H), 1.90-1.51 (m, 7H), 1.51-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.30 (s, 1H), 1.15 (s, 1H), 1.04 (s, 3.5H), 1.01 (s, 4.5H) ppm. C₃₄H₄₇N₄O₅S₂ calcd. m/z=656.31; found [M+H]⁺=657.30.

Example 3.132: MC-VC-PABC-3.90

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedures 20 and 12 from Boc protected Example 3.90. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.58 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.22 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 5.04 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.53 (dd, J=9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.19 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.26-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.30 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.53 (m, 7H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.35-1.27 (m, 2H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.00 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₆₄H₉₁N₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1253.7; found [M+H]⁺=1254.8.

Example 3.133: 4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)benzyl 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzylcarbamate (MC-VC-PABC-3.98)

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedures 20 and 12 to Boc protected Example 3.98. C₆₃H₈₉N₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1239.6; found [M+H]⁺=1240.9.

Example 3.134: MC-VC-PABC-3.93

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedures 20 and 12 to Boc protected Example 3.93. C₆₃H₈₉NO₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1239.6; found [M+H]⁺=1240.9.

Example 3.135: MC-VC-PABC-3.54

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedure 20 to Example 3.54. C₆₄H₉₁N₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1253.65; found [M+H]⁺=1254.75, [M+2H]₂₊=628.20.

Example 3.136: (R)—N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hexanamide

A suspension of the Example 3.27 and 10% palladium on carbon (25 mol % Pd) in glacial acetic acid was stirred under a H₂ atmosphere (1 atm) at ambient temperature. After 142 h, the reaction suspension was passed through a bed of Celite, rinsed with MeOH (5×) and concentrated in vacuo. The residual light brown crude film was dissolved and purified on the preparative HPLC (30-70% MeCN/H₂O with 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford one diastereomer of the reduced product as a pale yellow solid in 15% yield ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.31 (m, 6H), 5.01 (s, 1H), 4.79 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.27 (m, J=10.3, 7.0, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (ddd, J=13.5, 10.6, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (s, 9H), 1.04 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₄H₅₂N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=628.37 amu; found [M+H]⁺=629.6, [M+Na]⁺=651.

Example 3.137: 3-Methyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)-butanoic Acid

To a vigorously stirred solution of bromobenzene (4.70 g, 30.0 mmol) and 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid (1.00 g, 10.0 mmol) in 20 mL CH₂Cl₂ cooled to −10° C. in an NH₄Cl(aq)/ice bath, solid AlCl₃ was added portion-wise, keeping the internal temperature below −5° C. The solution turned yellow, then brown after addition. After one hour, analysis by LC and TLC indicated complete consumption of the limiting reagent. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 1 M citric acid, causing the brown color to fade to yellow. The resulting sloppy suspension was extracted four times with 20 mL Et₂O, the combined organics washed with NaCl(sat), dried over Na₂SO₄(s), and concentrated in vacuo with heating to 45° C. to remove solvent and residual bromobenzene. The resulting oil solidified slowly. Recrystallization of the crude solid in hexanes afforded the title compound (1.29 g, 50%) as clusters of white prisms. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.42 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 6H). C₁₁H₁₃BrO₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=257.02 amu; found m/z=257.03. R_f=0.21 (20% (2% AcOH/EtOAc)/Hex).

Example 3.138: 3-Methyl-3-(3-bromophenyl)-butanoic Acid

The title compound was prepared in the same manner as 3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoic acid in Nieman J. A., et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 183-199, using bromobenzene in place of benzene as the solvent, and substituting the acid-base workup with a simple extraction of the reaction mixture from 1 M citric acid and three successive recrystallizations from hexanes. From a crude product enriched in the desired meta isomer as a 2:1 mixture, the title compound could be obtained as white stubby needles in greater than 95% purity. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.49 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (ddd, J=7.9, 1.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (ddd, J=7.9, 1.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H). C₁₁H₁₃BrO₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=257.02 amu; found m/z=257.01. R_f=0.21 (20% (2% AcOH/EtOAc)/Hex).

Example 3.139: (S)-Methyl 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoate

The title compound was synthesized from Example 3.137 according to the sequence of procedures described by Nieman et al. for the synthesis of(S)-methyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoate.

Example 3.140: (S)-2-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-(4-((14-hydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutanoic Acid

To a stirred solution of Example 3.81 (157 mg, 0.405 mmol) in pentaethylene glycol (1.5 mL) were added CsCO₃ (330 mg, 1.01 mmol), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (57 mg, 0.24 mmol), and CuI (23 mg, 0.12 mmol). Nitrogen was blown into the flask, then it was sealed and heated to 130° C., the solution quickly turning red to brown to black. After 40 h, the reaction looked to be nearly complete by HPLC analysis. Thus, the mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature, diluted with H₂O, and transferred to a larger Erlenmeyer with a stir bar. This mixture was carefully acidified to pH ˜3 with 1 M citric acid, paying attention not to allow the foamy mixture to spill over. The mixture was then extracted five times with CH₂Cl₂, the combined organic extracts washed with NaCl(sat), dried over Na₂SO₄(s), and concentrated in vacuo to yield about 300 mg of crude oil. Purification by flash chromatography (1-10% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)) yielded the title compound (66 mg, 30%) as a clear film which existed as a set of N-Boc rotamers an approximate 2:1 ratio. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.35 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1.3H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 0.7H), 6.87 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.07 (s, 0.7H), 4.93 (s, 0.3H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.86 (m, 2H), 3.70 (m, 16H), 2.83 (s, 1H), 2.72 (s, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H). C₂₇H₄₅NO₁₀ calcd. [M+H]⁺=544.31 amu; found m/z=544.36. R_f=0.36 (5% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)).

Example 3.141: (S)-2-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-(4-(2-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutanoic Acid

The title compound was prepared according to the above method from Example 3.81 (132 mg, 0.341 mmol), CsCO₃ (278 mg, 0.853 mmol), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (24 mg, 0.10 mmol), and CuI (10 mg, 0.051 mmol). Flash chromatography (1-10% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)) gave the title compound (66 mg, 38%) as a clear oil in an approximate 2:1 ratio of N-Boc rotamers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.34 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1.3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 0.7H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.05 (s, 0.7H), 4.91 (s, 0.3H), 4.13 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.87-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.60 (m, 10H), 3.59 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 2.80 (s, 1H), 2.69 (s, 2H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H). C₂₅H₄₁NO₉ calcd. [M+H]⁺=500.29 amu; found m/z=500.36. R_f=0.46 (5% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)).

Example 3.142: (S)-3-(3-((14-Hydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanoic Acid

The precursor to the title compound, (S)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic acid, was prepared from Example 3.138 by following the procedures in Neiman et al. Thus, following the procedures above, from (S)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (166 mg, 0.43 mmol), CsCO₃ (330 mg, 1.01 mmol), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (31 mg, 0.13 mmol), and CuI (12.3, 0.060 mmol) in 1.5 mL pentaethylene glycol heated to 130° C. for two days, the title compound (73 mg, 31%) was obtained as a clear oil after flash chromatography (1-10% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)) in an approximate 2:1 ratio of N-Boc rotamers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.17 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 0.7H), 4.93 (s, 0.3H), 4.25-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.43 (s, 14H), 2.72 (s, 1H), 2.65 (s, 1H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H). C₂₇H₄₅NO₁₀ calcd. [M+H]⁺=544.31 amu; found m/z=544.34.

Example 3.143: (6S,9S,12S,E)-Ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-(4-((16-oxo-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-15-thiaheptadecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate

(S)-2-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-(4-((14-hydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid (65 mg, 0.120 mmol) was coupled to (S,E)-ethyl 4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoate with HATU and DIPEA following the same stoichiometry and procedure as described in the general coupling procedures in Nieman et al. to give an intermediate free alcohol after purification by flash chromatography (1-10% MeOH/(2% AcOH/EtOAc)). Next, to triphenylphosphine (40 mg, 0.15 mmol) in 0.75 mL THF under N2 at 0° C., di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate (35 mg, 0.15 mmol) was added in one portion. After 35 minutes, a white precipitate crashed out and the reaction became difficult to stir. To this suspension, a solution of the intermediate alcohol (42 mg, 0.050 mmol) in 0.75 mL THF was added diluting the precipitate enough to restore stirring. Five minutes later, thioacetic acid (5.7 mg, 0.075 mmol) in 0.05 mL THF was added causing all yellow color to fade from the mixture. After 30 min, the reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The precipitate disappeared after another 15 min, and analysis by TLC and LCMS showed nearly complete conversion. After another 40 minutes, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then subjected directly to flash chromatography (40-100% EtOAc/Hex then to 10% MeOH/EtOAc) to yield the title compound (26 mg, 57%) as a clear film. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1.3H), 7.31 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 0.7H), 6.97-6.72 (m, 2H), 6.62 (dd, J=9.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (s, 0.7H), 5.12-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 0.3H), 4.69 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 0.3H), 4.60 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 0.7H), 4.19 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (td, J=4.6, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.61 (m, 10H), 3.59 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.97-2.91 (m, 3H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (s, 9H). C₄₆H₇₇N₃O₁₂S calcd. [M+H]⁺=896.53 amu; found m/z=896.77. R_f=0.56 (80% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.144: (6S,9S,12S,E)-Ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-(4-((13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-thiatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate

The title compound was prepared from (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino)-3-(4-(2-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy) ethoxy)phenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid (66 mg, 0.065 mmol) following the same procedure described above to give 32 mg (57%) as a clear film after flash chromatography (20-100% EtOAc/Hex)¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.44 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1.3H), 7.32 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 0.7H), 6.95-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.62 (dd, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 0.7H), 5.13-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 0.3H), 4.69 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 0.3H), 4.60 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 0.7H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (td, J=4.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (dd, J=5.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.70-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.60 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.96-2.88 (m, 3H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.88 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 2H), 1.43 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 11H), 1.35 (s, 2H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (s, 9H). C₄₄H₇₃N₃O₁₁S calcd. [M+H]⁺=852.51 amu; found m/z=852.79. R_f=0.60 (60% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.145: (6S,9S,12S,E)-Ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-(3-((16-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-thiatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate

The title compound was prepared from (S)-3-(3-((14-hydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanoic acid (73 mg, 0.080 mmol) following the same procedure described above to give 66 mg (47%) as a clear film after flash chromatography (20-100% EtOAc/Hex). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ (ppm) 7.25-6.92 (m, 3H), 6.78-6.70 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (s, 0.7H), 5.12-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.89 (s, 0.3H), 4.74-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.19 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.84 (td, J=5.0, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.61 (m, 14H), 3.60 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.97-2.75 (m, 6H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.35 (m, 16H), 1.26 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (s, 9H). C₄₆H₇₇N₃O₁₂S calcd. [M+H]⁺=896.53 amu; found m/z=896.68. R_f=0.61 (75% EtOAc/Hex).

Example 3.146: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-((14-Mercapto-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid Disulfide

The title compound was prepared by saponification, then TFA promoted Boc removal, according to the exact methods described in Nieman et al. from (6S,9S,12S,E)-ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-(4-((16-oxo-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-15-thiaheptadecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate (26 mg, 0.029 mmol) to afford the title compound (16 mg, 90%) as a clear glass after complete removal of excess TFA. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ (ppm) 8.43 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.08-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.80 (dq, J=9.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.21-4.12 (m, 2H), 3.93-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.76 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.76-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.62 (m, 10H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 3H), 2.14-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.94 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.40 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 3H). C₇₄H₁₂₄N₆O₁₈S₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=1449.85 amu; found m/z=1450.49.

Example 3.147: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-((14-mercapto-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid

Compound of Example 3.146 is reduced according to the methods below to produce the subject compound.

Example 3.148: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-(2-(2-(2-Mercaptoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid Disulfide

The title compound was prepared by saponification, then TFA promoted Boc removal, according to the exact methods described in Nieman et al. from (6S,9S,12S,E)-ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7, 10-trioxo-6-(2-(4-((13-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-thiatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate (32 mg, 0.037 mmol) to afford the title compound (29 mg, 86%) as a clear glass after complete removal of excess TFA. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ (ppm) 8.39 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=5.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.72-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.60 (m, 6H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.89 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.11-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.91 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.92-0.87 (m, 6H). C₇₀H₁₁₈N₆O₁₆S₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=1361.80 amu; found m/z=1362.26.

Example 3.149: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-(2-(2-(2-mercaptoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid

Compound of Example 3.148 is reduced according to the methods below to produce the subject compound.

Example 3.150: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-((14-Mercapto-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid

The title compound was prepared by saponification, then TFA promoted Boc removal, according to the exact methods described in Nieman et al. from (6S,9S,12S,E)-ethyl 9-(tert-butyl)-12-isopropyl-2,2,5,11,14-pentamethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-(2-(3-((16-oxo-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-15-thiaheptadecyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazapentadec-13-en-15-oate (56 mg, 0.029 mmol) to afford the title compound (43 mg, 82%) as an off-white foam after complete removal of excess TFA. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ (ppm) 8.48 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.95 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.97-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 4.24-4.13 (m, 2H), 3.95-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.58 (m, 14H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.94 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.93 (dt, J=11.2, 3.4 Hz, 15H). C₇₄H₁₂₄N₆O₁₈S₂ calcd. [M+H]⁺=1449.85 amu; found m/z=1450.06.

Example 3.151: (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-((14-mercapto-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic Acid

Compound of Example 3.150 is reduced according to the methods below to produce the subject compound.

Example 3.152: (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide

The title compound was synthesized from (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-3-cyclohexyl-3-methylbutanoic acid as prepared by Zask et al., J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, (19), 4774-4786 and (S,E)-4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide, prepared using General Procedures 15, 16, 10 and 9 by application of General Procedures 11 and 12. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.38 (s, 5H), 6.37 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.91 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.45-1.28 (m, 3H), 1.29-1.01 (m, 17H), 0.95-0.75 (m, 9H). C₃₄H₅₆N₄O₅S calcd. m/z=632.40 found [M+H]⁺=633.35.

Example 3.153: MC-VC-PABC-3.71

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedure 20 and 12 to Boc protected Example 3.58. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (s, 2H), 6.37 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.13-5.01 (m, 3H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 4.56-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 4.23-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.50 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.27-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.04 (m, 4H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.15-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.64 (dq, J=23.1, 7.3 Hz, 7H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.37-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.27 (s, 2H), 1.21 (s, 2H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). C₆₆H₉₃N₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1279.7 found [M+H]⁺=1281.0.

Example 3.154: MC-VC-PABC-3.76

The title compound was prepared by application of General Procedures 20 and 12 to Boc protected Example 3.76. C₆₅H₉₁N₁₁O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1265.7 found [M+H]⁺=1266.7.

It is understood to those skilled in the art that it may be possible to carry out the chemical conversions shown in the schemes above with modifications of one or more parameters. As examples, alternate non-nucleophilic solvents may be suitable for the chemistry, such as THF, DMF, Toluene etc. Reaction temperatures may be varied. Alternate reagents may be suitable to act as dehydrating or acid-activating agents which are normally used in amide formation reactions, such as pentafluorophenyl esters, NHS esters, EDAC, HBTU, HOBT etc.

Example 3.155: Fmoc-Val-Lys(Boc)-OH: (S)-2-((S)-2-(((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)hexanoic Acid

The title compound was prepared based on the procedure from M. A. Walker, et al. Bio. Org. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 4323-4327 starting with (S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.28 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (td, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.49-4.36 (m, 3H), 4.26 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.05-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.08 (dq, J=13.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.43 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₄₁N₃O₇=567.3 found [M-Boc+H⁺]⁺=468.8.

Example 3.156: Boc-Val-Cit-OH: (S)-2-((S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanoic Acid

The title compound was synthesized according to US2010/0233190 A1 with matching spectroscopic data.

Example 3.157: H-Val-Cit-OH: (S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanoic Acid

The title compound was prepared from Boc-VC-OH according to General Procedure 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.69 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.21-7.97 (m, 3H), 4.24 (td, J=8.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, OH), 3.63 (dd, J=9.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (s, 1H), 2.10 (h, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.61 (dtd, J=14.1, 9.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (dtd, J=14.7, 8.2, 7.3, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 0.97 (dd, J=6.9, 5.0 Hz, 6H).

Example 3.158: Fmoc-Ala(D)-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH: (5R,8S,11S)-8-Benzyl-1-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)butyl)-1-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-5-methyl-3,6,9-trioxo-2-oxa-4,7,10-triazadodecan-12-oic Acid

The title compound was prepared from Example 2.10 by general procedure 5, followed by treatment with (R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)propanoate per general procedure 9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.77 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (td, J=10.8, 10.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.10 (m, 4H), 4.02 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=13.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.67 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.62 (s, 1H), 1.37 (s, 4H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 0.96 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). m/z calcd. for C₃₁H₄₁N₃O₇=686.3 found [M+Na+]⁺=709.9.

Example 3.159: Fmoc-Phe(D)-Phe-Lys-OH: (5R,8S,11S)-5,8-dibenzyl-11-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)butyl)-1-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-3,6,9-trioxo-2-oxa-4,7,10-triazadodecan-12-oic Acid

The title compound was prepared from Example 2.10 by general procedure 5, followed by treatment with (R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanoate per general procedure 9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.59 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.10 (m, 12H), 6.77 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.03 (m, 5H), 3.09 (dd, J=13.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.93-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.74 (dd, J=13.7, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (dd, J=13.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.33 (m, 13H). ni/z calcd. for C₃₁H₄₁N₃O₇=762.4 found [M+Na+]⁺=785.9.

Example 3.160: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound R)

Step 1: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((S)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (R-1) was synthesized from Compound Q-2 according to General Procedure 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.5, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.34 (m, 3H), 6.46 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=8.6, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.23-3.09 (m, 5H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.22 (dt, J=13.4, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (q, J=8.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.58 (dq, J=14.5, 8.7, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 1.48 (s, 4H), 1.36 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 5H), 1.15-0.99 (m, 16H), 0.90 (dd, J=6.6, 3.4 Hz, 6H). m/z calcd. for C₄₇H₇₃N₉O₈S=923.53. Found [M+H]₊=924.8.

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-(1-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)cyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide was synthesized from R-1 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 prior to purification by preparative HPLC-MS. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.31 (m, 3H), 6.84 (s, 2H), 6.45 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.35 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.54 (m, 10H), 3.25-3.05 (m, 5H), 2.64-2.47 (m, 5H), 2.20-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.85 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 4H), 1.73 (dq, J=9.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.28 (m, 11H), 1.12-0.94 (m, 16H), 0.90 (dd, J=6.6, 4.9 Hz, 6H). m/z calcd. for C₆₀H₉₀N₁₀O₁₄S=1206.64. Found [M+H]⁺=1207.9.

Example 3.161: (R)—N-((2S,3S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (Compound S)

Step 1: (S,E)-Ethyl 4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoate, Boc-ICD-OEt (S-1) was synthesized from (S,E)-ethyl 2,5-dimethyl-4-(methylamino)hex-2-enoate (synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323 B1) and Boc-Isoleucine-OH and using General Procedure 4. NMR provided for a sample treated with TFA to remove the Boc group and resolve rotamers in the spectrum. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.68 (dd, J=9.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, OH), 4.97 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (s, 1H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.83 (m, 5H), 1.53 (s, 1H), 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.00-0.83 (m, 9H).

Step 2: (S,E)-4-((2S,3R)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-N,3-dimethylpentanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic acid (S-2) was generated from Boc-ICD-OEt using General Procedure 11. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.79 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (dd, J=10.6, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.46-4.34 (m, 1H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 1.77-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.14 (dt, J=15.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 0.97-0.81 (m, 12H).

Step 3: (S,E)-4-((2S,3S)—N,3-Dimethyl-2-((R)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamido)pentanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic acid (S-3) was synthesized from Compound S-1 according to General Procedure 7 and reacting the liberated amine with D-(N-methyl)-pipecolic acid using General Procedure 4. Finally, the C-terminal carboxylate was liberated using General Procedure 11 prior to purification by preparative scale HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 6.77 (dd, J=9.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.65-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.86 (m, 12H). C₂₂H₃₉N₃O₄ calcd. m/z=409.29 found [M+H]⁺=410.91.

Step 4: (S,E)-4-((2S,3S)-2-Amino-N,3-dimethylpentanamido)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)hex-2-enamide (S-4) was prepared from Compound S-2 according to General Procedure 11, followed by N-acyl sulfonamide generation with 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedure 1, followed by General Procedure 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.00-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.45-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.67 (s, J=1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.41-1.35 (m, J=13.3, 7.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.10-0.88 (m, 4H), 0.77 (ddd, J=17.2, 9.0, 5.4 Hz, 9H).

Step 5: (R)—N-((2S,3S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (S-5) was prepared from Compound S-4 and N-methyl-D-pipecolic acid according to General Procedure 4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (d, 2H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 0H), 6.60 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (hept, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.19-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.88 (m, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.78-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.25-1.13 (m, 1H), 0.92 (s, 1H), 0.91-0.86 (m, 8H), 0.83 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₃₀H₄₄F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=659.30 found [M+H]⁺=660.88.

Step 6: (R)—N-((2S,3S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (L-6) was prepared from Compound S-5 according to General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.72 (d, 2H), 6.69 (d, 2H), 6.42 (dd, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.61-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.72 (dd, J=12.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.09-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.20-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 12H). C₂₈H₄₅N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=563.31 found [M+H]⁺=564.93.

Step 7: (R)—N-((2S,3S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide was prepared from Compound S-6 and MT-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 10. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (d, 2H), 7.88 (d, 2H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.46 (dd, J=9.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.55-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.73-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.58 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 8H), 3.52-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 4H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.01 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 3H), 1.83 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.81-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.29-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.01 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.94-0.86 (m, 12H). C₅₂H₈₂N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1102.57 found [M+H]⁺=1104.22.

Example 3.162: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (Compound T)

Step 1: (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((R)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoic acid (T-1) was prepared from (S,E)-ethyl 4-((S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoate (synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,323 B1) and D-N-methyl-pipecolic acid according to General Procedures 4 and 11. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 6.60 (dd, J=9.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.68 (t, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 2.02-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.43 (m, 1H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₂₂H₃₉N₃O₄ calcd. m/z=409.29 found [M+H]⁺=410.92.

Step 2: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (T-2) was prepared from Compound T-1 and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedure 2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.08 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.70 (s, 1H), 3.82 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 2.22-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 5H), 1.60 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.22 (m, 4H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=17.1, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₀H₄₄F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=659.76 found [M+H]⁺=660.95.

Step 3: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (T-3) was prepared from Compound T-2 according to General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.76-7.66 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.42 (dd, J=8.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 4.70 (s, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=12.2, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.13 (s, 4H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.16 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.89-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.03 (s, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J=16.3, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₂₈H₄₅N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=563.31 found [M+H]⁺=564.93.

Step 4: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide was prepared from Compound T-3 and MT-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 10. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.96-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.72-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.22 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.55 (m, 8H), 3.52-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.09-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.58 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.19-2.01 (m, 4H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.61 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 11H), 1.00 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 4H), 0.91 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). C₅₂H₈₂N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1102.57 found [M+H]⁺=1104.30.

Example 3.163: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (Compound U)

Step 1: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (U-1) was prepared from (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((R)-1-isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoic acid (prepared according to US 2012/0309938 A1) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide using General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (s, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=11.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (hept, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.04-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.13 (dd, J=17.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.84 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 1.71-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.29 (dd, J=28.0, 6.7 Hz, 8H), 1.17 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 1.01 (s, 10H), 0.86 (dd, J=28.2, 6.5 Hz, 7H). C₃₂H₄₈F₃N₅O₆S calcd. m/z=687.33 found [M+H]⁺=688.9.

Step 2: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (U-2) was prepared from Compound U-1 according to General Procedure 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.75-7.62 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.62 (m, 2H), 6.59-6.35 (m, 1H), 4.70 (s, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=11.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.02-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.12 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 2.06-1.73 (m, 11H), 1.70-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.28 (dd, J=28.8, 6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.87 (dd, J=27.7, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₀H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=591.35 found [M+H]⁺=593.0.

Step 3: tert-Butyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(N—((S,E)-4-((S)-2-((R)-1-Isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)phenylamino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (U-3) was synthesized from Compound U-2 and Boc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 10. C₄₆H₇₇N₉O₁₀S calcd. m/z=947.55 found [M+H]⁺=949.2.

Step 4: (R)—N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(4-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-isopropylpiperidine-2-carboxamide was prepared from Compound U-3 and MT-NHS according to General Procedures 7 and 6 and purified by preparative HPLC-MS. C₅₄H₈₆N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1130.60 found [M+H]⁺=1132.5.

Example 3.164: (S)—N-(4-((N-((2R,3R)-3-((S)-1-((3R,4S,5R)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamido)-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-2-methylpropanoyl)sulfamoyl)methyl)phenyl)-2-((S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13-azapentadecanamido)-5-ureidopentanamide (Compound W)

Step 1: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((3R,4S,5R)-3-Methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenyl)methylsulfonamido)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (W-1) was prepared from commercially available Boc-Val-Dil-Dap-OH and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-(sulfamoylmethyl)phenyl)acetamide through General Procedure 2. C₃₈H₆₀F₃N₅O₁₀S calcd. m/z=835.40 found [M+H]⁺=836.7.

Step 2: (S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-((3R,4S,5R)-3-methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenyl)methylsulfonamido)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (W-2) was prepared from Compound W-1 and N,N-dimethylvaline according to General Procedure 4. C₄₀H₆₅F₃N₆O₉S calcd. m/z=862.45 found [M+H]⁺=863.2.

Step 3: (S)—N-((3R,4S,5R)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-((4-Aminophenyl)methylsulfonamido)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-2-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (W-3) was prepared from Compound W-2 by following General Procedure 3. C₃₈H₆₆N₆O₈S calcd. m/z=766.47 found [M-C₇H₈O₂S+H]⁺=599.0. (Quinone methide fragmentation and loss of 4-aminobenzylsulfonate).

Step 4: (S)—N-(4-((N-((2R,3R)-3-((S)-1-((3R,4S,5R)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamido)-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-2-methylpropanoyl)sulfamoyl)methyl)phenyl)-2-((S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13-azapentadecanamido)-5-ureidopentanamide. was synthesized using General Procedure 10 from MT-VAL-CIT-OH and Compound W-3 and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography. C₆₁H₁₀₁N₁₁O₁₇S calcd. m/z=1305.73 found [M+H]⁺=1306.9.

Example 3.165: (S)—N-(4-(N—((S)-2-((2R,3R)-3-((S)-1-((3R,4S,5R)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamido)-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-2-methylpropanamido)-3-phenylpropanoyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-((S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13-azapentadecanamido)-5-ureidopentanamide (Compound X)

Step 1: (S)-2-Amino-3-phenyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)propanamide (X-1) was prepared from Boc-phenylalanine and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 2 and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.42 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=14.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=14.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H). C₁₇H₁₆F₃N₃O₄S calcd. m/z=415.08 found [M+H]⁺=416.5.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((3R,4S,5R)-3-Methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)propan-2-ylamino)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (X-2) was synthesized from commercially available Boc-Val-Dip-Dap-OH (0.07 g) and Compound X-1 using General Procedure 4. C₄₆H₆₇F₃N₆O₁₁S calcd. m/z=968.45 found [M+Na]⁺=992.1.

Step 3: (S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-((3R,4S,5R)-3-methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonamido)propan-2-ylamino)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (X-3) was prepared from Compound X-2 (110 mg) and N,N-dimethyl valine using General Procedures 7 and 4. C₄₈H₇₂F₃N₇O₁₀S calcd. m/z=995.50 found [M+H]⁺ 997.3.

Step 4: (S)—N-((3R,4S,5R)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-((S)-1-(4-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-2-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (X-4) was prepared from Compound X-3 (100 mg) using General Procedure 3. C₄₆H₇₃N₇O₉S calcd. m/z=899.52 found [M+H]⁺ 901.3.

Step 5: (S)—N-(4-(N—((S)-2-((2R,3R)-3-((S)-1-((3R,4S,5R)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamido)-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-2-methylpropanamido)-3-phenylpropanoyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-((S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13-azapentadecanamido)-5-ureidopentanamide was prepared from Compound X-4 (25 mg) and MT-Val-Cit-OH (63 mg) using General Procedure 10. C₇₀H₁₁₀N₁₂O₁₈S calcd. m/z=1438.8 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1440.2, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=720.5.

Example 3.166: (S)—N-((3R,4S,5R)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-((S)-1-(4-Amino phenylmethylsulfonamido)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-2-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (Compound Y)

Step 1: (S)-2-Amino-3-phenyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzylsulfonyl)propanamide (Y-1) was prepared from Boc-phenylalanine and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide according to General Procedures 9 and 7 (S)-tert-butyl 1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(phenylmethylsulfonamido)propan-2-ylcarbamate ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.76-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.21 (m, 8H), 4.34 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=8.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.21-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=14.3, 8.3 Hz, 1H). C₁₈H₁₈F₃N₃O₄S calcd. m/z=429.10 found [M+H]⁺=430.7.

Step 2: tert-Butyl (S)-1-(((3R,4S,5R)-3-methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylmethylsulfonamido)propan-2-ylamino)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (Y-2) was prepared from commercially available Boc-Val-Dil-Dap-OH and Compound Y-1 by following General Procedure 4. C₄₇H₆₉F₃N₆O₁₁S calcd. m/z=982.47 found [M+Na]⁺=1006.2.

Step 3: (S)-2-((S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-((3R,4S,5R)-3-methoxy-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-((S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylmethylsulfonamido)propan-2-ylamino)propyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (Y-3) was prepared from Compound Y-2 and N,N-dimethylvaline according to General Procedures 7 and 4. C₄₉H₇₄F₃N₇O₁₀S calcd. m/z=1009.52 found [M+H]⁺=1011.0.

Step 4: (S)—N-((3R,4S,5R)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-((S)-1-(4-Aminophenylmethylsulfonamido)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-2-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide (Y-4) was prepared from Compound Y-3 according to General Procedure 3. C₄₇H₇₅N₇O₉S calcd. m/z=913.53 found [M-C₇H₈O₂S+Na]⁺=768.1. (Quinone methide fragmentation and loss of 4-aminobenzylsulfonate).

Step 5: (S)—N-((3R,4S,5R)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-((S)-1-(4-Amino phenylmethylsulfonamido)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-2-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)-N,3-dimethylbutanamide was prepared from Compound Y-4 and MT-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 10, followed by purification by preparative HPLC. C₇₁H₁₁₂N₁₂O₁₈S calcd. m/z=1452.8 found [M+H⁺]⁺=1454.6.

Example 3.167: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound Z)

Step 1: N-(2,3-Dimethyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (Z-1) synthesized from 2,3-dimethylaniline according to General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.25 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Z-2) synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and Compound Z-1 using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=6.8, 6.5 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.38 found [M+H]⁺=656.4.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide synthesized from Compound Z-2 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.01 (dd, J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.5, 6.8 Hz, 3H), 7.41-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.30-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.64 (td, J=5.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 7H), 3.29-3.13 (m, 5H), 2.67-2.46 (m, 9H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.20-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.65 (dp, J=16.0, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (d, J=38.9 Hz, 6H), 1.14-0.96 (m, 16H), 0.92 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). C₅₉H₉₀N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1194.64 found [M+H]⁺ 1195.51; [M+2H/2]⁺ 599.09.

Example 3.168: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound AA)

Step 1: 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)acetamide (AA-1) synthesized from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine according to General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.04 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 2.77 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.57 (m, 4H), 1.73 (p, J=3.3 Hz, 4H).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (AA-2) synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and Compound AA-1 using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.74 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.46 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.92 (dd, J=7.1 Hz, 6H). C₃₇H₅₅N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=681.39 found [M+H]⁺=682.4.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide synthesized from Compound AA-2 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=8.5, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (td, J=8.1, 7.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.29-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.75 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.64 (td, J=5.9, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 3.29-3.08 (m, 7H), 2.74 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.46 (m, 5H), 2.20-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.75 (m, 7H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.00 (dd, J=6.8, 3.4 Hz, 6H), 0.92 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H). C₆₁H₉₂N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1220.65 found [M+H]⁺ 1221.48; [(M+2H)/2]⁺ 611.39.

Example 3.169: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound BB)

Step 1: 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide (BB-1) synthesized from 2-fluoroaniline according to General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.58 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.66 (m, 3H), 7.56 (s, 2H).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-amino-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (BB-2) synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and Compound BB-1 using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.62-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

C₃₃H₄₈FN₅O₅S calcd. m/z=645.34 [M+H]⁺=646.4

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide synthesized from Compound BB-2 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.42-8.28 (m, 1H), 7.91-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 1H), 6.84 (s, 2H), 6.50 (dd, J=9.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.90 (m, 2H), 4.67 (td, J=7.9, 7.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.26 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (td, J=5.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.67-3.53 (m, 10H), 3.28-3.06 (m, 5H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 5H), 2.19-2.01 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.61 (dt, J=15.2, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.13-0.95 (m, 16H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6, 4.9 Hz, 6H).

C₅₇H₈₅FN₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1184.60 found [M+H]⁺ 1185.47; [(M+2H)/2]⁺ 593.41.

Example 3.170: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound CC)

Step 1: N-(3-Ethyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (CC-1) synthesized from 3-ethylaniline according to General Procedure 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.48 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.45 (s, 2H), 3.02 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (CC-2) synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and Compound CC-1 using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.79 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6 Hz, 6H).

C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=655.38 [M+H]⁺=656.4.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide synthesized from Compound CC-2 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.04 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 6.51 (dd, J=9.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.60-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.69 (dd, J=6.0, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.66-3.52 (m, 10H), 3.28-3.10 (m, 5H), 3.06 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.20-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.26 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.10-0.96 (m, 15H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6, 4.0 Hz, 6H). C₅₉H₉₀N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1194.64 found [M+H]⁺ 1195.57; [(M+2H)/2]⁺ 599.12.

Example 3.171: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimeth-2-((S)-3-methy-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound DD)

Step 1: N-(2-ethyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (DD-1) synthesized from 2-ethylaniline according to general procedure 1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.21 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 2H), 2.64 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(4-amino-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (DD-2) synthesized from Boc-HTI-286-OH and Compound DD-1 using General Procedures 2, 3 and 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.66 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=9.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.54 (dd, J=7.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, 6H). C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₅S calcd. mt/z=655.38 [M+H]⁺=656.5.

Step 3: (S,E)-N-(4-((14R,17R)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide synthesized from Compound DD-2 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.84 (s, 2H), 6.48 (dd, J=9.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (t, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (td, J=8.4, 7.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (s, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.53 (m, 10H), 3.29-3.09 (m, 5H), 2.77 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.46 (m, 5H), 2.20-1.95 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.12-0.95 (m, 16H), 0.91 (dd, J=6.6, 4.6 Hz, 6H). C₅₉H₉₀N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1194.64 found [M+H]⁺ 1195.54; [(M+2H)/2]⁺ 599.09.

Example 3.172: (S)—N-(4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-1-((S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-methyl-12-oxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13-azapentadecane)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (Compound EE)

Synthesized from Compound N-1c and Boc-Ala-Pro-OH according to General Procedure 10, followed by Boc-removal according to General Procedure 7 and MT-NHS installation according to General Procedure 6 prior to purification by preparative HPLC. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.42 (m, 1H), 5.07-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.67 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.66 (m, 5H), 3.61 (dd, J=18.6, 4.6 Hz, 10H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.58-2.42 (m, 5H), 2.36 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 2.23-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.43-1.31 (m, 6H), 1.07 (s, 10H), 0.91 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). C₅₉H₉₀N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1078.54 found [M+H]⁺ 1079.48; [(M+2H)/2]⁺ 540.27.

Example 3.173: (S,E)-N-(4-((S)-6-Amino-2-((S)-2-(3-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethoxy)propanamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)hexanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound FF)

The title compound was prepared from Compound N-1c and Fmoc-Phe-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 10, followed by Fmoc removal according to General Procedure 5, acylation with MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 and deprotection according to General Procedure 7 prior to purification by preparative HPLC. C₆₁H₈₇N₉O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1185.6 found [M+H⁺]⁺=1186.6 and [(M+2H⁺)/2]²⁺=593.9.

Example 3.174: (S,E)-N-((4-((14S,17S)-17-(4-Aminobutyl)-1-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenyl)sulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound GG)

The title compound was prepared from Compound N-1c and Fmoc-Val-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 10, followed by Fmoc removal according to General Procedure 5, acylation with MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 and deprotection according to General Procedure 7 prior to purification by preparative HPLC. C₅₇H₈₇N₉O₁₃S calcd. m/z=1137.6 found [M+H⁺]⁺=1138.5 and [(M+2H⁺)/2]²⁺=569.8.

Example 3.175: (S,E)-N-(4-((2S,5S,8R)-2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5-benzyl-15-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-8-methyl-4,7,10-trioxo-13-oxa-3,6,9-triazapentadecanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound HH)

The title compound was prepared from Compound N-1c and Fmoc-Ala-Phe(D)-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 10. The resulting material, purified by flash chromatography was then subject to General Procedure 5 to remove the Fmoc protecting group, followed by treatment with MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 and deprotection according to General Procedure 7 prior to purification by preparative HPLC. C₆₄H₉₂N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1256.7 found [M+H⁺]⁺=1258.3 and [(M+2H⁺)/2]²⁺=630.2.

Example 3.176: (S,E)-N-(4-((2S,5S,8R)-2-(4-Aminobutyl)-5,8-dibenzyl-15-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4,7,10-trioxo-13-oxa-3,6,9-triazapentadecanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound II)

The title compound was prepared from Compound N-1c and Fmoc-Phe-Phe(D)-Lys(Boc)-OH according to General Procedure 10, Fmoc-removal via General Procedure 5, reaction with MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 and deprotection according to General Procedure 7, followed by prep HPLC purification. C₆₉H₉₄N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1332.7 found [M+H⁺]⁺=1334.3 and [(M+2H⁺)/2]²⁺=668.2.

Example 3.177: (S,E)-N-(2-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound JJ)

Step 1: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-(2-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide (JJ-1) was made from 2-aminobenzenesulfonamide according to General Procedure 1.

Step 2: (S,E)-N-(2-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (JJ-2) was made from Compound JJ-1 and Boc-HTI-286-OH according to General Procedures 2 and 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.75 (dd, J=8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J=9.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (t, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 0.92 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₅S calcd. m/z=627.35 amu; found [M+H]⁺=628.36, [M+Na]⁺=650.37, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=314.76.

Step 3: tert-Butyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-((2-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxo-5-ureidopentan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (JJ-3) was generated from Compound JJ-2 and Boc-Val-Cit-OH according to General Procedure 10. C₅₄H₈₅N₉O₁₂S calcd. m/z=1083.60 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1084.8, [M+Na]⁺=1106.7.

Step 4: (S,E)-N-(2-((S)-2-((S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (JJ-4) was generated from Compound JJ-3 according to General Procedure 7. C₄₄H₆₉N₉O₈S calcd. m/z=883.50 amu; found [M+H]⁺=884.6, [M+Na]⁺=906.6, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=442.8.

Step 5: (S,E)-N-(2-((14S,17S)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide was generated from Compound JJ-4 and MT-NHS according to General Procedure 6 before purification by preparative HPLC-MS. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (dt, J=15.5, 7.8 Hz, 3H), 7.29 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (s, 1H), 4.61 (dd, J=9.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (dd, J=7.5, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.73-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.56 (m, 10H), 3.29-3.13 (m, 4H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.70 (s, 6H), 2.65-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.11 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (dt, J=17.2, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.66 (dt, J=14.5, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.01 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 15H), 0.87 (dd, J=21.4, 6.6 Hz, 6H). C₅₇H₈₆N₁₀O₁₄S calcd. m/z=1166.60 amu; found [M+H]⁺=1167.8, [M+Na]⁺=1189.9, [(M+2H)/2]²⁺=584.4.

Example 3.178: MT-Val-Cit-OH: (14R,17R)-1-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-14-isopropyl-12,15-dioxo-17-(3-ureidopropyl)-3,6,9-trioxa-13,16-diazaoctadecan-18-oic Acid

The title compound was prepared from H-VC-OH (0.50 g, 1.287 mmol)) and MT-NHS (0.512 g, 1.287 mmol) with N,N-di-isopropylethylamine (0.448 mL, 2 equiv) in dioxanes (0.50 mL). Upon consumption of the starting material (˜16 h, evaluated by HPLC-MS), the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was purified by preparative HPLC-MS. Lyophilization of the desired fractions afforded the title compound as a white powder (0.351 g, 63%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.76 (s, 2H), 4.54-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.38 (m, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.70 (m, 5H), 3.60-3.68 (m, 10H), 3.18-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.90-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.65 (m, 2H), 0.98 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 3.179: Other Representative Compounds (P¹)

The following representative compounds may be prepared according to the foregoing procedures. As recognized by the artisan of reasonable skill, the following compounds are synthetically accessible using the disclosure of WO 2004/026293 to achieve the precursor reactant and applying General Procedures with the appropriate sulfonamide.

Example 4: Preparation of Certain Compounds of Formula I

Proteins:

Truncated recombinant VAR2CSA proteins (see Dahlbäck et al. for domain boundaries—J. Biol. Chem. 286: 15908-15917) were expressed in E. coli or eukaryotic expression systems and purified according to the general methods below.

General Purification Methods for Recombinant VAR2CSA Proteins

Recombinant DBL1-ID2a and ID1-ID2a were produced in stable transfected Drosophila Schneider-2 (S2) cells or in baculovirus transfected insect cells. Harvested culture supernatants were diafiltrated using an Äcta Crossflow. HIS tagged versions of the two proteins were purified on Ni++ 5 mL HisTrap HP columns and eluted with 350 mM imidazole. The eluted fractions were further purified on a Superdex200 GF column (in: 1×PBS, 0.5M NaCl, pH 7.2 with 1 CMPIT protease inhibitor tablet per 300 mL buffer) and monomeric fractions were selected for further analyses and toxin coupling. The VAR2CSA recombinant proteins with or without poly histidine tag were also purified using standard ion exchange columns (negative and positive selection) and further purified on columns utilizing a hydrophobic interaction as well as ionic interaction. The proteins were also purified on columns with bound nanobody or antibody specific to VAR2CSA relying on a specific interaction between the VAR2CSA specific antibody reagents and the VAR2CSA protein. The proteins were eluted in a NaCl gradient or a pH gradient going from 7.4 down to 2, followed by immediate neutralization in a basic buffer. To stabilize protein during purification we used (each alone or in combination) the following compounds: Hydroxyectoine, Sucrose, EDTA, D-Sorbitol, Xylitol, D-(+)-Trehalose dehydrate, Betaine monohydrate, Tryptone, Gly-gly-gly, Gly-gly, 6-Aminohexanoic acid, L-Serine, β-Alanine, L-Histidine, Glycine, L-Arginine, L-Arginine+L-Glutamic acid, Taurine, Non Detergent Sulfobetaine 211 (NDSB-211)

Recombinant VAR2CSA proteins expressed in C3029H or C3030H E. coli cells were purified from cell lysates produced by sonication. Polyhistidine tagged proteins were purified on Ni++ 5 mL HisTrap HP columns and eluted with 350 mM imidazole. The eluted fractions were further purified on a Superdex200 GF column (in: 1×PBS, 0.5M NaCl, pH 7.2 with 1 CMPIT protease inhibitor tablet per 300 mL buffer) and monomeric fractions were selected for further analyses and toxin coupling.

Cell Binding Panel:

Numerous cancer cell lines were screened for binding to VAR2CSA by FACS. Table 6 summarizes the binding of recombinant DBL1-ID2a to a panel of cancer cell lines. Signal from VAR2CSA staining (mean fluorescence intensity of bound V5-tagged VAR2CSA detected by mIgG2ak anti-V5-FITC) is compared to background (mean fluorescence intensity of bound V5-tagged VAR2CSA detected by mIgG2a-FITC isotype control antibody).

General Method: Binding of Recombinant VAR2CSA to Cancer Cells by FACS

Cells were established in logarithmic growth in their respective growth medium prior to the assay. On the day staining was performed, culture medium was aspirated and discarded. 5 mL of PBS was added to the culture vessel to rinse cells and PBS was then removed by aspiration. At this point cell dissociation buffer (3 mL; Sigma C5914) was added to adherent cell lines and the cells were incubated until detachment was observed under a microscope. The cell dissociation reagent was neutralized with 7 mL of serum containing culture medium and cell viability was determined using Trypan Blue exclusion assay. Alternatively, suspension cells were assayed for viability directly after washing with PBS. Cells were added to the bottom of 96 well V-bottomed plates (50,000 cells/well) and pelleted by centrifugation (400×g, 3 min). After removal of supernatant, 15 μL of V5-tagged recombinant VAR2CSA (400 nM) or FACS buffer (PBS+1% FBS) was added to resuspend the cell pellet. After incubation on ice for a period of one hour, plates were washed by addition of 200 μL FACS buffer, centrifugation (400×g, 3 min), removal of supernatant, resuspension of the cell pellet in 200 μL of FACS buffer with disruption of the pellet, centrifugation (400×g, 3 min), and finally removal of supernatant. Cell pellets were resuspended in 25 μL of either mIgG2ak anti-V5-FITC (1:100 dilution), or mIgG2a-FITC (2 μg/mL dilution) and 7A.A.D (2.5 μg/mL). Plates were incubated on ice for 0.5 hours before washing cells as described above. The cell pellets were then resuspended in 75 μL FACS buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are represented as live cell (7-AAD negative population) geometric mean fluorescence in the FITC channel

TABLE 6
Cell line binding by recombinant VAR2CSA as assessed by FACS.
	VAR2CSA Staining	Background Controls
		Signal:Background	MFI (Secondary
Cell Line	MFI	Ratio	alone/Isotype)
Ramos	4044	7	584
A-172	52938	30	1766
NCI-H358	45991	26	1800
HT-29	16405	9	1845
HCT-15	6470	8	800
A549	81032	52	1561
MDA-MB-231	49745	43	1149
HCC-1954	61444	18	3353
OE19	51471	9	5565
OVCAR-3	32114	11	2796
OV-90	20503	6	3644
BxPC-3	33962	7	4778
MIA PaCa-2	9031	4	2277
HPAF-II	11745	3	3540
PANC-1	18348	5	3586
AsPc-1	30015	11	2856
CCRF-CEM	6395	17	367
AML-193	2943	4	741
Jurkat	9363	24	389
PC-3	32925	19	1775
DU145	21069	11	1854
RT112/84	38410	21	1820
CaOV3	19852	5	3724
SKOV3	61831	29	2144
MCF7	18259	10	1879
A-431	54090	21	2592
NCI-N87	4487	5	995
Colo-205	449061	233	1926
T47-D	83146	52	1595
MDA-MB-231	82323	53	1566
MDA-MB-468	70162	31	2287
Colo-205	108367	73	1479
253JB-V	32875	24	1398
Myla 2059	89669	94	958
K562 wt	20211	15	1315
K562 #16	2018	1	1773
K562 #14	2215	2	1386
PC-3	46023	29	1603
UM-UC3	73627	47	1553
A549	109308	33	3312
MG-63	75389	28	2729
T47-D	74285	59	1257
HUVEC	9703	5	2024
MDA-MB-231	27663	14	1950
MDA-MB-231	91666	46	1986
U2OS	96707	55	1761
RH-30	43355	11	4058

Exemplary Conjugation Conditions:

General Method: Coupling at Cysteine Residues with Maleimide Functionalized Toxins

An aliquot of truncated recombinant VAR2CSA protein DBL1-ID2a (lot MP1255; 197 μL; 181 μg) was thawed on ice and handled on ice thereafter. To the protein solution was added maleimide functionalized toxin (2.4 μL of a 10 mM DMSO stock solution; 15.0 equivalents to protein) with thorough and immediate mixing. The reaction was allowed to proceed for a period of 90 minutes after which time the solution was applied to a Zeba spin desalting column (Pierce, product #87766, lot #198863) preconditioned with PBS. The recovered eluate was aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. prior to use.

Examples of Maleimide Functionalized Toxins

General Method: Coupling at Lysine Residues with NHS-Ester Functionalized Toxins

An aliquot of truncated recombinant VAR2CSA protein DBL1-ID2a (197 μL; 181 μg) was thawed on ice and handled on ice thereafter. To the protein solution was added an NHS ester functionalized toxin (3.2 μL of a 5 mM DMSO stock solution; 10.0 equivalents to protein) with thorough and immediate mixing. The reaction was allowed to proceed for a period of 90 minutes after which time the solution was applied to a Zeba spin desalting column (Pierce, product #87766, lot #198863) preconditioned with PBS. The recovered eluate was aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. prior to use.

Example of N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Ester Functionalized Toxins

Standard Characterization Procedures:

1. Purified drug conjugates were assessed for total protein content (BCA assay, Pierce microBCA protocol).

2. VAR2CSA conjugates were evaluated alongside unmodified VAR2CSA for degradation and or oligomerization via SDS-PAGE under both reducing and non-reducing conditions, using Coomassie Blue staining and appropriate protein standards.

3. Purified VAR2CSA drug conjugates were evaluated (alongside unmodified VAR2CSA) to assess drug loading by Size Exclusion Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SEC-UPLC-QTof-MS). An average drug to VAR2CSA ratio (DVR) was estimated from the deconvolved mass spectrum via evaluation of peak intensities corresponding to VAR2CSA+1 drug, 2 drugs, 3 drugs, etc.

General Method: SEC-UPLC-ESI-ToF-MS Analysis of VAR2CSA Conjugates for DVR Determination

Frozen aliquots of VAR2CSA conjugates were thawed prior to SEC-EsiTofMS analysis. The SEC analysis was performed with a WATERS Acquity UPLC BEH200 SEC 1.7 μm 4.6×150 mm column and mobile phase composed of Acetonitrile/Water/Trifluoroacetic acid/Formic acid, (30/70/0.1/0.1, v/v/v/v %—trifluoroacetic acid was omitted in some instances), and a column temperature of 30° C. 10 μL of sample was injected onto the SEC column. The elution time was 11.0 min. VAR2CSA and the VAR2CSA conjugates eluted at ˜3.4 min. The MS total ion current (TIC) data was acquired on a Quatro-Premier QToF mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source (WATERS 20 Corporation) over 500-4500 m/z range using MassLynx data acquisition software (Waters Corporation). Sample component mass data was acquired in the positive ion V-mode, and the Esi source was operated at a source temperature: 150° C., desolvation temperature: 350° C., desolvation gas: 800 L/hr, Sample cone voltage: 60 V, Capillary voltage: 3.0 kV, desolvation gas: Nitrogen, and collision gas: Argon. The summed TIC mass spectra of the sample peak were deconvoluted by the MaxEnt1 algorithm to generate the neutral mass data of the sample component.

Exemplary Data for Average Drug to VAR2CSA Ratio Determination:

VAR2CSA (DBL1-ID2a) conjugates prepared by modification of cysteine and lysine residues with maleimide functionalized toxin (Compound O) or NHS functionalized toxin (Compound KK) were evaluated for toxin loading by SEC-MS as described in the General Method. The estimated mass obtained for the unmodified precursor protein was 114162 Da.

FIG. 8 shows the SEC-UPLC-QTof-MS MaxEnt1 processed intact mass of VAR2-Compound O. The MS signals at 115323 Da, 117662 Da and 119999 Da are consistent with conjugation of 1, 3 and 5 toxins, with a mean conjugation level of ˜4 toxins per protein.

FIG. 9 shows the: SEC-UPLC-QTof-MS MaxEnt1 processed intact mass of VAR2-Compound KK. The profile of the deconvolved MS data is consistent with conjugation of up to 5 toxins (Compound KK), but with a mean drug load of ˜2.5 drugs.

4. Conjugates were evaluated for the presence of unconjugated linker-toxin or free toxin by UPLC-ESI-Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Any unconjugated-drug in the purified product was extracted by protein precipitation with 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The extract was filtered through a 3 KDa molecular weight cutoff filter (Amicon). The resulting filtrate was analyzed by RP-UPLC-MSMS to quantify the amount of unconjugated-drug. The amount of unconjugated-drug was quantified against a free drug (and free drug-linker) calibration curve. The UPLC-MSMS equipment used consists of an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatograph (Waters Acquity™ UPLC) with tandem Waters Acquity™ PDA and TQD detectors. Control of the equipment and data acquisition were performed by PC computer and Waters Empower-2™ chromatography software.

Detection of Compound O in VAR2-Compound O Sample Prepared by General Conjugation Method, Above.

Exemplary data for free ESI-MS based free drug analysis is shown in FIG. 10. A similar result was obtained for free drug Compound 886 alone.

5. VAR2CSA drug conjugates were assessed by flow cytometry +/−CSA (Sigma C9819) for binding to “benchmark” Myla 2059 cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell line in order to estimate the specificity of binding. The binding of tumor-cell plCSA can be inhibited by incubating the VAR2CSA with excess soluble CSA. This sequesters VAR2CSA in solution and inhibits plCSA-binding on the cell-surface. It is assumed that cell surface staining observed in the presence of excess soluble CSA would indicate non-specific binding of the VAR2CSA to the cells.

General Method: Flow Cytometry Based Determination of VAR2CSA-Drug Conjugate Binding Specificity

Cells were established in logarithmic growth in their respective growth medium prior to the assay. On the seeding day, cells were aspirated, resuspended in PBS+2% FBS, counted and cell viability was determined using Trypan Blue exclusion assay. Cells were added to the bottom of 96 well V-bottomed plates (50,000 cells/well) and pelleted by centrifugation (400×g, 3 min). After removal of supernatant, 62.5 μL of VAR2CSA or VAR2CSA conjugates (+/−400 μg/mL CSA) or FACS buffer were added at one or more concentrations (400 nM to obtain saturated binding; titration down to ˜1 nM) and the cell pellets were resuspended. After incubation on ice for a period of 0.5 hours, plates were washed by addition of 200 μL FACS buffer, centrifugation (400×g, 3 min), removal of supernatant, resuspension of the cell pellet in 200 μL of FACS buffer with disruption of the pellet, centrifugation (400×g, 3 min), and finally removal of supernatant. Cell pellets were resuspended in 25 μL of either mIgG2ak anti-V5-FITC (1:100 dilution), or mIgG2a-FITC (2 gtg/mL dilution) and 7A.A.D (2.5 μg/mL). Plates were incubated on ice for 0.5 hours before washing cells as described above. The cell pellets were then resuspended in 50 μL FACS buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are represented as live cell (7-AAD negative population) geometric mean fluorescence in the FITC channel.

FIGS. 11-13 show the specificity of certain compounds of Formula I binding to the Myla2059 cell line.

6. VAR2CSA drug conjugates were evaluated for in vitro potency against a broad array of cancer cell lines. Cells were incubated with variable concentrations of each conjugate, incubated under growth conditions and assessed for cell viability at a predetermined time point. Table 7 summarizes the cytotoxic activity of a representative drug conjugate against 34 human cancer cell lines. As a negative control, CSA “knockout” cell lines K562 #14 (or K562 #16) could also be treated with VAR2CSA drug conjugates. K562 #14 and #16 showed low binding to VAR2CSA by FACS, thus suggesting that significant cytotoxic effect of the conjugates on this cell line would arise only in the presence of excess free toxin.

General Method: Cellular Cytotoxicity Assay of VAR2CSA-Drug Conjugates

On the day prior to adding test articles, adherent cells were added to opaque-walled 96-well tissue culture-treated microtiter plates using complete growth medium at a density of 2500 cells/100 microliter (μL) of medium (Colo205 cells were added at a density of 5000 cells/100 μL of medium). The cells were incubated for one night at 37° C./5% CO₂ to allow the cells to attach to the microtiter plate surface. On the day that test articles were added, suspension cell lines were added to separate 96-well microtiter plates at 2500 cells/100 μL using the recommended growth medium. Drug conjugates were diluted directly in growth medium at five-times the desired final concentration and were then titrated 1:3, eight steps. A control with no test article present (growth medium alone) was included on each microtiter plate in sextuplicate. The prepared compound/protein-drug conjugate titrations were added (twenty-five μL/well) in triplicate to cells. The cells and titrations were incubated at 37° C./5% CO₂ for five nights. After the incubation, cell viability is measured using CellTiter-Glo® reagent by adding thirty μL of prepared CellTiter-Glo® to each assay well. The assay is incubated for at least twenty minutes in the dark prior to measuring emitted luminescence using a microplate luminometer (500 ms integration time). The collected relative luminescence units (RLU) are converted to % cytotoxicity using the Growth medium alone control mentioned above (% Cytotoxicity=1−[Well RLU/average medium alone control RLU]).

Exemplary cytotoxicity data is shown in FIGS. 14-19.

TABLE 7
Collected Cytotoxicity Data for DBL1-ID2a-toxin conjugates
on a Panel of Human Cancer Cell Lines. Average Loading
of ~4 toxins per DBL1-ID2a molecule.
	EC50 (nM)
	Toxin
Cell Line	Cancer Tissue Type	Compound O	MCvcPABC-3.90
BxPC-3	Pancreas	5.8
NCI-N87	Stomach	6.8
HCC1954	Breast	1.7
Capan-2	Pancreas	~100
AsPC-1	Pancreas	5.2
Jurkat	T cell leukemia	~11
MiaPaCa	Pancreas	30.9
OVCAR-3	Ovary	1.7
Karpas 299	T Cell Lymphoma	1
H1975	Non-small cell Lung	1.7
NCI-H358	Non-small cell Lung	6.6
SK-Br-3	Breast	1.1
MCF-7	Breast	6
NCI-H1437	Non-small cell Lung	3.3
HPAF-II	Pancreas	10.8
Colo205	Colon	0.43-2.2*	0.2
Myla 2059	T cell Lymphoma	0.5
MG63	Bone	0.6	0.3
PC-3	Prostate	0.8	0.8
T47D	Breast	0.79-2.53
MDA-MB-231	Breast	10.9
MDA-MB-468	Breast	1.1
A549	Lung	3.5	1.8
253J B-V	Bladder	8.6
UM-UC-3	Bladder	1.4	1.8
K562	Bone	8.8
Rh30	Bone	0.6
U2OS	Bone	10.3
U138MG	Brain	0.2
A172	Brain	1.9
K562 #14	Control (Bone)	<100 nM
K562 #16	Control (Bone)	<100 nM
DU-145	Prostate	1.6
MCF-7	Breast	2.4
HepG2	Liver	15.1
SK-OV-3	Ovary	4.4
JIMT-1	Breast	2.3
OE19	Oesophagus	3.7
*EC50 is larger since these cells are used at 2× the density of the others. EC50 ranged from 0.5-1 at 2500 cells/well.

Example 5: Tolerability Study

Study Outline

Female CD-1 mice (Harlan Laboratories) were injected with the test article VAR2-Compound O at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg q2dx3. Dose escalation or reductions following assessment of tolerability as outlined in the Study Grouping Table 8. Mice were weighed 3× weekly for 12 days.

TABLE 8
Study Grouping
Group	Group		Admin.	Dose	Dose Volume	Dosing	Injection
#	Name	n	Route	(mg/kg)	(mL/kg)	Schedule	day
1	1.0	3	IV	1.0	10	q2dx3	1, 3, 5
2	0.3 or 3.0	3	IV	0.3 or 3.0*	10	q2dx3	1, 3, 5
3	0.1 or 9.0	3	IV	0.1 or 9.0**	10	q2dx3	1, 3, 5
4	6.0 or 15	3	IV	6.0 or 15***	10	q2dx3	1, 3, 5
*Dose to be determined after tolerability of group 1 is determined. If 1 mg/kg is well tolerated after 3 administrations, then 3 mg/kg will be tested. If 1 mg/kg is not well tolerated, then 0.3 mg/kg will be tested.
**Dose to be determined after tolerability of group 1 and group 2 is determined. If groups 1 and 2 are tolerated after 3 administrations, then 9 mg/kg will be tested. If groups 1 and 2 are not well tolerated after 3 administrations, then 0.1 mg/kg is tested. Otherwise, this group will be abandoned or an alternate dose will be selected.
***Dose to be determined after tolerability of group 3 at 9 mg/kg is determined. If group 3 is tolerated after 3 administrations, then 15 mg/kg will be tested. If group 3 is not well tolerated after 3 administrations, then 6 mg/kg is tested.

Results

Treatment

All animals received their doses as indicated in the Injection Record.

Body Weights

No significant body weight loss was observed in any groups. Body Weights (Means±S.D.) are shown in FIG. 20.

Conclusions

For VAR2-Compound O experiments, no mice were terminated prior to scheduled sacrifice Day 12, indicating that the doses tested (up to 15 mg/kg) were tolerated.

Example 6: Karpas 299 Xenograft Efficacy Study

Study Overview

Female C.B-17/IcrHsd-Prkdcscid mice (Harlan Laboratories) were implanted subcutaneously in the back with the Karpas 299 human T cell lymphoma tumor cell line. Karpas 299 was established from the peripheral blood of a 25-year-old man with T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1986; now classed as CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The lab stocks were mycoplasma negative. Tumors established over a period of 19 days, and test subjects were then grouped according to tumor volume such that each group (n=7) had an equal distribution of tumor volumes. The mean tumor volume on treatment day (day 21) was greater than 150 mm³. Test articles were administered intravenously on Day 1, 3, and 6 (total of three injections) at the doses indicated in the study grouping table. Body weights and tumor volumes were measured every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Animals remained on study until their tumors reached 800 mm³ in size or they otherwise required euthanasia due to achieving a humane endpoint.

TABLE 9
Study Grouping
Group	Group		Admin.	Dose	Dose Volume		Injection
#	Name	n	Route	(mg/kg)	(mL/kg)	Schedule	Days
1	Vehicle	7	IV	n/a	10	q2dx3	Wed, Fri, Mon
2	VAR2-	7	IV	12	10	q2dx3	Wed, Fri, Mon
	Compound O
3	VAR2	7	IV	12	10	q2dx3	Wed, Fri, Mon
4	Compound	7	IV	0.312	10	q2dx3	Wed, Fri, Mon
	886

Results

Body weights of study mice following three IV doses of test articles are shown in FIG. 21. Tumor volumes of study mice following three IV doses of test articles are shown in FIG. 22. Statistical analysis of tumor volume by two-way ANOVA Bonferroni posttests are shown in Table 10.

	TABLE 10
	Vehicle versus
	Study Day	VAR2-Compound O	VAR2	Compound 886
	21	ns	ns	ns
	23	ns	ns	ns
	26	***	ns	*
	28	***	ns	***
	30	***	ns	***
	VAR2 versus
	Study Day	VAR2-Compound O	VAR2	Compound 886
	21	ns	—	ns
	23	ns	—	ns
	26	*	—	ns
	28	***	—	*
	30	***	—	**
	P > 0.05 = ns (not significant),
	P < 0.05 = *,
	P < 0.01 = **,
	P < 0.001 = ***

Conclusion

In conclusion, VAR2-Compound O inhibited the Karpas 299 tumor growth.

Example 7: PC3 Prostate Cancer Efficacy Study

Study Overview

Male nude nu/nu mice (Harlan Laboratories) were implanted subcutaneously in the back with the PC3 prostate cancer cell line in 100 μl of Matrigel® in both right and left flanks. The lab stocks were mycoplasma negative. Tumors established over a period of 28 days, and test subjects were grouped according to tumor volume such that each group had an equal distribution of tumor volumes. The mean tumor volume on treatment day was greater than 200 mm³. Test articles were administered intravenously on Day 1, 3, and 6 (total of three injections) at the doses indicated in the study grouping table. Body weights and tumor volumes were measured every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Animals remained on study until their tumors reached 1000 mm³ in size or they otherwise required euthanasia due to achieving a humane endpoint.

TABLE 11
Study Grouping
Group	Group	N: Mice,	Admin.	Dose	Dose Volume		Injection
#	Name	Tumors	Route	(mg/kg)	(mL/kg)	Schedule	Days
1	Vehicle	7M (14T)	IV	n/a	10	q2dx3	Mon, Wed, Sat
2	VAR2-	8M (16T)	IV	12	10	q2dx3	Mon, Wed, Sat
	Compound O
3	VAR2	8M (15T)	IV	12	10	q2dx3	Mon, Wed, Sat
4	Compound 886	8M (16T)	IV	0.312	10	q2dx3	Mon, Wed, Sat

Results

Body Weights

The body weights of study mice are shown in FIG. 23. No difference in body weight loss between the different arms of treatment. The observed body weight loss is due to tumor volume increase. No clinical toxicity signs were observed.

Tumor Volumes

Tumor volumes of study mice are shown in FIG. 24. Data shows mean tumor volume and SEM (Tumor volume was calculated using the formula V=0.5×W×L×1. Statistical evaluation performed using T-test as shown in Table 12.

	TABLE 12
	T-test p-values
Time	Vehicle/	Compound 886/	VAR2/
(days)	VAR2-Compound O	VAR2-Compound O	VAR2-Compound O
−14	0.2931 (ns)	0.9583 (ns)	0.7097 (ns)
−7	0.5034 (ns)	0.3604 (ns)	0.6627 (ns)
−4	0.3161 (ns)	0.4445 (ns)	0.3808 (ns)
0	0.9817 (ns)	0.8854 (ns)	0.7867 (ns)
2	0.0812 (ns)	0.0801 (ns)	0.2466 (ns)
4	0.0394*	0.0918 (ns)	0.0961 (ns)
7	0.0036***	0.0065***	0.0004***
9	0.0026***	0.0060***	0.0001***
11	0.0025***	0.0228***	0.0003***
15	0.0016***	0.0035***	0.0001***
17	0.0007***	0.0003***	2.0626 × 10−5***
19	0.0136*	0.0013***	3.20276 × 10−5***
P > 0.05 = ns (not significant),
P < 0.05 =*,
P < 0.001 =***

Necropsy

Mice were sacrificed when total tumor volume reached 1000 mm3 or when clinical signs were observed as body weight loss. Necropsy didn't show any toxicity or abnormality signs. The number of mice reaching endpoint is shown in Table 13

	TABLE 13
	Time	Mice Reaching End Point
	(days)	Vehicle	VAR2	VAR2-Compound O
	−14	—	—	—
	−7	—	—	—
	−4	—	—	—
	0	—	—	—
	2	—	—	—
	4	1	—	—
	7	—	—	—
	9	—	—	—
	11	—	—	—
	15	—	—	—
	17	2	—	—
	19	1	2	1

Conclusions

In conclusion, VAR2-Compound O inhibited the PC3 tumor growth. Twenty days after the last treatment, tumor volume average in VAR2-Compound O arm was still stable and was significantly lower than Vehicle, VAR2 and Compound 886 arms.

All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the present description. From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments described herein have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope described herein. Accordingly, the disclosure is not limited except as by the appended claims.

It is contemplated that the different parts of the present description may be combined in any suitable manner. For instance, the present examples, methods, aspects, embodiments or the like may be suitably implemented or combined with any other embodiment, method, example or aspect of the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

Use of examples in the specification, including examples of terms, is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope and meaning of the embodiments of the invention herein. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. In the specification, the word “comprising” is used as an open-ended term, substantially equivalent to the phrase “including, but not limited to,” and the word “comprises” has a corresponding meaning.

Claims

1. A compound of Formula I: wherein: wherein: wherein: wherein:

T-L-P   I

T is a targeting moiety comprising a VAR2CSA polypeptide, and

L-P is L1-P1 or L2-P2;

L1 is a linker, or L1 is absent;

P1 is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XIV

R16 and R17 are each independently H or a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: —OH, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO2H, —CHO, —COSH, or —NO2; or R17 and R20 are fused and form a ring;

R18 and R19 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R25, and ArR25—, or R18 and R19 are joined to form a ring, wherein the ring formed by joining R18 and R19 is a three to seven member non-aromatic cyclic skeleton within the definition of R25;

R20 is selected from the group consisting of: H, R25, ArR25—, and Ar; or R20 and R17 are fused and form a ring;

R21 is selected from the group consisting of: H, R25, and ArR25—;

R22 and R23 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, R25, and ArR25—;

R24 is: —Y—(CO)NHSO2—R26;

R25 is a saturated or unsaturated moiety having a linear, branched, or non-aromatic cyclic skeleton containing one to ten carbon atoms, zero to four nitrogen atoms, zero to four oxygen atoms, and zero to four sulfur atoms, and the carbon atoms are optionally substituted with: ═O, ═S, OH, —OR28, —O2CR28, —SH, —SR28, —SOCR28, —NH2, —NHR28, —N(R28)2, —NHCOR28, —NR28COR28, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R28, —CHO, —COR28, —CONH2, —CONHR28, —CON(R28)2, —COSH, —COSR28, —NO2, —SO3H, —SOR28, or —SO2R28, wherein R28 is a linear, branched or cyclic, one to ten carbon saturated or unsaturated alkyl group;

Y is a linear, saturated or unsaturated, one to six carbon alkyl group, optionally substituted with R25, ArR25—, or X;

X is selected from the group consisting of: —OH, —OR25, ═O, ═S, —O2CR25, —SH, —SR25, —SOCR25, —NH2, —NHR25, —N(R25)2, —NHCOR25, —NRCOR25, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R25, —CHO, —COR25, —CONH2, —CONHR25, —CON(R25)2, —COSH, —COSR25, —NO2, —SO3H, —SOR25, and —SO2R25 and

R26 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR27, —CSR27, —OR27, and —NHR27, wherein each R27 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

L2 is a linker;

P2 is a cytotoxic compound; and

L2-P2 has the following structure (III):

wherein: R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR27, —CSR27, —OR27, and —NHR27, wherein each R27 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or R is absent; P3 is the remaining portion of compound P2; and L3 is the remaining portion of linker L2 or is absent.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide comprises a sequential amino acid sequence of

a. ID1; and

b. DBL2Xb.

3. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide binds chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on proteoglycans (CSPG) with an affinity as measured by a KD lower than 100 nM.

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence selected from: amino acids 1-577 of SEQ ID NO:1; amino acids 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:3; amino acids 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:4; amino acids 1-576 of SEQ ID NO:5; amino acids 1-586 of SEQ ID NO:10; amino acids 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:11; amino acids 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:29; amino acids 1-584 of SEQ ID NO:34; amino acids 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:36; amino acids 1-575 of SEQ ID NO:37; amino acids 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:38; amino acids 1-603 of SEQ ID NO:41; amino acids 1-588 of SEQ ID NO:43; amino acids 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:44; amino acids 1-589 of SEQ ID NO:45; amino acids 1-573 of SEQ ID NO:48; amino acids 1-583 of SEQ ID NO:53; amino acids 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:54; amino acids 578-640 of SEQ ID NO:1; amino acids 593-656 of SEQ ID NO:3; amino acids 580-643 of SEQ ID NO:4; amino acids 577-640 of SEQ ID NO:5; amino acids 587-650 of SEQ ID NO:10; amino acids 580-643 of SEQ ID NO:11; amino acids 566-628 of SEQ ID NO:29; amino acids 585-647 of SEQ ID NO:34; amino acids 570-632 of SEQ ID NO:36; amino acids 576-639 of SEQ ID NO:37; amino acids 593-655 of SEQ ID NO:38; amino acids 604-667 of SEQ ID NO:41; amino acids 589-652 of SEQ ID NO:43; amino acids 566-628 of SEQ ID NO:44; amino acids 590-653 of SEQ ID NO:45; amino acids 574-637 of SEQ ID NO:48; amino acids 584-646 of SEQ ID NO:53; amino acids 570-632 of SEQ ID NO:54; SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:6; SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:12; SEQ ID NO:13; SEQ ID NO:14; SEQ ID NO:15; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:17; SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20; SEQ ID NO:21; SEQ ID NO:22; SEQ ID NO:23; SEQ ID NO:24; SEQ ID NO:25; SEQ ID NO:26; SEQ ID NO:27; SEQ ID NO:28; SEQ ID NO:30; SEQ ID NO:31; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:33; SEQ ID NO:35; SEQ ID NO:39; SEQ ID NO:40; SEQ ID NO:42; SEQ ID NO:46; SEQ ID NO:47; SEQ ID NO:49; SEQ ID NO:50; SEQ ID NO:51; SEQ ID NO:52; SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:29; SEQ ID NO:34; SEQ ID NO:36; SEQ ID NO:37; SEQ ID NO:38; SEQ ID NO:41; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:44; SEQ ID NO:45; SEQ ID NO:48; SEQ ID NO:53; and SEQ ID NO:54.

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with an amino acid sequence selected from: amino acids 1-577 of SEQ ID NO:1; amino acids 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:3; amino acids 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:4; amino acids 1-576 of SEQ ID NO:5; amino acids 1-586 of SEQ ID NO:10; amino acids 1-579 of SEQ ID NO:11; amino acids 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:29; amino acids 1-584 of SEQ ID NO:34; amino acids 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:36; amino acids 1-575 of SEQ ID NO:37; amino acids 1-592 of SEQ ID NO:38; amino acids 1-603 of SEQ ID NO:41; amino acids 1-588 of SEQ ID NO:43; amino acids 1-565 of SEQ ID NO:44; amino acids 1-589 of SEQ ID NO:45; amino acids 1-573 of SEQ ID NO:48; amino acids 1-583 of SEQ ID NO:53; amino acids 1-569 of SEQ ID NO:54; SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:29; SEQ ID NO:34; SEQ ID NO:36; SEQ ID NO:37; SEQ ID NO:38; SEQ ID NO:41; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:44; SEQ ID NO:45; SEQ ID NO:48; SEQ ID NO:53; and SEQ ID NO:54.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide consists of an amino acid sequence having a length of less than 700 amino acids.

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide is a recombinant protein.

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein L-P is L2-P2.

9. The compound of claim 8, wherein:

P2 is a compound of Formula V:

L2-T has the following structure (VI):

wherein

P4 is the remaining portion of compound P2;

the —NH— group bonded to R in Formula V forms a peptide bond (JPB) with AA1 in formula VI, wherein said JPB is enzymatically cleavable;

R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR27, —CSR27, —OR27, and —NHR27, wherein each R27 is, independently, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

each AA is independently an amino acid;

n is an integer from 0 to 25;

L4 is the remaining portion of linker L2 or is absent;

T is said targeting moiety, and

AA1-(AA)n, taken together comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of said JPB.

10. The compound of claim 9, wherein AA1-(AA)n is selected from: Phe-Lys, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Trp-Cit, Phe-Arg, (D)Phe-Phe-Lys and (D)Ala-Phe-Lys.

11. (canceled)

12. The compound of claim 8, wherein said cytotoxic compound is a microtubule disrupting peptide toxin.

13. The compound of claim 8, wherein said cytotoxic compound is a hemiasterlin or an analog thereof; a tubulysin or an analog thereof; or an auristatin or an analog thereof.

14. (canceled)

15. (canceled)

16. The compound of claim 1, wherein L-P is L1-P1.

17. The compound of claim 16, wherein L1 comprises: SPDP, SMCC, vcPABC, MCvcPABC, MTvc, ADvc, maleimide, NHS, biotin, streptavidin, NeutrAvidin, a glycoside, or a combination thereof.

18. The compound of claim 16, wherein L1 comprises vcPABC, MCvcPABC, MTvc or ADvc.

19. The compound of claim 16, wherein P1 is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula XV: wherein: or a stereoisomer, prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

R26 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR27, —CSR27, —OR27, and —NHR27, wherein each R27 is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH;

R29 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R30 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6 alkyl;

R31 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6 alkyl;

R32 and R38 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-6 alkyl and —SH, with the proviso that R32 and R38 cannot both be H;

R33, R34, R35 and R36 are each independently H or C1-6 alkyl, wherein at least one of R33 and R34 is H; or R34 and R35 form a double bond, R33 is H, and R36 is H or C1-6 alkyl; and

R37 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-6 alkyl;

20. The compound of claim 19, wherein each optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl is, independently, selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted anthracyl, optionally substituted phenanthryl, optionally substituted furyl, optionally substituted pyrrolyl, optionally substituted thiophenyl, optionally substituted benzofuryl, optionally substituted benzothiophenyl, optionally substituted quinolinyl, optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl, optionally substituted oxazolyl, and optionally substituted pyridinyl.

21. The compound of claim 19, wherein R29 is selected from one of the following structures XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX:

wherein:

Q is CR39 or N;

Z is C(R39)2, NR39, S, or O;

wherein in structure XIX, one instance of Z is CR39 or N, and the other instance is (CR39)2, NR39, S or O; and

each R39 is, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —R27, —OR27, —O2CR27, —SH, —SR27, —SOCR27, —NH2, —N3, —NHR27, —N(R27)2, —NHCOR27, —NR27COR27, —R27NH2, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R27, —CHO, —COR27, —CONH2, —CONHR27, —CON(R27)2, —COSH, —COSR27, —NO2, —SO3H, —SOR27, and —SO2R27, wherein each R27 is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

22. (canceled)

23. The compound of claim 19, wherein R29 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein each R39 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, —R27, —OR27, —O2CR27, —SH, —SR27, —SOCR27, —NH2, —N3, —NHR27, —N(R27)2, —NHCOR27, —NR27COR27, —R27NH2, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, —CO2H, —CO2R27, —CHO, —COR27, —CONH2, —CONHR27, —CON(R27)2, —COSH, —COSR27, —NO2, —SO3H, —SOR27, and —SO2R27, wherein each R27 is, independently, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, —OH or —SH.

24. The compound of claim 19, wherein R30 is H or methyl, and R31, R32, and R38 are each methyl.

25. (canceled)

26. (canceled)

27. (canceled)

28. (canceled)

29. (canceled)

30. The compound of claim 16, wherein P1 is a monovalent radical of a compound of Formula II: wherein:

R1 is selected from: aryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C1-C4 acylthio, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 alkoxy, amino, amino-C1-C4 alkyl, halo, C1-C4 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C1-C4 alkyl, and thio, wherein C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkylamino and C1-C4 alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from C1-C4 alkylaryl, hydroxyl, and thio;

R2 and R3 are each independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R4 is C1-C6 alkyl or thio; and

R5 is selected from: C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aryl-C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylamino, amino, amino-C1-C6 alkyl, amino-aryl, amino-C3-C7 cycloalkyl, aryl, carboxamide, carboxyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, cyano, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, thio, and thio-C1-C6 alkyl.

31. (canceled)

32. The compound of claim 30, wherein R1 is selected from: 1H-indol-3-yl, 1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 3-(2-(acetylthio)ethoxy)phenyl, 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 3-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 3-(4-methylstyryl)phenyl, 3-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-mercaptophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-((2-mercaptoethyl)amino)phenyl, 4-(2-(acetylthio)ethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl, 4-(2-mercaptoethoxy)phenyl, 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-mercaptophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, cyclohexyl, thien-2-yl, m-tolyl, and phenyl.

33. The compound of claim 30, wherein R2 is H, or methyl.

34. The compound of claim 30, wherein R3 is methyl and/or R4 is methyl.

35. (canceled)

36. The compound of claim 30, wherein R5 is selected from: C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aryl-C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: 1-aminocyclopropyl, 4-aminophenyl, amino, aminomethyl, bromo, tert-butyl, carboxamide, carboxyl, chloro, cyano, cyclopentyl, ethyl, fluoro, hydroxy, isopropyl, methoxy, methyl, nitro, phenyl, pyridin-3-yl, thio, thiomethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethyl.

37. The compound of claim 30, wherein R5 is selected from: 4-aminobenzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)benzyl, 4-(aminomethyl)phenyl, 4-aminophenyl, benzyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, 2-mercaptoethyl, 4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl, p-tolyl, methyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl, 4-aminocarbonyl-2-nitrophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-aminophenyl, phenyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, piperidin-1-yl, o-tolyl, 4-bromophenyl, naphthalen-2-yl, 4-methoxycarbonyphenyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, hexan-2-yl, 2-methoxyethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, 3-aminophenyl, pyridin-3-yl, thien-2-yl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)benzyl, 4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)phenyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, phenethyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 4-cyanobenzyl, 3-nitrobenzyl, 4-tert-butylbenzyl, 2-nitrobenzyl, 4-nitrophenethyl, 2-chloro-3-methoxycarbonylphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl, 4′-amino-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl, 3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-amino-2-ethylphenyl, 4-amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, 4-amino-2,3-dimethylphenyl, 4-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl, 4-amino-3-methylphenyl, 4-amino-3-fluorophenyl, 4-amino-3-ethylphenyl, and 4-amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

39. A method of treating cancer in a mammal, or increasing survival of a mammal having cancer, or inhibiting tumor growth in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of claim 1.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is a carcinoma, a sarcoma, an hematopoietic cancer, or a tumor of neuroepithelial tissue.

41. (canceled)

42. (canceled)

43. (canceled)

44. (canceled)

45. (canceled)

46. (canceled)

47. A method of treating an indication selected from: cancer, arthritis, arthrosis, multiple sclerosis, neural damage, cartilage damage, and psoriasis in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of claim 8.

48. (canceled)

49. (canceled)

50. (canceled)

51. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide comprises a sequential amino acid sequence of:

a. ID1;

b. DBL2Xb; and

c. ID2a.

52. The compound of claim 51, wherein the VAR2CSA polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence at the N- or C-terminus of 100 amino acids or less derived from a part of SEQ ID NO: 55 or SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein said part is not 1D1, DBL2Xb or ID2a.

53. The compound of claim 1, wherein said VAR2CSA polypeptide is non-glycosylated.

54. The compound of claim 9, wherein L4 comprises repeating alkoxy units, a diacid amide, a diacid ester, or a combination thereof.

55. The compound of claim 9, wherein said cytotoxic compound is a hemiasterlin or an analog thereof; a tubulysin or an analog thereof, or an auristatin or an analog thereof.

56. The compound of claim 8, wherein P2 has the following structure (X): and L2-T has the following structure (IV): wherein:

R6 is selected from: aryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C1-C4 acylthio, C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 alkoxy, amino, amino-C1-C4 alkyl, halo, C1-C4 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxy-C1-C4 alkyl, and thio, wherein C2-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkylamino and C1-C4 alkoxy are further optionally substituted with one substituent selected from C1-C4 alkylaryl, hydroxyl, and thio;

R7 and R8 are each independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R9 is C1-C6 alkyl or thio;

R10 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —COR27, —CSR27, —OR27, and —NHR27, wherein each R27 is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

each AA is independently an amino acid;

n is an integer from 0 to 25;

L4 is the remaining portion of linker L2 or is absent;

T is said targeting moiety;

wherein the —NH— group bonded to R10 in Formula X forms a junction peptide bond (JPB) with AA1 in Formula VI, wherein the JPB is enzymatically cleavable, and

wherein AA1-(AA)n, taken together comprises an amino acid sequence capable of facilitating enzymatic cleavage of said JPB.

57. The compound of claim 56, wherein —R10—NH— of Formula X is selected from: wherein each n is independently an integer from 0-10.

58. The compound of claim 56, wherein AA1-(AA)n is selected from: Phe-Lys, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Trp-Cit, Phe-Arg, (D)Phe-Phe-Lys and (D)Ala-Phe-Lys.

59. The compound of claim 8, wherein P2 is a monovalent radical of one of the following compounds:

a) (S,E)-N-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound A);

b) (S,E)-N-(2-Mercaptoethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound B);

c) S,E)-N-(4-(Mercaptomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound C);

d) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-tosyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound D);

e) (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound E);

f) (S,E)-N-(Mesitylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

g) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

h) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 14);

i) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

j) (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

k) (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

l) (S,E)-N-(3-Cyanophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

m) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

n) (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

o) 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)-3-nitrobenzamide;

p) (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

q) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 23);

r) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 886);

s) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

t) (S,E)-N—(N-(2-Fluorobenzyl)sulfamoyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

u) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

v) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(o-tolylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

w) (S,E)-N-(4-Bromophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

x) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

y) Methyl 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate;

z) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N—(N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)sulfamoyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aa) (4S,E)-N-(Hexan-2-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bb) (S,E)-N-(2-Methoxyethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

cc) (S,E)-N-(Cyclopentylmethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

dd) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ee) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ff) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Azidophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

gg) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

hh) (S,E)-N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ii) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

jj) 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;

kk) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ll) (S,E)-N-(3-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

mm) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

nn) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

oo) (S,E)-N-(4-Hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

pp) (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl) phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

qq) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

rr) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-methylbenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ss) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

tt) (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

uu) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

vv) (S,E)-N-(4-Bromobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ww) (S,E)-N-(4-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

xx) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

yy) (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylbenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

zz) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aaa) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrophenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bbb) Methyl 4-Chloro-3-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate;

ccc) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ddd) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

eee) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

fff) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ggg) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

hhh) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

iii) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

jjj) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-(4-(4-methyl styryl)phenyl)butanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

kkk) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

lll) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((R)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

mmm) (S,E)-N-(Benzyl sulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

nnn) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ooo) S-2-(4-((S)-4-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(benzylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-2-methyl-3-(methylamino)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl ethanethioate;

ppp) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

qqq) (S,E)-N-(2-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

rrr) (S,E)-N-(Biphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

sss) (S,E)-N-(4′-Aminobiphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ttt) (S,E)-N-(4-Fluorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

uuu) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

vvv) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

www) (S,E)-N-(3,4-Dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

xxx) (S,E)-N-(2-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

yyy) (S,E)-N-(3-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

zzz) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aaaa) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bbbb) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

cccc) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

dddd) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

eeee) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ffff) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

gggg) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

hhhh) (S)-1-Isopropyl-N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(3-mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)piperidine-2-carboxamide;

iiii) (S)—N—((S)-1-((S)-2-((E)-3-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide;

jjjj) (S)—N—((S)-1-(2-(3-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide;

kkkk) (S)—N—((S)-1-(2-(3-(4-(Mercaptomethyl)phenylsulfonamido)-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamide;

llll) (R)—N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hexanamide; or

mmmm) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide.

60. The compound of claim 8, wherein P2 is a monovalent radical of one of the following compounds:

a) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 886);

b) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

c) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

d) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

e) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide, or

f) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide.

61. The compound of claim 60, wherein L2 comprises Phe-Lys, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Trp-Cit, Phe-Arg, (D)Phe-Phe-Lys or (D)Ala-Phe-Lys.

62. The compound of claim 8, wherein L2-P2 is a monovalent radical of one of the following compounds:

a) (S,E)-N-(4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(6-(2,5-Dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanamido)-3-methylbutanamido)-5-ureidopentanamido)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound N);

or

b)

or

c)

63. The compound of claim 16, wherein P1 is a monovalent radical of one of the following compounds:

a) (S,E)-N-(3-Mercaptopropylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound A);

b) (S,E)-N-(2-Mercaptoethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound B);

c) S,E)-N-(4-(Mercaptomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound C);

d) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-tosyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound D);

e) (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound E);

f) (S,E)-N-(Mesitylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

g) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

h) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 14);

i) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

j) (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

k) (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

l) (S,E)-N-(3-Cyanophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

m) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

n) (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

o) 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)-3-nitrobenzamide;

p) (S,E)-N-(4-Methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

q) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 23);

r) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide (Compound 886);

s) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

t) (S,E)-N—(N-(2-Fluorobenzyl)sulfamoyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

u) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

v) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(o-tolylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

w) (S,E)-N-(4-Bromophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

x) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

y) Methyl 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate;

z) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N—(N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)sulfamoyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aa) (4S,E)-N-(Hexan-2-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bb) (S,E)-N-(2-Methoxyethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

cc) (S,E)-N-(Cyclopentylmethylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

dd) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ee) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ff) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Azidophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

gg) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-Aminophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

hh) (S,E)-N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ii) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

jj) 4-(N—((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoic acid;

kk) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ll) (S,E)-N-(3-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

mm) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

nn) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

oo) (S,E)-N-(4-Hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

pp) (S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-N-(4-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)cyclopropyl) phenylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

qq) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

rr) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-methylbenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ss) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

tt) (S,E)-N-(4-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

uu) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(phenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

vv) (S,E)-N-(4-Bromobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ww) (S,E)-N-(4-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

xx) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

yy) (S,E)-N-(4-tert-Butylbenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

zz) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(2-nitrobenzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aaa) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(4-nitrophenethylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bbb) Methyl 4-Chloro-3-(N—((S,E)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enoyl)sulfamoyl)benzoate;

ccc) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ddd) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

eee) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

fff) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ggg) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

hhh) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

iii) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

jjj) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-(4-(4-methylstyryl)phenyl)butanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

kkk) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

lll) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((R)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

mmm) (S,E)-N-(Benzyl sulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

nnn) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

ooo) S-2-(4-((S)-4-((S)-1-(((S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-6-oxo-6-(benzylsulfonamido)hex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-2-methyl-3-(methylamino)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl ethanethioate;

ppp) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

qqq) (S,E)-N-(2-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

rrr) (S,E)-N-(Biphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

sss) (S,E)-N-(4′-Aminobiphenyl-4-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ttt) (S,E)-N-(4-Fluorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

uuu) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

vvv) (S,E)-2,5-Dimethyl-N-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

www) (S,E)-N-(3,4-Dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

xxx) (S,E)-N-(2-Cyanobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

yyy) (S,E)-N-(3-Chlorobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

zzz) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

aaaa) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methyl amino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

bbbb) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-2,3-dimethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

cccc) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

dddd) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

eeee) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

ffff) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-ethylphenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

gggg) (S,E)-N-(4-Amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

hhhh) (S)-1-Isopropyl-N—((S)-1-(((S,E)-6-(3-mercaptopropylsulfonamido)-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxohex-4-en-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)piperidine-2-carboxamide;

iiii) (R)—N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hexanamide; or

jjjj) (S,E)-N-(Benzylsulfonyl)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide.

64. The compound of claim 16, wherein P1 is a monovalent radical of one of the following compounds:

a) (S,E)-4-((S)-2-((S)-3-(4-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamido)-N-(benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enamide;

b) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

c) (S,E)-N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide;

d) (S,E)-N-(4-(Aminomethyl)benzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide, or

e) (S,E)-N-(4-Aminobenzylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-((S)—N,3,3-trimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylbutanamido)butanamido)hex-2-enamide.