SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MANAGING CONDITIONS IN ENCLOSED SPACE
A conditioning system includes a first plenum and a second plenum. The second plenum receives heated air from an enclosed space and supplies cooled air to the space. The system also includes a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the first plenum. LAMEE1 is configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream. A LAMEE2 is arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1. LAMEE2 is configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing through LAMEE2. A first LAHX (LAHX1) is arranged inside the second plenum. LAHX1 is configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using a first cooling fluid. A second LAHX (LAHX2) is in fluid communication with LAMEE1 and is configured to receive the liquid desiccant from LAMEE1 and cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components, sub-components of a larger logical or physical system, or the like. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various examples described in the present disclosure.
The inventor(s) recognize, among other things, an opportunity for improved performance in providing cooling to an enclosed space by employing a liquid desiccant conditioning module to lower the relative humidity of a scavenger (or outdoor) air stream before supplying the scavenger air to an indirect evaporative cooler, which indirectly and sensibly cools the process (or supply) air supplied to the enclosed space. Such systems with a liquid desiccant dryer can meet a discharge cooling set point temperature (for product/process cooling or for comfort cooling applications) over a larger range of inlet working air temperatures and humidity levels than other types of systems and potentially for any inlet working air conditions. In some cases, the water collected in the liquid desiccant dryer module exceeds the water needed in the evaporative cooler, thus potentially substantially reducing or eliminating large amounts of water usage typical of various types of heating and cooling systems.
Comfort cooling of residential, commercial and institutional buildings is predominantly done using vapor-compression cooling equipment. Many process applications, such as data centers, also use mechanical cooling for primary or supplemental cooling. In most of these applications the required cooling temperature is moderate (for example, in a range from about 50 degrees Fahrenheit to about 85 degrees Fahrenheit). Vapor-compression mechanical cooling equipment can produce high cooling capacities, operate reliably and can have acceptable cost due to mass production of compressors, exchangers and other components. However, these systems require significant amounts of high grade energy (usually electricity) to operate. For example, some studies have estimated that about 15% of the total annual US domestic electricity production is consumed by air conditioning units. Moreover, it has been estimated that about ⅓ of the peak electricity demand in hot summer months is driven by air conditioning units, leading, in some cases, to issues with power grid loading and stability.
The production of electricity remains carbon intensive, so electricity driven cooling systems can contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and potentially to other issues like global warming and climate change. In addition, thermoelectric power production requires relatively large amounts of water for cooling, and the US average water consumption (evaporated water) for combined thermoelectric and hydroelectric power production is about 2 gallons/kWh. In fact, it has been estimated that the water consumed to produce the electricity required by an EER 11 air conditioner is about equivalent to the water consumed by a good efficiency evaporative cooling system producing an equivalent amount of cooling. However, evaporative cooling systems consume far less electricity.
Vapor-compression systems also typically require synthetic refrigerants operating at high pressures. The deployment of large quantities of refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration systems can result in safety, health and environmental issues, including, for example ozone depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. Modern high efficiency refrigerants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) may have very high global warming potential and are being phased out of use. Additionally, proposed replacement hydrofluro-olefins (HFO) refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures may still have modestly high global warming potential (GWP) and are flammable, potentially toxic and expensive. Thus, there is a challenge in discovering or designing direct replacement refrigerant options for new and already installed vapor-compression systems, which has the desired properties in terms of efficiency, stability, flammability, toxicity, and environmental impact.
Evaporative cooling systems are used successfully in many applications, especially in dry climates. Direct evaporative coolers are generally considered simple and efficient, but can lead to indoor humidity problems. Indirect evaporative coolers generally address the humidity issue, but may operate at lower wet bulb efficiencies. Dew-point evaporative coolers can deliver lower cooling temperatures than conventional direct or indirect evaporative systems and can maintain cooling power to higher outdoor wet bulb temperatures. However, all evaporative cooling technologies lose cooling performance as the working air humidity rises and may not be able to be used in humid climates without supplemental (usually vapor-compression) cooling equipment.
The water usage efficiency of evaporative cooling systems also varies widely depending on the system design and control characteristics. The water usage of evaporative coolers can be a significant perceived or real problem. For example, large scale data centers can consume surprisingly large quantities of potable water, and in locations where evaporative cooling works best (dry climates), the water demand may not be sustainable.
Absorption chillers have been employed for comfort and process cooling, especially when waste heat is available. Absorption chiller systems have been commercialized for larger scale applications and may be an alternative to mechanical cooling in integrated building designs where the required technical and maintenance support is available. Single-effect absorptions chillers have a COP<1, so significant quantities of heat are required to drive the system. Current absorption chiller designs are intended to replace electric chillers and deliver comparable cooling temperatures (for example, 40° F.-50° F.). However, this may require the use of specialized materials (alloy metals), vacuum vessels, multiple heat exchangers, relatively high grade heat input for the generator, control methods to prevent crystallization, etc. Higher efficiency double and triple effect designs are increasingly complex and expensive. The complexity, cost and maintenance requirements of absorption systems may limit their widespread acceptance as an alternative to mechanical cooling, especially in lighter load commercial and residential applications.
There remains an urgent need for alternative cooling technologies for comfort conditioning applications which can largely replace mechanical cooling. The growing awareness of environmental impacts, electricity consumption and increasing regulatory pressure on refrigerants are pressing challenges for current HVAC cooling equipment. This need was identified and articulated in the U.S. Department of Energy BTO report in 2014 titled “Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Non-Vapor-Compression HVAC Technologies.”
One of the most promising technologies identified in this DOE report was desiccant enhanced evaporative cooling systems. However, there is a need for a commercially viable design which meets requirements for first cost, ongoing operation costs, performance, reliability, size/weight restrictions, etc., while avoiding the creation of any new resource utilization problems such as excessive water or natural gas consumption.
The ideal system design would have good cooling performance and compactness, make use of low cost materials, and avoid the use of any environmentally harmful or toxic substances. From a thermodynamic perspective, the system should operate near atmospheric pressures with low grade heat input, employ moderate temperature changes and exchange fluxes to minimize irreversibility in the system and improve second law efficiency. Comfort conditioning only requires low grade cooling, and an exergy analysis can illustrate how wasteful it may be to use precious high grade energy sources such as electricity to drive cooling equipment. Currently this is most clearly evident in data center applications, where operators want to maximize the utilization of available electricity supplies for running computing equipment (an appropriate use of electricity) and minimize electricity consumption by cooling equipment.
In one example, a system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space includes a scavenger plenum, a process plenum, a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1), a second LAMEE (LAMEE2), a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1), and a second LAHX (LAHX2). The process plenum is configured to direct scavenger air from a scavenger inlet to a scavenger outlet. The process plenum is configured to direct process air from a process inlet to a process outlet. The process inlet receives heated air from the space and the process outlet supplies cooled air to the space. LAMEE1 is arranged inside the scavenger plenum. LAMEE1 is configured to use a first fluid flowing there through to reduce the humidity of the scavenger air. A first concentration of water in the first fluid at a fluid inlet of LAMEE1 is lower than a second concentration of water in the first fluid at a fluid outlet of LAMEE1. LAMEE2 is arranged inside the scavenger plenum downstream of LAMEE1. LAMEE2 is configured to use the scavenger air to evaporatively cool a second fluid flowing through LAMEE2. A temperature of the second fluid at a fluid outlet of LAMEE2 is lower than a temperature of the second fluid at a fluid inlet of LAMEE2. LAHX1 is arranged inside the process plenum. LAHX1 is configured to directly and sensibly cool the process air being directed through the process plenum using a third fluid flowing through LAHX1. LAHX2 is in fluid communication with LAMEE1 and is configured to receive and cool the first fluid using outdoor air.
In
Although not shown in
Air from the enclosed space enters system 100 through process inlet 128. The air entering system 100 has been heated in the enclosed space and requires cooling to a target supply air temperature, which is generally determined based on the amount and characteristics of equipment housed in the enclosed space, for example, computing, networking, data storage and other equipment. Air is supplied to the enclosed space from system 100 through process outlet 132. This supply air is cooled by system 100 and is transported into the space at or within an acceptable tolerance of the target supply air temperature.
Scavenger plenum 104 and the scavenger air flowing there through can be a plenum that transports outdoor air (OA) from inlet 120 through/by LAMEE1 108 and LAMEE2 110, and then exhausts the increased enthalpy OA air through scavenger outlet 122. The scavenger and process plenums 104 and 106 are sealed from one another such that the scavenger and process air streams do not intermix with one another (other than ordinary leakage between the two plenums, if collocated).
Scavenger plenum 104 and process plenum 106 are defined by partitioned sub-sections of the interior space of cabinet 102, as is schematically depicted in
Example conditioning systems in accordance with this disclosure include liquid to air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs), which are configured to transfer heat and moisture between a liquid and an air stream to condition the temperature and humidity of the air and/or to condition the liquid flowing through the LAMEE. In an example, the membrane in a LAMEE can be a non-porous film having selective permeability for water, but not for other constituents that may be present in the liquid. Many different types of liquids can be used in combination with the non-porous membrane, including, for example, water, liquid desiccants, glycols. In an example, the membrane in the LAMEE can be semi-permeable or vapor permeable, and generally anything in a gas phase can pass through the membrane and generally anything in a liquid phase cannot pass through the membrane. In an example, the membrane in the LAMEE can be micro-porous such that one or more gases can pass through the membrane. In an example, the membrane can be a selectively-permeable membrane such that some constituents, but not others, can pass through the membrane. It is recognized that the LAMEEs included in the conditioning systems disclosed herein can use any type of membrane suitable for use with devices that are the same or equivalent to a LAMEE.
LAMEE1 108 can be used to lower the enthalpy of and dehumidify the scavenger air flowing through scavenger plenum 104. LAMEE1 108 can also collect water, which can be employed in/by other components of conditioning system 100 or other such systems in accordance with this disclosure. The water collection rate/capacity of LAMEE1 108 can exceed the evaporation rate of LAMEE2 110 (or another type of evaporative cooler), which can make operation of conditioning system 100, or at least operation of LAMEE2 independent of additional/external water sources. Additionally, because LAMEE1 108 can effectively operate in a variety of ambient conditions using a liquid desiccant at temperatures (for example, on the order of 35 degrees Celsius) that are higher than the outdoor ambient dry bulb temperature, cooling/heat rejection of the desiccant exiting LAMEE1 can occur in an air cooler (for example, a polymer fluid cooler or PFC) using only outdoor air.
LAMEE1 108 of conditioning system 100 can function to remove water from the scavenger air using a liquid desiccant to decrease the humidity of the scavenger air and thereby lower the wet bulb temperature. The temperature of the scavenger air passing through LAMEE1 108 may be lowered modestly, but the decrease in humidity and associated effect of lowering wet bulb temperature can significantly increase the cooling capacity of LAMEE2 110 (configured to operate as an evaporative cooler) and thereby improve and expand the efficiency with which and the conditions under which system 100 can meet the target supply air temperature for a data center or other enclosed space.
The cooling fluid circulating through LAMEE1 108 and/or LAMEE2 110 can include water, liquid desiccant, glycol, other hygroscopic fluids, other evaporative liquids, and/or combinations thereof. In an example, the cooling fluid employed in and flowing through LAMEE1 108 is a liquid desiccant that is a high concentration salt solution. The presence of salt can sanitize the cooling fluid to prevent microbial growth. In addition, the desiccant salt can affect the vapor pressure of the solution and allow the cooling fluid to either release or absorb moisture from the air. The concentration of the liquid desiccant can be adjusted for control purposes to control the amount of cooling and/or dehumidification of the scavenger air or cooling fluid within/passing through/by LAMEE1 108.
In an example, the cooling fluid employed in and flowing through LAMEE2 110 is water and, in some cases, the water flowing through LAMEE2 110 or a portion thereof is water removed from the scavenger air by LAMEE1 108. LAMEE2 110 can include a water inlet and a water outlet for passing water through the exchanger. In other cases, other types of evaporative cooling fluids, including those listed above, can be used in combination with or as an alternative to water for LAMEE2 110 and other such examples in accordance with this disclosure.
In one example, a liquid desiccant, for example a salt solution desiccant flows into LAMEE1 108 via a liquid inlet and out of LAMEE1 108 via a liquid outlet. The scavenger air enters scavenger plenum 104 and flows through LAMEE1 108 via air inlets and outlets thereof. As the scavenger air flows by the liquid desiccant, separated by the membrane(s) employed in LAMEE1 108, water in the scavenger air condenses through the membrane into the liquid desiccant. The scavenger air exiting LAMEE1 108 can have a lower temperature and/or a lower humidity than the scavenger air entering LAMEE1, and, as a result, the enthalpy and the wet bulb temperature of the scavenger air are decreased. The reduced wet bulb temperature scavenger air flows out of LAMEE1 108 downstream through scavenger plenum 104 into LAMEE2 110.
LAMEE2 110 of conditioning system 100 can recirculate a cooling fluid, including an evaporative fluid to reduce the temperature of the cooling fluid by evaporating water from the fluid into the scavenger air passing through LAMEE2. LAMEE2 110 can operate as an evaporative cooler, using the cooling potential in both the scavenger air and the cooling fluid (for example, water) to reject heat. Although the examples disclosed include LAMEE2 configured as an evaporative cooler in the scavenger plenum 104, in other examples, different types of evaporative cooling devices can be employed, including, for example, a wetted media direct evaporative cooler. In an example, LAMEE2 110 can use a flexible polymer membrane, which is vapor permeable, to separate the scavenger air and water or other fluid flowing through LAMEE2. Relative to other systems/devices, the water flow rate and air flow rate through LAMEE2 110 may not be limited by concerns such as droplet carryover at high face velocities. In addition, LAMEE2 110 can operate with water flow rates that enable the transport of thermal energy into the cooler similar to a cooling tower, and the elevated inlet water temperatures can boost the evaporative cooling power of LAMEE2.
LAMEE2 110 can be referred to herein as an evaporative cooler and/or an evaporative cooler LAMEE. As scavenger air flows through LAMEE2 110, the water, or both the scavenger air and the water, can be cooled to temperatures approaching the entering air wet bulb (WB) temperature, as a portion of the water flowing through LAMEE2 evaporates into the scavenger air. The scavenger air exiting LAMEE2 110 can pass through scavenger fan 136 and exit scavenger plenum 104 at the outlet thereof as exhaust.
Due to the evaporative cooling process in LAMEE2 110, a temperature of the water at the outlet of the exchanger can be less than a temperature of the water at the inlet. In other words, the water flowing through the LAMEE2 110 is cooled by the device between the inlet and the outlet. The reduced-temperature, or “cooled” water from LAMEE2 110 can be used to provide cooling to process air flowing through/by LAHX1 112.
LAMEE1 108 can be referred to as a dehumidification LAMEE and/or desiccant driven dehumidification LAMEE. As noted above, LAMEE2 110 can be referred to as an evaporative cooler LAMEE. As shown in
Dehumidification LAMEE1 108 may be similar in construction to evaporative cooler LAMEE2 110. However, dehumidification LAMEE1 108 can employ a different cooling fluid than evaporative cooler LAMEE2 110. For example, the desiccant fluid flowing through LAMEE1 108 may be a lithium chloride solution, while the cooling (or “evaporative”) fluid flowing through LAMEE2 110 may be pure water or water of a relatively high purity.
Example conditioning system 100 also includes two liquid-to-air heat exchangers, LAHX1 112 and LAHX2 114, which generally exchange heat between a cooling fluid flowing through the exchanger and air flowing over/by the exchanger. LAHX1 112 is arranged in process plenum 106 and is the cooling component in conditioning system 100 that ultimately directly and sensibly cools the process air from the enclosed space.
LAHX1 110 can be a variety of types of liquid-to-air exchangers, including, for example, cooling coils. Cooling coils are commonly formed of coiled copper tubes embedded in a matrix of fins. A variety of particular configurations, capacities, etcetera can be employed in examples according to this disclosure. Other example LAHXs that can be used include micro-channel heat exchangers. The cooling fluid circulating through one or both of LAHX1 110 and LAHX2 112 can include water, liquid desiccant, glycol, other hygroscopic fluids, other evaporative liquids, and/or combinations thereof. Additionally, the cooling fluid flowing through LAHX1 112 can be the same as or different than the cooling fluid flowing through LAMEE2 110, as described in more detail with other examples in accordance with this disclosure.
LAHX2 114 is configured to cool the liquid desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108 and return the desiccant to the fluid inlet of LAMEE1. As noted above, in some examples, the inlet temperature threshold (or set point) of LAMEE1 108 can be higher than the outdoor air dry bulb temperature. In at least some such cases, LAHX2 114 can cool the liquid desiccant to the inlet temperature threshold of LAMEE1 108 using only outdoor air in a sensible cooling process. In some cases, however, a combination of outdoor air and some kind of evaporative cooling augmentation (for example, adiabatic cooling or water sprays) may be employed in LAHX2 114 to cool the liquid desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108.
LAHX1 112 can be a variety of types of fluid cooling components and/or liquid-to-air exchangers. In one example, LAHX1 110 is a polymer fluid cooler (PFC), which is configured to employ outdoor air to cool the liquid desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108 to a target inlet desiccant temperature. Such a PFC can be, for example, a PolyCoil polymeric heat exchanger from Cesaroni Technology Inc. of Gormley, Ontario in Canada. Additional details and examples of the types of components employed as LAHX1 110 (or another similar component in other examples according to this disclosure) is illustrated in and described with reference to
Referring again to
In the example of
In the example of
First and second fluid circuits 116 and 118 are structured and configured to transport one or more cooling fluids (or more generally “heat transfer” fluids) among the components of system 100. In the example of
Conditioning system 100 also includes system controller 150. System controller 150 can include hardware, software, and combinations thereof to implement the functions attributed to the controller herein. System controller 150 can be an analog, digital, or combination analog and digital controller including a number of components. As examples, controller 150 can include ICB(s), PCB(s), processor(s), data storage devices, switches, relays, etcetera. Examples of processors can include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or equivalent discrete or integrated logic circuitry.
Storage devices, in some examples, are described as a computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, storage devices include a temporary memory, meaning that a primary purpose of one or more storage devices is not long-term storage. Storage devices are, in some examples, described as a volatile memory, meaning that storage devices do not maintain stored contents when the computer is turned off. Examples of volatile memories include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random access memories (DRAM), static random access memories (SRAM), and other forms of volatile memories known in the art. The data storage devices can be used to store program instructions for execution by processor(s) of controller 150. The storage devices, for example, are used by software, applications, algorithms, as examples, running on and/or executed by controller 150. The storage devices can include short-term and/or long-term memory, and can be volatile and/or non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile storage elements include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories.
System controller 150 can be configured to communicate with conditioning system 100 and components thereof via various wired or wireless communications technologies and components using various public and/or proprietary standards and/or protocols. For example, a power and/or communications network of some kind may be employed to facilitate communication and control between controller 150 and conditioning system 100. In one example, system controller 150 may communicate with conditioning system 100 via a private or public local area network (LAN), which can include wired and/or wireless elements functioning in accordance with one or more standards and/or via one or more transport mediums. In one example, system 100 can be configured to use wireless communications according to one of the 802.11 or Bluetooth specification sets, or another standard or proprietary wireless communication protocol. Data transmitted to and from components of system 100, including controller 150, can be formatted in accordance with a variety of different communications protocols. For example, all or a portion of the communications can be via a packet-based, Internet Protocol (IP) network that communicates data in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) packets, over, for example, Category 5, Ethernet cables or over an 802.11 or Bluetooth wireless connection.
System controller 150 can include one or more programs, circuits, algorithms or other mechanisms for controlling the operation of conditioning system 100. For example, system controller 150 can be configured to modulate the speed of scavenger and process fans 136 and 138 and/or control actuation of valves, pumps, etc. in one or both of first fluid circuit 116 and second fluid circuit 118. System controller 150 can also be configured to operate system 100 in multiple conditioning (for example, cooling) modes. For example, system controller 150 can also be configured to operate system 100 in an evaporative mode in which LAMEE1 108 is deactivated, damper 124 is closed, a bypass damper (in scavenger plenum 104 between LAMEE1 108 and LAMEE2 110) is opened, and cooling fluid is circulated through a run-around loop defined by first fluid circuit 116 from the outlet of LAHX1 112 to the inlet of LAMEE2 110, through LAMEE2 110, from the outlet of LAMEE2 110 to the inlet of LAHX1 112, and through LAHX1 112 back to the outlet thereof. Additionally, system controller 150 can also be configured to operate system 100 in a desiccant enhanced evaporation mode in which LAMEE1 108 is activated, damper 124 is opened, the bypass damper is closed, and cooling fluid is circulated by first fluid circuit 116 among all of LAMEE1 108 and LAHX1 112.
Although not shown in detail in the example of
In some examples according to this disclosure, an important feature/advantage of employing LAMEE1 (versus some other type of liquid desiccant device) is the relatively high desiccant flow rate that is possible through such example LAMEEs in accordance with this disclosure. Due to the high flow rates through the desiccant dryer LAMEE, even though the desiccant may pick up heat in LAMEE1 (in addition to moisture) the flow rates are such that the increase in temperature is tolerable without additional desiccant cooling such as requiring an additional cooling flowing through the same exchanger to cool the desiccant. The control of desiccant temperature is important in such systems, because, for a given desiccant salt concentration, the capacity of the desiccant to absorb moisture degrades as the desiccant temperature increases. Maintaining relatively high flow rates through the desiccant dryer LAMEE is assisted by only regenerating a portion of the total flow between LAMEE1 and LAHX2. Examples of such components or systems are described in more detail with reference to the examples of
In addition to the components in common with conditioning system 100, conditioning system 200 includes recovery coil 202, first storage tank 204 and first pump 206, and second storage tank 208 and second pump 210. Recovery coil 202 can include a number of different types of devices configured to use the air flowing out of LAMEE2 110 in scavenger plenum 104 to cool down the fluid returning from LAHX1 112 to LAMEE2. In one example, recovery coil 202 is one of a number of different types of LAHX devices.
The fluid exiting LAHX1 112 will be at an increased-temperature or “heated,” because the rejected heat from the process air has been picked up by the fluid. The fluid can therefore be transported to recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104, which cools the fluid before it returns to LAMEE2 110. Recovery coil 202 can cool the fluid using the cooling potential of the scavenger air. The scavenger air exiting LAMEE2 110 can be relatively cool and additional sensible heat from the cooling fluid can therefore be rejected into the scavenger air. One reason for the amount of energy still available in the scavenger air after going through LAMEE2 110 is that LAMEE2 cools the water or other fluid by increasing the humidity of the scavenger air versus substantially increasing the temperature of the air. In this sense, system 200 uses the latent heat transfer capacity of the scavenger air to cool a cooling fluid (for example, water) that is used to sensibly cool the process air and uses the sensible heat transfer capacity of the scavenger air to cool the fluid after it has picked up heat from the process air.
Therefore, one advantage of conditioning system 200 is the ability to use the scavenger air as a working fluid to cool down and recover the cooling fluid flowing through LAMEE2 110. Recovery coil 202 or an equivalent device can be relatively inexpensive, simple in construction and maintenance, thus potentially simplifying and reducing the cost and complexity of at least some example conditioning systems and methods in accordance with this disclosure. Moreover, recovery coil 202 may provide a number of advantages related to water usage efficiency over systems not including such a component. For example, inclusion of recovery coil 202 may make a true economizer operating mode possible in which no evaporative conditioning takes place and fluid is transported in a run around loop between recovery coil 202 and LAHX1 112. Additionally, the recovery coil 202 can increase the water efficiency of evaporative modes by increasing the temperature of the scavenger exhaust air.
In the example of conditioning system 200 of
Storage tank 204 can be employed to store fluid cooled by LAMEE2 110. Although not shown in
Pump 206, which can be controlled by system controller 150, pumps the cooled fluid from storage tank 204 into LAHX1 112, by which LAHX1 112 cools the process air supplied to the enclosed space. After the fluid provides cooling to the process air, the fluid can be recirculated back to LAMEE2 110 (including through recovery coil 202).
Fluid circuit 212 can include a number of different interconnected conduits or fluid flow pathways, as well as other cooling fluid related components. Fluid circuit 212 can be thought of as including multiple interconnected fluid flow branches or could also be characterized as including multiple fluid circuits. In any event, fluid circuit 212 is structured and configured to transport one or more cooling fluids (or more generally “heat transfer” fluids) among the cooling components of system 200. In the example of
Storage tank 208 can be employed to store fluid that is used by LAMEE1 108 to dehumidify the scavenger air and to thereby lower the enthalpy/wet bulb temperature of the scavenger air to boost the cooling capacity of the evaporative cooler LAMEE2 110. Tank 208 can include one or more temperature sensors in or around the tank to monitor a temperature of the fluid stored therein. In an example, the control scheme for conditioning system 200 can be based, in part, on a measured temperature of the fluid in tank 208 compared to a set point temperature. In an example, the set point temperature can be pre-determined based on, inter alia, an estimated cooling load from the enclosed space. The set point temperature for the fluid flowing through LAMEE1 108 can also vary during operation of conditioning system 200, based in part on conditions in the enclosed space (for example, operation of the data center like periodic processing or data storage load variations). In an example, the temperature of the fluid entering LAMEE 1 108 can be controlled by modulating the capacity of LAHX2 114.
Pump 210, which can be controlled by system controller 150, pumps the fluid from storage tank 208 to LAHX2 114, which cools the fluid using outdoor air and returns the cooled fluid to the fluid inlet of LAMEE1 108. Fluid circuit 214 can include a number of different interconnected conduits or fluid flow pathways, as well as other cooling fluid related components. Fluid circuit 214 can be thought of as including multiple interconnected fluid flow branches or could also be characterized as including multiple fluid circuits. In any event, fluid circuit 214 is structured and configured to transport one or more fluids among the select components of system 200. In the example of
System controller 150 can be structured and operate in association with conditioning system 200 in a manner similar to that described with reference to conditioning system 100 of
The example modeled system is operated at ambient conditions including outdoor air dry bulb temperature of approximately 32.2 degrees Celsius, outdoor air wet bulb temperature of 29.4 degrees Celsius and relative humidity of 81.6%. Additionally, the altitude of the modeled system is sea level (0 meters), the barometric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg, and the atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.325 kPa. The liquid desiccant employed in LAMEE1 is a lithium chloride solution with a salt concentration of approximately 38% and a target fluid inlet temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. The target set-point temperature for the process air supplied to the enclosed space from the outlet of the process plenum is approximately 30 degrees Celsius. The characteristic values associated with the process diagram of
Energy Change of Air across LAMEE1 108
Energy Chang of Air across LAMEE2 110
Energy Chang of Air across Recovery Coil 202
Referring to the psychometric process diagram of
Additionally, the process diagram of
A target temperature of the fluid at the fluid outlet of LAMEE2 110 may be determined using the target set-point temperature for the enclosed space and the efficiency of LAHX1 112. The target set-point temperature for the enclosed space may be a known, constant, which is prescribed by desired conditions in the space. For example, in a data center, the target set-point temperature may be a temperature at or below which the computer, networking, data storage, etc. components in the data center need to be maintained for proper operation. Similarly, the efficiency of LAHX1 112 will be a value or range that is known and that is prescribed by the particular cooling component employed as LAHX1 112. Thus, the temperature of the fluid at the fluid outlet of LAMEE2 110, TLAMEE2_fluid_outlet, can be determined by subtracting a known constant, A, which accounts for the inefficiency of LAHX1 112, from the target set-point temperature of the space, Tspace, as follows:
TLAMEE2_fluid_outlet=Tspace−A (1)
In the foregoing formula, “A” is sometimes referred to as the approach temperature, i.e. how close the air temperature, Tspace, coming out of the coil approaches the inlet water temperature, TLAMEE2_fluid_outlet. This term can be used at the design stage. However, in operation, the system would typically use a feedback control loop to maintain the leaving air temperature, Tspace. The water temperature would be, for example, dynamically modulated to hold Tspace at a target value.
Referring again to
In general, example liquid desiccant regeneration systems can include thermally driven brine concentration systems. For example, a vacuum membrane distillation system could be employed, a byproduct of which is distilled water. In one example, a vacuum membrane distillation system from memsys GmbH of Germany. Other types of regenerations systems that are electrically or mechanically driven can also be used in examples according to this disclosure.
Liquid desiccant regeneration systems can be employed in any examples in accordance with this disclosure, both to reconstitute a liquid desiccant used in a dehumidifying LAMEE and also to extract water removed from the scavenger air for some useful effect elsewhere in the same or a different system.
In
Pre-cooler 402 of conditioning system 400 is arranged in scavenger plenum 104 between LAMEE1 108 and LAMEE2 110. Pre-cooler 402 can be, for example, a cooling coil that is configured to condition the scavenger air and/or the fluid flowing through the pre-cooler before it enters LAMEE2 110. In some examples, a filter (not shown) can be arranged inside scavenger plenum 104 and/or process plenum 106 near the air inlet.
In the example of
First fluid circuit 408 of system 400 also includes valve 406. A branch 408a of first fluid circuit 408 transports cooling fluid cooled by recovery coil 202 out of the fluid outlet of the recovery coil to valve 406. Depending upon the state of valve 406, the fluid flowing through branch 408a either can flow through branch 408b to the inlet of LAMEE2 110 or can flow through branch 408c into tank 204. Branch 408d of fluid circuit 408 transports fluid from the outlet of pre-cooler 402 and intermixes with the fluid flowing through branch 408b (from valve 406), before flowing to the inlet of LAMEE2 110. Branch 408e transports fluid from tank 204 to the fluid inlet of LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106. Finally, branch 408f transports fluid from the outlet of LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106 to the inlet of recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104.
In at least some cases, pre-cooler 402 can be effective when the temperature of the water entering the pre-cooler 402 is lower than the entering air (air leaving LAMEE1 if this device is operating and not bypassed) dry bulb temperature. Conditioning system 400 can be used in typical summer conditions as well as extreme summer conditions when the outdoor air can be very hot and humid. Pre-cooler 402 can function to depress the scavenger air dry bulb temperature, thus pre-cooling the scavenger air passing through the pre-cooler and heating the water in the pre-cooler 402. The scavenger air and the water can then pass through LAMEE2 110, as described above, in which case evaporation occurs and water (or other fluid) or both the air and water can be cooled to a temperature approaching the wet bulb temperature of the scavenger air leaving the pre-cooler, which is lower than the wet bulb temperature entering the pre-cooler. After passing through LAMEE2 110, the scavenger air can then pass through recovery coil 202 and thereby cool the heated fluid received by recovery coil 202 from LAHX1 112.
Conditioning system 400 can allow for a plurality of operating modes and selection of the mode can depend, for example, on the outdoor air conditions and a cooling load for the system. When the outdoor air is relatively cold (for example, at or below a threshold temperature), conditioning system 400 can operate in a first mode, an economizer mode. In this first example mode of operation, LAMEE1 108, pre-cooler 402 and LAMEE2 110 are all deactivated and/or bypassed from air and/or fluid flow. Recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104 and LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106 are coupled such that the cooling fluid, for example, water circulates through the recovery coil and LAHX1 in a closed loop.
In a second operating mode, which can also be referred to as an adiabatic mode, the cooling fluid, for example, water continues to travel in a closed loop through recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104 and LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106. LAMEE2 110 is engaged to adiabatically cool the incoming scavenger air before it goes through the recovery coil. In one example employing this or a similar adiabatic mode, water or another heat transfer fluid is pumped through LAMEE2 110 in a closed circuit, independent of the water or other fluid circuit transporting water among recovery coil 202 and LAHX1 112. LAMEE1 108 and pre-cooler 402 can be deactivated and/or bypassed from air and/or fluid flow in this second example mode of operation. LAMEE1 may also be actuated to pre-dry the air before it is adiabatically cooled in LAMEE2.
In a third operating mode, which can also be referred to as an evaporation mode, the water or other fluid flowing out of the outlet of recovery coil 202 is directed into the fluid inlet of LAMEE2 110, for example by activation or deactivation of valve 406. LAMEE2 110 cools the water to a set point temperature. The water flowing from the fluid outlet of LAMEE2 110 is transported to the fluid inlet of LAHX1 112 (for example, via tank1 204). In this mode, LAMEE2 110, recovery coil 202 and LAHX1 112 are all in the process water (or other fluid) circuit, while LAMEE1 108 and pre-cooler 402 are deactivated and/or bypassed from air and/or fluid flow in this second example mode of operation.
In a fourth operating mode, which can also be referred to as an enhanced or super evaporation mode, LAMEE1 108 and/or pre-cooler 402 are activated to lower the enthalpy of the scavenger air stream. Pre-cooler 402 may use some of the cold process water in tank1 204, or be supplied by another cold water source. In some examples, pre-cooler 402 and LAMEE1 108 may be staged on separately/sequentially, defining additional modes of operation.
The example modeled system is operated at ambient conditions including outdoor air dry bulb temperature of approximately 30.7 degrees Celsius, outdoor air wet bulb temperature of 27.7 degrees Celsius and relative humidity of 80%. Additionally, the altitude of the modeled system is 16 meters, the barometric pressure is approximately 758.56 mm Hg, and the atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.133 kPa. The liquid desiccant employed in LAMEE1 is a lithium chloride solution with a salt concentration of approximately 32% and a target fluid inlet temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. The target set-point temperature for the process air supplied to the enclosed space from the outlet of the process plenum is 85 degrees Fahrenheit. The characteristic values associated with the process diagram of
Energy Change of Air across LAMEE1 108
Energy Chang of Air across Pre-cooler 402
Energy Chang of Air across LAMEE2 110
Energy Chang of Air across Recovery Coil 202
Referring to the psychometric process diagram of
Additionally, the process diagram of
The example modeled system is operated at ambient conditions including outdoor air dry bulb temperature of approximately 32.2 degrees Celsius, outdoor air wet bulb temperature of 29.4 degrees Celsius and relative humidity of 81.5%. Additionally, the altitude of the modeled system is 16 meters, the barometric pressure is approximately 758.56 mm Hg, and the atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.133 kPa. The liquid desiccant employed in LAMEE1 is a lithium chloride solution with a salt concentration of approximately 38% and a target fluid inlet temperature of approximately 33.9 degrees Celsius. The target set-point temperature for the process air supplied to the enclosed space from the outlet of the process plenum is approximately 28.7 degrees Celsius. The characteristic values associated with the process diagram of
Energy Change of Air across LAMEE1 108
Energy Change of Air across Pre-cooler 402
Energy Change of Air across LAMEE2 110
Energy Change of Air across Recovery Coil 202
Referring to the psychometric process diagram of
Additionally, the process diagram of
Referring again to
In general, example liquid desiccant regeneration systems can include thermally driven brine concentration systems. For example, a vacuum membrane distillation system could be employed, a byproduct of which is distilled water. In one example, a vacuum membrane distillation system from memsys GmbH of Germany. Liquid desiccant regeneration systems can be employed in any examples in accordance with this disclosure, both to reconstitute a liquid desiccant used in a dehumidifying LAMEE and also to extract water removed from the scavenger air for some useful effect elsewhere in the same or a different system.
Regenerator 700 is generally configured to modulate and maintain the liquid desiccant flowing through LAMEE1 at a target relative concentration (for example, water to salt), including, for example, delivering a lithium chloride liquid desiccant to the fluid inlet of LAMEE1 at a concentration in a range from approximately 32% lithium chloride to approximately 38% lithium chloride. Additionally, regenerator 700 can extract water from the diluted desiccant flowing out of LAMEE1 and supply this water to LAMEE2. As noted above, the water collection rate/capacity of dryer LAMEE1 in examples according to this disclosure may exceed the evaporation rate of the evaporative cooler LAMEE2. As such, in at least some examples and operating conditions, the water removed from the scavenger air by LAMEE1 (in addition to markedly reducing the enthalpy of the scavenger air and thereby boosting the cooling capacity of LAMEE2) can be collected in quantities sufficient to completely supply the fluid necessary to drive operation of LAMEE2.
In this example, valve 706 can be controlled to modulate the flow rate of desiccant out of tank 208 and thereby divert an amount of desiccant to regenerator 700 necessary to maintain the intermixed desiccant in tank 208 at a target or within a threshold range of desiccant concentration, including, for example, maintaining the desiccant in tank 208 at a concentration in a range from approximately 32% lithium chloride to approximately 38% lithium chloride. In one example, transfer valve 706 is controlled to deliver approximately 250 gallons per minute (gpm) to the fluid inlet of LAMEE1 108 and to deliver approximately 12 gpm to regenerator 700. As the humidity of the scavenger air flowing into LAMEE1 108 rises, the amount of desiccant diverted into regenerator 700 can be increased by controlling transfer valve 706. In some examples, transfer valve 706 can be controlled by system controller 150 described with reference to the examples of
The dehumidification capacity of LAMEE1 108 can depend on a flow rate, a temperature, and a concentration of the liquid desiccant passing there through. In some cases, an example conditioning system in accordance with this disclosure can operate with a set point temperature and a set point concentration of the liquid desiccant flowing into LAMEE1 108. Additionally, in some examples, the flow rate of the desiccant through LAMEE1 108 can be constant. The load on the LAMEE1 108 can vary as the conditions of the air stream passing through scavenger plenum 104 vary. For example, if the air stream increases in humidity, the load on the LAMEE1 108 can increase. As a result, the liquid desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108 can require more regeneration, relative to if LAMEE1 receives a relatively lower humidity air stream. The regeneration system can therefore be configured such that as additional regeneration of the desiccant is required, the flow rate of liquid desiccant to regenerator 700 can be increased via the modulating valve 706. To achieve selective modulation of desiccant flow rate and concentration, for example intermixed in tank2 208, the regeneration system can be configured such that the flow of liquid desiccant to the LAHX2 114 can be relatively constant and the flow of liquid desiccant through the modulating valve 706 can be variable.
Regenerator 700 can be a thermally driven brine concentration device/system. In one example, regenerator 700 is a vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation device, which is configured to employ heat to distill the desiccant solution flowing there through. In one example, regenerator 700 can distill 3 liters of water per kW hr of heat input at approximately 80 degrees Celsius. It may be possible, in some cases, to use heat removed from the enclosed space to drive regenerator 700, including, for example, using heat removed from servers and other equipment in a data center to drive the regenerator. However, the heat input requirements to distill the liquid desiccant may be greater than can be typically removed from such equipment in a data center and, as such, in some cases, an additional heat/energy source may be needed to drive distillation of the desiccant by regenerator 700. Regenerator 700 can also include other types of devices, including, for example, electro dialysis, reverse osmosis (RO) filtration, a gas boiler with condenser, a vacuum assisted, multi-stage flash, or other membrane distillation devices other than a vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation device.
In operation, the desiccant exiting tank 208 can be transported to regenerator 700 via second fluid circuit 704. Regenerator 700 can separate water from the desiccant such that a concentrated desiccant supply can be transported back to tank 208 via second fluid circuit 704 and a supply of distilled water can be transported from regenerator to various components/locations via first fluid circuit 702.
In one example, the distilled water can be transported to tank 204 for evaporative cooler LAMEE2 110. Thus the water in the air stream passing through scavenger plenum 104 can be absorbed by the desiccant in the desiccant dryer LAMEE1 108, separated from the desiccant in regenerator 700, and then used as the cooling fluid for the evaporative cooler LAMEEs 110. This can result in a significant reduction or elimination of water for operation of an evaporative cooler LAMEE or other type of evaporative cooler.
As described above, one feature of example conditioning systems in accordance with this disclosure is the ability to sensibly cool the liquid desiccant employed in LAMEE1 108 using only outdoor air.
As described above with reference to
LAHX 800 can include any type of device suitable for cooling the liquid desiccant. In one example, LAHX 800 is configured to cool the liquid desiccant employed in LAMEE1 108 using outdoor air only. In one example, LAHX 800 is a polymer fluid cooler (with or without evaporative cooling capability), a plate exchanger, or other suitable heat exchangers. As schematically depicted, LAHX 800 can be located external to and separate from scavenger plenum 104 and/or other components of the conditioning system. In another example, however, LAHX 800 could be collocated in a common cabinet with other components of the system and outdoor air could be ducted through the LAHX.
The design of example regeneration systems in combination with desiccant dryer LAMEE1 108 can facilitate operation of conditioning systems in accordance with this disclosure with little to no external water consumption. LAMEE1 108 can remove the water from the air stream and use that water (which is separated from the desiccant for regeneration of the desiccant) as the cooling fluid for one or more coolers in the conditioning system. The recovered water can be stored in a tank and can be used as needed. Operation of evaporative coolers, like LAMEE2 110, can commonly require a significant amount of water. Example conditioning systems having such desiccant regeneration/water extraction can eliminate or markedly decrease the external water needed to operate the system, which, in turn, can decrease costs, complexity, and externalities of the system.
The design of example regeneration systems in combination with desiccant dryer LAMEE1 108 can also improve operation of evaporative cooler LAMEE2 110 (or other evaporative cooling device) since water can be collected directly from the atmosphere. Such water recovered from the liquid desiccant in the regenerator is often considered relatively high quality water, which can be ideal for many cooling applications, including evaporative coolers. Such high quality water can increase the lifespan of the media in LAMEE2 110 and can decrease required maintenance on the cooler. In contrast, if the water supplied to the LAMEE2 110 is potable water from wells or surface water sources, in some cases, mineral build up or scaling can occur, which may require the conditioning system or portions thereof to include management of mineral concentrations or other water treatment units.
In
In
DX unit 902 includes evaporator 904, compressor 906, condenser 908 and expansion valve 910. DX unit 902 is configured to cool the water in tank 204 using, for example, a condensed refrigerant liquid. In operation, DX unit 902 cools the water or other fluid in tank 204 by passing the condensed refrigerant through one side of a first heat exchanger, evaporator 904, which cools the water flowing through the other side of evaporator 904. In evaporator 904, the refrigerant expands as it absorbs heat, eventually converting to a gas. DX unit 902 then pumps the refrigerant to compressor 906, which compresses the gas refrigerant and passes it through another heat exchanger, condenser 908. The heat that is absorbed by the refrigerant can be exhausted, and the cooled, compressed refrigerant is once again in liquid form. DX unit 902 then pumps (or otherwise transports) the cooled refrigerant liquid back to evaporator 904 through expansion valve 910 and the cycle begins again.
In the example of
As with at least some other examples in accordance with this disclosure, conditioning system 900 can be operated in multiple modes depending upon various factors, including the heat load from the enclosed space and/or the outdoor air (or incoming scavenger air) conditions. For example, system controller 150 can be configured to control elements of system 900 (and other example systems in accordance with this disclosure) to operate differently in different modes. System controller 150 can be configured to operate system 900 in an economizer mode and evaporation mode, as well as other modes. In the economizer mode, generally, there is sufficient cooling capacity in the outdoor air entering the system that LAMEE2 110 (or pre-cooler 402 with a slightly modified fluid circuit) can cool the water or other fluid with the scavenger air without cooling by LAMEE1 108 being required. In the evaporation mode, for example, pre-cooler 402, LAMEE1 108, LAMEE2 110 and recovery coil 202 may all be activated and used to cool the water flowing through the system using the scavenger air passing through scavenger plenum 104.
In one example, system controller 150 is configured to cause conditioning system 900 to operate in the evaporation mode. In this mode, for example, outdoor scavenger air is drawn into and through scavenger plenum 104 by fan 136. The outdoor air passes through LAMEE1 108, by which the enthalpy of the outdoor/scavenger air is reduced. The outdoor air passes through and is cooled by pre-cooler 402 using fluid delivered to the inlet of the pre-cooler by a fluid circuit from tank1 204. The cooled outdoor air then flows through and evaporatively cools the fluid flowing through LAMEE2 110. The cooling fluid is delivered to LAMEE2 110 by the fluid circuit from the outlet of water-side of condenser 908 and from the outlet of pre-cooler 402. The scavenger air passes LAMEE2 110 and flows through recovery coil 202. Recovery coil 202 receives fluid from the outlet of LAHX1 112 and the scavenger air cools the heated fluid received from LAHX1. Fan 136 then exhausts the scavenger air out of outlet 122 of scavenger plenum 104.
The water or other evaporative cooling fluid cooled by LAMEE2 110 is transported by the fluid circuit to tank1 204, which stores the water. As described above, DX unit 902 can be activated to cool the water or other fluid stored in tank1 204 to keep the fluid at a target set point temperature. From tank1 204, the water is transported to the inlet of pre-cooler 402 and to the inlet of the water-side of evaporator 904. The water is transported from the outlet of the water-side of evaporator 904 to LAHX1 112. LAHX1 112 cools the heated process air returned to process plenum 106 from the enclosed space using the water cooled by LAMEE2 110 and DX unit 902.
Still in the evaporation mode, the water flows from the outlet of LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106 to the inlet of recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104. System controller 150 can, in the evaporation mode, activate or not activate valve 406 (depending upon the default state of the valve) to cause the water from the outlet of recovery coil 202 to flow into the water-side of condenser 908. The water exits condenser 908 and returns to the inlet of LAMEE2 110.
System controller 150 can also be configured to cause conditioning system 900 to operate in the economizer mode. For example, in the economizer mode, system controller 150 can cause pre-cooler 402, LAMEE1 108 and, in some cases, DX unit 902 to be deactivated and/or cause the scavenger air to bypass the pre-cooler 402 and the LAMEE1 108. In this mode, LAMEE2 110 cools the water using the scavenger air and transports the water to LAHX1 112 via valve 406, tank1 204, and the water-side of evaporator 904.
In
Although the condenser 1008 is shown inside the plenum 104 in
Conditioning systems 900 and 1000 can include multiple cooling fluids and associated cooling fluid circuits. For example, the refrigerant flowing through DX unit 1002 can be a first cooling fluid and the conduits and other components for conveying the refrigerant can be a first or a first portion of a fluid circuit. The second cooling fluid flowing through pre-cooler 402, LAMEE2 110, LAHX1 112 and recovery coil 202 can be water or predominantly water. A separate or a portion of a larger fluid cooling circuit (for example, conduits, valves, pumps, filters, etcetera) can be employed to transport the water among the various components in conditioning systems 900 and 1000. The two cooling fluid circuits or two portions of one circuit can be fluidically isolated from one another such that the first and second cooling fluids do not intermix.
Mechanical cooling of the process air can function to provide needed cooling in certain outdoor or other conditions. Additionally, if the water cooling system or components thereof, for example, pre-cooler 402, LAMEE2 110, LAHX1 112, and/or recovery coil 202, malfunction or go offline for some reason, mechanical cooling system 1102 may be employed to provide some or all the required cooling of the heated process air received from the enclosed space to the target supply air temperature.
In
Conditioning system 1100 includes DX unit 1102 (or some other similar mechanical cooling system). DX unit 1102 includes DX coil 1104, compressor 1106, condenser 1108 and expansion valve 1110. DX coil 1104 is arranged downstream of LAHX1 110 in process plenum 106. DX unit 1102 is configured to cool the process air flowing through process plenum 106 using, for example, a condensed refrigerant liquid. In operation, DX unit 1102 cools the process air by passing the condensed refrigerant through the coil, which cools the process air and causes the refrigerant to expand as it absorbs heat, eventually converting to a gas. DX unit 1102 then pumps the refrigerant to compressor 1106, which compresses the gas refrigerant and passes it through another heat exchanger, condenser 1108 arranged in scavenger plenum 104. The scavenger air cools the refrigerant flowing through condenser 1108, after which the cooled, compressed refrigerant is once again in liquid form. DX unit 1102 then pumps (or otherwise transports) the cooled refrigerant liquid back to DX coil 1104 through expansion valve 1110 and the cycle begins again.
As with at least some other examples in accordance with this disclosure, conditioning system 1100 can be operated in multiple modes depending upon various factors, including the heat load from the enclosed space and/or the outdoor air (or incoming scavenger air) conditions. For example, system controller 150 can be configured to control elements of system 1100 (and other example systems in accordance with this disclosure) to operate differently in different modes. System controller 150 can be configured to operate system 1100 in an economizer mode and evaporation mode, as well as other modes. For example, in the economizer mode, generally, there is sufficient cooling capacity in the outdoor air entering the system that LAMEE2 110 can cool the water or other fluid with the scavenger air without conditioning by LAMEE1 108 being required. In this mode, for example, system controller 150 can cause LAMEE1 108, pre-cooler 402, and, in some cases, DX unit 1102 to be deactivated and/or cause the scavenger air to bypass the pre-cooler and LAMEE1. In this mode, as described with reference to other examples in accordance with this disclosure, LAMEE2 110 cools the water using the scavenger air and transports the water to LAHX1 112 via valve 406 and tank 204. In the evaporation mode, for example, LAMEE1 108, pre-cooler 402, LAMEE2 110 and recovery coil 202 may all be activated and used to cool the water (or other heat transfer fluid) flowing to and employed by LAHX1 112 to cool the process air. Additionally, in an evaporation plus DX mode, DX unit 1102 may be activated and used to provide supplemental cooling to the process air cooled by LAHX1 112.
In one example, system controller 150 is configured to cause conditioning system 1100 to operate in the evaporation mode. In this mode, for example, outdoor scavenger air is drawn into and through scavenger plenum 104 by fan 136. The outdoor air passes through LAMEE1 108, by which the enthalpy of the outdoor/scavenger air is reduced. The outdoor air then passes through and is cooled by pre-cooler 402 using fluid delivered to the inlet of the pre-cooler by a fluid circuit from tank1 204. The cooled outdoor air then flows through and evaporatively cools the fluid flowing through LAMEE2 110. The scavenger air passes LAMEE2 110 and flows through recovery coil 202. Recovery coil 202 receives fluid from the outlet of LAHX1 112 and the scavenger air cools the heated fluid received from LAHX1 112. Fan 136 then exhausts the scavenger air out of outlet 122 of scavenger plenum 104.
The water or other evaporative cooling fluid cooled by LAMEE1 108 is transported by the fluid circuit to tank1 204, which stores the water. From tank1 204, the water is transported to the inlet of pre-cooler 402 and to the inlet of LAHX1 112. LAHX1 112 directly and sensibly cools the heated process air returned to process plenum 106 from the enclosed space using the water cooled by LAMEE2 110.
Still in the evaporation mode, the water flows from the outlet of LAHX1 112 in process plenum 106 to the inlet of recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104. System controller 150 can, in the evaporation mode, activate or not activate valve 406 (depending upon the default state of the valve) to cause the water from the outlet of recovery coil 202 to flow into tank 204.
In the evaporation plus DX mode, system controller 150 activates DX unit 1102. In this mode, LAHX1 112 cools the process air using the cooled water or other fluid from tank 204. Additionally, the process air passes LAHX1 112 and is cooled further by DX coil 1104 arranged in process plenum 106 downstream of LAHX1 112. In this case, DX coil 1104 may cool the process air to the target supply temperature before the air is supplied to the enclosed space.
System controller 150 can also be configured to cause conditioning system 1100 to operate in the economizer mode. For example, in the economizer mode, system controller 150 can cause LAMEE1 108, pre-cooler 402, and, in some cases, DX unit 1102 to be deactivated and/or cause the scavenger air to bypass the pre-cooler and LAMEE1. In this mode, as described with reference to other examples in accordance with this disclosure, LAMEE2 110 cools the water using the scavenger air and transports the water to LAHX1 112 via valve 406 and tank 204.
In the example of
Water cooled by LAMEE2 110 is transported via fluid circuit 1204 from the outlet of LAMEE2 to tank1 204. The cooled water leaves tank 204 and enters the first side of LLHX 1202 (for example, the water side of the LLHX). The second fluid can enter the LLHX 1202 through an input line of fluid circuit 1206 and exit and be transported via another portion of circuit 1206 to LAHX1 112. The coolant can be any suitable heat transfer fluid, and, in some cases, can include anti-freeze to minimize the risk of the coolant freezing in the winter. The cooled water flowing through the water side of LLHX 1202 cools the second cooling fluid flowing through the second side of the LLHX. The cooled second cooling fluid is then transported to LAHX1 112, which uses the second cooling fluid to cool the heated process air received in process plenum 106 from the enclosed space. LAHX1 112, as described with other examples, can be configured to cool the process air to a target supply air temperature.
After being used to cool the process air, the higher-temperature (also referred to as heated) coolant can be transported via fluid circuit 1206 from an outlet of LAHX 112 in process plenum 106 to the inlet of recovery coil 202 in scavenger plenum 104. The scavenger air flowing through scavenger plenum 106 cools the heated second cooling fluid, after which the second cooling fluid recirculates back to the second side of LLHX 1202.
LLHX 1202 can be located physically in system cabinet 102, but outside of plenums 104 and 106. In some examples, LLHX 1202 may be located in either scavenger plenum 104 or process plenum 106. Additionally, LLHX 1202 can be located separate from system cabinet 102 and plenums 104 and 106, in which case pumps or other mechanisms may be employed to transport cooling fluids among the LLHX and the other components of conditioning system 1200.
Although not shown in the example of
System controller 150 can be configured to control operation of conditioning system 1200 in multiple modes. A first or evaporation mode is described above, in which all of the components of conditioning system are active and providing cooling.
Additionally, system controller 150 can operate conditioning system 1200 in an economizer mode. In the economizer mode, for example, system controller 150 can cause LAMEE1 108, pre-cooler 402 and/or LAMEE2 110 to be deactivated and/or bypassed from air and/or fluid flow. In this mode, LLHX 1202 is generally inactive and the second cooling fluid is circulated via second fluid circuit 1206 in a run-around loop between LAHX1 112 and recovery coil 202. Recovery coil 202 cools the second cooling fluid using the scavenger air and transports the second fluid to LAHX1 112, which uses the cooled second fluid to cool the heated process air received from the enclosed space.
Conditioning system 1200 includes multiple cooling fluids and associated cooling fluid circuits 1204 and 1206. The first cooling fluid, for example, water or predominantly water flows through LAMEE2 110, pre-cooler 402 and LLHX 1202 (at least in evaporation mode in which the LAMEE is activated to provide evaporative cooling). The second cooling fluid, for example, glycol flows through LAHX1 112, recovery coil 202 and LLHX 1202, the second cooling fluid being used in both the evaporation and the economizer modes of operation.
In the example method of
Example method 1400 of
LAMEE1 108 can be structured and operate in a similar manner as described in the above examples. The dilute desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108 at an outlet 1510 can be split into two flow paths—a first flow path to tank 208 or a second flow path directly to regenerator 700 (via a desiccant circuit 1520). Regenerator 700 can operate similar to the regenerators described above. The desiccant entering regenerator 700 at an inlet 1530 can be at a first concentration C1. The concentrated desiccant exiting the regenerator 700 at an outlet 1540 can be at a third concentration C3 and can be transported to the tank 208 for mixing with the desiccant already in the tank. As such, the desiccant in the tank 208 can be at a second concentration C2 that is greater than the first concentration C1 and less than the third concentration C3.
In contrast examples depicted and described above, instead of the dilute desiccant (at the concentration C1) mixing with the desiccant in the tank and then flowing to the regenerator (at the second concentration C2), the dilute desiccant exiting LAMEE1 108 in
The present application provides for the following exemplary embodiments or examples, the numbering of which is not to be construed as designating levels of importance:
Example 1 provides a system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the system comprising: a first plenum configured to direct a first air stream from a first inlet to a first outlet; a second plenum configured to direct a second air stream from a second inlet to a second outlet, the second inlet receiving heated air from the space and the second outlet supplying cooled air to the space; a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the first plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream; a second LAMEE (LAMEE2) arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1, LAMEE2 configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing through LAMEE2; a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside the second plenum, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using a first cooling fluid; and a second LAHX (LAHX2) in fluid communication with LAMEE1, LAHX2 being configured to receive the liquid desiccant from LAMEE1 and cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
Example 2 provides the system of Example 1 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom.
Example 3 provides the system of Example 1 and/or Example 2 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom and wherein at least a portion of the water flowing through LAMEE2 comprises the water removed from the first air stream by LAMEE1.
Example 4 provides the system of any of Examples 1-3 and optionally further comprising a pre-cooler coil arranged inside the scavenger plenum upstream of LAMEE2, the pre-cooler coil configured to condition the scavenger air prior to the scavenger air entering LAMEE2.
Example 5 provides the system of Example 4 and optionally wherein the pre-cooler coil is configured to receive at least a portion of the water cooled by LAMEE2 to condition the scavenger air.
Example 6 provides the system of Example 4 and optionally further comprising a fluid storage tank to store the water received from a fluid outlet of LAMEE2.
Example 7 provides the system of Example 6 and optionally further comprising a mechanical cooling system configured to cool the water in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
Example 8 provides the system of Example 6 and optionally further comprising a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger (LLHX) configured to cool the water in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
Example 9 provides the system of Example 8 and optionally further comprising a third LAHX (LAHX3), LAHX3 arranged inside of the first plenum downstream of LAMEE2 and configured to cool at least one of the water and the first cooling fluid using the scavenger air.
Example 10 provides the system of Example 9 and optionally further comprising: a first fluid circuit configured to transport the water from a fluid outlet of LAMEE2, through the LLHX and return the water to a fluid inlet of LAMEE2; and a second fluid circuit fluidically isolated from the first fluid circuit, the second fluid circuit configured to transport the first cooling fluid from an outlet of LAHX3 through the LLHX to an inlet of LAHX1, and return the first cooling fluid from the fluid outlet of LAHX1 to a fluid inlet of LAHX3.
Example 11 provides the system of any of Examples 1-10 and optionally further comprising a direct exchange (DX) coil arranged inside the process plenum downstream of LAHX1, the DX coil being configured to cool the process air using a second cooling fluid flowing there through.
Example 12 provides the system of any of Examples 1-11 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water and heat therefrom, a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid inlet of LAMEE1 being lower than a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid outlet of LAMEE1.
Example 13 provides a system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the system comprising: a scavenger plenum configured to direct scavenger air from a scavenger inlet to a scavenger outlet; a process plenum configured to direct process air from a process inlet to a process outlet, the process inlet receiving heated air from the space and the process outlet supplying cooled air to the space; a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the scavenger plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a first fluid flowing through LAMEE1 to reduce a humidity of the scavenger air, a first concentration of water in the scavenger air at an air inlet of LAMEE1 being higher than a second concentration of water in the scavenger air at an air outlet of LAMEE1; an evaporative cooler arranged inside the scavenger plenum downstream of LAMEE1, the evaporative cooler configured to use the scavenger air to evaporatively cool a second fluid flowing there through, a temperature of the second fluid at a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler being lower than a temperature of the second fluid at a fluid inlet of the evaporative cooler; a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside the process plenum, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the process air being directed through the process plenum using a third fluid flowing through LAHX1; and a second LAHX (LAHX2), LAHX2 in fluid communication with LAMEE1 and configured to receive and cool the first fluid using outdoor air.
Example 14 provides the system of Example 13 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom.
Example 15 provides the system of Example 13 and/or Example 14 and optionally wherein the second fluid comprises water, and wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom, and wherein at least a portion of the water flowing through the evaporative cooler comprises the water removed from the first air stream by LAMEE1.
Example 16 provides the system of any of Examples 13-15 and optionally further comprising a pre-cooler coil arranged inside the scavenger plenum upstream of LAMEE2, the pre-cooler coil configured to condition the scavenger air prior to the scavenger air entering LAMEE2.
Example 17 provides the system of Example 16 and optionally wherein the pre-cooler coil is configured to receive at least a portion of the second fluid cooled by the evaporative cooler to condition the scavenger air.
Example 18 provides the system of Example 16 and optionally further comprising a fluid storage tank to store the second fluid received from a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler.
Example 19 provides the system of Example 18 and optionally further comprising a mechanical cooling system configured to cool the second fluid in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
Example 20 provides the system of Example 18 and optionally further comprising a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger (LLHX) configured to cool the second fluid in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
Example 21 provides the system of Example 20 and optionally further comprising a third LAHX (LAHX3), LAHX3 arranged inside of the first plenum downstream of the evaporative cooler and configured to cool at least one of the second fluid and the first cooling fluid using the scavenger air.
Example 22 provides the system of Example 21 and optionally further comprising: a first fluid circuit configured to transport the water from a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler, through the LLHX and return the water to a fluid inlet of the evaporative cooler; and a second fluid circuit fluidically isolated from the first fluid circuit, the second fluid circuit configured to transport the first cooling fluid from an outlet of LAHX3 through the LLHX to an inlet of LAHX1, and return the first cooling fluid from the fluid outlet of LAHX1 to a fluid inlet of LAHX3.
Example 23 provides the system of any of Examples 13-22 and optionally further comprising a direct exchange (DX) coil arranged inside the process plenum downstream of LAHX1, the DX coil being configured to cool the process air using a second cooling fluid flowing there through.
Example 24 provides the system of any of Examples 13-23 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water and heat therefrom, a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid inlet of LAMEE1 being lower than a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid outlet of LAMEE1.
Example 25 provides a method for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the method comprising: directing a first air stream through a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside a first plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream; directing the first air stream through a second LAMEE (LAMEE2) arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1, LAMEE2 configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing through LAMEE2; directing a first cooling fluid through a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside a second plenum, the second plenum configured to direct a second air stream from a second inlet to a second outlet, the second inlet receiving heated air from the space and the second outlet supplying cooled air to the space, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using the first cooling fluid; and directing the liquid desiccant through a second LAHX (LAHX2) in fluid communication with LAMEE1, LAHX2 being configured to cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
Example 26 provides a system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the system comprising: a first plenum configured to direct a first air stream from a first inlet to a first outlet; a second plenum configured to direct a second air stream from a second inlet to a second outlet, the second inlet receiving heated air from the space and the second outlet supplying cooled air to the space; a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the first plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream; an evaporative cooler arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1, the evaporative cooler configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing therethrough; a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside the second plenum, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using a first cooling fluid; and a second LAHX (LAHX2) in fluid communication with LAMEE1, LAHX2 being configured to receive the liquid desiccant from LAMEE1 and cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
Example 27 provides the system of Example 26 and optionally wherein the evaporative cooler comprises a second LAMEE.
Example 28 provides the system of Example 26 and/or Example 27 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom.
Example 29 provides the system of any of Examples 26-28 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom and wherein at least a portion of the water flowing through LAMEE2 comprises the water removed from the first air stream by LAMEE1.
Example 29 provides the system of any of Examples 26-29 and optionally wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water and heat therefrom, a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid inlet of LAMEE1 being lower than a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid outlet of LAMEE1.
Various examples according to this disclosure have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1. A system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the system comprising:
- a first plenum configured to direct a first air stream from a first inlet to a first outlet;
- a second plenum configured to direct a second air stream from a second inlet to a second outlet, the second inlet receiving heated air from the space and the second outlet supplying cooled air to the space;
- a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the first plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream;
- a second LAMEE (LAMEE2) arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1, LAMEE2 configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing through LAMEE2;
- a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside the second plenum, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using a first cooling fluid; and
- a second LAHX (LAHX2) in fluid communication with LAMEE1, LAHX2 being configured to receive the liquid desiccant from LAMEE1 and cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom and wherein at least a portion of the water flowing through LAMEE2 comprises the water removed from the first air stream by LAMEE1.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pre-cooler coil arranged inside the scavenger plenum upstream of LAMEE2, the pre-cooler coil configured to condition the scavenger air prior to the scavenger air entering LAMEE2.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the pre-cooler coil is configured to receive at least a portion of the water cooled by LAMEE2 to condition the scavenger air.
6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a fluid storage tank to store the water received from a fluid outlet of LAMEE2.
7. The system of claim 6, further comprising a mechanical cooling system configured to cool the water in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
8. The system of claim 6, further comprising a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger (LLHX) configured to cool the water in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a third LAHX (LAHX3), LAHX3 arranged inside of the first plenum downstream of LAMEE2 and configured to cool at least one of the water and the first cooling fluid using the scavenger air.
10. The system of claim 9, further comprising:
- a first fluid circuit configured to transport the water from a fluid outlet of LAMEE2, through the LLHX and return the water to a fluid inlet of LAMEE2; and
- a second fluid circuit fluidically isolated from the first fluid circuit, the second fluid circuit configured to transport the first cooling fluid from an outlet of LAHX3 through the LLHX to an inlet of LAHX1, and return the first cooling fluid from the fluid outlet of LAHX1 to a fluid inlet of LAHX3.
11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a direct exchange (DX) coil arranged inside the process plenum downstream of LAHX1, the DX coil being configured to cool the process air using a second cooling fluid flowing there through.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water and heat therefrom, a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid inlet of LAMEE1 being lower than a temperature of the liquid desiccant at a fluid outlet of LAMEE1.
13. A system for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the system comprising:
- a scavenger plenum configured to direct scavenger air from a scavenger inlet to a scavenger outlet;
- a process plenum configured to direct process air from a process inlet to a process outlet, the process inlet receiving heated air from the space and the process outlet supplying cooled air to the space;
- a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside the scavenger plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a first fluid flowing through LAMEE1 to reduce a humidity of the scavenger air, a first concentration of water in the scavenger air at an air inlet of LAMEE1 being higher than a second concentration of water in the scavenger air at an air outlet of LAMEE1,
- an evaporative cooler arranged inside the scavenger plenum downstream of LAMEE1, the evaporative cooler configured to use the scavenger air to evaporatively cool a second fluid flowing there through, a temperature of the second fluid at a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler being lower than a temperature of the second fluid at a fluid inlet of the evaporative cooler;
- a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside the process plenum, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the process air being directed through the process plenum using a third fluid flowing through LAHX1; and
- a second LAHX (LAHX2), LAHX2 in fluid communication with LAMEE1 and configured to receive and cool the first fluid using outdoor air.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom.
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the second fluid comprises water, and wherein LAMEE1 is configured to lower the enthalpy of the first air stream by removing water therefrom, and wherein at least a portion of the water flowing through the evaporative cooler comprises the water removed from the first air stream by LAMEE1.
16. The system of claim 13, further comprising a pre-cooler coil arranged inside the scavenger plenum upstream of LAMEE2, the pre-cooler coil configured to condition the scavenger air prior to the scavenger air entering LAMEE2.
17. The system of claim 16, wherein the pre-cooler coil is configured to receive at least a portion of the second fluid cooled by the evaporative cooler to condition the scavenger air.
18. The system of claim 16, further comprising a fluid storage tank to store the second fluid received from a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler.
19. The system of claim 18, further comprising a mechanical cooling system configured to cool the second fluid in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
20. The system of claim 18, further comprising a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger (LLHX) configured to cool the second fluid in the storage tank using a first cooling fluid.
21. The system of claim 20, further comprising a third LAHX (LAHX3), LAHX3 arranged inside of the first plenum downstream of the evaporative cooler and configured to cool at least one of the second fluid and the first cooling fluid using the scavenger air.
22. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
- a first fluid circuit configured to transport the water from a fluid outlet of the evaporative cooler, through the LLHX and return the water to a fluid inlet of the evaporative cooler; and
- a second fluid circuit fluidically isolated from the first fluid circuit, the second fluid circuit configured to transport the first cooling fluid from an outlet of LAHX3 through the LLHX to an inlet of LAHX1, and return the first cooling fluid from the fluid outlet of LAHX1 to a fluid inlet of LAHX3.
23-24. (canceled)
25. A method for controlling conditions in an enclosed space, the method comprising:
- directing a first air stream through a first liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE1) arranged inside a first plenum, LAMEE1 configured to use a liquid desiccant to lower an enthalpy of the first air stream;
- directing the first air stream through a second LAMEE (LAMEE2) arranged inside the first plenum downstream of LAMEE1, LAMEE2 configured to use the first air stream to evaporatively cool water flowing through LAMEE2;
- directing a first cooling fluid through a first liquid-to-air heat exchanger (LAHX1) arranged inside a second plenum, the second plenum configured to direct a second air stream from a second inlet to a second outlet, the second inlet receiving heated air from the space and the second outlet supplying cooled air to the space, LAHX1 configured to directly and sensibly cool the second air stream using the first cooling fluid; and
- directing the liquid desiccant through a second LAHX (LAHX2) in fluid communication with LAMEE1, LAHX2 being configured to cool the liquid desiccant using outdoor air.
26-30. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 18, 2017
Publication Date: Aug 5, 2021
Inventors: Philip Paul LePoudre (Saskatoon), Manfred Gerber (Saskatoon)
Application Number: 16/606,673
