SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ULTRA-DENSE, FLEXIBLE ULTRAVIOLET LED MICRO ARRAYS USED IN VIRAL LOAD REDUCTION AND STERILIZATION

Abstract

An array of high intensity UVC LEDs usable for in vivo reduction of patient viral load or ex vivo sterilization.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/140,237, titled “LARGE-SCALE UV-C INACTIVATION DEVICES AND SIMULATIONS OF THE SAME,” filed Jan. 21, 2021 (Attorney Docket No. D/188PROV), 63/109,333, titled “INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF UV-C INACTIVATION DEVICES,” filed Nov. 3, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/187PROV), 63/085,140, titled “UV-C VIRUS INACTIVATION DEVICES AND SUPRESSING SOUND AND OPERATING THE SAME,” filed Sep. 29, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/186PROV-2), 63/085,134, titled “UV-C VIRUS INACTIVATION DEVICES AND SUPRESSING SOUND AND OPERATING THE SAME,” filed Sep. 29, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/186PROV-1), 63/056,534, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR UV-C INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINES AND UV-C SANITIZATION,” filed Jul. 24, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/185PROV), 63/042,494, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR EFFICIENT AIR STERILIZATION WITHOUT CIRCULATION UNSANITIZED AIR,” filed Jun. 22, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/184PROV), 63/023,845, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR HANDS-FREE OBJECT STERILIZATION,” filed May 12, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/183PROV), 63/018,699, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR UV-C SURFACE STERILIZATION,” filed May 1, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/182PROV), 63/015,469, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING WORK AREA AND PERFORMANCE OF UV-C GENERATORS,” filed Apr. 24, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/181PROV), 63/009,301, titled “UV-C AMPLIFIERS AND CONTROL OF THE SAME,” filed Apr. 13, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/180PROV), 63/006,710, titled “SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ULTRA-DENSE, FLEXIBLE LED MICRO-ARRAYS FOR IN VIVO VIRAL LOAD REDUCTION,” filed Apr. 7, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/179PROV-3), 63/003,882, titled “SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ULTRA-DENSE, FLEXIBLE LED MICRO-ARRAYS FOR IN VIVO VIRAL LOAD REDUCTION,” filed Apr. 1, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/179PROV-2), 63/001,461, titled “SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ULTRA-DENSE, FLEXIBLE LED MICRO-ARRAYS FOR IN VIVO VIRAL LOAD REDUCTION,” filed Mar. 29, 2020 (Attorney Docket No. D/179PROV-1), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to light sources, for example, light emitting diode arrays.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A card may include a dynamic magnetic communications device. Such a dynamic magnetic communications device may take the form of a magnetic encoder or a magnetic emulator. A magnetic encoder may change the information located on a magnetic medium such that a magnetic stripe reader may read changed magnetic information from the magnetic medium. A magnetic emulator may generate electromagnetic fields that directly communicate data to a magnetic stripe reader. Such a magnetic emulator may communicate data serially to a read-head of the magnetic stripe reader.

All, or substantially all, of the front as well as the back of a card may be a display (e.g., bi-stable, non bi-stable, LCD, LED, or electrochromic display). Electrodes of a display may be coupled to one or more capacitive touch sensors such that a display may be provided as a touch-screen display. Any type of touch-screen display may be utilized. Such touch-screen displays may be operable of determining multiple points of touch. Accordingly, a barcode may be displayed across all, or substantially all, of a surface of a card. In doing so, computer vision equipment such as barcode readers may be less susceptible to errors in reading a displayed barcode.

A card may include a number of output devices to output dynamic information. For example, a card may include one or more RFIDs or IC chips to communicate to one or more RFID readers or IC chip readers, respectively. A card may include devices to receive information. For example, an RFID and IC chip may both receive information and communicate information to an RFID and IC chip reader, respectively. A device for receiving wireless information signals may be provided. A light sensing device or sound sensing device may be utilized to receive information wirelessly. A card may include a central processor that communicates data through one or more output devices simultaneously (e.g., an RFID, IC chip, and a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device). The central processor may receive information from one or more input devices simultaneously (e.g., an RFID, IC chip, dynamic magnetic stripe devices, light sensing device, and a sound sensing device). A processor may be coupled to surface contacts such that the processor may perform the processing capabilities of, for example, an EMV chip. The processor may be laminated over and not exposed such that the processor is not exposed on the surface of the card.

A card may be provided with a button in which the activation of the button causes a code to be communicated through a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device (e.g., the subsequent time a read-head detector on the card detects a read-head). The code may be indicative of, for example, a feature (e.g., a payment feature). The code may be received by the card via manual input (e.g., onto buttons of the card) or via a wireless transmission (e.g., via light, electromagnetic communications, sound, or other wireless signals). A code may be communicated from a webpage (e.g., via light and/or sound) to a card. A card may include a display such that a received code may be visually displayed to a user. In doing so, the user may be provided with a way to select, and use, the code via both an in-store setting (e.g., via a magnetic stripe reader) or an online setting (e.g., by reading the code from a display and entering the code into a text box on a checkout page of an online purchase transaction). A remote server, such as a payment authorization server, may receive the code and may process a payment differently based on the code received. For example, a code may be a security code to authorize a purchase transaction. A code may provide a payment feature such that a purchase may be made with points, debit, credit, installment payments, or deferred payments via a single payment account number (e.g., a credit card number) to identify a user and a payment feature code to select the type of payment a user desires to utilize.

A dynamic magnetic stripe communications device may include a magnetic emulator that comprises an inductor (e.g., a coil). Current may be provided through this coil to create an electromagnetic field operable to communicate with the read-head of a magnetic stripe reader. The drive circuit may fluctuate the amount of current travelling through the coil such that a track of magnetic stripe data may be communicated to a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader. A switch (e.g., a transistor) may be provided to enable or disable the flow of current according to, for example, a frequency/double-frequency (F2F) encoding algorithm. In doing so, bits of data may be communicated.

A card may include a touch transmitter that may activate a capacitive touch sensor on another device such that the other device believes a user physically touched the capacitive touch sensor with his/her finger. Accordingly, a touch transmitter may activate a capacitive touch screen, such as a capacitive touch screen found on a mobile telephonic device, tablet computing device, or a capacitive touch screen of a laptop or stationary computer. The touch transmitter may, accordingly, communicate information to a device (e.g., to a mobile telephonic device) by activating and deactivating a touch sensor (or sensors) on a capacitive touch screen in a particular manner. For example, a touch transmitter may communicate information serially by activating and deactivating a capacitive touch screen sensor with respect to time. A touch transmitter may, accordingly, communicate information via a capacitive touch sensor using F2F encoding, where a state transition occurs either at an activation or, for example, at an activation as well as a deactivation. In this manner, a card may communicate information directly to a mobile telephonic device with a capacitive touch screen, or any device with a capacitive touch screen, without requiring any physical connections or the use of proprietary communication protocols.

A card, or other device, may have one or more light sensors. Such a light sensor may include, for example, one or more photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, light emitting diodes sensitive to light, or any other device operable to discern light or convert light into electrical energy. Such light sensors may receive information via light. For example, one or more light sensors may receive light pulses and may discern such light pulses into information based on one or more information encoding schemes stored on memory of a device that includes the one or more light sensors.

Multiple light sensors may be provided. One or more light sensors may receive information from one region on a display that generates, for example, different pulses or patterns of light over time. Each light sensor may, for example, receive information from a different light region on a display. A light region may communicate light, for example, by transmitting different colors of light (e.g., red, blue, green) or communicating information by changing back and forth between two colors of light (e.g., black and white). Information may be communicated, for example, based on the transition between colors of light based on time. For example, a transition from one color to a different color may be determined as a transition by a device (e.g., a battery-powered payment card). A transition may be a change from a particular color (e.g., black) to another color (e.g., white). Alternatively, a transition may be a change from any color (e.g., black or white) to a different color (e.g., white or black, respectively). The duration of time between such transitions may be utilized to determine a particular bit of information. For example, a “short” period of time between transitions may be one bit (e.g., “0” or “1”) while a “long” period of time between transitions may be a different bit (e.g., “1” or “0”). In doing so, for example, the same information may be communicated across displays having different frame rates using the same encoding scheme. A series of training pulses may be sent before and/or after a data message such that a processor receiving information from one or more light pulses may discern the difference between a “short” and a “long” period. For example, a number of bits (e.g., three, four, or five “0s” or “1s”) may precede any data message and may be known as information the processor receives before a message. Such known bits may be, for example, a “short” period such that a processor may determine the approximate duration of a “short” period and utilize this to determine a “short” or “long” period between future transitions. Alternatively, for example, a processor may discern transition and timing information across a data message and determine, based on the received data, the transition periods that are “long” relative to the other periods. In doing so, the processor may discern data from the received transition information. A “long” transition period may be, for example, approximately twice as long as a “short” transition period. A “long” transition period may be, for example, at least 25 percent longer as a “short” transition period. More than two lengths of transition intervals may be utilized. For example, “short,” “medium,” “long,” and “very long” transition intervals may be utilized to convey four states of information to a device.

Multiple regions of a display may be utilized to communicate information to a device (e.g., via a mobile telephonic device, portable computing device, or other device) via light. Each region may communicate different tracks of information. Tracks of information may also be communicated based on the state of each light region at a particular time. For example, if one region is a particular color during a particular period of time and another region is a different color during that same period of time then the particular combination of these states during a particular period may correlate to data information.

Multiple light sensors may allow for data to be communicated in parallel via multiple independent communication tracks (e.g., via multiple regions of a display providing light information to a device). For example, four light sensors may independently receive four data messages in parallel. Alternatively, for example, multiple light sensors may be utilized to receive a single message. Accordingly, multiple light sensors may be utilized to receive a single message faster than a single light sensor. For example, information may be communicated in more than two states (e.g., more than binary). For example, a first light sensor receiving white while a second light sensor receives black may be a “0.” The first light sensor receiving white while the second light sensor receives white may be a “1.” The first light sensor receiving black while the second light sensor receives white may be “2.” The first light sensor receiving black while the second light sensor receives black may be “3.”

Multiple light sensors may be utilized in a sensor array to determine the same data from a single light region. Multiple samples may be taken from each sensor. Multiple samples from each sensor may be averaged together. The averaged samples from each sensor of a sample array may be utilized to determine information. For example, a majority or a supermajority of the sensors in an array may have to provide an average sample over a period of time indicative of a transition as occurring for a transition for a processor to determine that a transition has occurred. A sampling rate for a light sensor may be, for example, greater than 10 samples per second. For example, a processor may take a sample from a light sensor more than 20 times per second (e.g., more than 50 times per second).

A single light sensor may receive information serially in a variety of ways. For example, light may be communicated by providing different pulse widths of a particular color (e.g., white versus black). A standard black width may be utilized for synchronization. A white pulse the same width as the black may be a “0.” A white pulse double the width of a black pulse may be “1.” A white pulse triple the width of a black pulse may be “2.” Accordingly, for example, such a scheme may allow information to be communicated by a display regardless of the frame rate. By comparing one duration of one type of light to another duration of another type of light, information may be communicated regardless of the frame rate.

A single light sensor may receive information serially, for example, via frequency double-frequency encoding. Particularly, for example, a processor may receive electrical signals from a light sensor indicative of the light sensed by a light sensor. Information may be pulsed to the processor, via the light sensor, by switching between black and white. The timing of transitions from white to black and black to white may be utilized to communicate information. A number of synchronization pulses may be communicated before a message such that the processor may lock onto the periodicity of a particular bit (e.g., “0” or “1”). A short duration between transitions may be a first bit of data (e.g., “0”) while a long duration between transitions may be a second bit of data (e.g., “1”). Such a scheme may be independent of a frame rate of a display. Accordingly, for example, the information may be communicated via a display of a television set, a computer monitor, and a mobile cell phone—regardless if the frame rates are different for each device.

The card may receive information from a device having a capacitive touch screen such that bi-directional communications may occur with the device utilizing the capacitive touch screen. For example, a card may receive information via light pulses emitted from the capacitive touch display. More particularly, for example, a software program may be installed in a device (e.g., a mobile telephone or a tablet computing device) operable to emit messages, via light, to a card and receive messages, via touch, from the card. The bi-directional communication may happen in parallel (e.g., light pulses may be sent to the card simultaneously with touch pulses being received from the card). The bi-directional communications may happen sequentially (e.g., the card may communicate via touch and then, after the card communicates, the card may receive communication from the device via light and, after the device communicates, the card may communicate via touch).

Bi-directional communication may, for example, allow for handshaking to occur between the two devices such that each device may be identified and a secure communication channel may be setup via light pulses and touch pulses. Such a secure communication channel may have one or more (e.g., three) tracks of information. Additionally, for example, information indicative of a receipt of a message may be communicated via light and/or touch. Synchronization signals may be communicated before and after a message. For example, a string of particular bits (e.g., “0” s) may appear before every message in order for a card, or other device, to lock onto the timing of the information being transmitted in the signal. For example, a zero may be transmitted via a “short” touch pulse and a one may be transmitted via a “long” touch pulse. In synchronizing the signal, the receiving device may train itself onto the duration of a “short” touch pulse versus a “long” touch pulse. A “short” touch pulse may be the time between activations of a capacitive sensor or the time between the activation and deactivation of a touch sensor.

A card, or other device (e.g., a mobile telephonic device) may include one or more light sensors, touch transmitters, capacitive touch sensors, and light emitters. Accordingly, two instances of such a card may communicate bi-directionally via light as well as capacitive touch.

An endotracheal tube may include an array of UV LEDs (e.g., 162 high intensity UVC LEDs) on or part of a PCB. Components for driving the intensity, pulse frequency, etc. of some or all of the LEDs (area control) may be on the PCB. The components may include wireless control circuitry (WiFi, Bluetooth, low-energy Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-wave, Li-Fi, ultrasonic) or wired control circuitry, for example, via an endotracheal tube made of a material to conduct electricity, pressure (piezoelectric), vibration frequency, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The principles and advantages of the present invention can be more clearly understood from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the same reference numerals denote the same structural elements throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of cards constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a graphical user interface constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic of a system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of signals constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of signals constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a scheme constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is an illustration of a system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating LED array device circuits constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram illustrating LED array device circuits constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates LED array devices constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and

FIG. 14 illustrates LED array devices constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows card 100 that may include, for example, a dynamic number that may be entirely, or partially, displayed via display 112. A dynamic number may include a permanent portion such as, for example, permanent portion 111. Permanent portion 111 may be printed as well as embossed or laser etched on card 100. Multiple displays may be provided on a card. For example, display 113 may be utilized to display a dynamic code such as a dynamic security code. Display 125 may also be provided to display logos, barcodes, as well as multiple lines of information. A display may be a bi-stable display or non bi-stable display. Permanent information 120 may also be included and may include information such as information specific to a user (e.g., a user's name or username) or information specific to a card (e.g., a card issue date and/or a card expiration date). Card 100 may include one or more buttons such as buttons 130-134. Such buttons may be mechanical buttons, capacitive buttons, or a combination or mechanical and capacitive buttons. A button (e.g., button 130) may be used, for example, to communicate information through a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device indicative of a user's desire to communicate a single track of magnetic stripe information. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that pressing a button (e.g., button 130) may cause information to be communicated through a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device when an associated read-head detector detects the presence of a read-head of a magnetic stripe reader. Another button (e.g., button 131) may be utilized to communicate (e.g., after button 131 is pressed and after a read-head detects a read-head of a reader) information indicative of a user selection (e.g., to communicate two tracks of magnetic stripe data). Multiple buttons may be provided on a card and each button may be associated with different user selections.

Architecture 150 may be utilized with any card. Architecture 150 may include processor 120. Processor 120 may have on-board memory for storing information (e.g., drive code). Any number of components may communicate to processor 120 and/or may receive communications from processor 120. For example, one or more displays (e.g., display 140) may be coupled to processor 120. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that components may be placed between particular components and processor 120. For example, a display driver circuit may be coupled between display 140 and processor 120. Memory 143 may be coupled to processor 120. Memory 143 may include data that is unique to a particular card. For example, memory 143 may store discretionary data codes associated with buttons of a card (e.g., card 100 of FIG. 1). Such codes may be recognized by remote servers to effect particular actions. For example, a code may be stored on memory 143 that causes a promotion to be implemented by a remote server (e.g., a remote server coupled to a card issuer's website). Memory 143 may store types of promotions that a user may have downloaded to the device and selected on the device for use. Each promotion may be associated with a button. Or, for example, a user may scroll through a list of promotions on a display on the front of the card (e.g., using buttons to scroll through the list). A user may select the type of payment on card 100 via manual input interfaces corresponding to displayed options on display 125. Selected information may be communicated to a magnetic stripe reader via a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device. Selected information may also be communicated to a device (e.g., a mobile telephonic device) having a capacitive sensor or other type of touch sensitive sensor.

Card 100 may include, for example, any number of touch triggers 126 or light sensors 127. Touch triggers 126 may be utilized, for example, to activate and deactivate a touch sensor on a capacitive, or other, touch screen. In doing so, a device having a touch screen may believe that a user is physically providing physical instructions to the device when a card is actually providing physical instructions to the device. Light sensors 127 may be utilized such that a display screen, or other light emitting device, may communicate information to light sensors 127 via light.

Any number of reader communication devices may be included in architecture 150. For example, IC chip 152 may be included to communicate information to an IC chip reader. IC chip 152 may be, for example, an EMV chip. As per another example, RFID 151 may be included to communicate information to an RFID reader. A magnetic stripe communications device may also be included to communicate information to a magnetic stripe reader. Such a magnetic stripe communications device may provide electromagnetic signals to a magnetic stripe reader. Different electromagnetic signals may be communicated to a magnetic stripe reader to provide different tracks of data. For example, electromagnetic field generators 170, 180, and 185 may be included to communicate separate tracks of information to a magnetic stripe reader. Such electromagnetic field generators may include a coil wrapped around one or more materials (e.g., a soft-magnetic material and a non-magnetic material). Each electromagnetic field generator may communicate information serially to a receiver of a magnetic stripe reader for particular magnetic stripe track. Read-head detectors 171 and 172 may be utilized to sense the presence of a magnetic stripe reader (e.g., a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader). This sensed information may be communicated to processor 120 to cause processor 120 to communicate information serially from electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185 to magnetic stripe track receivers in a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader. Accordingly, a magnetic stripe communications device may change the information communicated to a magnetic stripe reader at any time. Processor 120 may, for example, communicate user-specific and card-specific information through RFID 151, IC chip 152, and electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185 to card readers coupled to remote information processing servers (e.g., purchase authorization servers). Driving circuitry 141 may be utilized by processor 120, for example, to control electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185.

Architecture 150 may also include, for example, touch transmitter 142 as well as light sensor 143. Architecture 150 may communicate information from touch transmitter 142 as well as receive information from light sensor 143. Processor 120 may communicate information through touch transmitter 142 and determine information received by light sensor 143. Processor 120 may store information on memory to later be, for example, communicated via touch transmitter 142.

FIG. 2 shows graphical user interface (GUI) 200 that may be displayed, for example, from a stationary or portable computer, a mobile telephonic phone, a tablet computer, a navigational system, a watch, a card, or any device having a display screen. Graphical user interface 200 may be hosted from a server and may communicate with a number of additional servers. For example, graphical user interface 200 may be provided on a web browser, or other application run from a device, to complete a purchase transaction. GUI 200 may be provided upon the completion of a purchase to communicate update information back to a card. Such information may include, for example, an update points balance, credit balance, debit balance, pre-paid balance, or any other update information. Information may be communicated via light, for example, in light communication area 280. Status indication area 270 may be utilized to communicate information to a user while a card is held against a display. For example, status indication area 270 may change colors, or provide a different form of visual indicia, depending on if a update is starting, in the process of communication, or has completed communicating.

One or more light sensors or touch transmitters may be located on a card or other device. For example, a touch transmitter may be located at approximately opposite ends of a card as another touch transmitter. A light sensor may, for example, be located at approximately the opposite end of a card as a touch transmitter. A user may activate a button (e.g., a download button) to start communicating data via the touch transmitter. A button may be a physical button, a capacitive touch button, or any other type of button.

FIG. 3 shows card 300, which may be provided in a vertical configuration. Card 300 may include, for example, issuer logo 310, network logo 370, display 350, manual input interfaces 341-343, touch transmitter 320, light sensor 330, permanent indicia 351, 362, and 363. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that any permanent indicia may be provided via display 350. For example, one or more payment card numbers, user name, expiration date, and security codes may be provided via display 350.

FIG. 4 shows system 400 that may include mobile telephonic device 490 and device 410 (e.g., a payment card). Device 410 may include, for example, display 420 that may display status indicative of a communication. A touch transmitter and/or light sensor may be provided on a surface of device 410 opposite display 420. In this manner, for example, device 410 may communicate with mobile telephonic device 490 as device 410 is held against device 490, but device 410 may communicate information indicative of the status of a communication via display 420.

Device 490 may include housing 491, button 495, and capacitive touch display screen 499. Device 410 may utilize a touch transmitter to, for example, communicate information to mobile telephonic device 490. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a mobile banking application may be utilized on mobile telephonic device 490. Device 410 may be utilized to properly identify a person securely in order to reduce fraud. Accordingly, device 410 may communicate identification information and security codes, such as time based or used based codes, to device 490 via display 499. Accordingly, such an identification may be required, for example, by a banking application in order to gain access to banking information, execute a financial trade (e.g., a stock or option trade), transfer money, or pay a bill via an electronic check.

Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple touch transmitters may communicate data simultaneously in parallel to a touch screen. Similarly, for example, multiple light sensors may receive data simultaneously in parallel from a display screen. The information may be, for example, different or the same. By communicating the same information through different touch transmitters, a device may receive two messages and confirm receipt of a communication if the two messages are the same. Touch transmitters may be utilized, for example, by software on a device to determine the positioning of a device on an associated touch screen. Similarly, light sensors may be utilized, for example, to receive information indicative of the positioning of a device on an associated touch screen.

FIG. 5 shows system 500 that may include a device having a display screen displaying light communication areas 510 and 520. Areas 510 and 520 may change color, for example, to communicate data. A card may include corresponding light sensors, or arrays of light sensors, in order to receive data from light areas 510 and 520. Data may be determined for example, based on the combination of colors provided in the light regions. For example, a particular combination of colors may be associated with a particular data (e.g., a particular bit) and a different combination of colors may be associated with a different data (e.g., a different bit). A combination of colors may be utilized as a transition. Such a transition combination may be utilized, for example, to indicate to a card, or other device, the separation of data. For example, two regions may be provided. Both regions being determined to be black may be associated with a transition. One region being white while the other is black may be determined to be associated with one bit of information. One region being black while the other is white may be determined to be associated with a different bit of information. Both regions being white may be utilized to convey the beginning and/or ending of a message. A two color scheme may be utilized. More than two colors may be utilized. Furthermore, for example, a card, or other device, may be able to receive information regardless of the colors used. For example, information may be discerned based on the colors being different. As such, both colors being the same may be utilized as one bit of information while both colors being different may be utilized as a different bit of information. In doing so, for example, the same communication encoding method may be utilized regardless of the type of display utilized (e.g., a several color display or a black/white or a green/yellow display). A clock may be utilized to determine timing information. Such a clock may be a clock internal to a processor. Such a clock may alternatively be a clock separate from the processor.

A processor may be configured, for example, to operate in the range of approximately 1 megahertz to 30 megahertz (e.g., approximately 2-5 megahertz). A battery may be utilized to power the card or other device. A payment card (e.g., a debit, credit, pre-paid, and/or gift card) may be provided to a customer (e.g., mailed to a customer) with a battery charged between 3 and 4.5 volts (e.g., between approximately 3.2 and 4.2 volts). An electronics package may be laminated into a card after a battery is charged. For example, an electronics package may be laminated into a card via a hot or cold lamination process. An electronics package may be laminated into a card via an injection molding process utilizing one or more liquid laminates that are hardened via a light, temperature, pressure, time-based, chemical, or other reaction.

System 530 may be included and may include a device having a display that displays light communication area 540. Light communication area 540 may communicate information via light pulses. Such light pulses may communicate data serially. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a single light area and a single, or an array of light sensors, for that single area may be utilized on a device regardless of screen size. A user may place a card's light sensor, or array of light sensors, against area 540 and may receive data from area 540 as light is pulsed to the card. Information may be communicated, for example, via frequency double-frequency encoding. For example, transitions may be determined by a processor and the periods of time between these transitions may be utilized as data. For example, a “short” interval may be discerned as one type of bit of data (e.g., a “0”) while a “long” interval may be discerned as a different type of bit of data (e.g., a “1”). A transition may be determined, for example, as the change of one color to another color (e.g., black to white and white to black) or from one particular color to another particular color (e.g., black to white but not white to black).

Any type of device with a display may be utilized to communicate information from a card, or other device, via light. For example, a television, mobile telephonic phone, personal computer (e.g., stationary, portable laptop, or portable tablet computer), automated-teller-machine device, electronic register device, or any other type of electronic device. Information may be communicated via light regions provided in webpages, software applications, television streams (e.g., during a commercial or a television show), or any other display screen or user interface.

FIG. 6 shows signal 610 and signal 620. Signals 610 and 620 may be communicated, for example, from a single light area on a display to a single light sensor on a card, or other device. Signal 610 may communicate information via the length of a pulse of a particular color (e.g., white) with a baseline width of a different color (e.g., black) (e.g., pulses 611 and 612). Signal 610 may, alternatively, communicate information with long durations and short durations of two colors. For example, a short duration of white followed by a short duration of black may be one bit while a long duration of white followed by a long duration of black may be another bit (e.g., pulses 613 and 614). Signal 620 may, for example, communicate information via the time durations between transitions from one state (e.g., white) to another color state (e.g., black). Short durations may be one bit (e.g., “0”) while long durations may be another bit (e.g., “1”). In doing so, for example, frequency double-frequency encoding may be realized (e.g., via pulses 621-624).

FIG. 7 shows data streams 710 and 720. Data stream 710 may include synchronization pulses 711, information pulses 712, and synchronization pulses 713. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that synchronization pulses may be provided as a string of a particular bit (e.g., a string of “0” s). In doing so, for example, a card may determine the duration of transition changes associated with that bit such that information may be properly discerned by the card. In this manner, information may be communicated, via light, regardless of the frame rate of the display screen communicating the information. Stream 720 may include synchronization pulses 721, calibration pulses 722, message type pulses 723, and message pulses 724. Message type pulse may identify the type of data included in the subsequent message pulse. In doing so, for example, the message pulse may be properly identified and routed for processing. Calibration pulses 722 may be utilized by a card, for example, to discern more information about the capabilities of a display, how colors are displayed, backlighting attributes, and/or ambient light and optical noise. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that calibration pulses may also be synchronization pulses and synchronization pulses may have different, particular attributes (e.g., brightness or depth of color) such that calibration may occur more efficiently and effectively. Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that black and white pulses may be utilized on both several color displays and black and white displays.

Numerous applications may be realized utilizing, for example, light pulses to communicate light to a card or between cards (or other devices). For example, a card may receive information via light indicative of a payment card number (e.g., a credit, debit, pre-paid, and/or gift card number). In doing so, a payment card number may be remotely issued to a card via, for example, a mobile device or a portable computer. A payment card number may be remotely issued, for example, via a web browser when, for example, a payment card number is compromised or a new product is desired to be added to a card (e.g., a new credit, debit, or pre-paid product). Alerts may be communicated via light and received by a card. An alert may instruct a card to provide a particular visible alert (e.g., a light blinking or particular indicia to be provided on a display) upon receipt, at a particular time, or a particular frequency. Such an alert, for example, may be indicative of a new promotion that is awaiting a user. Promotions, coupons, and advertisements may also be downloaded to a card via light. Games may be played on a card and game information may be communicated via light. For example, a casino loyalty card may receive a particular code via light and this code may correspond to a game loss or a game win of a particular amount. The code may be utilized by a game on the card (e.g., to roll dice on a display or spin a slot machine on a display). Features may be added or switched on a card. For example, a user may add a feature enabling the user to pay for a purchase with points, in installments, via a deferred pay, debit pay, prepaid pay, or credit pay. Such features may be switched, for example, on the back-end such that information may not be required to be communicated to the card. For example, a user may go online and switch the feature utilized upon the selection of a particular button on the card. In communicating the information via light, however, the card may utilize the information to provide a more functional card. For example, a display located next to a button may change the information displayed to be indicative of a new feature such that a user does not have to remember the features associated with particular buttons. Information on a card may be updated. For example, a user profile (e.g., reward mile status) may be updated via light pulses. Software on a card may be updated via light pulses. A user may utilize a particular code to unlock a card by entering this code into buttons. The code may be changed via light pulses. Similarly a card may become locked until a code is entered into the card that the user is not aware of. This code may be communicated to a card via light pulses to unlock the card. Timing information may be communicated to a card (e.g., the date and time of transmission) such that a card may update and resynchronize an internal clock. Value may be added, and stored, on a card via light information. For example, pre-paid or gift amounts may be added to a card. A card may receive a hotel key via light, for example, when a user pays for a hotel room. An online check-in feature may be provided via a hotel reservation center such that the hotel may download the room key directly to the card. In doing so, a user may simply go directly to his/her room when the user reaches the hotel. Frequent flier status and/or miles may be communicated via light. Insurance information, medical records, or other medical information may be communicated to a card via light. Transit information such as subway value/tokens, train value/tokens, ferry value/tokens may be added to a card via light or other wireless communication into a card. A transit number (e.g., a monthly pass number) may be added to a card via light (e.g., or sound). Person-to-person payments may be made via two cards (e.g., via light sensors and sources of light on the cards). Advertisements may be communicated to a card via light. Light may be communicated, for example, via a single color of light. For example, a light source (e.g., an LED) of a card, or other device, may communicate information to another card, or device, by turning that light source ON and OFF in a pattern recognizable by the other device. A device may be operable to receive information using different schemes of light communication. A processor of a device receiving a particular scheme may utilize knowledge of each scheme to determine the scheme being utilized. In doing so, the processor may determine, for example, the type of device sending the communications. In this manner, for example, a card may be able to discern when the card is receiving information from a card or a non-card device. Different types of devices may have different types of handshakes and security. As such, for example, different types of applications (e.g., payment applications) may be utilized by the device based on the level of security of the communication.

A card, or other device, may be programmed with application code before the electronics package is laminated into a card. The card, or other device, may receive payment card information (e.g., a credit, debit, pre-paid, and/or gift card number) after the electronics package is laminated into a card. In doing so, for example, different facilities may be utilized to laminate and personalize the cards.

FIG. 8 shows color encoding scheme 800. Color encoding scheme 800 may, for example, be implemented by a light source capable of generating multiple colors of light. A light sensor may, for example, detect each color of light generated by such a light source and may, for example, discern information communicated based upon the color of light detected. Accordingly, for example, each color of light may exhibit a characteristic (e.g., wavelength) that may be detected by a light sensor and communicated to a processor. In so doing, data may be communicated from a light source to a processor using changes in light characteristics (e.g., changes in the color and/or intensity of light generated).

A data sequence may be associated with a color and/or a color transition, such that a number of data bits (e.g., two data bits) may be communicated based upon the particular color and/or color transition generated. Accordingly, for example, data sequences may be encoded based upon a color of light that may be initially generated by a light source and a color of light that may be generated subsequent to the initially generated color of light.

Color encoding scheme 800 illustrates multiple colors (e.g., six colors) that may be generated by a light source. Other colors (e.g., black and white) may also be generated by the light source. Each color and/or color transition may, for example, be encoded with a bit sequence, such that a light sensor and associated processor that detects each color and/or each color transition may decode the detected color and/or color transition into its associated data sequence. Accordingly, for example, multiple data bits (e.g., four bits of data) may be communicated by generating a first frame of light having a first color followed by generating a second frame of light having a second color in accordance with color encoding scheme 800. In so doing, for example, four bits of data may be communicated by generating two colors of light in two adjacent frames.

Any data sequence may, for example, be communicated by a light source by first generating a start sequence (e.g., generating a black pulse followed by a white pulse or generating a white pulse followed by a black pulse). The next color generated by the light source may represent the first two data bits communicated by the light source as illustrated, for example, by columns 804-810 of row 812. Accordingly, for example, a light source may communicate data sequence 804 (e.g., “00”) if the color “green” is generated after a start sequence, a light source may communicate data sequence 806 (e.g., “01”) if the color “blue” is generated after a start sequence, a light source may communicate data sequence 808 (e.g., “10”) if the color “cyan” is generated after a start sequence, and a light source may communicate data sequence 810 (e.g., “11”) if the color “magenta” is generated after a start sequence.

Subsequent data bits may be communicated, for example, based upon a color transition exhibited by a light source in accordance with color encoding scheme 800. Accordingly, for example, column 802 may illustrate a current color being generated by a light source and based upon a color transition from one of the colors in column 802 to a subsequent color, the next data bits (e.g., the next two data bits) may be encoded. As per an example, the color “cyan” may be generated by a light source subsequent to a start sequence, which may be encoded as data sequence 808 (e.g., “10”) from row 812. A subsequent color transition from “cyan” to “green” may be encoded as data sequence 810 (e.g., “11”) as indicated by row 814. A subsequent color transition from “green” to “yellow” may be encoded as data sequence 810 (e.g., “11”) as indicated by row 816. In so doing, for example, each color transition from a current color to a subsequent color may be encoded as multiple data bits (e.g., two data bits), such that two data bits may be encoded for each color change.

Rather than using color, light intensities may be used. Accordingly, for example, color encoding scheme 800 may be replaced with a light intensity encoding scheme, whereby light intensities instead of color may be used to encode data. In so doing, for example, a single color (e.g., “red”) may be used as a carrier, where a brightness of the carrier may be used to encode the carrier with actual data. In so doing, multiple light intensities (e.g., six different brightness levels) may be used to encode data.

Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that a larger variety of colors (or intensities) may yield a larger number of data bits that may be encoded per frame of light generated by the light source. Persons skilled in the art will further appreciate that variances in data communication rates between a light source and a light sensor may be tolerated since color transitions (or intensity transitions) may be used to indicate data boundaries. In addition, a degree of error correction may be implemented by color encoding scheme 800 (or an intensity encoding scheme) since not all color transitions (or intensity transitions) may be valid.

FIG. 9 shows system 900, which may include device 902 having display 910, card (or other device) 904 having light sensor 906 and status indicator 908. Device 902 may, for example, include display 910 that may generate light (e.g., pulses of light 912) from any portion of display 910. Light sensor 906 may, for example, be operative to detect light (e.g., pulses of light 912) as generated by display 910. Status indicator 908 (e.g., an LED) may, for example, generate status information concerning data communicated via light pulses 912. Accordingly, for example, a processor of card 904 may determine whether light pulses 912 are being detected and further may decode light pulses 912 as data communicated by device 902 to card 904. In so doing, for example, a status of a detection of light pulses 912 and/or a status of decoding light pulses 912 into communicated data may be generated by a processor and indicated by status indicator 908 (e.g., LED 908 may generate green light 914 if data communication and data decoding is successful). Status indicator 908 (e.g., an LED) may, for example, be provided as a back-facing LED, such that communication status may be indicated on side 918 of card 904 (e.g., through card 904) while data communication between card 904 and device 902 may be conducted on an opposite side of card 904.

Light sensor 906 (and other electronic components) may, for example, be electrically and/or mechanically bonded to a printed circuit board of card 904 to form an electronic assembly. Such an electronic assembly may be encapsulated by an injection molding process (e.g., an injection molding process based on a reaction of two materials or one material). For example, a silicon-based material or a polyurethane-based material may be injected and cured (e.g., using a temperature, light, pressure, time-based, and/or chemical reaction) to form the electronics package. The electronics package (and other components of card 904) may be sandwiched between layers of laminate (e.g., layers of polymer laminate), such that both surfaces of card 904 may be formed by a layer of laminate. An injection process may inject material between such layers of polymer. An injection process may, for example, place an electronics package on one layer of polymer, inject one or more injection laminate materials over the electronics package, and then place a different layer of polymer over the electronics package covered in one or more liquid injection laminates. A reaction may then occur to harden the structure into a card.

The electronics package may be formed via a lamination process into other structures such as, for example, a mobile telephonic device, portable tablet computer, portable laptop computer, watch, any other type of electronic device, or any part of any electronic device. Light sensor 906 may, for example, be sensitive to light pulses 912 even when light sensor 906 is buried below one or more layers of laminate material. A card may be printed with indicia. Areas that may block light to a light sensor may be printed, for example, with lighter colors. Alternatively, no printing ink/material may be placed above a light sensor such that the light sensor may receive light unimpeded by print ink/material. One or more light sensors may be provided on one side of a card while one or more touch transmitters may be provided on the opposite side of a card. One or more light sensors may be provided on the same side of a card as one or more touch transmitters. One or more sources of light may be placed on the same or different sides as one or more light sensors. In placing a light sensor on a different side as a light source, a user may hold the light sensor side of the card to a display and receive a visual indication via one or more light sensors (or displays) on the back of the card that an action has occurred (e.g., a communication has not yet begun, a communication has begun, a communication is in progress, a communication is complete, a communication has failed, a communication was correctly completed).

Light sensor 906 may, for example, be sensitive to a wide frequency range of signals. For example, device 902 may refresh display 910 at a particular rate (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz) such that refresh rate noise may be detected by light sensor 906. As per another example, display 910 may provide back lighting that may be controlled (e.g., pulse width modulated) at another frequency rate (e.g., hundreds of Hz to thousands of Hz) such that back-lighting control noise may be detected by light sensor 906. As per yet another example, a scrolling refresh rate may be exhibited by display 910, whereby pixels of display 910 may be refreshed in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom sequence, thereby affecting a color or intensity of light pulses 912. Accordingly, for example, a processor of card 904 may execute an application (e.g., a digital signal processing application) that may be used to cancel (e.g., filter out) such noise effects. Light sensor 906 may detect light pulses 912 at a varying distance 916. For example, display 910 may generate light pulses having a high intensity, such that distance 916 may be maximized (e.g., card 904 may be held further away from display 910 to detect light pulses 912 having a relatively high intensity). Alternately, for example, display 910 may generate light pulses having a low intensity, such that distance 916 may be minimized (e.g., card 904 may be held closer to display 910 to detect light pulses 912 having a relatively low intensity). Ambient light (e.g., light not generated by display 910) may also decrease distance 916 (e.g., card 904 may need to be held closer to display 910 in the presence of ambient light) to allow detection of light pulses 912.

A user may, for example, utilize status indicator 908 to determine whether distance 916 is adequate to support reliable data communication between device 902 and card 904. Accordingly, for example, if distance 916 is too large to support reliable data communication, status indicator 908 (e.g., an LED) may indicate such a status (e.g., illuminate red light). Alternately, for example, if distance 916 is adequate to support reliable data communication, status indicator 908 (e.g., an LED) may indicate such a status (e.g., illuminate green light). In so doing, for example, a user of card 904 may obtain communication status from status indicator 908, so that the user may bring card 904 within an acceptable communication distance 916 of device 902.

A processor may determine a color by receiving one or more samples of light within a particular range of wavelengths. Multiple samples may be averaged together during a sampling interval to determine an average wavelength or other characteristic (e.g., intensity) and this average characteristic over a period of time, may be utilized for determination calculations. A particular number of samples may be taken (e.g., two, three, four, or more than four) and averaged together and the average of these samples may be utilized by a processor to make determinations.

FIG. 10 shows system 1000, which may include light source 1002, card (or other device) 1004 having light sensor 1006, and reflecting device 1012. Light source 1002 may, for example, provide light pulses 1010 that may be detected by light sensor 1006 as reflected light pulses 1008. Accordingly, for example, light sensor 1006 of card 1004 may receive communicated data from devices that may use a projection medium (e.g., a projection TV). Other light sources may, for example, generate ambient light 1014 that may be detected by light sensor 1006. Accordingly, for example, a processor of card 1004 may use filtering (e.g., a digital signal processing algorithm) to cancel the effects of ambient light 1014 so that data encoded within light pulses 1008 may be more accurately detected and decoded by the processor.

According to example embodiments, a flexible device may include a light source including an LED array, for example, an array including high intensity, state-of-the-art LEDS, for example, 10 to 500 LEDs, 100-400 LEDs (e.g., 168 LEDs). The LED array may be used as a light source of a card or other device.

According to some example embodiments, the LED array (or device including the LED array) may be flexible and the LED array may include ultraviolet (UV) LEDs tuned to a particular spectrum, for example, UV-A, UV-B, UV-C.

A UV-C array may emit light of about 200 to 280 nanometers, such as 220-260 nanometers (e.g., 252 nanometers). The LED array may be flexible and may be shaped a variety of ways. For example, the LED array may be rolled and placed into, or made integral with, or shaped to be a tube, for example, a nasal tube, bronchoscope tube, tracheal tube, or used as a facemask. As another example, the LED array (LED array and component circuit board) may be itself shaped to be a tube or facemask. The LED array may medical grade UV LEDs on a medical grade PCB and configured for placement into a patient's trachea, the lung (e.g., bronchial tubes similarly to bronchoscopy), or one or both of the nasal cavities or pleural cavity or a lung cavity for modification of a contaminant, for example, sterilization by DNA/RNA alteration or other routes (e.g., inactivation or destruction of COVID-19, SARS, and/or other viral or non-viral ARDs causing contaminants).

Treatment may be for viruses, for example, uncured viruses that impact the lung or nasal cavity or a lung cavity. Placement of a high-intensity UV light source inside the lung may sterilize some or all of active virus contaminants in that region, or in any event reduce a patient's viral load sufficient for a patient's immune system to succeed without being overwhelmed. This may immediately cut off or decrease the growth of the virus and allow the human body to more effectively combat the virus, or mitigate lung damage.

According to example embodiments, critical areas of the body may be at least in part sterilized of virus in vivo. Tubes including the UV LED array may not include UV blocking substances, for example, silver or silicon. The LED array may not be occlusive or marginally occlusive of tubing.

A benefit of an LED array solution is that it may be globally deployed within a short period of time (e.g., a week) at scale and at negligible cost. Design and manufacturing files, firmware, and programming and testing process may be released to flexible Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturers, for example, in every country.

Different PCB technologies may have variability in thickness and flexibility, and a percentage (e.g., 10%) of existing PCB manufacturers may produce their first circuit board with medical grade UV LEDs that may be fitted into a ventilator or trachea tube within days (e.g., 24-36 hours).

Placement of electronic components after the PCB is manufactured may only require traditional Surface Mount (SMT) and Chip-On-Board (COB) assembler. Many PCB houses perform SMT and COB so the entire device may be produced under a single roof. In less than 24 hours, a device may be produced for every person in the world infected with a disease. The LED arrays or tubes incorporating the arrays (and other components to drive the array) may be reusable.

LED arrays, PCBs and associated components for in vivo treatment may be laminated and may be washable. Such flexible electronics may follow the entire tube (or be made integral with the tube or be the tube) and may flex as the tube flexes so that the passageway (nasal, tracheal, etc.) may be illuminated in UV light. According to at least one example embodiment, an LED array may be placed and aligned to irradiate nasal passages from outside the nose (angular illumination) and/or shaped as a nasal cannula.

Some damage of normal human cells may occur from UVC treatment. Narrowing of the wavelength of UV to amplify the sterilization of the COVID-19 virus may lessen or minimize the impact on human cells. Similarly, damage may be tuned by controlling the intensity and frequency of pulses of UV radiation to minimize the impact on human cells.

Virus density in nasal passages may directly correlate to the frequency and severity of the virus impacting the lungs. Placing UV electronics in the nasal passageway for all patients that test positive for an ARDs causing contaminant may have benefit through reducing virus density and 1) reducing the potential impact to the lungs; and 2) provide the patient more time build a natural defense. Treatment may be performed multiple times over the course of a treatment period.

According to some example embodiments, a full human system UV treatment is provided to treat almost all of the human system with UV (save critical, sensitive areas). For example, vehicle sized UV systems may move large, high intensity UV lighting over surfaces that are approximately 2×4 feet across. Both sides of the human body may be illuminated in non-critical areas and provide different intensities/pulses for different parts of the body and body density/size, as well as tuning to particular viruses or penetration of particular body material (e.g., alveolar tissue) for improved sterilization or viral load reduction.

According to some example embodiments, a pulse frequency of UV light is made as high as possible. For example, 260 nm UV light may be provided in femtosecond, nanosecond, microsecond or millisecond pulses (e.g., between 1 and 100 femtoseconds). For example, UV exposure may be 1 femtosecond “on” and 10 femtoseconds “off” (duty cycle). Short ON pulses and/or staggered in array with longer OFF pulses may reduce temperature at any one point (reduce heat generated by UV irradiation).

Active and/or passive cooling may be included with an LED array device. LED efficiency decreases with decreasing wavelength. Energy lost due to inefficiency becomes heat and should be removed. According to some example embodiments, for an entire 100 LED array with a 4× rest pulse for every active pulse, 20 LEDs of the array may be on each pulse and 80 may rest for 4 pulses.

Heat may be additionally or alternatively reduced according to example embodiments with a micro heat sink, radiative fins for distribution over volume, passive convection through an integrated fluid, metal channels for passive conduction, active thermoelectric cooling, or forced convection through air or liquid. For example, apertures may be cut into circuit boards adjacent to UV LEDs. Filters placed inside of a tube may block the tubing. According to some example embodiments, air may pass through the apertures and past the LEDs for cooling. Multiple LED arrays with circuit board apertures may be placed next to one another, for example, with apertures staggered. According to at least one example embodiment, a micro heat sink may include a thin heat conductor (thinner than the LEDs of the LED array) with apertures placed over the LED array to rest under the LED surface.

According to other example embodiments, continuous radiation or a combination of continuous radiation and pulses may be effective.

According to some example embodiments, a UVC LED array may be inserted into a patient's pleural cavity in the manner of a thoracentesis. According to some example embodiments, artery catheterization is performed with an LED array probe (pulmonary artery, femoral artery, etc.) in the manner of an angiogram/cardiac catheterization. According to some example embodiments, an LED array may be inserted into an artery or other vessel as a stent-like structure.

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating flexible LED array device circuits constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention A device LED array circuit in accordance with FIG. 11 may be, for example, a bronchoscope tube, nasal cannula, rectal tube, thoracentesis needle, and/or any structure which may be inserted into living tissue or body orifices, and/or inserted into and/or around such a structure. Fold lines are shown in FIG. 11. A portion of a PCB including mounted UV LEDs may be folded around a portion of the board including components (e.g., a drive circuit, wireless communication circuit, processor and/or other components). Cross-section 1050 shows a cross-section of a folded structure (e.g., tubing) without the component portion for clarity.

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram illustrating LED array device circuits. Referring to FIG. 12, a compact arrangement may include one or more LED arrays and associated driving circuitry, which may include wired or wireless communications to other circuitry (not shown).

FIG. 13 illustrates LED array devices 1310, 1320, 1330, 1347 and 1375. Referring to FIG. 13, LED array device 1310 may include substrate 1312 and LEDs 1315. Device 1310 may include driving circuitry, processing circuitry, communications circuitry and/or heat reduction structures (not shown). Substrate 1312 may be flexible and may be a PCB (e.g., a single or multilayer flexible PCB).

LED array 1315 may be part of substrate 1312 and/or connected to substrate 1312. LED array 1315 may include different LEDs to emit radiation of a variety of spectrums or a single spectrum or may include the same type of LEDs an emit radiation about monochromatically. For example, LED array may include ultraviolet LEDs.

LED array device 1320 may be a cylindrical exterior lamp and may include substrate 1323 and LED array 1325. Device 1320 may include driving circuitry, processing circuitry, communications circuitry and/or heat reduction structures (not shown). Substrate 1323 may be flexible and may be a PCB (e.g., a single or multilayer flexible PCB). LED array 1325 may be part of substrate 1323 and/or connected to substrate 1323 (e.g., as a component). LED array 1325 may emit radiation of a variety of spectrums or a single spectrum or may be about monochromatic. According to some example embodiments, LED array 1325 may include ultraviolet LEDs.

Substrate 1323 and LED array 1325 may be, for example, rolled into a tube shape. LED array 1325 may be externally facing to illuminate areas outside of LED array device 1320.

LED array device 1345 may be a cylindrical interior lamp and may include substrate 1347 and LED array 1350. Device 1345 may include driving circuitry, processing circuitry, communications circuitry and/or heat reduction structures (not shown). Substrate 1347 may be flexible and may be a PCB (e.g., a single or multilayer flexible PCB). LED array 1350 may be part of substrate 1347 and/or connected to substrate 1347. LED array 1350 may emit radiation of a variety of spectrums or a single spectrum or may be about monochromatic. According to some example embodiments, LED array 1350 may include ultraviolet LEDs.

Substrate 1347 and LED array 1350 may be, for example, rolled into a tube shape. LED array 1325 may be internally facing to illuminate areas inside of and/or between the surfaces of LED array device 1320.

LED array device 1330 may include substrate 1335 and LED array 1340. Device 1330 may include driving circuitry, processing circuitry, communications circuitry and/or heat reduction structures (not shown). Substrate 1335 may be flexible and may be a PCB (e.g., a single or multilayer flexible PCB). LED array 1340 may be part of substrate 1335 and/or connected to substrate 1335 (e.g., as a component). LED array 1340 may emit radiation of a variety of spectrums or a single spectrum or may be about monochromatic. According to some example embodiments, LED array 1340 may include ultraviolet LEDs.

Substrate 1335 and LED array 1340 may be, for example, folded into the form of a two sided lamp. According to some example embodiments, substrate 1335 may be a multiple layer flexible circuit board with LEDs on opposite sides of the multiple layer structure. According to at least one example embodiment, array components (not shown) may be in a space between layers of the multiple layer circuit board, shown by reference character 1337, or no spacing 1337 may be included.

According to some example embodiments, the multiple layer circuit board may include three or more layers of material, for example, material of varying opacity in a range from transparent to less than about opaque such that the intensity of radiation in a particular direction may be varied or intensified in comparison to a different direction. According to at least one example embodiment, circuit board layers may be transparent and the intensity of LED's controllable, with spacing between LEDs for phase control, constructive and/or destructive interference, to radiate varying intensities in different directions or increase or maximize intensity in a single direction.

According to at least one example embodiment, an LED array device may include a diffraction nanostructure and sensor(s) to selectively radiate radiation fields and dynamically apply intensity based on tissue structure shape and/or density, for example, for dose limited irradiation. An LED array device may include, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) structure including nanoscale diffraction gratings and may dynamically change the direction and focal point and/or depth of field of radiation. Wave harmonics may be dynamically adjusted, for example, using multiple LED devices for each LCD pixel with varying harmonic filtration.

LED array device 1375 may be a cylindrical interior/exterior lamp and may include substrate 1377 and LED array 1380. Device 1375 may include driving circuitry, processing circuitry, communications circuitry and/or heat reduction structures (not shown). Substrate 1377 may be flexible and may be a PCB (e.g., a single or multilayer flexible PCB). LED array 1380 may be part of substrate 1377 and/or connected to substrate 1377 (e.g., as a component). LED array 1380 may emit radiation of a variety of spectrums or a single spectrum or may be about monochromatic. According to some example embodiments, LED array 1380 may include ultraviolet LEDs.

Substrate 1377 and LED array 1380 may be, for example, rolled into a tube shape. LED array 1325 may be internally and externally facing to illuminate areas outside, inside of and/or between the surfaces of LED array device 1320.

According to example embodiments, a cylindrical LED lamp may have 2 sides, 3 sides, 4 sides, 5 sides, 6 sides or more than 6 sides. According to some example embodiments, a cylindrical LED lamp may be folded (e.g., folded in half) to provide double walled LED radiation or enfolded radiation.

An LED array according to example embodiments may include individually controllable LEDs, groupings of controllable LEDs and/or array level control of LEDs. Control of LEDs may include directional, pulse width and/or intensity control (e.g., PWM duty cycle), for example, control at the column and/or row level. According to some example embodiments, intensity may be controlled by activation of a subset of LEDs or a subset of arrays of LEDs.

Both ventilator mechanical systems and body structures may be asymmetrical. According to some example embodiments, LED level control may provide for uniformity of irradiation despite differing structural surfaces, densities, distances (microns to millimeters with respect to targets) or other dose affecting differences. For example, pulse characteristics may be changed for different portions of an LED array and/or different LED arrays based on adjacent structural characteristics, for example, characteristics identified by a scan (e.g., a concurrent ultrasound scan) or sensors of an LED array (optical, ultrasonic, electrical methods, for example). Energy of irradiation may be, for example 0.1 mJ/cm² to hundreds of mJ/cm². Pulses may provide such energy without bleaching and faster than heat diffusion mechanisms, and without heating up of tissues, via pulse rates, heat or power dissipation.

Although example embodiments may be described with respect to arrays in the singular, the description is made only for purposes of clarity, and multiple arrays may be included. Each array may include dedicated circuitry (e.g., drive circuitry) or the same circuitry may be used for multiple arrays (e.g., sequentially controlled arrays). According to some example embodiments, array circuitry may be remote from the LEDs of an array and the LEDs may be controlled by a wired and/or wireless connection to provide for sophisticated pulse modulation schemes, for example, based on scans. For example, an LED array used for bronchoscopy may inserted as a light wand with all or some circuitry outside of the bronchoscopy tube, or all circuitry may be inside the tube.

FIG. 14 illustrates flexible LED array devices constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 14, one or more LED arrays may be a filter, part of a filter and/or coupled to a filter. An LED filter may be, for example, a UV-A, UV-B and/or UV-C filter. According to some example embodiments, a wavelength 200 nm to 300 nm (e.g., deep UV of 200 nm to 220 nm), for example, 220 nm to 280 nm, more preferably 240 nm to 280 nm, more preferably 260 nm to 280 nm (e.g., approximately 260 nm).

Filter 1420 may be a tube filter (e.g., e-filter) include LEDs (e.g., UV LEDs). Filter 1420 may be part of, for example, a medical ventilator system. Filter 1420 may be permanent or disposable, and may be washable or single use. Filter 1440 may be, for example, a tube covered e-filter.

Filter 1460 may be a small or reduced footprint low or reduced air resistance filter with any number of layers. Filters 1460 and 1480 may be inline or sampling filters, and may include a corded power supply and/or a battery. Filter 1480 may be an ultra low resistance, large channel filter.

For example, filters 1460 and 1480 may be different types of an inline ventilator filter on the intake and/or output of a ventilator, and may include LEDs and/or one or more arrays of LEDs, an LED array(s) status display, an on/off button, software providing different modes (e.g., modes for specific viruses), a power supply (e.g., corded and/or rechargeable battery), audible alarms (e.g., battery charging or level alarms, for example, 30 mins to 60 mins prior to an adverse event), visual alarms (flashing of LED arrays when no longer capable of performing an intended function), and/or the like. An LED array filter according to example embodiments may include additional filtration, for example, a permanent or replaceable particulate filter.

For example, the main components of a simple positive pressure ventilator may include gas supply (e.g., high pressure air source and oxygen source), pressure generator, gas blender, gas accumulator, inspiratory flow regulator, humidification system, disposable/reusable patient circuit, a patient's lungs, expiratory pressure regulator (e.g., PEEP valve), sensors (concentration/flow/pressure/volume), gas intake particle filters, pre-circuit bacteria filters, moisture traps, heat/moisture exchanger, and/or expired gas filters, as well as alarm mechanisms and power supply.

A filter on the intake of a ventilator system according to example embodiments may be inline and before or after conventional ventilator filtration (e.g., micro-particulate filter). A filter may prevent recirculation of bacteria or virus exhausted from a ventilator, or intake of viruses from other patients, visitors or staff. A filter according to some example embodiments may be inline with an exhalation line of a ventilator, before or after conventional filtration. According to at least some example embodiments, LED array filtration may be added as the first component of an intake and/or the last component of an exhaust of a ventilator.

An LED array filter may include an input and output valve. An LED array filter may include any number of LED arrays, for example, 10 LED arrays, 20 LED arrays, 30 LED arrays. A number of LED arrays may be based on viral sterilization rates for particular gas flows. According to at least one example embodiment, a number of LED arrays may, for example, corresponded to maximum gas flows and pressures, and the number used may change based on flow and pressure. Changes in pressure and flow rates may be briefly delayed during automatic reduction or increase in the number of UV LED arrays receiving power to ensure sufficient irradiation is provided during circuit powering.

Example embodiments in accordance with the present invention may be variously combined as would be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art in possession of the present disclosure.

An LED array device in accordance with some example embodiments may include a substrate, for example, a multiple layer flexible circuit board with a layer thickness of about 1 mils to 4 mils, for example, about 2 mils to 3 mils. Components may be mounted on the circuit board, for example, one or more LEDs, UV LEDs, microprocessors, drive circuits, buffer chips, secure elements, memories, microcontrollers, wireless or wired communication modules, detectors/sensors, resistors, capacitors, variable resistive elements, attenuators, heat dissipation units, address selection circuits, multiplexors, power regulator, clocks (e.g., quartz crystal), power supplies, shift registers, transistors, connection sockets, components that perform the same or similar functions, and/or the like. According to at least one example embodiment, an LED array may include any combination of rows and columns, including as examples 54b 5×7, 5×8, 8×8, 6×16, 24×6, 12×12, 6×24, 7×24, 8×24, 12×24, arrays.

According to example embodiments, LED arrays may not be provided as inline filters, and may be attached externally to tubing, for example, a snap system to snap LED arrays to ventilator tubing. LED arrays may be laminated and waterproof, and easily cleaned for continuous use or replaced without invasive entry into the ventilator system or modification thereof. A ventilator may include tubing, and an LED array filter system for a ventilator according to example embodiments may be integral with or pre-attached to tubing and replace existing tubing (flexible and/or articulated LED array substrates or portions of the array) without requiring modification of any portion of existing ventilator systems. Tubing may be made of a UV blocking or reducing material and UV radiation from an LED array may not radiate outside the tubing or partially radiate outside of the tubing. According to some example embodiments, tubing may include UV waveguides for total internal reflection. Heat dissipation units, such as fins, may be attached to or part of the LED array.

Although example embodiments are described with respect to cylindrical filters, filters are not limited to cylinders and may be, for example, rectangular, spherical, or any other shape.

Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that the present invention is not limited to only the embodiments described. Instead, the present invention more generally involves dynamic information. Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that the apparatus of the present invention may be implemented in other ways then those described herein. All such modifications are within the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the claims that follow.

Claims

1. A tube, comprising:

an array of UV-C LEDs.

2. The tube of claim 1, wherein the tube is an endotracheal tube.

3. The tube of claim 1, wherein the tube is a bronchoscope tube.

4. The tube of claim 1, wherein the tube is a nasal cannula.

5. The tube of claim 1, wherein the tube is a thoracentesis needle.

6. An insert to a tube, comprising:

an array of UVC LEDs.

7. The insert of claim 1, wherein the tube is an endotracheal tube.

8. The insert of claim 1, wherein the tube is a bronchoscope tube.

9. The insert of claim 1, wherein the tube is a nasal cannula.

10. The insert of claim 1, wherein the tube is a thoracentesis needle.

11. A ventilator filter, comprising:

an array of UV-C LEDs.