ALLOGENEIC TUMOR CELL VACCINE
The described invention provides allogeneic tumor cell vaccines comprising tumor cell lines or tumor cell line variants that are genetically engineered to express a core group of three immunomodulatory molecules, and optionally additional R immunomodulatory polypeptides for induction of one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell vaccine candidate can induce an immune response in the recipient cancer patient that cross reacts with the patient's own (autologous) tumor cells, the effects of which are sufficient to result in enhanced anti-tumor immunity contributing to the increased survival of a vaccinated patient cohort compared to a matched unvaccinated patient cohort.
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The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/899,318 (filed Jun. 11, 2020), which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/821,105 (filed Nov. 22, 2017), which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. provisional application No. 62/425,424 (filed Nov. 22, 2016).
SEQUENCE LISTINGThe instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Nov. 2, 2021 is named 128663-00105_SL.txt and is 263,710 bytes in size.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe described invention relates generally to immunological approaches to the treatment of cancer, and more particularly to cancer vaccines comprising modified tumor cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe human immune system may generally be divided into two arms, referred to as “innate immunity” and “adaptive immunity.” The innate arm of the immune system is predominantly responsible for an initial inflammatory response via a number of soluble factors, including the complement system and the chemokine/cytokine system; and a number of specialized cell types including mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer cells. The adaptive immune arm involves a delayed and a longer lasting antibody response together with CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses that play a critical role in immunological memory against an antigen. A third arm of the immune system may be identified as involving γδ T cells and T cells with limited T cell receptor repertoires such as natural killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells.
Cells of the Immune SystemThere are a large number of cellular interactions that comprise the immune system. These interactions occur through specific receptor-ligand pairs that signal in both directions so that each cell receives instructions based on the temporal and spatial distribution of those signals.
Murine models have been highly useful in discovering immunomodulatory pathways, but clinical utility of these pathways does not always translate from an inbred mouse strain to an outbred human population, since an outbred human population may have individuals that rely to varying extents on individual immunomodulatory pathways.
Cells of the immune system include lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, the closely related Langerhans cells, natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, basophils, and other members of the myeloid lineage of cells. In addition, a series of specialized epithelial and stromal cells provide the anatomic environment in which immunity occurs, often by secreting critical factors that regulate growth and/or gene activation in cells of the immune system, which also play direct roles in the induction and effector phases of the response. (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999), at p. 102).
The cells of the immune system are found in peripheral organized tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches of the intestine and tonsils. Lymphocytes also are found in the central lymphoid organs, the thymus, and bone marrow where they undergo developmental steps that equip them to mediate the myriad responses of the mature immune system. A substantial portion of lymphocytes and macrophages comprise a recirculating pool of cells found in the blood and lymph, providing the means to deliver immunocompetent cells to sites where they are needed and to allow immunity that is generated locally to become generalized. (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999), at p. 102).
The term “lymphocyte” refers to a small white blood cell formed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body and in normal adults making up about 22-28% of the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood that plays a large role in defending the body against disease. Individual lymphocytes are specialized in that they are committed to respond to a limited set of structurally related antigens through recombination of their genetic material (e.g. to create a T cell receptor and a B cell receptor). This commitment, which exists before the first contact of the immune system with a given antigen, is expressed by the presence of receptors specific for determinants (epitopes) on the antigen on the lymphocyte's surface membrane. Each lymphocyte possesses a unique population of receptors, all of which have identical combining sites. One set, or clone, of lymphocytes differs from another clone in the structure of the combining region of its receptors and thus differs in the epitopes that it can recognize. Lymphocytes differ from each other not only in the specificity of their receptors, but also in their functions. (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999), at p. 102).
Two broad classes of lymphocytes are recognized: the B-lymphocytes (B-cells), which are precursors of antibody-secreting cells, and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).
B-Lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes are derived from hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. A mature B-cell can be activated with an antigen that expresses epitopes that are recognized by its cell surface. The activation process may be direct, dependent on cross-linkage of membrane Ig molecules by the antigen (cross-linkage-dependent B-cell activation), or indirect, via interaction with a helper T-cell, in a process referred to as cognate help. In many physiological situations, receptor cross-linkage stimuli and cognate help synergize to yield more vigorous B-cell responses (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
Cross-linkage dependent B-cell activation requires that the antigen express multiple copies of the epitope complementary to the binding site of the cell surface receptors, because each B-cell expresses Ig molecules with identical variable regions. Such a requirement is fulfilled by other antigens with repetitive epitopes, such as capsular polysaccharides of microorganisms or viral envelope proteins. Cross-linkage-dependent B-cell activation is a major protective immune response mounted against these microbes (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction”, Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
Cognate help allows B-cells to mount responses against antigens that cannot cross-link receptors and, at the same time, provides costimulatory signals that rescue B cells from inactivation when they are stimulated by weak cross-linkage events. Cognate help is dependent on the binding of antigen by the B-cell's membrane immunoglobulin (Ig), the endocytosis of the antigen, and its fragmentation into peptides within the endosomal/lysosomal compartment of the cell. Some of the resultant peptides are loaded into a groove in a specialized set of cell surface proteins known as class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The resultant class II/peptide complexes are expressed on the cell surface and act as ligands for the antigen-specific receptors of a set of T-cells designated as CD4+ T-cells. The CD4+ T-cells bear receptors on their surface specific for the B-cell's class II/peptide complex. B-cell activation depends not only on the binding of the T cell through its T cell receptor (TCR), but this interaction also allows an activation ligand on the T-cell (CD40 ligand) to bind to its receptor on the B-cell (CD40) signaling B-cell activation. In addition, T helper cells secrete several cytokines that regulate the growth and differentiation of the stimulated B-cell by binding to cytokine receptors on the B cell (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction, “Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
During cognate help for antibody production, the CD40 ligand is transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T helper cells, and it binds to CD40 on the antigen-specific B cells, thereby transducing a second costimulatory signal. The latter signal is essential for B cell growth and differentiation and for the generation of memory B cells by preventing apoptosis of germinal center B cells that have encountered antigen. Hyperexpression of the CD40 ligand in both B and T cells is implicated in pathogenic autoantibody production in human SLE patients (Desai-Mehta, A. et al., “Hyperexpression of CD40 ligand by B and T cells in human lupus and its role in pathogenic autoantibody production,” J. Clin. Invest. Vol. 97(9), 2063-2073, (1996)).
T-Lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes derived from precursors in hematopoietic tissue undergo differentiation in the thymus, and are then seeded to peripheral lymphoid tissue and to the recirculating pool of lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes or T cells mediate a wide range of immunologic functions. These include the capacity to help B cells develop into antibody-producing cells, the capacity to increase the microbicidal action of monocytes/macrophages, the inhibition of certain types of immune responses, direct killing of target cells, and mobilization of the inflammatory response. These effects depend on T cell expression of specific cell surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction”, Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
T cells differ from B cells in their mechanism of antigen recognition. Immunoglobulin, the B cell's receptor, binds to individual epitopes on soluble molecules or on particulate surfaces. B-cell receptors see epitopes expressed on the surface of native molecules. While antibody and B-cell receptors evolved to bind to and to protect against microorganisms in extracellular fluids, T cells recognize antigens on the surface of other cells and mediate their functions by interacting with, and altering, the behavior of these antigen-presenting cells (APCs). There are three main types of APCs in peripheral lymphoid organs that can activate T cells: dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. The most potent of these are the dendritic cells, whose only function is to present foreign antigens to T cells. Immature dendritic cells are located in tissues throughout the body, including the skin, gut, and respiratory tract. When they encounter invading microbes at these sites, they endocytose the pathogens and their products, and carry them via the lymph to local lymph nodes or gut associated lymphoid organs. The encounter with a pathogen induces the dendritic cell to mature from an antigen-capturing cell to an APC that can activate T cells. APCs display three types of protein molecules on their surface that have a role in activating a T cell to become an effector cell: (1) MHC proteins, which present foreign antigen to the T cell receptor; (2) costimulatory proteins which bind to complementary receptors on the T cell surface; and (3) cell-cell adhesion molecules, which enable a T cell to bind to the APC for long enough to become activated (“Chapter 24: The adaptive immune system,” Molecular Biology of the Cell, Alberts, B. et al., Garland Science, NY, (2002)).
T-cells are subdivided into two distinct classes based on the cell surface receptors they express. The majority of T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) consisting of a and (3-chains. A small group of T cells express receptors made of y and 6 chains. Among the a/(3 T cells are two sub-lineages: those that express the coreceptor molecule CD4 (CD4+ T cells); and those that express CD8 (CD8+ T cells). These cells differ in how they recognize antigen and in their effector and regulatory functions.
CD4+ T cells are the major regulatory cells of the immune system. Their regulatory function depends both on the expression of their cell-surface molecules, such as CD40 ligand whose expression is induced when the T cells are activated, and the wide array of cytokines they secrete when activated.
CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells, like CD4+ Helper T cells, are generated in the thymus and express the T-cell receptor. However, rather than the CD4 molecule, cytotoxic T cells express a dimeric co-receptor, CD8, usually composed of one CD8α and one CD8β chain. CD8+ T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC Class I molecules, found on all nucleated cells. The CD8 heterodimer binds to a conserved portion (the α3 region) of MHC Class I during T cell/antigen presenting cell interactions. CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are important for immune defense against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance. When a CD8+ T cell recognizes its antigen and becomes activated, it has three major mechanisms to kill infected or malignant cells. The first is secretion of cytokines, primarily TNF-α and IFNγ, which have anti-tumour and anti-viral microbial effects. The second major function is the production and release of cytotoxic granules. These granules, also found in NK cells, contain two families of proteins, perforin, and granzymes. Perforin forms a pore in the membrane of the target cell, similar to the membrane attack complex of complement. This pore allows the granzymes also contained in the cytotoxic granules to enter the infected or malignant cell. Granzymes are serine proteases which cleave the proteins inside the cell, shutting down the production of viral proteins and ultimately resulting in apoptosis of the target cell. CD8+ T cells are able to release their granules, kill an infected cell, then move to a new target and kill again, often referred to as serial killing. The third major function of CD8+ T cell destruction of infected cells is via Fas/FasL interactions. Activated CD8+ T cells express FasL on the cell surface, which binds to its receptor, Fas, on the surface of the target cell. This binding causes the Fas molecules on the surface of the target cell to trimerize, which pulls together signaling molecules. These signaling molecules result in the activation of the caspase cascade, which also results in apoptosis of the target cell. Because CD8+ T cells can express both molecules, Fas/FasL interactions are a mechanism by which CD8+ T cells can kill each other, called fratricide, to eliminate immune effector cells during the contraction phase at the end of an immune response.
T cells also mediate important effector functions, some of which are determined by the patterns of cytokines they secrete. The cytokines can be directly toxic to target cells and can mobilize potent inflammatory mechanisms.
In addition, T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, can develop into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) capable of efficiently lysing target cells that express antigens recognized by the CTLs (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize a complex consisting of a peptide derived by proteolysis of the antigen bound to a specialized groove of a class II or class I MHC protein. CD4+ T cells recognize only peptide/class II complexes while CD8+ T cells recognize peptide/class I complexes (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
The TCR's ligand (i.e., the peptide/MHC protein complex) is created within APCs. In general, class II MHC molecules bind peptides derived from proteins that have been taken up by the APC through an endocytic process. These peptide-loaded class II molecules are then expressed on the surface of the cell, where they are available to be bound by CD4+ T cells with TCRs capable of recognizing the expressed cell surface complex. Thus, CD4+ T cells are specialized to react with antigens derived from extracellular sources (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
In contrast, class I MHC molecules are mainly loaded with peptides derived from internally synthesized proteins, such as viral proteins. These peptides are produced from cytosolic proteins by proteolysis by the proteosome and are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Such peptides, generally composed of nine amino acids in length, are bound into the class I MHC molecules and are brought to the cell surface, where they can be recognized by CD8+ T cells expressing appropriate receptors. This gives the T cell system, particularly CD8+ T cells, the ability to detect cells expressing proteins that are different from, or produced in much larger amounts than, those of cells of the remainder of the organism (e.g., viral antigens) or mutant antigens (such as active oncogene products), even if these proteins in their intact form are neither expressed on the cell surface nor secreted (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
T cells can also be classified based on their function as helper T cells; T cells involved in inducing cellular immunity; suppressor T cells; and cytotoxic T cells.
Helper T Cells
Helper T cells are T cells that stimulate B cells to make antibody responses to proteins and other T cell-dependent antigens. T cell-dependent antigens are immunogens in which individual epitopes appear only once or a limited number of times such that they are unable to cross-link the membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) of B cells or do so inefficiently. B cells bind the antigen through their membrane Ig, and the complex undergoes endocytosis. Within the endosomal and lysosomal compartments, the antigen is fragmented into peptides by proteolytic enzymes, and one or more of the generated peptides are loaded into class II MHC molecules, which traffic through this vesicular compartment. The resulting peptide/class II MHC complex is then exported to the B-cell surface membrane. T cells with receptors specific for the peptide/class II molecular complex recognize this complex on the B-cell surface. (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia (1999)).
B-cell activation depends both on the binding of the T cell through its TCR and on the interaction of the T-cell CD40 ligand (CD40L) with CD40 on the B cell. T cells do not constitutively express CD40L. Rather, CD40L expression is induced as a result of an interaction with an APC that expresses both a cognate antigen recognized by the TCR of the T cell and CD80 or CD86. CD80/CD86 is generally expressed by activated, but not resting, B cells so that the helper interaction involving an activated B cell and a T cell can lead to efficient antibody production. In many cases, however, the initial induction of CD40L on T cells is dependent on their recognition of antigen on the surface of APCs that constitutively express CD80/86, such as dendritic cells. Such activated helper T cells can then efficiently interact with and help B cells. Cross-linkage of membrane Ig on the B cell, even if inefficient, may synergize with the CD40L/CD40 interaction to yield vigorous B-cell activation. The subsequent events in the B-cell response, including proliferation, Ig secretion, and class switching of the Ig class being expressed, either depend on or are enhanced by the actions of T cell-derived cytokines (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
CD4+ T cells tend to differentiate into cells that principally secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 (TH2 cells) or into cells that mainly produce IL-2, IFNγ, and lymphotoxin (TH1 cells). The TH2 cells are very effective in helping B-cells develop into antibody-producing cells, whereas the TH1 cells are effective inducers of cellular immune responses, involving enhancement of microbicidal activity of monocytes and macrophages, and consequent increased efficiency in lysing microorganisms in intracellular vesicular compartments. Although CD4+ T cells with the phenotype of TH2 cells (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) are efficient helper cells, TH1 cells also have the capacity to be helpers (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction, “Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells are lymphocytes in the same family as T and B cells, coming from a common progenitor. However, as cells of the innate immune system, NK cells are classified as group I Innate Lymphocytes (ILCs) and respond quickly to a wide variety of pathological challenges. NK cells protect against disease, for example killing virally infected cells, and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer. NK cells were first noticed for their ability to kill tumour cells without any priming or prior activation (in contrast to cytotoxic T cells, which need priming by antigen presenting cells). They are named for this ‘natural’ killing. Additionally, NK cells secrete cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα, which act on other immune cells like Macrophage and Dendritic cells to enhance the immune response.
While on patrol, NK cells constantly contact other cells. Whether or not the NK cell kills these cells depends on a balance of signals from activating receptors and inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface. Activating receptors recognize molecules that are expressed on the surface of cancer cells and infected cells, and ‘switch on’ the NK cell. Inhibitory receptors act as a check on NK cell killing. Most normal healthy cells express MHC I receptors which mark these cells as ‘self’. Inhibitory receptors on the surface of the NK cell recognize cognate MHC I, and this ‘switches off’ the NK cell, preventing it from killing. Cancer cells and infected cells often lose their MHC I, leaving them vulnerable to NK cell killing. Once the decision is made to kill, the NK cell releases cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes, which leads to lysis of the target cell.
T cell Involvement in Cellular Immunity Induction
T cells also may act to enhance the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to destroy intracellular microorganisms. In particular, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) produced by helper T cells enhances several mechanisms through which mononuclear phagocytes destroy intracellular bacteria and parasitism including the generation of nitric oxide and induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. TH1 cells are effective in enhancing the microbicidal action, because they produce IFNγ. In contrast, two of the major cytokines produced by TH2 cells, IL-4 and IL-10, block these activities (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)).
Regulatory T (Treg) Cells
Immune homeostasis is maintained by a controlled balance between initiation and downregulation of the immune response. The mechanisms of both apoptosis and T cell anergy (a tolerance mechanism in which the T cells are intrinsically functionally inactivated following an antigen encounter (Scwartz, R. H., “T cell anergy”, Annu. Rev. Immunol., Vol. 21: 305-334 (2003)) contribute to the downregulation of the immune response. A third mechanism is provided by active suppression of activated T cells by suppressor or regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells (Reviewed in Kronenberg, M. et al., “Regulation of immunity by self-reactive T cells”, Nature, Vol. 435: 598-604 (2005)). CD4+ Tregs that constitutively express the IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα) chain (CD4+CD25+) are a naturally occurring T cell subset that are anergic and suppressive (Taams, L. S. et al., “Human anergic/suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells: a highly differentiated and apoptosis-prone population”, Eur. J. Immunol. Vol. 31: 1122-1131 (2001)). Depletion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs results in systemic autoimmune disease in mice. Furthermore, transfer of these Tregs prevents development of autoimmune disease. Human CD4+CD25+ Tregs, similar to their murine counterpart, are generated in the thymus and are characterized by the ability to suppress proliferation of responder T cells through a cell-cell contact-dependent mechanism, the inability to produce IL-2, and the anergic phenotype in vitro. Human CD4+CD25+ T cells can be split into suppressive (CD25high) and nonsuppressive (CD25low) cells, according to the level of CD25 expression. A member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, FOXP3, has been shown to be expressed in murine and human CD4+CD25+ Tregs and appears to be a master gene controlling CD4+CD25+ Treg development (Battaglia, M. et al., “Rapamycin promotes expansion of functional CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulator T cells of both healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic patients”, J. Immunol., Vol. 177: 8338-8347, (2006)).
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
CD8+ T cells that recognize peptides from proteins produced within the target cell have cytotoxic properties in that they lead to lysis of the target cells. The mechanism of CTL-induced lysis involves the production by the CTL of perforin, a molecule that can insert into the membrane of target cells and promote the lysis of that cell. Perforin-mediated lysis is enhanced by granzymes, a series of enzymes produced by activated CTLs. Many active CTLs also express large amounts of fas ligand on their surface. The interaction of fas ligand on the surface of CTL with fas on the surface of the target cell initiates apoptosis in the target cell, leading to the death of these cells. CTL-mediated lysis appears to be a major mechanism for the destruction of virally infected cells.
T-Memory Cells
Following the recognition and eradication of pathogens through adaptive immune responses, the vast majority (90-95%) of T cells undergo apoptosis with the remaining cells forming a pool of memory T cells, designated central memory T cells (TCM), effector memory T cells (TEM), and resident memory T cells (TRM) (Clark, R. A., “Resident memory T cells in human health and disease”, Sci. Transl. Med., 7, 269rv1, (2015)).
Compared to standard T cells, these memory T cells are long-lived with distinct phenotypes such as expression of specific surface markers, rapid production of different cytokine profiles, capability of direct effector cell function, and unique homing distribution patterns. Memory T cells exhibit quick reactions upon re-exposure to their respective antigens in order to eliminate the reinfection of the offender and thereby restore balance of the immune system rapidly. Increasing evidence substantiates that autoimmune memory T cells hinder most attempts to treat or cure autoimmune diseases (Clark, R. A., “Resident memory T cells in human health and disease”, Sci. Transl. Med., Vol. 7, 269rv1, (2015)).
For an effective immune response to an antigen, antigen presenting cells (APCs) must process and display the antigen in a proper major histocompatibility complex (MHC) context to a T cell, which then will result in T cell stimulation of cytotoxic and helper T cells. Following antigen presentation, successful interaction of co-stimulatory molecules on both APCs and T cells must occur or activation will be aborted. GM-CSF and IL-12 serve as effective pro-inflammatory molecules in many tumor models. For example, GM-CSF induces myeloid precursor cells to proliferate and differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs), although additional signals are necessary to activate their maturation to effective antigen-presenting cells necessary for activation of T cells. Barriers to effective immune therapies include tolerance to the targeted antigen that can limit induction of cytotoxic CD8 T cells of appropriate magnitude and function, poor trafficking of the generated T cells to sites of malignant cells, and poor persistence of the induced T cell response. DCs that phagocytose tumor-cell debris process the material for MHC presentation, upregulate expression of costimulatory molecules, and migrate to regional lymph nodes to stimulate tumor-specific lymphocytes. This pathway results in the proliferation and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that react to tumor-associated antigens. Indeed, such cells can be detected frequently in the blood, lymphoid tissues, and malignant lesions of patients.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune system regulation. Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system, and include B cells, T cells, killer T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. There are two broad categories of lymphocytes, namely T cells and B cells. T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity whereas B-cells are responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). T-cells are so-named such because these lymphocytes mature in the thymus; B-cells mature in bone marrow. B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction. CD4+(helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response. CD8+(cytotoxic) T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to kill cells of the body that are, e.g., infected by a virus or display an antigenic sequence.
Immune Response
Generally speaking, immune responses are initiated by an encounter between an individual and a foreign substance, e.g., an infectious microorganism. The infected individual rapidly responds with both a humoral immune response with the production of antibody molecules specific for the antigenic determinants/epitopes of the immunogen, and a cell mediated immune response with the expansion and differentiation of antigen-specific regulatory and effector T-lymphocytes, including both cells that produce cytokines and killer T cells, capable of lysing infected cells. Primary immunization with a given microorganism evokes antibodies and T cells that are specific for the antigenic determinants/epitopes found on that microorganism, but that usually fail to recognize or recognize only poorly antigenic determinants expressed by unrelated microbes (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999), at p. 102).
As a consequence of this initial response, the immunized individual develops a state of immunologic memory. If the same or a closely related microorganism is encountered again, a secondary response ensues. This secondary response generally consists of an antibody response that is more rapid, greater in magnitude and composed of antibodies that bind to the antigen with greater affinity and are more effective in clearing the microbe from the body, and a similarly enhanced and often more effective T-cell response. However, immune responses against infectious agents do not always lead to elimination of the pathogen. (Paul, W. E., “Chapter 1: The immune system: an introduction,” Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Ed. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999), at p. 102).
Immune Tolerance of Cancer
Cancer is characterized by genetic instability of particular cells but has also been described as a disorder of the immune system, based on the fact that the immune system fails, at least in certain segments of the afflicted human population, to respond optimally to cancerous cells that have taken on a distinctly non-self phenotype that should be recognized as foreign. Several reasons have been advanced to explain the basis of this observation. For example, first, cancer cells consist mainly of self-antigens, in striking contrast to the situation with infectious organisms. Some antigens that are classified as cancer antigens are actually normal antigens that are overexpressed, or normal antigens that have a mutation in only one or two amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Second, cancer cells down-regulate MHC, and thus do not much present tumor cell-derived peptides by way of MHC. Third, cancer cells, and associated tumor-associated macrophages, express cytokines that dampen the immune response (see, e.g., Yu et al (2007) Nature Rev. Immunol. 7:41-51). This dampening is caused, for example, by the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by the cancer cells or by the associated macrophages. Fourth, unlike the situation with infections, cancer cells do not provide any immune adjuvant. Pathogens express a variety of naturally-occurring immune adjuvants, which take the form of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and NOD agonists (see, e.g., Kleinnijenhuis et al (2011) Clin. Dev. Immunol. 405310 (12 pages)). Generally, optimal activation of dendritic cells requires contact of an immune adjuvant with one or more toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by the dendritic cell. Without activation of the dendritic cell, contact between the dendritic cell and T cells (immune synapse) fails to result in optimal activation of the T cell.
Insights into the mechanisms underlying immune-evasion, together with combination treatment regimens that potentiate the potency of therapeutic vaccination—either directly or indirectly—through combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other therapies, have served as a basis for the development of vaccines that induce effective antitumor immunity.
Immune Surveillance and Immune Editing
Tumor immune editing is divided into three phases: an elimination phase, an equilibrium phase, and an escape phase. The elimination phase, also known as immune surveillance, is the process by which the immune system identifies cancerous or pre-cancerous cells and eliminates them before they grow out of control. This phase can be complete when all cancerous or precancerous cells are eliminated. If some tumor cells are not eliminated, a temporary state of equilibrium may be achieved between the immune system and tumor cell growth. In this equilibrium phase, tumors cells can either remain dormant or continue to evolve by accumulating further changes to genomic DNA that can modulate the antigens they present. During this process, the immune system exerts a selective pressure on evolving cells, whereby the tumor cells that are less able to be recognized have a survival advantage. Eventually the immune response is unable to recognize cells of the tumor, resulting in the transition to the escape phase wherein tumor cells progressively grow out of control.
Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment provides a consistently effective barrier to immune cell function because tumors actively downregulate all phases of anti-tumor immune responses using a spectrum of different strategies and mechanisms. Many molecular mechanisms that cause dysfunction of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have been identified, including those directly mediated by factors produced by tumors, and others resulting from alterations of normal tissue homeostasis in the presence of cancer. Most human tumors appear to be able to interfere with one or more stages of immune cell development, differentiation, migration, cytotoxicity and other effector functions (T L Whiteside, The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth, Oncogene (2008) 27, 5904-5912).
One such mechanism involves accumulation in tumors of Treg (CD4+CD25bright Foxp3+ T cells) and myeloid-derived cells (CD34+CD33+CD13+CD11b+CD15−), which are common features of human tumors, and have been linked to poor prognosis in patients with cancer (T L Whiteside, The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth, Oncogene (2008) 27, 5904-5912). Under normal conditions, Treg cells are involved in the important role of preventing autoimmunity, but in cancer, they expand, migrate to tumors, downregulate autologous effector T-cell proliferation and suppress anti-tumor responses of both CD4+CD25− and CD8+CD25− T cells using distinct molecular pathways. The Treg cells in the tumor are a heterogeneous population of regulatory CD3+CD4+ T cells, comprising natural Treg, antigen-specific Tr1 cells, and other less well defined subsets of suppressor cells. Tr1 cells are induced in the tumor microenvironment, which is rich in IL-10, TGF-β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), all of which have been shown to promote Tr1 generation (T L Whiteside, The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth, Oncogene (2008) 27, 5904-5912).
Myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs) also suppress T-cell responses in the tumor microenvironment, where they secrete TGF-β or induce TGF-β secretion. Immunosuppressive CD34+ cell-derived myeloid cells have been identified in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. In tumor-bearing mice, MSCs accumulate in the spleen and peripheral circulation in very high amounts, exerting potent immunosuppression and favoring tumor growth. MSCs also control the availability of essential amino acids such as L-arginine and produce high levels of reactive oxygen species. The MSCs found in tumors also constitutively express iNOS and arginase 1, an enzyme involved in metabolism of L-arginine, which also synergizes with iNOS to increase superoxide and NO production, which have been found to interfere with lymphocyte responses. GM-CSF, which is also often secreted by tumor cells, recruits MSCs and induces dose-dependent in vivo immune suppression and tumor promotion, while at the same time, GM-CSF has been used as immune adjuvant in antitumor vaccines. GM-CSF was observed to increase a subset of TGF-β-producing MSCs in the circulation of patients with metastatic melanoma. The concurrent stimulatory and suppressive roles suggest that GM-CSF and MSCs are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis in normal tissue, but in the tumor microenvironment promote tumor cell escape (T L Whiteside, The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth, Oncogene (2008) 27, 5904-5912).
Tumor Immunotherapy
Cancer therapy is evolving rapidly as new molecular targets are being discovered. Despite the advent of biologics targeting specific pathways (e.g., HERCEPTIN®, ERBITUX®) and small molecules designed against specific targets (tamoxifen, GLEEVEC™) nonspecific modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation remain a standard of care.
Anti-cancer immunotherapy has been a goal for many years with a variety of approaches being tested. One difficulty of developing this immunotherapy is that target antigens are often tissue specific molecules found on both cancer cells and normal cells, and either do not elicit immunity or show non-specificity regarding cell killing (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)). Furthermore, tumor cells have features that make immune recognition difficult, such as loss of expression of antigens that elicit immune response, lack of MHC class II, and downregulation of MHC class I expression. These features can lead to non-recognition of tumor cells by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)). Tumors may also evade detection through active mechanisms, such as the production of immunosuppressive cytokines (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)).
DCs generated ex vivo by culturing hematopoietic progenitor cells or monocytes with cytokine combinations have been tested as therapeutic vaccines in cancer patients for more than a decade (Ueno H, et al., Immunol. Rev. (2010) 234: 199-212). For example, treatment of metastatic prostate cancer with sipuleucel-T (also known as APC 8015), which is a cellular product based on enriched blood APCs that are briefly cultured with a fusion protein of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), resulted in an approximately 4-month-prolonged median survival in Phase III trials (Higano C S, et al., Cancer (2009) 115: 3670-3679; Kantoff P W, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. (2010) 363: 411-422). This study concluded that DC-based vaccines are safe and can induce the expansion of circulating CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells specific for tumor antigens. As a result of this and similar studies, sipuleucel-T has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, thereby paving the clinical development and regulatory path for the next generation of cellular immunotherapy products (Palucka K and Banchereau J, Nature Reviews Cancer (April 2012) 12: 265-276).
Vaccination strategies involving DCs to induce tumor-specific effector T cells that can reduce the tumor mass specifically and that can induce immunological memory to control tumor relapse have been developed. For example, DCs can be provided with tumor-specific antigens by culturing DCs ex vivo with an adjuvant and a tumor-specific antigen, and then injecting these cells back into the patient. Tumor cells obtained from an excised tumor, needle biopsy, core biopsy, vacuum-assisted biopsy or peritoneal lavage have been used to generate immunogenic compositions comprising tumor-specific-antigen presenting dendritic cells.
Cancer Treatment Strategies
Antibody therapies such as HERCEPTIN™ and ERBITUX™ are passive immunotherapies, but have yielded considerable improvement in clinical outcome, as measured by, e.g. the recurrence rate, progression free survival and overall survival. More recently, PD-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors have been reported to block discrete checkpoints in an active host immune response allowing an endogenous anti-cancer immune response to be sustained. The term “immune checkpoints” refers to the array of inhibitory pathways that are necessary for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the duration and extent of immune responses to minimize damage to normal tissue. Immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 are cell surface signaling receptors that play an important role in modulating the T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells have been shown to utilize these checkpoints to their benefit by up regulating their expression and activity. With the tumor cell's ability to commandeer some immune checkpoint pathways as a mechanism of immune resistance, it has been hypothesized that checkpoint inhibitors that bind to molecules of immune cells to activate or inactivate them may relieve the inhibition of an immune response. Recent discoveries have identified immune checkpoints or targets, like PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA4, TIM3, LAG3, CCR4, OX40, OX40L, IDO, and A2AR, as proteins responsible for immune evasion. Specific immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1 receptor or its ligand PD-L1 have produced impressive results in the clinic in a range of cancers, leading to FDA approvals for YERVOY™ (Ipilimumab; CTLA-4 antagonist), OPDIVO™ (Nivolumab; PD-1 antagonist) and KEYTRUDA™ (Pembrolizumab; PD-1 antagonist) in multiple tumor indications and with ongoing registration trials in many more. This method of therapy, however, can only be successful if a pre-existing antitumor immune response is present within a patient (Pardoll, D., The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy, Nature Reviews: Cancer, Vol. 12, April 2012, 253). Recent cellular therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), attempt to use synthetic biology to redirect T-cells to specific cell surface tumor antigens. Genetic modification of T-cells is used to confer tumor antigen recognition by transgenic expression of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). CARs are engineered molecules that can be introduced into T cells to enable them to target tumor antigens (Frey, N. V., Porter, D. L., The Promise of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Oncology (2016); 30(1)) pii 219281). CAR T cells have been shown to have some efficacy against hematologic malignancies and to a lesser extent solid tumors. CAR T therapy, however, has been shown to cause several types of toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome, neurological toxicity, non-tumor recognition, and anaphylaxis (Bonifant C L, et al., Toxicity and management in CAR T-cell therapy, Molecular Therapy—Oncolytics (2016) 3, 16011).
Therapeutic vaccination against cancer is an important modality complementing current standard therapies, and may lead to long-term control of cancer. GVAX™, a prototypical example, is a GM-CSF gene transduced tumor vaccine within either an autologous or allogeneic population of tumor cells. It is believed that GM-CSF secretion of genetically modified tumor cells stimulates cytokine release at the vaccine site to activate antigen presenting cells to induce a tumor specific cellular immune response (Eager, R. & Nemunaitis, J GM-CSF Gene-Transduced Tumor Vaccines, Molecular Therapy, Vol. 12, No. 1, 18 (July 2005)). Lethally irradiated tumor cell vaccines engineered to secrete GM-C SF (GVAX) showed promising efficacy in various models of melanoma, renal cell, prostate, and non-small cell lung, pancreatic, as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, but due to the multiple immunological checkpoint blockades, GVAX as a monotherapy is unlikely to be clinically effective in advanced disease. There remains a need for improved compositions and methods for immunologic strategies to treating diseases such as cancer that can be refractory to traditional therapeutic approaches.
Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor cell fusions have been developed to generate hybrid cells that express the relevant tumor associated antigens derived from the parent tumor cells, and also have the ability to process and present such antigens to appropriate cells of the immune system. The DC-tumor cell fusions provide a greater variety of tumor antigens, but have been met with limited success in human trials, likely due to the autologous components required, the heterogeneity of the product caused by maturation of DC cells, and variations in antigen loading (Browning, M., Antigen presenting cell/tumor cell fusion vaccines for cancer, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 9:7, 1545-1548; July 2013; Butterfield, L., Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Trials: Are We Making Progress?, Frontiers of Immunology, 2013 4: 454).
Immunogenic Potential of Vaccines
Vaccines against infectious agents are prime examples of specific receptor-ligand interactions being used to shape an immune response for the therapeutic goal of preventing or reducing infection (e.g. flu vaccine). Generally, an antigen is presented to the immune system in the context of an adjuvant (e.g., a synthetic small molecule immunomodulator).
The allogeneic tumor vaccines of the described invention are distinct from such vaccines in several key features. First, they are designed to be capable of treating existing tumors, although prevention of tumor formation is theoretically also possible. Second, their efficacy tends to be limited by the fact that while tumors express neoantigens (i.e. new, non-self elements) that are foreign and new to the individual, they are also undoubtedly human tumor cells and thus not always recognized as foreign (i.e. non-self) by the individual.
The aforementioned difficulties notwithstanding, evidence has now emerged 1) that endogenous antitumor responses exist, 2) that these immune responses can be modulated, and 3) that this modulation can be measured in terms of overall survival in standard clinical trials.
According to some aspects of the described invention, a series of immunomodulators that can be co-expressed either on a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant derived from a cancer patient, or on a multiply genetically modified allogeneic tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant has been identified that, when used as a tumor vaccine, may serve 1) to efficiently load the broad array of tumor antigens into the endogenous antigen presenting cells, 2) to efficiently stimulate several cell types by enhancing the normal signals received during an immune response, 3) to impede the mechanisms by which T regulatory cells suppress the immune response, 4) to impede the signals by which immune responses are generally resolved, and 5) to result in enhanced overall survival of cancer patients vaccinated with such a formulation. Although in certain embodiments, the modified tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant can be derived from the patient who receives the vaccine, the allogeneic tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant vaccine approach is distinct from a personalized therapy approach, because the modified tumor cells are not necessarily derived from the individual who ultimately receives the vaccine. Instead, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine aims to focus an immune response on the many elements that individual tumors of the same tumor type have in common.
One strategy for exploiting the large number of potential tumor antigens for each individual type of cancer is to vaccinate with whole tumor cells to avoid accidentally excluding potentially relevant antigens. The invention described herein provides, among other things, a vaccine with whole tumor cells possessing an array of tumor antigens and modified to express three or more immune modulators.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAccording to some aspects, the described invention provides an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising: (1) a population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the population comprising: at least three stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both, for induction of one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells; wherein the subpopulations of PBMC cells comprise one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
According to some embodiments, the population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens further comprises one or more additional stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44. According to some embodiments, the tumor cells are rendered proliferation-incompetent by irradiation. According to some embodiments, induction of the T-lymphocytes comprises activation of the subpopulation of T lymphocytes, expansion of the T lymphocytes, or both. According to some embodiments, induction of the NK cells comprises activation of the subpopulation of NK cells, expansion of the subpopulation of NK cells or both. According to some embodiments, induction of the subpopulation of DCs comprises activation of the subpopulation of DCs, expansion of the subpopulation of DCs or both. According to some embodiments, induction of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes comprises activation of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes, expansion of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes or both. According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of NK cells comprises a subpopulation of memory-like NK cells. According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of memory T cells. According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of regulatory T cells. According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of helper T cells. According to some embodiments, the subpopulation of B lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of memory B cells.
According to some embodiments, the vaccine (1) enhances immune activation of cells effective to recognize and act against those tumor cells that comprise the target tumor antigen in vivo without systemic inflammation; (2) reduces immunosuppression in a tumor microenvironment for tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen; or (3) increases cell death of tumor cells expressing the target tumor antigen.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell is derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, tongue cancer, larynx cancer, tonsil cancer, hypopharynx cancer, nasalpharynx cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and brain cancer. According to some embodiments, the melanoma tumor cell is characterized by expression of one or more of gp100, tyrosinase, Melan-A, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP-2-INT2), melanoma antigen-1 (MAGE-A1), NY-ESO-1, preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAIVIE) CDK4 and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM-1).According to some embodiments, the colorectal cancer tumor cell is characterized by expression of one or more of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MAGE, HPV, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), EPCAM, PD-1, PD-L1, p53, and cell surface-associated mucin 1 (MUC1).
According to some embodiments, the population of live, proliferation-resistant tumor cells is derived from a biological sample derived from a subject. According to some embodiments, the population of live proliferation resistant tumor cells is derived from a tumor cell line. According to some embodiments, the population of live, proliferation-resistant tumor cells is effective to elicit immune activation without systemic inflammation. According to some embodiments, the vaccine elicits an immune response that improves progression free survival, overall survival, or both relative to placebo controls. According to some embodiments, the one or more additional stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44 is a cytokine, a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone, an IgG superfamily member and/or a chemokine receptor. According to some embodiments, wherein the immunostimulatory molecules are presented at the exterior surface of the genetically engineered tumor cells.
According to another aspect, the described invention provides a method of inducing an immune response to a cancer in a subject comprising administering the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 1 to the subject parenterally or locally into a tumor, wherein the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine is type-matched to the subject's cancer. According to some embodiments, the cancer is selected from melanoma or colorectal cancer. According to some embodiments, the subject has an infectious viral disease with progression to a cancer. According to some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a checkpoint inhibitor to the subject.
According to another aspect, the described invention provides a method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising: (1) a population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the population comprising: at least three stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both, for induction of one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells; wherein the subpopulations of PBMC cells comprise one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount that reduces tumor burden in the subject. According to some embodiments, the effective amount improves clinical outcome. According to some embodiments, the effective amount improves progression free survival, overall survival, or both, of the subject relative to a placebo control. According to some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma or colorectal cancer.
According to another aspect, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising: (1) a population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the population comprising: at least three stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both, for induction of one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells; wherein the subpopulations of PBMC cells comprise one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, is produced by a process comprising: providing an allogeneic parental tumor cell line comprising a population of live tumor cells; introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is OX40 Ligand (OX40L); introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is CD27 Ligand (CD70); introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both; wherein stable expression of OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both induces one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells; generating tumor cell line variants by selecting for tumor cell clones that stably express an immunogenic amount of the exogenous subset of the immunomodulatory molecules; and selecting in a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction clonally derived cell line variants by one or more of the following parameters selected from: cellular proliferation, cellular subset differentiation, cytokine release profile, and tumor cell lysis; wherein the selected clonally derived cell line variant is effective to stimulate activation of one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, the process for producing the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine further comprises introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding one or more stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44. According to some embodiments, the tumor cells are rendered proliferation incompetent by irradiation. According to some embodiments, the parental tumor cell line is from a tumor selected from the group consisting of: melanoma, and colorectal carcinoma. According to some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises DNA or RNA. According to some embodiments, the introducing step comprises viral transduction. According to some embodiments, the introducing step comprises electroporation. According to some embodiments, the introducing step comprises utilizing one or more of: liposome mediated transfer, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, a retroviral based vector, lipofection, and a lentiviral vector. According to some embodiments, the introducing step comprises introducing the exogenous nucleic acid by transfection of a lentiviral vector.
These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The term “activation” or “lymphocyte activation” refers to stimulation of lymphocytes by specific antigens, nonspecific mitogens, or allogeneic cells resulting in synthesis of RNA, protein and DNA and production of lymphokines; it is followed by proliferation and differentiation of various effector and memory cells. For example, a mature B cell can be activated by an encounter with an antigen that expresses epitopes that are recognized by its cell surface immunoglobulin Ig). The activation process may be a direct one, dependent on cross-linkage of membrane Ig molecules by the antigen (cross-linkage-dependent B cell activation) or an indirect one, occurring most efficiently in the context of an intimate interaction with a helper T cell (“cognate help process”). T-cell activation is dependent on the interaction of the TCR/CD3 complex with its cognate ligand, a peptide bound in the groove of a class I or class II MEW molecule. The molecular events set in motion by receptor engagement are complex. Among the earliest steps appears to be the activation of tyrosine kinases leading to the tyrosine phosphorylation of a set of substrates that control several signaling pathways. These include a set of adapter proteins that link the TCR to the ras pathway, phospholipase Cγ1, the tyrosine phosphorylation of which increases its catalytic activity and engages the inositol phospholipid metabolic pathway, leading to elevation of intracellular free calcium concentration and activation of protein kinase C, and a series of other enzymes that control cellular growth and differentiation. Full responsiveness of a T cell requires, in addition to receptor engagement, an accessory cell-delivered costimulatory activity, e.g., engagement of CD28 on the T cell by CD80 and/or CD86 on the antigen presenting cell (APC). The soluble product of an activated B lymphocyte is immmunoglobulins (antibodies). The soluble product of an activated T lymphocyte is lymphokines.
B cell activation. A mature B cell can be activated by an encounter with an antigen that expresses epitopes that are recognized by its cell surface immunoglobulin Ig). The activation process may be a direct one, dependent on cross-linkage of membrane Ig molecules by the antigen (cross-linkage-dependent B cell activation) or an indirect one, occurring most efficiently in the context of an intimate interaction with a helper T cell (“cognate help process”). The soluble product of an activated B lymphocyte is immunoglobulins (antibodies).
T-cell activation is dependent on the interaction of the TCR/CD3 complex with its cognate ligand, a peptide bound in the groove of a class I or class II MHC molecule. The molecular events set in motion by receptor engagement are complex. Among the earliest steps appears to be the activation of tyrosine kinases leading to the tyrosine phosphorylation of a set of substrates that control several signaling pathways. These include a set of adapter proteins that link the TCR to the ras pathway, phospholipase Cγ1, the tyrosine phosphorylation of which increases its catalytic activity and engages the inositol phospholipid metabolic pathway, leading to elevation of intracellular free calcium concentration and activation of protein kinase C, and a series of other enzymes that control cellular growth and differentiation. Full responsiveness of a T cell requires, in addition to receptor engagement, an accessory cell-delivered costimulatory activity, e.g., engagement of CD28 on the T cell by CD80 and/or CD86 on the antigen presenting cell (APC). The soluble product of an activated T lymphocyte is lymphokines.
Dendritic cell activation. Pathogen invasion induces a rapid inflammatory response initiated through the recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on both immune and non-immune cells. Joffre, O., et al., Immunol. Rev. (2009) 277(1): 234-47. GET The initial wave of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines limits pathogen spread and recruits and activates immune cells to eradicate the invaders. Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for initiating a subsequent phase of immunity, dominated by the action of pathogen-specific T and B cells. As for the early pro-inflammatory response, DC activation is triggered by PRR signals, which convert resting DCs into potent antigen-presenting cells capable of promoting the expansion and effector differentiation of naive pathogen-specific T cells. While DCs can be activated indirectly by inflammatory cytokines, these cells are unable to induce a functional T-cell response, and may function in tolerance induction.
As used herein, the terms “activating CD8+ T cells” or “CD8+ T cell activation” refer to a process (e.g., a signaling event) causing or resulting in one or more cellular responses of a CD8+ T cell (CTL), selected from: proliferation, differentiation, cytokine secretion, cytotoxic effector molecule release, cytotoxic activity, and expression of activation markers. As used herein, an “activated CD8+ T cell” refers to a CD8+ T cell that has received an activating signal, and thus demonstrates one or more cellular responses, selected from proliferation, differentiation, cytokine secretion, cytotoxic effector molecule release, cytotoxic activity, and expression of activation markers. Suitable assays to measure CD8+ T cell activation are known in the art and are described herein.
As used herein, the terms “expanding a CD8+ T cell” or “CD8+ T cell expansion” refer to a process wherein a population of CD8+ T cells undergoes a series of cell divisions and thereby increases in cell number. The term “expanded CD8+ T cells” relates to CD8+ T cells obtained through CD8+ T cell expansion. Suitable assays to measure T cell expansion are known in the art and are described herein.
As used herein, the term “activating an NK cell” or “NK cell activation” refers to a process (e.g., a signaling event) causing or resulting in an NK cell being capable of killing cells with deficiencies in MEW class I expression. As used herein, an “activated NK cell” refers to an NK cell that has received an activating signal, and is thus capable of killing cells with deficiencies in MEW class I expression. Suitable assays to measure NK cell activation are known in the art and are described herein.
As used herein, the terms “expanding an NK cell” or “NK cell expansion” refer to a process wherein a population of NK cells undergoes a series of cell divisions and thereby increases in cell number. The term “expanded NK cells” relates to NK cells obtained through NK cell expansion. Suitable assays to measure NK cell expansion are known in the art and are described herein.
As used herein, the term “administration” and its various grammatical forms as it applies to a mammal, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, refers without limitation to contact of an exogenous ligand, reagent, placebo, small molecule, pharmaceutical agent, therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, or composition to the subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, and the like. “Administration” can refer, e.g., to therapeutic, pharmacokinetic, diagnostic, research, placebo, and experimental methods. “Administration” also encompasses in vitro and ex vivo treatments, e.g., of a cell, by a reagent, diagnostic, binding composition, or by another cell.
The term “allogeneic” as used herein means that the donor and the recipient (host) are of different genetic makeup, but of the same species. As used herein, an “allogeneic cell” refers to a cell that is not derived from the recipient, meaning the individual to which the cell is to be administered, that is, it has a different genetic constitution than the recipient individual. An allogeneic cell is generally obtained from the same species as the individual to which the cell is to be administered. For example, the allogeneic cell can be a human cell, as disclosed herein, for administering to a human patient such as a cancer patient. As used herein, an “allogeneic tumor cell” refers to a tumor cell that is not derived from the recipient, meaning the individual to which the allogeneic cell is to be administered. Generally, the allogeneic tumor cell expresses one or more tumor antigens that can stimulate an immune response against a tumor in an individual to which the cell is to be administered. As used herein, an “allogeneic cancer cell,” for example, a lung cancer cell, refers to a cancer cell that is not derived from the recipient individual to which the allogeneic cell is to be administered.
The terms “amino acid residue” or “amino acid” or “residue” are used interchangeably to refer to an amino acid that is incorporated into a protein, a polypeptide, or a peptide, including, but not limited to, a naturally occurring amino acid and known analogs of natural amino acids that can function in a similar manner as naturally occurring amino acids. The amino acids may be L- or D-amino acids. An amino acid may be replaced by a synthetic amino acid, which is altered so as to increase the half-life of the peptide, increase the potency of the peptide, or increase the bioavailability of the peptide. The single letter designation for amino acids is used predominately herein. Such single letter designations are as follows: A is alanine; C is cysteine; D is aspartic acid; E is glutamic acid; F is phenylalanine; G is glycine; H is histidine; I is isoleucine; K is lysine; L is leucine; M is methionine; N is asparagine; P is proline; Q is glutamine; R is arginine; S is serine; T is threonine; V is valine; W is tryptophan; and Y is tyrosine. The following represents groups of amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2) Aspartic Acid (D), Glutamic Acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W).
The terms “apoptosis” or “programmed cell death” refer to a highly regulated and active process that contributes to biologic homeostasis comprised of a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including blebbing, changes to the cell membrane, such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation, without damaging the organism.
Apoptotic cell death is induced by many different factors and involves numerous signaling pathways, some dependent on caspase proteases (a class of cysteine proteases) and others that are caspase independent. It can be triggered by many different cellular stimuli, including cell surface receptors, mitochondrial response to stress, and cytotoxic T cells, resulting in activation of apoptotic signaling pathways.
The caspases involved in apoptosis convey the apoptotic signal in a proteolytic cascade, with caspases cleaving and activating other caspases that then degrade other cellular targets that lead to cell death. The caspases at the upper end of the cascade include caspase-8 and caspase-9. Caspase-8 is the initial caspase involved in response to receptors with a death domain (DD) like Fas.
Receptors in the TNF receptor family are associated with the induction of apoptosis, as well as inflammatory signaling. The Fas receptor (CD95) mediates apoptotic signaling by Fas-ligand expressed on the surface of other cells. The Fas-FasL interaction plays an important role in the immune system and lack of this system leads to autoimmunity, indicating that Fas-mediated apoptosis removes self-reactive lymphocytes. Fas signaling also is involved in immune surveillance to remove transformed cells and virus infected cells. Binding of Fas to oligimerized FasL on another cell activates apoptotic signaling through a cytoplasmic domain termed the death domain (DD) that interacts with signaling adaptors including FAF, FADD and DAX to activate the caspase proteolytic cascade. Caspase-8 and caspase-10 first are activated to then cleave and activate downstream caspases and a variety of cellular substrates that lead to cell death.
Mitochondria participate in apoptotic signaling pathways through the release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytoplasm. Cytochrome c, a key protein in electron transport, is released from mitochondria in response to apoptotic signals, and activates Apaf-1, a protease released from mitochondria. Activated Apaf-1 activates caspase-9 and the rest of the caspase pathway. Smac/DIABLO is released from mitochondria and inhibits IAP proteins that normally interact with caspase-9 to inhibit apoptosis. Apoptosis regulation by Bcl-2 family proteins occurs as family members form complexes that enter the mitochondrial membrane, regulating the release of cytochrome c and other proteins. TNF family receptors that cause apoptosis directly activate the caspase cascade, but can also activate Bid, a Bcl-2 family member, which activates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Bax, another Bcl-2 family member, is activated by this pathway to localize to the mitochondrial membrane and increase its permeability, releasing cytochrome c and other mitochondrial proteins. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL prevent pore formation, blocking apoptosis. Like cytochrome c, AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) is a protein found in mitochondria that is released from mitochondria by apoptotic stimuli. While cytochrome C is linked to caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling, AIF release stimulates caspase-independent apoptosis, moving into the nucleus where it binds DNA. DNA binding by AIF stimulates chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation, perhaps through recruitment of nucleases.
The mitochondrial stress pathway begins with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which then interacts with Apaf-1, causing self-cleavage and activation of caspase-9. Caspase-3, -6 and-7 are downstream caspases that are activated by the upstream proteases and act themselves to cleave cellular targets.
Granzyme B and perforin proteins released by cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in target cells, forming transmembrane pores, and triggering apoptosis, perhaps through cleavage of caspases, although caspase-independent mechanisms of Granzyme B mediated apoptosis have been suggested.
Fragmentation of the nuclear genome by multiple nucleases activated by apoptotic signaling pathways to create a nucleosomal ladder is a cellular response characteristic of apoptosis. One nuclease involved in apoptosis is DNA fragmentation factor (DFF), a caspase-activated DNAse (CAD). DFF/CAD is activated through cleavage of its associated inhibitor ICAD by caspases proteases during apoptosis. DFF/CAD interacts with chromatin components such as topoisomerase II and histone H1 to condense chromatin structure and perhaps recruit CAD to chromatin. Another apoptosis activated protease is endonuclease G (EndoG). EndoG is encoded in the nuclear genome but is localized to mitochondria in normal cells. EndoG may play a role in the replication of the mitochondrial genome, as well as in apoptosis. Apoptotic signaling causes the release of EndoG from mitochondria. The EndoG and DFF/CAD pathways are independent since the EndoG pathway still occurs in cells lacking DFF.
Hypoxia, as well as hypoxia followed by reoxygenation can trigger cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) a serine-threonine kinase ubiquitously expressed in most cell types, appears to mediate or potentiate apoptosis due to many stimuli that activate the mitochondrial cell death pathway. Loberg, R D, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277 (44): 41667-673 (2002). It has been demonstrated to induce caspase 3 activation and to activate the proapoptotic tumor suppressor gene p53. It also has been suggested that GSK-3 promotes activation and translocation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bax, which, upon aggregation and mitochondrial localization, induces cytochrome c release. Akt is a critical regulator of GSK-3, and phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3 may mediate some of the antiapoptotic effects of Akt.
The term “autologous” as used herein means derived from the same individual.
The term “cancer” as used herein refers to diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start—for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma. Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: carcinoma (meaning a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs, and its subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma); sarcoma (meaning a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue); leukemia (meaning a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue (e.g., bone marrow) and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood; lymphoma and myeloma (meaning cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system); and Central nervous system cancers (meaning cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord). The term “myelodysplastic syndrome” refers to a type of cancer in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) and there are abnormal cells in the blood and/or bone marrow. Myelodysplastic syndrome may become acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
The term “cell line” as used herein, means a permanently established cell culture developed from a single cell and therefore consisting of cells with a uniform genetic makeup that will proliferate indefinitely.
The term “chemotherapy” as used herein refers to a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells.
The term “contact” and its various grammatical forms as used herein refers to a state or condition of touching or of immediate or local proximity. Contacting a composition to a target destination may occur by any means of administration known to the skilled artisan.
The term “costimulatory molecule” as used herein refers to one of two or more molecules that are displayed on the cell surface that have a role in activating a T cell to become an effector cell. For example MHC proteins, which present foreign antigen to the T cell receptor, also require costimulatory proteins which bind to complementary receptors on the T cell's surface to result in activation of the T cell.
As used herein, the term “cytokine” refers to small soluble protein substances secreted by cells which have a variety of effects on other cells. Cytokines mediate many important physiological functions including growth, development, wound healing, and the immune response. They act by binding to their cell-specific receptors located in the cell membrane, which allows a distinct signal transduction cascade to start in the cell, which eventually will lead to biochemical and phenotypic changes in target cells. Cytokines can act both locally and distantly from a site of release. They include type I cytokines, which encompass many of the interleukins, as well as several hematopoietic growth factors; type II cytokines, including the interferons and interleukin-10; tumor necrosis factor (“TNF”)-related molecules, including TNFα and lymphotoxin; immunoglobulin super-family members, including interleukin 1 (“IL-1”); and the chemokines, a family of molecules that play a critical role in a wide variety of immune and inflammatory functions. The same cytokine can have different effects on a cell depending on the state of the cell. Cytokines often regulate the expression of, and trigger cascades of other cytokines. Non limiting examples of cytokines include e.g., Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12/IL-23 P40, IL13, IL-15, IL-15/IL15-RA, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, TGF-β, MCP-1, TNF-α and interferon alpha (IFNα), IFNγ
The term “cytotoxic T lymphocytes” (CTLs) refers to effector CD8+ T cells. Cytotoxic T cells kill by inducing their targets to undergo apoptosis. They induce target cells to undergo programmed cell death via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
As used herein, the term “dendritic cell” or “DC” describes a diverse population of morphologically similar cell types found in a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues that present foreign antigens to T cells, see Steinman, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 9:271-296 (1991).
The term “derived from” as used herein encompasses any method for receiving, obtaining, or modifying something from a source of origin.
The term “derivative” or “variant” with respect to a peptide or DNA sequence (e.g. immune modulator peptide sequence) as used herein refers to a non-identical peptide or DNA sequence that is modified from its original sequence. The differences in the sequences may by the result of changes, by design, in sequence or structure. Designed changes may be specifically designed and introduced into the sequence for specific purposes. Such specific changes may be made in vitro using a variety of mutagenesis techniques. Such sequence variants generated specifically may be referred to as “mutants” or “derivatives” of the original sequence. The terms “derivative” or “variant” with respect to cells as used herein refers to a cell line that has been modified from its cell line of origin (e.g. modified to express recombinant DNA sequences).
The term “detectable marker” encompasses both selectable markers and assay markers. The term “selectable markers” refers to a variety of gene products to which cells transformed with an expression construct can be selected or screened, including drug-resistance markers, antigenic markers useful in fluorescence-activated cell sorting, adherence markers such as receptors for adherence ligands allowing selective adherence, and the like.
The term “detectable response” refers to any signal or response that may be detected in an assay, which may be performed with or without a detection reagent. Detectable responses include, but are not limited to, radioactive decay and energy (e.g., fluorescent, ultraviolet, infrared, visible) emission, absorption, polarization, fluorescence, phosphorescence, transmission, reflection or resonance transfer. Detectable responses also include chromatographic mobility, turbidity, electrophoretic mobility, mass spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum, infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and x-ray diffraction. Alternatively, a detectable response may be the result of an assay to measure one or more properties of a biologic material, such as melting point, density, conductivity, surface acoustic waves, catalytic activity or elemental composition. A “detection reagent” is any molecule that generates a detectable response indicative of the presence or absence of a substance of interest. Detection reagents include any of a variety of molecules, such as antibodies, nucleic acid sequences and enzymes. To facilitate detection, a detection reagent may comprise a marker.
The term “differentiate” and its various grammatical forms as used herein refers to the process of development with an increase in the level of organization or complexity of a cell or tissue, accompanied with a more specialized function.
The term “dose” as used herein refers to the quantity of a therapeutic substance prescribed to be taken at one time.
The term “effector cell” as used herein refers to a cell that carries out a final response or function. The main effector cells of the immune system, for example, are activated lymphocytes and phagocytes.
Engineered Leukocyte Stimulator cells (“ENLIST™ cells) signify a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells genetically engineered to express a core group of three immunomodulatory molecules used to stimulate mononuclear cells for the treatment of cancer.
The term “enrich” as used herein refers to increasing the proportion of a desired substance, for example, to increase the relative frequency of a subtype of cell compared to its natural frequency in a cell population. Positive selection, negative selection, or both are generally considered necessary to any enrichment scheme. Selection methods include, without limitation, magnetic separation and FACS. Regardless of the specific technology used for enrichment, the specific markers used in the selection process are critical, since developmental stages and activation-specific responses can change a cell's antigenic profile.
As used herein, the term “exogenous polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide that is not produced by a wild-type cell of that type or is present at a lower level in a wild-type cell than in a cell containing the exogenous polypeptide. According to some embodiments, an exogenous polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid that was introduced into the cell, which nucleic acid is optionally not retained by the cell.
As used herein, the term “exogenous immunomodulatory molecule” includes a polypeptide comprising (e.g., intracellularly or at the cell surface) an allogeneic cell (e.g. an allogeneic cell line) that specifically binds a cognate polypeptide (e.g., receptor) on an immune cell, such as an immune killer cell (e.g. an NK cell or a CD8+ T cell), thereby providing a signal which mediates stimulation of the immune cell, such as the proliferation, activation, expansion and the like of the immune cell. According to one embodiment, one or more exogenous immunomodulatory polypeptides are sufficient to stimulate an immune killer cell ex vivo or in vivo. Exemplary exogenous immunomodulatory polypeptides are described in more detail below.
As used herein, the term “express” or “expression” encompasses the biosynthesis of mRNA, polypeptide biosynthesis, polypeptide activation, e.g., by post-translational modification, or an activation of expression by changing the subcellular location or by recruitment to chromatin. Expression may be, e.g., increased by a number of approaches, including: increasing the number of genes encoding the polypeptide, increasing the transcription of the gene (such as by placing the gene under the control of a constitutive promoter), increasing the translation of the gene, knock out of a competitive gene, or a combination of these and/or other approaches.
The term “expression vector” refers to a DNA molecule comprising a gene that is expressed in a host cell. Typically, gene expression is placed under the control of certain regulatory elements including, but not limited to, promoters, tissue specific regulatory elements, and enhancers. Such a gene is said to be “operably linked to” the regulatory elements.
As used herein, the terms “first” and “second” with respect to exogenous immunomodulatory molecules are used for convenience of distinguishing when there is more than one type of exogenous stimulatory polypeptide. Use of these terms is not intended to confer a specific order or orientation of the exogenous stimulatory polypeptides unless explicitly so stated.
The term “flow cytometry” as used herein refers to a tool for interrogating the phenotype and characteristics of cells. It senses cells or particles as they move in a liquid stream through a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)/light beam past a sensing area. The relative light-scattering and color-discriminated fluorescence of the microscopic particles is measured. Flow Analysis and differentiation of the cells is based on size, granularity, and whether the cell is carrying fluorescent molecules in the form of either antibodies or dyes. As the cell passes through the laser beam, light is scattered in all directions, and the light scattered in the forward direction at low angles)(0.5-10° from the axis is proportional to the square of the radius of a sphere and so to the size of the cell or particle. Light may enter the cell; thus, the 90° light (right-angled, side) scatter may be labeled with fluorochrome-linked antibodies or stained with fluorescent membrane, cytoplasmic, or nuclear dyes. Thus, the differentiation of cell types, the presence of membrane receptors and antigens, membrane potential, pH, enzyme activity, and DNA content may be facilitated. Flow cytometers are multiparameter, recording several measurements on each cell; therefore, it is possible to identify a homogeneous subpopulation within a heterogeneous population (Marion G. Macey, Flow cytometry: principles and applications, Humana Press, 2007). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which allows isolation of distinct cell populations too similar in physical characteristics to be separated by size or density, uses fluorescent tags to detect surface proteins that are differentially expressed, allowing fine distinctions to be made among physically homogeneous populations of cells.
The term “functional equivalent” or “functionally equivalent” are used interchangeably herein to refer to substances, molecules, polynucleotides, proteins, peptides, or polypeptides having similar or identical effects or use.
As used herein, the term “gene” is used broadly to refer to any segment of nucleic acid associated with expression of a given RNA or protein. Thus, genes include regions encoding expressed RNAs (which typically include polypeptide coding sequences) and, often, the regulatory sequences required for their expression. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have specifically desired parameters.
The term “heteroclitic” is used herein to refer to peptides of higher biological potency than the original peptide. A “heteroclitic immunogen” is an immunogen that elicits an immune response that cross-reacts to an original poorly immunogenic antigen.
The terms “immune response” and “immune-mediated” are used interchangeably herein to refer to any functional expression of a subject's immune system, against either foreign or self-antigens, whether the consequences of these reactions are beneficial or harmful to the subject.
The term “immunosuppression” as used herein and its other grammatical forms refer to a decrease of the body's immune response and ability of the immune system to fight infections and other diseases. For example, some immunosuppression may be induced with drugs, or may result from disease.
The terms “immunomodulatory”, “immune modulator” and “immune modulatory” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a substance, agent, or cell that is capable of augmenting or diminishing immune responses directly or indirectly by expressing chemokines, cytokines and other mediators of immune responses.
As used herein the term “immunostimulatory amount” of the disclosed compositions refers to an amount of an immunogenic composition that is effective to stimulate an immune response, for example, as measured by ELISPOT assay (cellular immune response), ICS (intracellular cytokine staining assay) and major histocompatibility complex (MEW) tetramer assay to detect and quantify antigen-specific T cells, quantifying the blood population of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, or quantifying the blood population of antigen specific CD8+ T cells by a measurable amount, or where the increase is by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 100%, when compared to a suitable control (e.g., a control composition where dendritic cells are not loaded with tumor-specific cells, or not loaded with peptide derived from tumor-specific cells).
The term “integrate into the genome” as used herein refers to a recombinant DNA sequence being concomitantly joined to the genomic DNA comprising a host cell's genome.
The term “Kaplan Meier plot” or “Kaplan Meier survival curve” as used herein refers to the plot of probability of clinical study subjects surviving in a given length of time while considering time in many small intervals. The Kaplan Meier plot assumes that: (i) at any time subjects who are censored (i.e., lost) have the same survival prospects as subjects who continue to be followed; (ii) the survival probabilities are the same for subjects recruited early and late in the study; and (iii) the event (e.g., death) happens at the time specified. Probabilities of occurrence of events are computed at a certain point of time with successive probabilities multiplied by any earlier computed probabilities to get a final estimate. The survival probability at any particular time is calculated as the number of subjects surviving divided by the number of subjects at risk. Subjects who have died, dropped out, or have been censored from the study are not counted as at risk.
The term “labeling” as used herein refers to a process of distinguishing a compound, structure, protein, peptide, antibody, cell or cell component by introducing a traceable constituent. Common traceable constituents include, but are not limited to, a fluorescent antibody, a fluorophore, a dye or a fluorescent dye, a stain or a fluorescent stain, a marker, a fluorescent marker, a chemical stain, a differential stain, a differential label, and a radioisotope.
The terms “marker” or “cell surface marker” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an antigenic determinant or epitope found on the surface of a specific type of cell. Cell surface markers can facilitate the characterization of a cell type, its identification, and eventually its isolation. Cell sorting techniques are based on cellular biomarkers where a cell surface marker(s) may be used for either positive selection or negative selection, i.e., for inclusion or exclusion, from a cell population.
The term “mediate” and its various grammatical forms as used herein means to bring about a result.
The term “minimal residual disease” as used herein refers to a very small number of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment. Minimal residual disease can be found only by highly sensitive laboratory methods that are able to find one cancer cell among one million normal cells.
The terms “mixed lymphocyte tumor reaction” or “MLTR” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a reaction similar to a mixed lymphocyte reaction but rather than using allogeneic lymphocytes to stimulate a response, allogeneic tumor cells are used instead. The MLTR method comprises contacting tumor cells being tested for immunogenic potential with mixed lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, followed by measuring one or more of cellular proliferation of the lymphocytes, cellular subset differentiation of the lymphocytes, cytokine release profile of the lymphocytes, and tumor cell death.
The term “modify” and its various grammatical forms as used herein refers to a change of the form or qualities of
The term “modulate” and its various grammatical forms as used herein means to regulate, alter, adapt, or adjust to a certain measure or proportion. Such modulation may be any change, including an undetectable change.
The term “modified” or “modulated” as used herein with respect to an immune response to tumor cells refers to changing the form or character of the immune response to the tumor cells via one or more recombinant DNA techniques such that the immune cells are able to recognize and kill tumor cells.
The term “myeloid suppressor cells” or “myeloid-derived suppressor cells” as used herein refers to a heterogeneous population of cells characterized by myeloid origin, immature state, and ability to potently suppress T cell responses. These cells regulate immune responses and tissue repair in healthy individuals and the population rapidly expands during inflammation.
As used herein the term “natural killer (NK) cells” refers to lymphocytes in the same family as T and B cells, classified as group I innate lymphocytes. They have an ability to kill tumor cells without any priming or prior activation, in contrast to cytotoxic T cells, which need priming by antigen presenting cells. NK cells secrete cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα, which act on other immune cells, like macrophages and dendritic cells, to enhance the immune response. Activating receptors on the NK cell surface recognize molecules expressed on the surface of cancer cells and infected cells and switch on the NK cell. Inhibitory receptors act as a check on NK cell killing. Most normal healthy cells express MHCI receptors, which mark them as “self” Inhibitory receptors on the surface of the NK cell recognize cognate MHCI, which switches off the NK cell, preventing it from killing. Once the decision is made to kill, the NK cell releases cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes, which leads to lysis of the target cell. Natural killer reactivity, including cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity, is controlled by a balance of several germ-line encoded inhibitory and activating receptors such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). The presence of the MHC Class I molecule on target cells serves as one such inhibitory ligand for MHC Class I-specific receptors, the Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR), on NK cells. Engagement of KIR receptors blocks NK activation and, paradoxically, preserves their ability to respond to successive encounters by triggering inactivating signals. Therefore, if a KIR is able to sufficiently bind to MHC Class I, this engagement may override the signal for killing and allows the target cell to live. In contrast, if the NK cell is unable to sufficiently bind to MHC Class I on the target cell, killing of the target cell may proceed. Consequently, those tumors which express low MHC Class I and which are thought to be capable of evading a T-cell-mediated attack may be susceptible to an NK cell-mediated immune response instead.
The term “nucleic acid” is used herein to refer to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form, and, unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues having the essential nature of natural nucleotides in that they hybridize to single-stranded nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g., peptide nucleic acids). Nucleic acid molecules useful in the methods of the invention include any nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide of the invention or a fragment thereof. Such nucleic acid molecules need not be 100% identical with an endogenous nucleic acid sequence, but will typically exhibit substantial identity. Polynucleotides having “substantial identity” to an endogenous sequence are typically capable of hybridizing with at least one strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid molecules useful in the methods of the invention include any nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide of the invention or a fragment thereof. Such nucleic acid molecules need not be 100% identical with an endogenous nucleic acid sequence, but will typically exhibit substantial identity. Polynucleotides having “substantial identity” to an endogenous sequence are typically capable of hybridizing with at least one strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. By “hybridize” is meant pair to form a double-stranded molecule between complementary polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a gene described herein), or portions thereof, under various conditions of stringency. (See, e.g., Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399; Kimmel, A. R. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507). Measuring the effects of base incompatibility by quantifying the rate at which two strands anneal can provide information as to the similarity in base sequence between the two strands being annealed. A nucleic acid that selectively hybridizes undergoes hybridization, under stringent hybridization conditions, of the nucleic acid sequence to a specified nucleic acid target sequence to a detectably greater degree (e.g., at least 2-fold over background) than its hybridization to non-target nucleic acid sequences and to the substantial exclusion of non-target nucleic acids.
By “substantially identical” is meant a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule exhibiting at least 50% identity to a reference amino acid sequence (for example, any one of the amino acid sequences described herein) or nucleic acid sequence (for example, any one of the nucleic acid sequences described herein). For example, such a sequence is at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical at the amino acid level or nucleic acid to the sequence used for comparison.
Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software (for example, Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705, BLAST, BESTFIT, GAP, or PILEUP/PRETTYBOX programs). Such software matches identical or similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, and/or other modifications. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine. In an exemplary approach to determining the degree of identity, a BLAST program may be used, with a probability score between e-3 and e-100 indicating a closely related sequence.
The term “open reading frame” as used herein refers to a sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that has the potential to encode a peptide or protein: it starts with a start triplet (ATG), is followed by a string of triplets each of which encodes an amino acid, and ends with a stop triplet (TAA, TAG or TGA).
The phrase “operably linked” refers (1) to a first sequence(s) or domain being positioned sufficiently proximal to a second sequence(s) or domain so that the first sequence(s) or domain can exert influence over the second sequence(s) or domain or a region under control of that second sequence or domain; and (2) to a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, are in the same reading frame. According to some embodiments, the phrase “operatively linked” refers to a linkage in which two or more protein domains or polypeptides are ligated or combined via recombinant DNA technology or chemical reaction such that each protein domain or polypeptide of the resulting fusion protein retains its original function.
The term “overall survival” (OS) as used herein refers to the length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive.
The term “parenteral” and its other grammatical forms as used herein refers to administration of a substance occurring in the body other than by the mouth or alimentary canal. For example, the term “parenteral” as used herein refers to introduction into the body by way of an injection (i.e., administration by injection), including, for example, subcutaneously (i.e., an injection beneath the skin), intramuscularly (i.e., an injection into a muscle); intravenously (i.e., an injection into a vein), intrathecally (i.e., an injection into the space around the spinal cord or under the arachnoid membrane of the brain), intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques.
The terms “peripheral blood mononuclear cells” or “PBMCs” are used interchangeably herein to refer to blood cells having a single round nucleus such as, for example, a lymphocyte or a monocyte.
The term “pharmaceutical composition” as used herein refers to a composition that is employed to prevent, reduce in intensity, cure or otherwise treat a target condition, syndrome, disorder or disease.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein refers to any substantially non-toxic carrier conventionally useable for administration of pharmaceuticals in which the isolated polypeptide of the present invention will remain stable and bioavailable. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier must be of sufficiently high purity and of sufficiently low toxicity to render it suitable for administration to the mammal being treated. It further should maintain the stability and bioavailability of an active agent. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with an active agent and other components of a given composition.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. When used in medicine the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Such salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, p-toluene sulphonic, tartaric, citric, methane sulphonic, formic, malonic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulphonic, and benzene sulphonic. Also, such salts may be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts of the carboxylic acid group. By “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is meant those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well-known in the art. For example, P. H. Stahl, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” (Wiley VCH, Zurich, Switzerland: 2002). The salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds described within the present invention or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsufonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate(isethionate), lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecanoate. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained. Examples of acids which may be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid. Basic addition salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of compounds described within the invention by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the like and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and the like. Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium or magnesium) salts of carboxylic acids may also be made.
The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. The essential nature of such analogues of naturally occurring amino acids is that, when incorporated into a protein, that protein is specifically reactive to antibodies elicited to the same protein but consisting entirely of naturally occurring amino acids.
The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” also are inclusive of modifications including, but not limited to, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation, and ADP-ribosylation. It will be appreciated, as is well known and as noted above, that polypeptides may not be entirely linear. For instance, polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be circular, with or without branching, generally as a result of posttranslational events, including natural processing event and events brought about by human manipulation which do not occur naturally. Circular, branched and branched circular polypeptides may be synthesized by non-translation natural process and by entirely synthetic methods, as well. According to some embodiments, the peptide is of any length or size.
The term “proliferate” and its various grammatical forms as used herein refers to the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell division and cell loss through cell death or differentiation.
The terms “protein domain” and “domain” are used interchangeably to refer to a portion of a protein that has its own tertiary structure. Large proteins are generally composed of several domains connected to one another via flexible regions of polypeptide chain.
The following terms are used herein to describe the sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, (d) “percentage of sequence identity”, and (e) “substantial identity.” (a) The term “reference sequence” refers to a sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence. (b) The term “comparison window” refers to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence may be compared to a reference sequence and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be at least 30 contiguous nucleotides in length, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides in length, at least 50 contiguous nucleotides in length, at least 100 contiguous nucleotides in length, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence, a gap penalty typically is introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981); by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970); by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444 (1988); by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.; GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., USA; the CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73:237-244 (1988); Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS 5:151-153 (1989); Corpet, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 16:10881-90 (1988); Huang, et al., Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 8:155-65 (1992), and Pearson, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology, 24:307-331 (1994). The BLAST family of programs, which can be used for database similarity searches, includes: BLASTN for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; BLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against protein database sequences; BLASTP for protein query sequences against protein database sequences; TBLASTN for protein query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; and TBLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences. See, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 19, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995). Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using the BLAST 2.0 suite of programs using default parameters. Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Center for Biotechnology-Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits then are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always>0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always<0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a word length (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a word length (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915). In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. BLAST searches assume that proteins may be modeled as random sequences. However, many real proteins comprise regions of nonrandom sequences which may be homopolymeric tracts, short-period repeats, or regions enriched in one or more amino acids. Such low-complexity regions may be aligned between unrelated proteins even though other regions of the protein are entirely dissimilar. A number of low-complexity filter programs may be employed to reduce such low-complexity alignments. For example, the SEG (Wooten and Federhen, Comput. Chem., 17:149-163 (1993)) and XNU (Claverie and States, Comput. Chem., 17:191-201 (1993)) low-complexity filters may be employed alone or in combination. (c) The term “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences is used herein to refer to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions that are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, i.e., where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity.” Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., according to the algorithm of Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4:11-17 (1988) e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif, USA). (d) The term “percentage of sequence identity” is used herein mean the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. (e) The term “substantial identity” of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, at least 80% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity and at least 95% sequence identity, compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters. One of skill will recognize that these values may be adjusted appropriately to determine corresponding identity of proteins encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning and the like. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%, or at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. However, nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides that they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the polypeptide that the first nucleic acid encodes is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid. Mutations may also be made to the nucleotide sequences of the present proteins by reference to the genetic code, including taking into account codon degeneracy.
The term “prime” (or “priming”) as used herein refers to the process of increasing sensitivity to. When used in an immunological sense it refers to a process whereby a specific antigen is presented to naïve lymphocytes causing them to differentiate. Priming involves several steps: antigen uptake, processing, and cell surface expression bound to MHC molecules by an antigen presenting cell, recirculation and antigen-specific trapping of helper T cell precursors in lymphoid tissue, and T cell proliferation and differentiation. Janeway, C A, Jr., “The priming of helper T cells, Semin. Immunol. 1(1): 13-20 (1989).
The term “progression free survival” or “PFS” as used herein refers to length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression free survival is one way to determine how well a new treatment works.
The term “recurrence” as used herein with respect to cancer refers to a cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body.
The term “relapse-free survival (RFS)” as used herein refers to the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer during which the patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer. Also called disease-free survival (DFS) and progression free survival (PFS).
The term “release” or “release of cytokine effector molecules” is meant to refer to the complex and tightly controlled process by which soluble mediators of the immune response are delivered from a given immune cell type to the external milieu after activation of a signaling cascade in response to receptor stimulation. In classical secretory pathways, cytokines with signal peptides are cotranslationally inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for synthesis as either soluble or transmembrane precursors. They then are trafficked in vesicles to the Golgi complex for further processing, and at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) they are loaded into vesicles or carriers for constitutive delivery to the cell surface or other organelles. In specialized cell types, additional modes of secretion are proffered by loading cytokines and other cargo into granules for storage and later release. See Lacy, P. and Stow, J L, “Cytokine release from innate immune cells: association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways,” Blood (2011) 118: 9-18. Cytokine release can be directly evoked by immunoglobulin- or complement receptor-mediated signaling or by pathogens through a diverse array of cellular receptors, including pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs.
The term “response rate” as used herein refers to the percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment.
The term “resistant cancer” as used herein refers to a cancer that does not respond to a treatment at the beginning of such treatment or sometime during such treatment.
The term “reporter gene” (“reporter”) or “assay marker” refers to a gene and/or peptide that can be detected, or easily identified and measured. The expression of the reporter may be measured at either the RNA level, or at the protein level. The gene product, which may be detected in an experimental assay protocol, includes, but is not limited to, marker enzymes, antigens, amino acid sequence markers, cellular phenotypic markers, nucleic acid sequence markers, and the like. Researchers may attach a reporter gene to another gene of interest in cell culture, bacteria, animals, or plants. For example, some reporters are selectable markers, or confer characteristics upon on organisms expressing them allowing the organism to be easily identified and assayed. To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, researchers may place the reporter gene and the gene of interest in the same DNA construct to be inserted into the cell or organism. For bacteria or eukaryotic cells in culture, this may be in the form of a plasmid. Commonly used reporter genes may include, but are not limited to, fluorescent proteins, luciferase, beta-galactosidase, and selectable markers, such as chloramphenicol and kanomycin.
The term “secrete” as used herein when referring to a cell means a process whereby molecules manufactured within the cell are moved to a space outside of the cell.
The term“serial killer cell” as used herein refers to a population of cells that exhibit an ability to kill multiple tumor or pathogen-infected cells, while showing resistance to such killing action. There are multiple kinds of cells that display this effector function, e.g., NK cells, NKT cells, LAK cells, CIK cells, MAIT cells, CD8+ CTLs, CD4+ CTLs. The serial killer effector function may be direct, through cytolytic or cytotoxic activities, or indirect, through the immunoregulation of other cells and proteins that target pathogenic and cancerous cells.
The term “stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules” as used herein refers to exogenous immunomodulatory molecules that are expressed for a period of time that is sufficient to stimulate one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes sufficient to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the period of time is between 1 hour and 72 hours, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 71 or 72 hours. According to some embodiments, the period of time is more than 72 hours.
The term “stimulate” in any of its grammatical forms as used herein refers to inducing activation or increasing activity.
As used herein, the term “stimulate an immune cell” or “stimulating an immune cell” refers to a process (e.g., involving a signaling event or stimulus) causing or resulting in a cellular response, such as activation and/or expansion, of an immune cell, e.g. an NK cell and/or a CD8+ T cell. According to some embodiments, stimulating an immune cell (e.g., an NK cell and/or a CD8+ T cell) refers to providing a stimulus or signal (e.g., a stimulating polypeptide) that results in the activation and/or expansion of the immune cell.
As used herein, the term “sufficient to stimulate an immune cell” refers to an amount or level of a signaling event or stimulus, e.g. of exogenous immunomodulatory polypeptide, that promotes a cellular response of an immune cell.
As used herein, the terms “subject” or “individual” or “patient” are used interchangeably to refer to a member of an animal species of mammalian origin, including humans.
The phrase “subject in need thereof” as used herein refers to a patient that (i) will be administered an immunogenic composition according to the described invention, (ii) is receiving an immunogenic composition according to the described invention; or (iii) has received an immunogenic composition according to the described invention, unless the context and usage of the phrase indicates otherwise.
The term “SUPLEXA™ cells means autologous blood cells that have been stimulated in vitro by Engineered Leukocyte Stimulator (ENLIST™) cells.
The term “therapeutic agent” as used herein refers to a drug, molecule, nucleic acid, protein, metabolite, composition or other substance that provides a therapeutic effect. The term “active” as used herein refers to the ingredient, component or constituent of the compositions of the described invention responsible for the intended therapeutic effect. The terms “therapeutic agent” and “active agent” are used interchangeably herein. The term “therapeutic component” as used herein refers to a therapeutically effective dosage (i.e., dose and frequency of administration) that eliminates, reduces, or prevents the progression of a particular disease manifestation in a percentage of a population. An example of a commonly used therapeutic component is the ED50 which describes the dose in a particular dosage that is therapeutically effective for a particular disease manifestation in 50% of a population.
The terms “therapeutic amount”, “therapeutically effective amount”, an “amount effective”, or “pharmaceutically effective amount” of an active agent is used interchangeably to refer to an amount that is sufficient to provide the intended benefit of treatment. However, dosage levels are based on a variety of factors, including the type of injury, the age, weight, sex, medical condition of the patient, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular active agent employed. Thus the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely by a physician using standard methods. Additionally, the terms “therapeutic amount”, “therapeutically effective amounts” and “pharmaceutically effective amounts” include prophylactic or preventative amounts of the compositions of the described invention. In prophylactic or preventative applications of the described invention, pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments are administered to a patient susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a disease, disorder or condition in an amount sufficient to eliminate or reduce the risk, lessen the severity, or delay the onset of the disease, disorder or condition, including biochemical, histologic and/or behavioral symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition, its complications, and intermediate pathological phenotypes presenting during development of the disease, disorder or condition. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to some medical judgment. The terms “dose” and “dosage” are used interchangeably herein.
The term “therapeutic effect” as used herein refers to a consequence of treatment, the results of which are judged to be desirable and beneficial. A therapeutic effect can include, directly or indirectly, the arrest, reduction, or elimination of a disease manifestation. A therapeutic effect can also include, directly or indirectly, the arrest reduction or elimination of the progression of a disease manifestation.
For any therapeutic agent described herein the therapeutically effective amount may be initially determined from preliminary in vitro studies and/or animal models. A therapeutically effective dose may also be determined from human data. The applied dose may be adjusted based on the relative bioavailability and potency of the administered compound. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy based on the methods described above and other well-known methods is within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.
General principles for determining therapeutic effectiveness, which may be found in Chapter 1 of Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill (New York) (2001), incorporated herein by reference, are summarized below.
Pharmacokinetic principles provide a basis for modifying a dosage regimen to obtain a desired degree of therapeutic efficacy with a minimum of unacceptable adverse effects. In situations where the drug's plasma concentration can be measured and related to the therapeutic window, additional guidance for dosage modification can be obtained.
Drug products are considered to be pharmaceutical equivalents if they contain the same active ingredients and are identical in strength or concentration, dosage form, and route of administration. Two pharmaceutically equivalent drug products are considered to be bioequivalent when the rates and extents of bioavailability of the active ingredient in the two products are not significantly different under suitable test conditions.
The term “therapeutic window” refers to a concentration range that provides therapeutic efficacy without unacceptable toxicity. Following administration of a dose of a drug, its effects usually show a characteristic temporal pattern. A lag period is present before the drug concentration exceeds the minimum effective concentration (“MEC”) for the desired effect. Following onset of the response, the intensity of the effect increases as the drug continues to be absorbed and distributed. This reaches a peak, after which drug elimination results in a decline in the effect's intensity that disappears when the drug concentration falls back below the MEC. Accordingly, the duration of a drug's action is determined by the time period over which concentrations exceed the MEC. The therapeutic goal is to obtain and maintain concentrations within the therapeutic window for the desired response with a minimum of toxicity. Drug response below the MEC for the desired effect will be subtherapeutic, whereas for an adverse effect, the probability of toxicity will increase above the MEC. Increasing or decreasing drug dosage shifts the response curve up or down the intensity scale and is used to modulate the drug's effect. Increasing the dose also prolongs a drug's duration of action but at the risk of increasing the likelihood of adverse effects. Accordingly, unless the drug is nontoxic, increasing the dose is not a useful strategy for extending a drug's duration of action.
Instead, another dose of drug should be given to maintain concentrations within the therapeutic window. In general, the lower limit of the therapeutic range of a drug appears to be approximately equal to the drug concentration that produces about half of the greatest possible therapeutic effect, and the upper limit of the therapeutic range is such that no more than about 5% to about 10% of patients will experience a toxic effect. These figures can be highly variable, and some patients may benefit greatly from drug concentrations that exceed the therapeutic range, while others may suffer significant toxicity at much lower values. The therapeutic goal is to maintain steady-state drug levels within the therapeutic window. For most drugs, the actual concentrations associated with this desired range are not and need not be known, and it is sufficient to understand that efficacy and toxicity are generally concentration-dependent, and how drug dosage and frequency of administration affect the drug level. For a small number of drugs where there is a small (two- to three-fold) difference between concentrations resulting in efficacy and toxicity, a plasma-concentration range associated with effective therapy has been defined.
In this case, a target level strategy is reasonable, wherein a desired target steady-state concentration of the drug (usually in plasma) associated with efficacy and minimal toxicity is chosen, and a dosage is computed that is expected to achieve this value. Drug concentrations subsequently are measured and dosage is adjusted if necessary to approximate the target more closely.
In most clinical situations, drugs are administered in a series of repetitive doses or as a continuous infusion to maintain a steady-state concentration of drug associated with the therapeutic window. To maintain the chosen steady-state or target concentration (“maintenance dose”), the rate of drug administration is adjusted such that the rate of input equals the rate of loss. If the clinician chooses the desired concentration of drug in plasma and knows the clearance and bioavailability for that drug in a particular patient, the appropriate dose and dosing interval can be calculated.
As used herein the term “treating” includes abrogating, substantially inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition, substantially ameliorating clinical symptoms of a condition, or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical symptoms of a condition. Treating further refers to accomplishing one or more of the following: (a) reducing the severity of the disorder; (b) limiting development of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (c) limiting worsening of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (d) limiting recurrence of the disorder(s) in patients that have previously had the disorder(s); and (e) limiting recurrence of symptoms in patients that were previously asymptomatic for the disorder(s).
A “tumor,” as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all precancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
The terms “tumor burden” or “tumor load” as used herein refer to the number of cancer cells, the size of a tumor, or the amount of cancer in the body.
The term “vaccinated” as used herein refers to being treated with a vaccine.
The term “vaccination” as used herein refers to treatment with a vaccine.
The term “vaccine” as used herein refers a substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, or help the body recognize and destroy cancer cells or microorganisms. The term vaccine also refers to an artificial stimulus used to stimulate a robust immune response against that exposure (e.g. infectious agent, cancer cell).
The term “vaccine therapy” as used herein refers to a type of treatment that uses a substance or group of substances to stimulate the immune system to destroy a tumor or infectious microorganisms.
As used herein, the term “variant” refers to a polypeptide which differs from the original protein by one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, or other modifications. These modifications do not significantly change the biological activity of the original protein. In many cases, a variant retains at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the biological activity of original protein. The biological activity of a variant can also be higher than that of the original protein. A variant can be naturally-occurring, such as by allelic variation or polymorphism, or be deliberately engineered.
The amino acid sequence of a variant is substantially identical to that of the original protein. In many embodiments, a variant shares at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more global sequence identity or similarity with the original protein. Sequence identity or similarity can be determined using various methods known in the art, such as Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST), dot matrix analysis, or the dynamic programming method. In one example, the sequence identity or similarity is determined by using the Genetics Computer Group (GCG) programs GAP (Needleman-Wunsch algorithm) The amino acid sequences of a variant and the original protein can be substantially identical in one or more regions, but divergent in other regions
The term “wild-type” as used herein refers to the typical form of an organism, strain, gene, protein, nucleic acid, or characteristic as it occurs in nature. Wild-type refers to the most common phenotype in the natural population. The terms “wild-type” and “naturally occurring” are used interchangeably.
II. Allogeneic VaccineThe present disclosure features allogeneic tumor cell vaccines comprising tumor cells expressing an exogenous immunomodulatory molecule, and methods of using the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine to stimulate an immune response. Vaccine proteins can induce immune responses that find use in the described invention e.g. in the treatment of cancer or infectious diseases. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to enhance immune activation of cells effective to recognize and act against tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen in vivo without systemic inflammation; reduce immunosuppression in a tumor microenvironment for tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen; or increase cell death of tumor cells expressing the target tumor antigen. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are capable of immune activation without systemic inflammation.
According to some aspects, the disclosure features an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising (1) a population of proliferation-incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising (a) a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules sufficient to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Tumor Specific AntigensAccording to some embodiments, the disclosure provides a population of proliferation-incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens. According to some embodiments, the tumor specific antigens may be encoded by a primary open reading frame of gene products that are differentially expressed by tumors, and not by normal tissues. According to some embodiments, the tumor specific antigens may be encoded by mutated genes, intronic sequences, or translated alternative open reading frames, pseudogenes, antisense strands, or may represent the products of gene translocation events. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell provides a broad array of tumor specific antigens, many of which are of unknown nature. According to some embodiments, the tumor antigen is a neoantigen.
According to some embodiments, the tumor specific antigen is selected from one of the following groups: (a) nonmutated shared antigens (e.g., melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE), B-melanoma antigen (BAGE), renal tumor antigen (RAGE), and a cancer testis antigen (e.g. NY-ESO); (b) differentiation antigens (e.g., prostate-specific membrane antigen [PSMA] and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate carcinoma, Mart1/MelanA and tyrosinase present in many melanomas, and carcino embryonic antigen (CEA) present in a large percentage of colon cancers), which are tissue restricted and present in lineage-specific tumor cell; (c) mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., mutated ras, rearranged bcr/abl, mutated p53), which provide novel epitopes for immune recognition; (d) unique idiotypes (e.g., immunoglobulin antigensin myeloma and B-cell myeloma, T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed in CTCL), (e) oncovirus-derived epitopes (e.g., the human papillomavirus-encoded E6 and E7 proteins, Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens present in primary brain lymphoma); and (f) nonmutated oncofetal proteins such as CEA, α-fetoprotein, and survivin. According to some embodiments, the tumor specific antigen is selected from an antigen listed in the publically available Cancer Antigenic Peptide Database (on the world wide web at caped.icp.ucl.ac.be/Peptide/list, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein). According to some embodiments, the tumor specific antigen is selected from an antigen set forth in Table 1, shown below.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell is from a cancer selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, tongue cancer, larynx cancer, tonsil cancer, hypopharynx cancer, nasalpharynx cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and brain cancer.
According to some embodiments, the melanoma tumor cell is characterized by the expression of one or more of gp100, tyrosinase, Melan-A, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP-2-INT2), melanoma antigen-1 (MAGE-A1), NY-ESO-1, preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAIVIE) CDK4 and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM-1).
According to some embodiments, the colorectal cancer tumor cell is characterized by the expression of one or more of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MAGE, HPV, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), EPCAM, PD-1, PD-L1, p53, cell surface-associated mucin 1 (MUC1).
Immunologic antigenic specificity may arise from one or more of the amino acid sequence of the antigen, from the degree of expression of that antigen by the tumor cell, from post-translational modification of the antigen, and the like.
Immunologic antigen specificity to a certain type of cancer cell may also arise from one or more of a particular fingerprint of a plurality of tumor antigens, from the fact that a particular antigen, while expressed by a wide variety of tumor cells, has particular use in immunotherapy against a smaller number of tumor types, from the fact that a particular collection of MHC class I presentable and MEW class II presentable epitopes exist on a particular polypeptide or polypeptide fragment, and by omitting one or more peptides that may provoke immunotolerance. The skilled artisan can locate the relevant nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences, e.g., on the U.S. government's web site, at ncbi.nlm.nih.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cells are derived from a sample from a subject. According to some embodiments, the tumor cells are derived from a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant.
According to some embodiments, tumor antigen specificity of the present invention may be determined by the parental tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant that is selected for modification with immunomodulators.
Parent Cell LinesAccording to some embodiments, tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be derived from established cell lines from either public sources (e.g. NIH, DCTD Tumor Repository operated by Charles River Laboratories Inc.) or commercial sources (e.g. ATCC, Sigma Alrich, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Genescript, DSM2). According to some embodiments, new cell lines can be established de novo from tumor cells derived from the tumor of a cancer patient.
According to some embodiments, cancer tissues, cancer cells, cells infected with a cancer-causing agent, other preneoplastic cells, and cell lines of human origin can be used as a source. According to some embodiments, a cancer cell can be from an established tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant such as, without limitation, an established non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), a bladder cancer, a melanoma, an ovarian cancer, a renal cell carcinoma, a prostate carcinoma, a sarcoma, a breast carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma, a head and neck carcinoma, a hepatocellular carcinoma, a pancreatic carcinoma, or a colon carcinoma cell line.
According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise the LNCaP clone FGC (ATCC CRL-1740), which itself is derived from a metastatic prostate cancer that had migrated to a lymph node. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise the PC-3 (ATCC CRL-1435) cell line, which itself is derived from metastatic prostate cancer that migrated to bone. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are derived from one or more of the following ATCC cell lines: VCaP (ATCC CRL-2876); MDA PCa 2b (ATCC CRL-2422); or DU 145 (ATCC HTB-81).
According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise the SK-MEL-2 clone (ATCC HTB-68), which itself is derived from metastasis on skin of thigh.
According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more of mammary carcinoma cell lines designated COO-G, DU4475, ELL-G, HIG-G, MCF/7, MDA-MB-436, MX-1, SW-613, and VAN-G. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more of alveolar soft part sarcoma cell lines designated ASPS, and ASPS-1. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more lung cell lines designated LX-1, COS-G, H-MESO-1, H-MESO-1A, NCI-H23, and NCI-H460.
According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more colon cancer cell lines designated CX-5, GOB-G, HCC-2998, HCT-15, KLO-G, KM20L2, MRI-H-194, LOVO I, LOVO II, and MRI-H-250. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more melanoma cell lines designated NIS-G, TRI-G, WIL-G, MRI-H-121B, MRI-H-187, MRI-H-221, and MRI-H-255. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more cervical cancer cell lines designated MRI-H-177, MRI-H-186, MRI-H-196, and MRI-H-215. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more kidney cancer cell lines designated MRI-H-121 and MRI-H-166. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more endometrium cancer cell lines designated MRI-H-147 and MRI-H-220. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more ovarian cancer cell lines designated MRI-H-258, MRI-H-273, MRI-H-1834, and SWA-G. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise one or more sarcoma cell lines designated HS-1, OGL-G, and DEL-G. According to some embodiments, the established cell lines comprise the epidermoid cell line designated DEAC-1. According to some embodiments, the established cell line comprises the glioblastoma cell line designated SF 295. According to some embodiments, the established cell line comprises the prostate cancer cell line designated CWR-22. According to some embodiments, the established cell line comprises the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line designated DAU. According to some embodiments, the foregoing established cell lines described herein are commercially available, e.g. from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), or any depository listed as an International Depositary Authority (IDA) under Article 7 of the Budapest Treaty.
According to some embodiments, exemplary established cell lines comprise one or more of the following cell lines shown below:
According to some embodiments, the choice of the parental cell line from which the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be derived affects the specificity of the allogeneic vaccine. For example, the use of a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant derived from metastatic prostate cancer that migrated to the bone of a patient may result in an allogeneic vaccine that elicits an immune response specific for metastatic prostate cancer in the bone of a patient.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be derived from a parental cell that comprises a universal cancer specific antigen. For example, the use of a parental tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant derived from metastatic prostate cancer that migrated to the bone of a patient may result in an allogeneic vaccine that elicits an immune response against all prostate cancer cells.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are derived from patient derived cells derived from various cancers. According to some embodiments, fresh tissue surgically removed from a tumor is enzymatically digested by type IV collagenase, followed by collection of disaggregated cells. According to some embodiments, disaggregated cells may then be grown in vitro in growth media with 10% fetal bovine serum on an extracellular matrix substrate, such as collagen or fibronectin, to promote attachment. According to some embodiments, adherent cells may then be passaged until the immortal cancer cells outgrow the non-cancerous fibroblast cells.
For example, according to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be derived from a solid tumor comprising tumor cells, including cancer stem cells, a metastatic cancer comprising metastatic tumor cells, comprising cancer stem cells, or a non-metastatic cancer. According to some embodiments, the cancer may originate in the bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, colon, esophagus, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anus, gum, head, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx, neck, ovary, prostate, skin, stomach, testis, tongue, or uterus. According to some embodiments, the cancer may be of a histological type, e.g., a cancer that begins in the skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs (carcinoma); a cancer that begins in bone or in the soft tissue of the body including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, and fibrous tissue (sarcoma); a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue (leukemia); a cancer that begins in cells of the immune system (lymphoma); a cancer that arises in plasma cells (myeloma), or a brain/spinal cord cancer.
Examples of carcinomas include, without limitation, giant and spindle cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; papillary carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; lymphoepithelial carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma; pilomatrix carcinoma; transitional cell carcinoma; papillary transitional cell carcinoma; an adenocarcinoma; a gastrinoma, a cholangiocarcinoma; a hepatocellular carcinoma; a combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma; a trabecular adenocarcinoma; an adenoid cystic carcinoma; an adenocarcinoma in adenomatous polyp; an adenocarcinoma, familial polyposis coli; a solid carcinoma; a carcinoid tumor; a branchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma; a papillary adenocarcinoma; a chromophobe carcinoma; an acidophil carcinoma; an oxyphilic adenocarcinoma; a basophil carcinoma; a clear cell adenocarcinoma; a granular cell carcinoma; a follicular adenocarcinoma; a non-encapsulating sclerosing carcinoma; adrenal cortical carcinoma; an endometroid carcinoma; a skin appendage carcinoma; an apocrine adenocarcinoma; a sebaceous adenocarcinoma; a ceruminous adenocarcinoma; a mucoepidermoid carcinoma; a cystadenocarcinoma; a papillary cystadenocarcinoma; a papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma; a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma; a mucinous adenocarcinoma; a signet ring cell carcinoma; an infiltrating duct carcinoma; a medullary carcinoma; a lobular carcinoma; an inflammatory carcinoma; paget's disease, a mammary acinar cell carcinoma; an adenosquamous carcinoma; an adenocarcinoma w/squamous metaplasia; a sertoli cell carcinoma; embryonal carcinoma; choriocarcinoma.
Examples of sarcomas include, without limitation, glomangiosarcoma; sarcoma; fibrosarcoma; myxosarcoma; liposarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; stromal sarcoma; carcinosarcoma; synovial sarcoma; hemangiosarcoma; kaposi's sarcoma; lymphangiosarcoma; osteosarcoma; juxtacortical osteosarcoma; chondrosarcoma; mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; giant cell tumor of bone; ewing's sarcoma; odontogenic tumor, malignant; ameloblastic odontosarcoma; ameloblastoma, malignant; ameloblastic fibrosarcoma; myeloid sarcoma; mast cell sarcoma.
Examples of leukemias include, without limitation, leukemia; lymphoid leukemia; plasma cell leukemia; erythroleukemia; lymphosarcoma cell leukemia; myeloid leukemia; basophilic leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia; monocytic leukemia; mast cell leukemia; megakaryoblastic leukemia; and hairy cell leukemia.
Examples of lymphomas and myelomas include, without limitation, malignant lymphoma; hodgkin's disease; hodgkin's; paragranuloma; malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic; malignant lymphoma, large cell, diffuse; malignant lymphoma, follicular; mycosis fungoides; other specified non-hodgkin's lymphomas; malignant melanoma; amelanotic melanoma; superficial spreading melanoma; malignant melanoma in giant pigmented nevus; epithelioid cell melanoma; multiple myeloma.
Examples of brain/spinal cord cancers include, without limitation, pinealoma, malignant; chordoma; glioma, malignant; ependymoma; astrocytoma; protoplasmic astrocytoma; fibrillary astrocytoma; astroblastoma; glioblastoma; oligodendroglioma; oligodendroblastoma; primitive neuroectodermal; cerebellar sarcoma; ganglioneuroblastoma; neuroblastoma; retinoblastoma; olfactory neurogenic tumor; meningioma, malignant; neurofibrosarcoma; neurilemmoma, malignant.
Examples of other cancers include, without limitation, a thymoma; an ovarian stromal tumor; a thecoma; a granulosa cell tumor; an androblastoma; a leydig cell tumor; a lipid cell tumor; a paraganglioma; an extra-mammary paraganglioma; a pheochromocytoma; blue nevus, malignant; fibrous histiocytoma, malignant; mixed tumor, malignant; mullerian mixed tumor; nephroblastoma; hepatoblastoma; mesenchymoma, malignant; brenner tumor, malignant; phyllodes tumor, malignant; mesothelioma, malignant; dysgerminoma; teratoma, malignant; struma ovarii, malignant; mesonephroma, malignant; hemangioendothelioma, malignant; hemangiopericytoma, malignant; chondroblastoma, malignant; granular cell tumor, malignant; malignant histiocytosis; immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.
For any given tumor type, several tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be commercially available. According to some embodiments, pooling of several of these cells lines, either as a mixture of whole cells or by making a membrane preparation out of the mixture of whole cells, may provide an array of cell surface tumor antigens for that tumor type.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cells or tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are rendered proliferation incompetent by irradiation.
Exogenous Immunomodulatory MoleculesAccording to some embodiments, an exogenous immunomodulatory molecule of the disclosed invention is a polypeptide that, alone or in combination with other exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, mediates stimulation of an immune cell. According to some embodiments, an exogenous immunomodulatory molecule of the disclosed invention is a polypeptide that, alone or in combination with other exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, mediates stimulation of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the NK cell is a memory-like NK cell. According to some embodiments, the T lymphocyte is a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) (CD8+ T cell). According to some embodiments, the T lymphocyte is a memory T cell. According to some embodiments, the T lymphocyte is a regulatory T cell. According to some embodiments, the T lymphocyte is a helper T cell. According to some embodiments, the B lymphocyte is a memory B cell. It is a feature of the present invention that, according to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprising the population of tumor cells are effective to stimulate more than one type of immune cell, e.g. the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells of the present disclosure are effective to stimulate one or more of T-lymphocytes (e.g. CD8+ T cells), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, stimulating an immune cell refers to expansion of the immune cell. According to some embodiments, stimulating an immune cell refers to activation of the immune cell. According to some embodiments, stimulating an immune cell refers to an increase in cytoxicity of the immune cell. According to some embodiments, stimulating the immune cell refers to a combination of one or more of expansion, activation and/or increased cytoxicity of the immune cell. According to some embodiments, the one or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules expressed by the population of tumor cells are effective to activate and/or expand immune cells (e.g. T-lymphocytes (e.g. CD8+ T cells), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes) ex vivo. According to some embodiments, the one or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules expressed by the population of tumor cells are effective to activate and/or expand immune killer cells (e.g. T-lymphocytes (e.g. CD8+ T cells), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes) in vivo. Assays to detect if the exogenous immunostimulatory molecules are effective to stimulate an immune killer cell are described herein. According to one aspect, the disclosure thus provides an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules sufficient to stimulate the T-lymphocytes (e.g. CD8+ T cells), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least three stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least four stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least five stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least five stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least six stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least seven stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least eight stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least nine stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least ten stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least eleven stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twelve stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least thirteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least fourteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least fifteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least sixteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least seventeen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least eighteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least nineteen stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-one stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-two stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-three stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-four stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-five stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-six stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-seven stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-eight stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least twenty-nine stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising at least thirty stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population characterized by the expression of three stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, the population of tumor cells comprises a first exogenous immunomodulatory molecule and a second exogenous immunomodulatory molecule. According to some embodiments, the population of tumor cells comprises a first exogenous immunomodulatory molecule, a second exogenous immunomodulatory molecule and a third exogenous stimulatory molecule. According to some embodiments, the first exogenous immunomodulatory molecule and the second exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprise a chimeric or fusion molecule, for example a molecule created through the joining of two or more separate genes, each of which encodes at least one domain of a protein so that the genes are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine described herein comprises tumor cells comprising one or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein a first tumor cell, or population of tumor cells, comprises a first immunomodulatory molecule, and a second tumor cell, or population of tumor cells, comprises a second immunomodulatory molecule. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine described herein comprises tumor cells comprising one or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein a first tumor cell, or population of tumor cells, comprises a first and a second immunomodulatory molecule, and a second tumor cell, or population of tumor cells, comprises a third immunomodulatory molecule. Thus, it is understood that the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules described herein can be present in a tumor cell population in cis (all on the same cell) or in trans (each, or a combination of each, on different cells). According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunostimulatory molecules are presented at the surface of the genetically engineered tumor cells.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules are particularly selected from a group for their ability to either initiate an anti-tumor immune response, and/or to sustain an anti-tumor immune response, and/or for their ability to abrogate pre-existing immunosuppression characteristically present in cancer patients, or a combination of all three. According to some embodiments, combinations of immunomodulatory molecules are evaluated and selected by a human mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is selected from a cytokine, a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone, an IgG superfamily member and a chemokine receptor.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more TNF family member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more secreted receptor proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more chaperone proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more IgG superfamily member proteins; and/or wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine family member proteins and one or more TNF family member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine family member proteins and one or more secreted receptor proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine family member proteins and one or more chaperone proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine family member proteins and one or more IgG superfamily member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more cytokine family member proteins and one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more TNF family member proteins and one or more secreted receptor proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more TNF family member proteins and one or more chaperone proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more TNF family member proteins and one or more IgG superfamily member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more TNF family member proteins and one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more secreted receptor proteins and one or more chaperone proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more secreted receptor proteins and one or more IgG superfamily member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more secreted receptor proteins and one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more chaperone proteins and one or more IgG superfamily member proteins; wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more chaperone proteins and one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising a plurality of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules effective to stimulate the T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, wherein the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise one or more IgG superfamily member proteins and one or more chemokine receptor proteins.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is an immune stimulatory molecule.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is selected from the group shown in Table 2. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is from a mouse. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is from a human.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is selected from one of more of a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone protein, an IgG superfamily member, a chemokine receptor. According to some embodiments, the TNF-family member is selected from a TNF-family member listed in Table 2. According to some embodiments, the secreted receptor is selected from a secreted receptor listed in Table 2. According to some embodiments, the chaperone protein is selected from a chaperone protein listed in Table 2. According to some embodiments, the IgG superfamily member is selected from an IgG superfamily member listed in Table 2. According to some embodiments, the chemokine receptor is selected from a chemokine receptor listed in Table 2.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule in Table 2 is in a membrane bound form (i.e. comprises a membrane anchor). According to other embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is in a secreted form. According to some embodiments, the membrane bound form of the immunomodulator is one or more selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB ligand, BAFF, April, CD40 ligand, CD80, CD86, Flt3 Ligand, GM-CSF, HSP90, ICOS ligand, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL7, LIGHT, OX40 ligand, RANK ligand and TNF. According to some embodiments, the secreted form of the immunomodulator is one or more selected from the group consisting of Flt3 ligand, GM-CSF, IL10R, IL7 and TGFbeta Receptor.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule in Table 2 is a molecule with a wild-type amino acid sequence. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule in Table 2 is a molecule with a variant amino acid sequence.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule is one or more selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB Ligand, APRIL, BAFF, CD27 Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the one or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules comprise at least three essential immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three essential immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both. According to some embodiments, additional immunomodulatory components identified as R may also be present.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens and three stably expressed essential exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, OX40L, CD70, and CD28L, effective to stimulate the MNC population. According to some embodiments, the ENLIST™ cells population comprising a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens and the three stably expressed essential exogenous immunomodulatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both is effective to stimulate synergistic expansion of CTLs. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine further comprises one or more subsets of R immunomodulators comprising 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus one R subset comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus two R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus three R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus four R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus five R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus six R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus seven R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus eight R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus nine R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a population of tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40L, CD70, and CD28L comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus ten R subsets comprising 3-25, inclusive immunomodulators.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R1 is APRIL. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R2 is BAFF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R3 is 4-IBB Ligand. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R4 is CD30L. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R5 is CD40 Ligand. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R6 is CD80. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R7 is CD86. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R8 is FLT-3 Ligand. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R9 is HSP-70. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R10 is HSP-90. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R11 is ICOS Ligand. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R12 is IL-10R. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R13 is IL-12. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R14 is IL-15. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R15 is IL-18. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R16 is IL-2. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R17 is IL-21. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R18 is IL-23. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R19 is IL-7. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R20 is LIGHT. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R21 is RANK Ligand. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R22 is TGF-b Receptor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R23 is TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R24 is GM-CSF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises between 1 and 30 immunomodulators, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30 Ligand, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises between 1 and 30, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are, OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBBL Ligand (4-IBBL), CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises between 1 and 20, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises between 1 and 20, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises between 1 and 10, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises between 1 and 10, inclusive, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises between 5 and 20, inclusive, i.e., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises between 5 and 20, inclusive, i.e., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, CD27 Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises between 10 and 15, inclusive, i.e., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15, exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises between 10 and 15, inclusive, i.e., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R comprises 14 exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule comprises 14 exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand, and CD28 Ligand, and wherein additional immunomodulatory components identified as R1-R24 are selected from the group consisting of APRIL, BAFF, 4-IBB Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, FLT-3 ligand engineered to remove transmembrane region, GM-CSF, GMCSF engineered with CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, IL-7 engineered with CD8 membrane anchor, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF.
According to some embodiments, each of the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules 4-1BB Ligand, APRIL, BAFF, CD27 Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, GM-CSF, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF is a wild type molecule. According to some embodiments, each of the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules 4-1BB Ligand, APRIL, BAFF, CD27 Ligand, CD30L, CD40 Ligand, CD80, CD86, FLT-3 Ligand, GM-CSF, HSP-70, HSP-90, ICOS Ligand, IL-10R, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, IL-21, IL-23, IL-7, LIGHT, OX-40 Ligand, RANK Ligand, TGF-b Receptor, and TNF is a mutant or variant sequence.
According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R24 is a CD86 variant that has been engineered with an IRES compatible signal sequence. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R25 is a FLT3L variant that has been engineered to remove the transmembrane region. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R26 is a GM-CSF variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible Signal Sequence. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R27 is an HSP70 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R28 is an HSP-90B1 (GRP94/96) variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R29 is an HSP90 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R30 is an ICOSL variant that has been engineered with an IRES compatible signal sequence. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R31 is an IL10R variant that has been engineered to remove the transmembrane region. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R32 is an IL-Ra variant that has been engineered to remove transmembrane region (VSV-GM-CSF tag). According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R33 is an IL12 variant that has been engineered to be a single chain with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R34 is an IL15 variant that has been engineered with CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R35 is an IL18 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R36 is an IL2 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor and IRES compatible sequence. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R37 is an IL21 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R38 is an IL23 variant that has been engineered to be a single chain with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R39 is an IL7 variant that has been engineered with a CD8 membrane anchor. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R40 is an TGFb-R variant that has been engineered to remove transmembrane region. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory R41 molecule is an TGFb Receptor III variant engineered to remove transmembrane region. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R42 is an mIFNα variant modified to be membrane bound. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R43 is an mIFNαγ variant which is modified to be membrane bound. According to some embodiments, the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule R44 is an CD40L variant which is cleavage resistant.
Table 3 below sets forth R groups R1-R44
According to some embodiments, at least 12 vectors comprise 14 immunomodulators, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3. According to some embodiments, at least 11 vectors comprise 14 immunomodulators, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3. According to some embodiments, at least 10 vectors comprise 14 immunomodulators, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3. According to some embodiments, 14 immunomodulators are selected from Table 2, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3 and wherein the 14 immunomodulators are in 12 vectors. According to some embodiments, 14 immunomodulators are selected from Table 2, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3 and wherein the 14 immunomodulators are in 11 vectors. According to some embodiments, 14 immunomodulators are selected from Table 2, wherein at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, and wherein the remaining 11 immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3 and wherein the 14 immunomodulators are in 10 vectors. The vectors may further comprise tags.
According to some embodiments, the immunomodulators are codon optimized. “Codon optimization” means a modification of a codon of a polynucleotide encoding a protein with a codon that is used first before others in a specific organism such that the coded protein can be more efficiently expressed therein. Because most amino acids are described by several codons that are referred to as “synonym” or “synonymous codon”, genetic codes have degeneracy. However, codon usage by a specific organism is not random, and it is rather biased to specific codon triplets. Such codon usage bias may be even higher in relation with a certain gene, a gene with common function or ancestor origin, protein expressed at high level vs. proteins with low copy number, or a group protein coding region of a genome of an organism.
CytokinesAccording to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more cytokines. Thus, the disclosure encompasses a cytokine, including a full-length, fragment, homologue, variant or mutant of the cytokine. A cytokine includes a protein that is capable of affecting the biological function of another cell. A biological function affected by a cytokine can include, but is not limited to, cell growth, cell differentiation or cell death. According to some embodiments, a cytokine of the present disclosure is capable of binding to a specific receptor on the surface of a cell, thereby stimulating an immune cell (e.g. T lymphocytes (e.g., CD8+ T cell), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes).
According to some embodiments, the cytokine is selected from Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1a, IL-1b, Il-1ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-12/IL-23 P40, IL13, IL-15, IL-15/IL15-RA, IL-17, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, TGF-β, MCP-1, TNF-α and interferon alpha (IFNα), IFNγ, MIP1b, Rantes, Tweak, and TREM-1. According to some embodiments, the cytokine is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). According to some embodiments, the cytokine is Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG).
According to some embodiments, the cytokine is secreted. According to some embodiments, the cytokine is membrane bound.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; colony stimulating factor 2; CSF2) is found in monocytes/macrophages and activated T cells, and can act as a growth factor to stimulate and recruit dendritic cells. GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by cells of the immune system, as well as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Human GM-CSF is a 144 amino acid protein comprising a 17 amino acid signal peptide that can be cleaved to produce a mature 127 amino acid protein. Biological activity of GM-CSF occurs via binding to heteromeric cell surface receptors that are expressed on monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells. The GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSFR) typically has a low expression (e.g. 20-200/cell), but has a high affinity (Shi Y et al., Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and T-cell responses: what we do and don't know, Cell Research (2006) 16: 126-133).
In some mouse models, vaccination with syngeneic mouse melanoma cells that secrete GM-CSF stimulates a more potent and long-lasting antitumor immunity than vaccines produced by other cytokines. Melanoma patients treated with soluble GM-CSF as an adjuvant therapy displayed an increase in disease free survival compared to controls. GM-CSF has been used as an immune adjuvant in various ways, including, without limitation, systemic and topical application of soluble GM-CSF, GM-CSF fusion proteins, transfection of tumor cells with GM-CSF and injection of GM-CSF DNA. Recombinant GM-CSF has been used an adjuvant for various peptide, protein, and viral vaccines, and has been shown to be an effective adjuvant in patients with melanoma, breast, and ovarian cancer. A fusion protein comprising GM-CSF has also been shown to enhance immunogenicity of an antigen. GM-CSF has been tested for use in a gene therapy approach where allogeneic or autologous GM-CSF expressing cells are used as a vaccine (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)). Such vaccines have had varying degrees of effectiveness among several different cancer types.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may express the GM-CSF peptide of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 13.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins comprising a fusion between GM-CSF and HLA-I to enable membrane expression. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 5.
Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-3 Ligand (Flt-3L)
The human Flt3L protein is a membrane bound hematopoietic four helical bundle cytokine encoded by the FLT3LG gene. Flt3L acts as a growth factor that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of various blood cell progenitors, and is crucial for production and development of dendritic cells. Mice that lack Flt3L have low levels of dendritic cells, while Flt3L administered to mice or humans results in very high levels of dendritic cells (Shortman et al., Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development, Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 7. 19-30 (2007)).
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant expresses the Flt3L peptide of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 14.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprises a soluble form of Flt3L. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 44.
One skilled in the art, once armed with the teachings provided herein, would appreciate that the invention encompasses any cytokine, whether well-known in the art now, or discovered in the future.
According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, comprises one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) cytokines, or variants or fragments thereof.
TNF-Family MembersAccording to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more TNF-family members. Thus, the disclosure encompasses a TNF-family member protein, including a full-length, fragment, homologue, variant or mutant of the TNF-family protein. According to some embodiments, the TNF superfamily member is selected from one or more of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), CD40 ligand (CD40L), OX40 Ligand (OX40L), FAS ligand (FASL), CD27 ligand (CD27L), CD30 ligand (CD30L), CD137 ligand (CD137L), TNFSF8, TNFSF9, TNFSF10, TNF SF11, TNF S12, TNFSF13, TNFSF13B, TNFSF14, TNFSF15, TNFSF18, TNFβ, TNFSF1B, TNFγ, Ectodysplasin A (EDA). According to some embodiments, the TNF superfamily member is TNFα. According to some embodiments, the TNF superfamily member is CD40L.
According to some embodiments, the TNF family member is membrane bound.
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine. These proteins are expressed predominantly by immune cells and regulate diverse cell functions, including regulation of immune response and inflammation, but also proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and embryogenesis. The superfamily contains 19 members that bind to 29 members of the TNF receptor superfamily.
OX40L (TNFSF4, bTNF Superfamily Member 4)
The OX40 Ligand (OX40L)(CD252, TNFSF4) which was originally termed glycoprotein 34 kDa (GP34) belongs to the TNF superfamily; it is mainly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC), including activated dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, macrophages, T cells as well as endothelial cells [Huang, L. et al., J. Trans. Med. (2018) 16: 74; doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1436-4, citing DeSmedt, T et al, J. Immunol (2002) 168: 661-670. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.661; Ohshima, Y. et al., Blood (1998) 92: 3338-3345].
OX40 (ACT35, CD134, TNFRSF4) is constitutively expressed on the cell surface of activated CD4+ T cells [Id., citing Ogawa R, et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. (2008) 19:253-262. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.04.003, Paterson D J, et al. Mol Immunol. (1987) 24:1281-1290. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90122-2]. It can specially bind to OX40L and initiate a series of reactions which contribute to facilitate the proliferation and survival of CD4+ T cells and cytokine secretion [Id., citing Kaur D, Brightling C. Chest. (2012) 141:494-499. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-1730]. The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. Weinberg, A D, et al., “OX-40: life beyond the effector T cell stage,” Semin. Immunol. (1998) 10(6): 471-80). When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. Id. Engagement of OX-40R enhances effector and memory-effector T cell function by up-regulating IL-2 production and increasing the life-span of effector T cells. Id.
CD25-Foxp3− naïve CD4 T cells can acquire Foxp3 driven by TGF-βR and IL-2R signals leading to differentiation into an inducible Treg (iTreg). So, T et al, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. (2008) 19 (3-4): 253-62. Costimulatory signals from OX40 have been found to be antagonistic for Foxp3 induction in antigen-responding naïve CD4 T cells and suppress the development of high numbers of CD25+Foxp3+iTregs (Id, citing Vu M D, et al. Blood. (2007) 110:2501-10; So T, Croft M. J Immunol. (2007) 179:1427-30).
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a membrane bound form of OX40L on the membrane of the tumor cell of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 108.
CD27 Ligand (CD70)CD27 ligand (CD70), a type II transmembrane protein, is a member of the TNF superfamily. It is expressed on activated T and B lymphocytes, as well as NK cells. CD27 Ligand and its receptor CD27 regulate the immune response by promoting T cell expansion and differentiation, as well as NK enhancement. CD27 signals, during the later phase of the primary CD8+ T cell response, prevent apoptosis of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Lack of CD27 signals decreases the quality of memory CD8+ T cell responses. Memory CD8+ T cells, which express surface CD27 similar to naïve cells, however, do not require CD27 costimulation during a secondary response. Thus, in vivo, CD27 acts indirectly to regulate primary antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses by preventing apoptosis of CD8+ T cells during the later phase of the primary response, and is required for optimal quality of memory cells, but is not required during normally primed secondary CD8+ T cell responses. Dolfi, D V, et a., J. Immunol. (2008) 180(5): 2912-2921). Full length CD27 Ligand (CD70) is a 193 amino acid protein, consisting of a 17 amino acid cytoplasmic domain, a 21 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 155 amino acid extracellular domain. Human soluble CD70 corresponds to the 155 amino acid extracellular domain of the full length CD70 protein.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a membrane bound form of CD70 on the membrane of the tumor cell.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a soluble form of CD70.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a membrane bound form of CD70 on the membrane of the tumor cells of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 109.
4-IBBLNaïve CD8 T cells require more co-stimulatory activity to drive them to become activated effector cells than do naïve CD4 T cells. This requirement can be met in two ways. The simplest is priming by activated DCs, which have high intrinsic co-stimulatory activity. In some viral infections, dendritic cells become sufficiently activated to directly induce CD8 T cells to produce the IL-2 required for their differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells, without help from CD4 T cells. This property of DCs have been exploited to generate cytotoxic T cell responses against tumors. In the majority of viral infections, however, CD8 T-cell activation requires additional help, which is provided by CD4 effector T cells. CD4 T cells that recognize related antigens presented by the APC can amplify the activation of naïve CD T cells by further activating the APC. B7 expressed by the DC first activates the CD4 T cells to express IL-2 and CD40L. CD40L binds CD40 on the DC, delivering an additional signal that increases the expression of B7 and 4-IBBL by the dendritic cell, which in turn provides additional co-stimulation to the naïve CD8 T cell. The IL-2 produced by activated CD4 T cells also acts to promote effector CD8 T-cell differentiation. Murphy, Kenneth. Janeway's Immunobiology: 8th ed. Chapter 15: Garland Science. (2012), at 372.
4-IBB has a pattern of expression that follows the primary activation of T cells and is restricted to activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Guinn, B, et al., J. Immuno. (1999) 162: 5003-5010. Engagement of the 4-IBB receptor has been shown to relay strong costimulatory signals within activated T cells, which lead to their enhanced proliferation and cytokine secretion. Id. Such signaling prevents activation-induced cell death following TCR cross-linking in the absence of other accessory signals. Id. 4-IBBL, a high affinity ligand for 4-IBB, expressed on the surface of activated APCs, is a type II membrane protein that shows homology to members of the TNF receptor family. T cells purified from CD28 −/− mice have been shown to secrete cytokines and proliferate in response to lymphomas expressing 4-IBBL; this response can be inhibited by the soluble 4-IBB receptor fusion protein. Id. In the absence of a CD28 signal, the 4-IBBL:4-IBB interaction has been shown to play a role in the production of a Th2 response in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Id.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, an R subset of immunomodulators may comprise a membrane bound form of 4-IBBL. According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, an R subset of immunomodulators may comprise a soluble form of 4-D3BL.
CD40LThe ligand of CD40, known as CD154 or CD40L, is a type II transmembrane protein, with a variable molecular weight between 32 and 39 kDa because of post-translation modifications (Elgueta R et al., Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system. Immunological reviews. 2009; 229(1):10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x, citing van Kooten C et al., J. Leukoc Biol. 2000 January; 67(1):2-17.). A soluble form of CD40L has been reported that has activities similar to the transmembrane form (Id. citing Graf D et al., Eur J Immunol. 1995 June; 25(6):1749-54; Mazzei G J et al., J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar. 31; 270(13):7025-8.).
In nature, CD40L is a member of the TNF superfamily and is characterized by a sandwich extracellular structure that is composed of a β-sheet, α-helix loop, and a β-sheet, which allows for the trimerization of CD40L (Id. citing Karpusas M et al., Structure. 1995 Oct. 15; 3(10):1031-9). CD40L is expressed primarily by activated T cells, as well as activated B cells and platelets; under inflammatory conditions it is also induced on monocytic cells, natural killer cells, mast cells, and basophils (Id. citing Carbone E et al., J Exp Med. 1997 Jun. 16; 185(12):2053-60). The widespread expression of the costimulatory pair of CD40L and CD40 indicates the pivotal roles they play in different cellular immune processes.
CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and αIIbβ3 integrin. CD40L acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells), where it promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in the CD40L gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper-IgM syndrome. Absence of CD40L also stops the formation of germinal centers thereby prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.
CD40 has been found to be expressed on APCs, while its ligand, CD40L, has been found on activated T cells. CD40 has been found to play a critical role in the humoral immune response, and has been identified as enabling APCs to activate T cells. Several pathologies have been associated with the CD40/CD40L pathway including lupus and atherosclerosis, but anti-CD40L antibodies have been limited to clinical applications of thrombic complications from CD40 expression on activated platelets (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)).
CD40 has also been found on several types of cancer, including solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Signaling through CD40 in hematological cancer may mediate growth or regression, while CD40 signaling in solid tumors is only tumoricidal. These characteristics are found even in SCID mouse models, and therefore are likely due to TNF death domain signaling. There is also evidence of immune modulation, for example blockade of the CD40/CD40L pathway mitigates the protective effect of GM-CSF secreting melanoma vaccines (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)).
Tumor cell vaccines expressing CD40L have proved useful in cancer models. For example, ligation of CD40 with CD40L or anti-CD40 antibodies has shown synergy with GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-2, and CTLA-4 blockade. Furthermore, anti-CD40 antibodies have been reported to have anti-tumor activity in a pre-clinical mouse model (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)).
According to some embodiments, an R subset of immunomodulators may comprise CD40 Ligand (CD40L). According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a noncleavable CD40L peptide of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 6.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express the non-cleavable membrane bound CD40L peptide of SEQ ID NO: 7 on the membrane surface of the tumor cell. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 7.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα)Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); cachexin, cachectin) is a cytokine, primarily produced by activated macrophages and lymphocytes, which is involved in systemic inflammation. It is also one of the cytokines involved in the acute phase of an immunogenic response. TNF may be produced by other cell types such as, for example, CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons.
In its primary role as a regulator of immune cells, TNF is capable of inducing fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation, and inhibition of tumorigenesis; of inhibiting viral replication; and of initiating a response to sepsis vial IL-1 and IL-6 producing cells. Dysregulated TNF production has been associated with a wide array of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, major depression, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TNF can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.
TNF comprises a 26 kDa membrane bound form and 17 kDa soluble cytokine form. The soluble form of TNF is derived from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane bound form by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) (Grell M. et al., The Transmembrane Form of Tumor Necrosis Factor Is the Prime Activating Ligand of the 80 kDa Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, Cell, Vol. 83, 793-802). TACE is a matrix metalloprotease that recognizes a cleavage site in the extracellular domain of full-length TNF (Rieger, R., Chimeric form of tumor necrosis factor-alpha has enhanced surface expression and antitumor activity, Cancer Gene Therapy, 2009, 16, 53-64). Deletion of the cleavage site on TNF results in enhanced membrane stability of TNF (Id.).
TNF has antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on cells, is known to reduce tumor blood flow and tumor vascular damage, and is able to modulate immune response by stimulating macrophage and NK cell activity. However, the use of TNF as a therapeutic itself has been limited by dose-dependent hypotension and capillary leak that can cause a sepsis-like syndrome. For that reason, it must be delivered in a manner that limits systemic effects. TNF has been added to standard chemotherapy agents to improve response rates. Other approaches to administering TNF include injection of adenovirus altered to express TNF in gastrointestinal malignancies. A tumor vascular-targeted TNF compound has also been developed (Kaufman and Wolchok eds., General Principles of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chpt 5, 67-121 (2007)). Recombinant TNF has been used as an immunostimulant under the name tasonermin, while HUMIRA® is an antibody to TNF, useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (e.g. psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis). In recognition of this role, molecules such as antibodies have been designed to interfere with TNF activity. However, such therapies pose the risk of initiating a cytokine storm caused by the inappropriate systemic release of cytokines, resulting in a positive feedback loop of white blood cell activation/cytokine release that potentially can be fatal.
According to some embodiments, a subset of R immunomodulators may comprise TNF. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the membrane bound form of TNF on the membrane of the tumor cell. For example, according to some embodiments, the cell line variants comprise the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 8.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF. For example, according to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise the TNF protein of SEQ ID NO: 8 with one or more of amino acids VRSSSRTPSDKP (SEQ ID NO: 104) deleted (see e.g. SEQ ID NO: 26).
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a soluble form of TNF. For example, according to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may express the TNF protein of SEQ ID NO: 8 with part or the entire transmembrane region removed. For example, according to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise a derivative TNF protein of SEQ ID NO: 8 with one or more of amino acids F, S, F, L, I, V, A, G, A, T, T, L, F, C, L, L, H, F, G, V, I deleted (see e.g. SEQ ID NO: 27).
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound chimeric form of CD40L and TNF. For example, according to some embodiments, the ligand binding portion of a TNF molecule may be fused with the transmembrane and proximal extracellular domains of CD40L, such that the TNF lacks a defined TNF alpha cleaving enzyme (TACE) site. According to some embodiments, the intracellular, transmembrane, and partial extracellular portions CD40L may be fused with the extracellular region of TNF distal to the TACE cleavage site. According to some embodiments, the chimeric form of CD40L/TNF may comprise the CD40L sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and the TNF sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, the CD40L/TNF sequences are operably linked via a linking peptide between 1 and 30 amino acids in length. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound form of TNF with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 11.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a non-cleavable membrane bound chimeric form of CD40L and TNF. For example, according to some embodiments, the ligand portion of a TNF molecule may be fused with extracellular portions of CD40L, wherein CD40L comprises an extracellular portion that is non-cleavable and the TNF lacks a defined TACE site (e.g. cleavage site between amino acids 76 and 77). According to some embodiments, some or all of a CD40L peptide sequence is fused with the extracellular region of a TNF peptide sequence distal to the TACE cleavage site. According to some embodiments, the chimeric form of CD40L/TNF may comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise a fusion protein with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 31.
According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, comprises one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) TNF-family member proteins, or variants or fragments thereof.
Secreted ReceptorsAccording to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more secreted receptors.
According to some embodiments, R immunomodulators may comprise one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) secreted receptor proteins, or variants or fragments thereof. According to some embodiments, the secreted receptor is IL10R, TGFβR3, or both.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key immunosuppressive cytokine that is produced by a wide range of leukocytes, as well as nonhematopoietic cells. Shouval, D S., et al., Immunity (2014) 40: 706-719. IL-10 mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through IL-10 receptor (IL-10R)-dependent signals emanating from the cell surface. The IL-10R is a heterotetramer that consists of two subunits of IL-10Ra and two subunits of IL-10R13. Id., citing Moore, K W, et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. (2001) 19: 683-765).Whereas the IL-10Ra subunit is unique to IL-10 signaling, the IL-10Rβ subunit is shared by other cytokine receptors, including IL-22, IL-26, and interferon X, Id. IL-10 downstream signaling through the IL-10R inhibits the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by blocking NF-κB-dependent signals. (Id., citing Saraiva, M., and O'Garra, A. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2010) 10: 180-181).
Transforming growth factor-beta receptor 3 (TbetaRIII or TbetaR3) is an 853 amino acid transmembrane proteoglycan, which contains a short 41 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. It is ubiquitously expressed on nearly all cell types. The level of TbetaRIII expression is cell type specific. It is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways, which have essential roles in mediating cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration in most human tissues. TbetaRIII is the most abundantly expressed TGF-beta superfamily receptor and functions as a TGF-beta superfamily co-receptor, by binding the TGF-beta superfamily members, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, or TGF-beta3, inhibin, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, and GDF-5 and presents these ligand to their respective signaling receptors to activate or repress (in the case of inhibin) TGF-beta1, BMP, or activin signaling to the Smad transcription factors. For example, in the case of TGF-beta1, 2, or 3, TbetaRIII presents ligand to the TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII). Once bound to ligand, TbetaRII then recruits and transphosphorylates the TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaRI), activating its kinase function and leading to the phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 leads to formation of a complex with Smad4, and accumulation of this complex in the nucleus, where along with co-activators and co-repressors they regulate the transcription of genes involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and differentiation. In addition to regulating receptor mediated Smad signaling, TbetaRIII also mediates ligand dependent and independent p38 pathway signaling. TbetaRIII can also undergo ectodomain shedding to generate soluble TbetaRIII (sTbetaRIII), which binds and sequesters TGF-beta superfamily members to inhibit their signaling. Although sTbetaRIII expression has been demonstrated to correlate with the cell surface expression of TbetaRIII, little is known about the regulation of sTbetaRIII production. TbetaRIII shedding may be mediated in part by the membrane type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMP) MT1-MMP and/or MT3-MMP, and plasmin, a serine proteinase which has been shown to cleave the extracellular domain of TbetaRIII In addition, TbetaRIII shedding is modulated by pervanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Supporting this, TAPI-2, a MT-MMP and ADAM protease inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit TbetaRIII shedding. The regulation of TbetaRIII expression is sufficient to alter TGF-beta signaling. The cytoplasmic domain of TbetaRIII interacts with GAIP interacting protein, C terminus (GIPC), a PDZ-domain containing protein, which stabilizes TbetaRIII cell surface expression and increases TGF-beta signaling. The interaction between TbetaRIII and GIPC also plays an important role in TbetaRIII mediated inhibition of TGF-beta signaling, cell migration, and invasion during breast cancer progression. The cytoplasmic domain of TbetaRIII is phosphorylated by TbetaRII, which results in TbetaRIII binding to the scaffolding protein beta-arrestin2. The TbetaRIII/beta-arrestin2 interaction results in the co-internalization of beta-arrestin2/TbetaRIII/TbetaRII and the down-regulation of TGF-beta signaling. The interaction between TbetaRIII and beta-arrestin2 regulates BMP signaling as well as TGF-beta signaling. TbetaRIII complexes with ALK6, a BMP type I receptor, in a beta-arrestin2 dependent manner to mediate the internalization of ALK6 and stimulation of ALK6 specific BMP signaling events. Through its interaction with beta-arrestin2, TbetaRIII negatively regulates NFκ-B signaling in the context of breast cancer, regulates epithelial cellular adhesion to fibronectin, fibrillogenesis, and focal adhesion formation via regulation of alpha5beta1 internalization and trafficking to nascent focal adhesions, activates Cdc42, to alter the actin cytoskeleton and suppresses migration in normal and cancerous ovarian epithelial cells. During development, TbetaRIII has an important role in the formation of the atrioventricular cushion in the heart. Consistent with an important role for TbetaRIII during development, TGFbetaR3 null mice are embryonic lethal due to heart and liver defects. TGFbetaR3 has been recently identified as a tumor suppressor in multiple types of human cancers, including breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer. The loss of TGFbetaR3 in these cancer types correlates with disease progression, and results in increased motility and invasion in vitro and increased invasion and metastasis in vivo. (http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/TGFBR3ID42541ch1p33.html, visited 8/26/2019).
ChaperonesAccording to some embodiments, a subset of R immunomodulators may comprise one or more chaperone proteins. According to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more chaperone proteins. Thus, the disclosure encompasses a chaperone protein, including a full-length, fragment, homologue, variant or mutant of the chaperone protein. Chaperones are a functionally related group of proteins assisting protein folding in the cell under physiological and stress conditions. According to some embodiments, the chaperone protein is selected from one or more of GRP78/BiP, GRP94, GRP170, Calnexin, calreticulin, HSP47, ERp29, Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans-isomerase (PPI), Erp57, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, Hsp100.
According to some embodiments, the chaperone protein is membrane bound.
According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, comprises one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chaperone proteins, or variants or fragments thereof.
Immunoglobulin Superfamily (IgSF)According to some embodiments, a subset of R immunomodulators may comprise one or more IgSF proteins. According to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more IgS family proteins. Thus, the disclosure encompasses a member of the IgSF superfamily, including a full-length, fragment, homologue, variant or mutant of the IgSF superfamily member. The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a class of proteins that are associated with the adhesion, binding and recognition processes of cells. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins; they all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold. Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors, co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system, molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes, cell adhesion molecules, certain cytokine receptors and intracellular muscle proteins. Members of the IgSF can be classified as follows: antigen receptors (e.g. antibodies or immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM); antigen presenting molecules (e.g. MEW class I, MEW class II); co-receptors (e.g. CD4, CD8); co-stimulatory or inhibitory molecules (e.g. CD28, Cd80, CD86); receptors on Natural killer cells (e.g. killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR)); receptors on leukocytes (e.g., leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR)); IGSF CAMs (e.g., NCAMs, ICAM-1); cytokine receptors; growth factor receptors; receptor tyrosine kinases/phosphatases; IgG binding receptors.
According to some embodiments, the IgSF member is membrane bound.
Poliovirus Receptor (PVR/CD155) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. PVR/CD155 mediates NK cell adhesion and triggers NK cell effector functions. PVR/CD155 binds two different NK cell receptors: CD96 and CD226. These interactions accumulate at the cell-cell contact site, leading to the formation of a mature immunological synapse between NK cell and target cell. This may trigger adhesion and secretion of lytic granules and IFN-gamma (IFNγ) and activate cytoxicity of activated NK cells, and may also promote NK cell-target cell modular exchange, and PVR transfer to the NK cell.
Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2), also known as Nectin-2, is a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein with two Ig-like C2-type domains and an Ig-like V-type domain. This protein is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions.
CD48 antigen (Cluster of Differentiation 48), also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (SLAMF2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD48 gene. CD48 is a member of the CD2 subfamily of the IgSF, which includes SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecules) proteins, such as CD84, CD150, CD229 and CD244. CD48 is found on the surface of lymphocytes and other immune cells, dendritic cells and endothelial cells, and participates in activation and differentiation pathways in these cells.
NK-T-B antigen (NTBA) is a surface molecule expressed on NK, T, and B cells. In human NK cells, NTBA has been shown to act primarily as a coreceptor since it could trigger cytolytic activity only in cells expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR). Molecular cloning revealed that NTBA is a member of the Ig superfamily characterized by structural features that allowed its assignment to the CD2 family.
According to one embodiment, the IgSF protein is IgG. According to one embodiment, the IgSF protein is PVR/CD155. According to one embodiment, the IgSF protein is CD48. According to one embodiment, the IgSF protein is Nectin2. According to one embodiment, the IgSF protein is NK-T-B antigen.
Immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoproteins produced by immune cells. Antibodies are serum proteins, the molecules of which possess small areas of their surface that are complementary to small chemical groupings on their targets. These complementary regions (referred to as complementary determining regions (CDRs), or antibody combining sites, or antigen binding sites) of which there are at least two per antibody molecule, and in some types of antibody molecules ten, eight, or in some species as many as 12, may react with their corresponding complementary region on the antigen (the antigenic determinant or epitope) to link several molecules of multivalent antigen together to form a lattice. Immunoglobulins play a critical role in an immune response by binding to particular antigens, such as those exhibited by bacteria or viruses. According to some embodiments, the binding of immunoglobulins to antigens may target them for destruction by the subject's immune cells.
The basic structural unit of a whole antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, two identical light (L) chains (each containing about 220 amino acids) and two identical heavy (H) chains (each usually containing about 440 amino acids). The two heavy chains and two light chains are held together by a combination of noncovalent and covalent (disulfide) bonds. The molecule is composed of two identical halves, each with an identical antigen-binding site composed of the N-terminal region of a light chain and the N-terminal region of a heavy chain. Both light and heavy chains usually cooperate to form the antigen binding surface.
In mammals, there are five classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with its own class of heavy chain-α (for IgA), δ (for IgD), ε (for IgE), γ (for IgG) and μ (for IgM). In addition, there are four subclasses of IgG immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) having γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4 heavy chains respectively. In its secreted form, IgM is a pentamer composed of five four-chain units, giving it a total of 10 antigen binding sites. Each pentamer contains one copy of a J chain, which is covalently inserted between two adjacent tail regions.
Diverse libraries of immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (Vκ and Vλ) chain variable genes from peripheral blood lymphocytes also can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Genes encoding single polypeptide chains in which the heavy and light chain variable domains are linked by a polypeptide spacer can be made by randomly combining heavy and light chain V-genes using PCR.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be engineered to express an IgG1 heavy chain constant region. In nature, the Ig gamma-1 (IgG-1) chain C region is a protein encoded by the IGHG1 gene in humans. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may express a membrane bound form IgG-1 chain C protein of SEQ ID NO: 1. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a secreted form of IgG-1 chain C of SEQ ID NO: 2. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a secreted form of IgG-1 chain C of SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to one or more of proteins with an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to one or more proteins with amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 45, and SEQ ID NO: 46.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an IgG protein that is capable of binding to tumor cell specific antigens. For example, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an IgG protein capable of binding to a prostate cancer specific antigen; e.g., the extracellular region of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (See Chang, S., Overview of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen, Reviews in Urology, Vol. 6 Suppl. 10, S13 (2004)). According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an IgG protein that is capable of binding to immune cell specific antigens. For example, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an IgG protein capable of binding to T cell markers, e.g., CD3, CD4, or CD8. According to another example, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an IgG protein capable of binding to dendritic cell markers, e.g. CD11 c or CD123.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be engineered to express an IgG3 heavy chain constant region. In nature, the IgG3 heavy chain constant region comprises CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3 domains, and is encoded by the IGHG3 gene in humans; the IGHG3 gene comprises structural polymorphisms comprising different hinge lengths. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express an IgG-3 heavy chain constant region of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express a derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 with amino acids 1-76 missing. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 with amino acids 1-76 missing. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 with amino acids 77-98 replaced with amino acids QMQGVNCTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 101). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising an E213Q variant (SEQ ID NO: 16). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a P221L variant (SEQ ID NO: 17). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising an E224Q variant (SEQ ID NO: 18). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a Y226F variant (SEQ ID NO: 19). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a D242N variant (SEQ ID NO: 20). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a N245D variant (SEQ ID NO: 21). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a T269A variant (SEQ ID NO: 22). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a S314N variant (SEQ ID NO: 23). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a deleted 5314 (SEQ ID NO: 24). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to express the derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising F366Y variant (SEQ ID NO: 25).
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 4.
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express one or more IgG heavy chain variable regions. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express a lambda/kappa light chain constant and/or light chain variable region. According to some embodiments, the hinge region of IgG binds to the FcγR receptors on immune cells. According to some embodiments, the IgG is effective to activate the FcγR and enhance presentation of antigens (e.g. PSA associated with prostate cancer cells).
According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be engineered to express an intact monoclonal or polyclonal antibody on the cell surface of the tumor cell. According to some embodiments, the intact monoclonal or polyclonal antibody may be designed to deliver a molecule that elicits an immunogenic response. For example, according to some embodiments, the intact monoclonal antibody may be designed to bind to DNA to deliver CpG motifs to immune cells.
According to some embodiments, the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA may be mimicked by engineering an immunomodulator to deliver unmethylated CpG motifs to immune cells. For example, according to some embodiments, the IgG may be engineered to bind to biotin, which is then capable of delivering biotinylated CpG to cells of the immune system. According to some embodiments, CpG motifs may be bound directly or indirectly to the surface of the tumor cells of the tumor cell vaccine to prevent systemic effects. According to some embodiments, CpG motifs may be conjugated to one or more antigens presented on the surface of tumor cells from the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. According to some embodiments, the CpG is a class A CpG. According to some embodiments, the CpG is a class B CpG. According to some embodiments, the CpG is a class C CpG. According to some embodiments, the CpG is a CpG 30-mer of the sequence 5′ EEAACCGTATCGGCGATATCGGTTEEEEEG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 102). As used herein with respect to CpG motifs, “E” is a G-phosphorothioate and this linkage refers to the 3′ end of the nucleotide (i.e. the phosphorothioate bond substitutes a sulfur atom for a non-bridging oxygen in the nucleotide backbone). According to some embodiments, the CpG is a biotinylated 30-mer of the sequence 5′-biotin-EEAACCGTATCGGCGATATCGGTTEEEEEG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 102). According to some embodiments, the CpG is a CpG 30-mer of the sequence 5′ EEAACCGTATGCGGCATATCGGTTEEEEEG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 103). According to some embodiments, the CpG is a biotinylated CpG 30-mer of the sequence 5′-biotin-EEAACCGTATGCGGCATATCGGTTEEEEEG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 103).
According to some embodiments, the IgG may be engineered as a hybrid of one or more IgG subclasses. For example, according to some embodiments, the IgG comprises sequences from IgG1 and IgG3. According to some embodiments, the IgG may be engineered to have an affinity for biotin. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 45.
According to some embodiments, the IgG comprises one or more mutations relative to wild type IgG that enhance affinity for Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR). According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins of SEQ ID NO: 45 with one or more of mutations T323A and E325A. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be genetically engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the proteins of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 43.
According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the tumor cells comprising one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) IgSF proteins, or variants or fragments thereof.
Chemokine ReceptorsAccording to some embodiments, a subset of R immunomodulators may comprise one or more chemokine receptors. Chemokine receptors are defined as mediators that activate cellular responses upon binding of chemokines. Twenty-three subtypes of human chemokine receptors have been identified, all of which are members of the seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain superfamily of receptors. They can be divided into two main groups: the G protein—coupled chemotactic chemokine receptors (n=19) and the atypical chemokine receptors (n=4). Chemokine binding, membrane anchoring, and signaling domains for receptors from both groups come from a single polypeptide chain. Structural and biochemical evidence exists that these receptors form homo- and heterodimers.
According to some embodiments, the chemokine receptor is membrane bound.
According to one embodiment, the disclosure encompasses an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine, comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes, the population comprising one or more chemokine receptors. Thus, the disclosure encompasses a chemokine receptor, including a full-length, fragment, homologue, variant or mutant of the chemokine receptor. A cytokine includes a protein that is effective to affect the biological function of another cell. A biological function affected by a cytokine can include, but is not limited to, cell growth, cell differentiation or cell death. For example, a chemokine receptor of the present disclosure is capable of stimulating an immune cell (e.g. T lymphocytes (e.g., CD8+ T cell), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes).
According to some embodiments, the chemokine receptor is selected from one or more of CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXCR8, CCR8, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR4, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR1, and CXCR3.
CD28 Ligand (CD28L)Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Esenstein, J H et al, Immunity (2016) 44(5): 973-988). CD28 drives critical intracellular biochemical events including unique phosphorylation and transcriptional signaling, metabolism, and the production of key cytokines, chemokines, and survival signals that are essential for long-term expansion and differentiation of T cells (Id., citing Bluestone, J A et al., Immunity. (2006)24: 233-238; Bour-Jordan, H. et al., Immunol Rev. (2011) 241:180-205; Martin, P J et al., J Immunol. (1986) 136: 3282-3287; Weiss, A. et al., J Immunol. (1986) 137:819-825).
CD28 is the founding member of a subfamily of costimulatory molecules characterized by an extracellular variable immunoglobulin-like domain. Other members of the subfamily include ICOS, CTLA4, PD1, PD1H, and BTLA (Id., citing Chen, L. and Flies, D. B., Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13:227-242). CD28 is expressed constitutively on mouse T cells, whereas the expression of other family members ICOS and CTLA4 is induced by T cell receptor stimulation and in response to cytokines such as interleukin 2 (IL-2). CD28 is expressed on roughly 80% of human CD4+ T cells and 50% CD8+ T cells. The proportion of CD28 positive T cells in humans declines with age. Although CD28 expression has been identified on other cell lineages, including bone marrow stromal cells, plasma cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils, the functional importance of CD28 on these cells is not completely understood (Id., citing Gray Parkin, K., et al., J Immunol. (2002) 169:2292-2302; Rozanski, C H et al., J Exp Med. (2011) 208:1435-1446; Venuprasad, K., et al., Eur J Immunol. (2001) 31:1536-1543; Woerly, G. et al., Clin Exp Allergy. (2004) 34:1379-1387).
The CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 diverge in their expression patterns, multimeric states, and functionality, adding another layer of complexity to the regulation of CD28 signaling. CD80 is present in predominantly dimeric form on the cell surface whereas CD86 is monomeric (Id., citing Bhatia, S. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2005) 102:15569-155742005). CD86 is expressed constitutively on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and is rapidly upregulated by innate stimuli of APCs (Id., citing Lenschow, D J et al., J Immunol. (1994) 153:1990-1997), whereas the other CD28 ligand, CD80, is upregulated at later time points (Id., citing Sharpe, A J and Freeman, G J, Nat Rev Immunol. (2002) 2:116-126). CD86 may therefore be more important in the initiation of immune responses. CD80 and CD86 are induced by different stimuli in different cell types and they are not interchangeable in function.
CD28 and CTLA4 have opposing effects on T cell stimulation. CD28 provides an activating signal and CTLA4 provides an inhibitory signal, which is now considered a prototypical immune checkpoint (Id., citing Krummel, M F and Allison, JP, J Exp Med. 1995; 182:459-465; Walunas, T L et al., Immunity. (1994) 1:405-413). ICOS, which also contributes to activation, binds to its ligand B7H2 (ICOSL), which also serves as a ligand for human CD28 and CTLA4 (Id., citing Chen, L. and Flies, DB, Nat Rev Immunol. (2013) 13:227-242; Yao, S. et al., Immunity (2011) 34:729-740). Thus, this family of receptors and ligands has considerable complexity in both binding pattern and biological effect. Overall, the opposing roles of CD28 and ICOS compared with CTLA4 allow this family of receptors and ligands to serve as a rheostat for the immune response through competing pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Id.
It has been suggested that CD80 and CD86 may also act as signal transducing receptors themselves, since ligation with CTLA4Ig has been shown to regulate tryptophan metabolism in APCs (Id., citing Grohmann, U et al., Nat Immunol. (2002) 3:1097-1101). In addition to T cells, plasma cells also express CD28. CD28 signals may regulate antibody production by plasma cells or plasma cell survival although the precise role that CD28 plays in plasma cell biology is still unclear (Id., citing Njau, N M and Jacob, J., Adv Exp Med Biol. (2013) 785:67-75).
The CD28 gene is composed of four exons encoding a protein of 220 amino acids that is expressed on the cell surface as a glycosylated, disulfide-linked homodimer of 44 kDa. Members of the CD28 family share a number of common features. These receptors consist of paired V-set immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains attached to single transmembrane domains and cytoplasmic domains that contain critical signaling motifs (Id., citing Carreno, B M and Collins, M, Annu Rev Immunol. (2002) 20: 29-53). The CD28 and CTLA4 ligands, CD80 and CD86, consist of single V-set and Cl-set IgSF domains. The interaction of these costimulatory receptors with ligand is mediated through the MYPPPY motif (SEQ ID NO: 105) within the receptor V-set domains (Id., citing Evans, E J et al., Nat Immunol. (2005) 6:271-279; Metzler, W J et al., Nat Struct Biol. (1997) 4: 527-531).
CD28 engagement by its ligand initiates signal transduction events that are dependent on specific associations of proteins with the cytoplasmic tail of CD28. Despite having no intrinsic enzymatic activity, the 41 amino acid cytoplasmic tail of human CD28 contains highly conserved tyrosine-based signaling motifs that are phosphorylated in response to TCR or CD28 stimulation, and bind targets with SH2 domains in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Proline rich sequences within the cytoplasmic tail also bind SH3-domain containing proteins. In particular, the membrane proximal YMNM motif (SEQ ID NO: 106), and the distal PYAP motif (SEQ ID NO: 107) have been shown to complex with several kinases and adaptor proteins, with some proteins being able to bind to either or both motifs via SH2 and/or SH3 domain interactions (Id., citing Boomer, J S and Green, J M, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2010) 2: a002436). These motifs are important for IL-2 gene expression, which is mediated by the CD28-dependent activation of NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB family transcription factors (Id., citing Fraser, J D et al., Science. (1991) 251:313-316; June, C H et al., Mol Cell Biol. (1987) 7: 4472-4481; Thompson, C B et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1989) 86:1333-1337).
The membrane-proximal YXXM motif is shared between CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS, and is a consensus site for the p85 subunit of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) (Id., citing August, A. and Dupont, B. Int Immunol. (1994) 6:769-774; Pages, F., et al., Nature. (1994) 369: 327-329; Prasad, K V et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1994) 91: 2834-2838; Rudd, C E and Schneider, H., Nat Rev Immunol. (2003) 3: 544-556). In addition to the +3 methionine of the CD28 sequence, YMNM (SEQ ID NO: 106), which confers PI3K specificity, the +2 asparagine confers specificity for the adaptor proteins GRB2 and GADS on CD28 (Id., citing Cai, Y C et al., Immunity. (1995) 3: 417-426; Kim, H H et al., J Biol Chem. (1998) 273: 296-301; Okkenhaug, K. and Rottapel, R., 1998; Okkenhaug et al., J Biol Chem. (1998) 273: 21194-21202; Raab, Metal., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1995) 92: 8891-8895; Stein, P H et al., Mol Cell Biol. (1994) 14: 3392-3402). Both ICOS and CTLA4 can bind to PI3K but lack the ability to bind GRB2, which may account for some of the functional and signaling differences between these costimulatory receptors (Id., citing Rudd, C E and Schneider,H Nat Rev Immunol. (2003) 3: 544-556). The importance of the YMNM motif (SEQ ID NO: 106) in mediating proliferation and IL-2 secretion has been controversial, Signaling events downstream of the C-terminal PYAP motif (SEQ ID NO: 107) are thought to include the phosphorylation and activation of the kinases PDK1 and PKCO, and the subsequent inactivation of GSK3β, ultimately leading to enhanced transcription of NFAT-dependent genes, including IL-2. SH3-mediated binding and activation of the Src kinase Lck (Id., citing Holdorf, A D et al., J Exp Med. (1999) 190: 375-384; King, P D et al., J Immunol. (1997) 158: 580-590) is proposed as a potential regulator of this pathway. The adaptor proteins, GRB2 and GADS can bind to CD28 either through their SH3 domains at the distal PYAP motif (SEQ ID NO: 107) or via their SH2 domains to the membrane proximal YMNM motif (SEQ ID NO: 106). However, it is the C-terminal PYAP motif (SEQ ID NO: 107) that is thought to play the greater role in NF-κB activation, suggesting that other signaling molecules important for NF-κB activation bind to the C-terminal PYAP motif (SEQ ID NO: 107), such as Lck, as discussed above ((Id., citing Holdorf, A D et al., J Exp Med. (1999) 190: 375-384; Watanabe, R. et al., J Immunol. (2006) 177:1085-1091).
Although CD28 ligation is critical in promoting proliferation and effector function of conventional T cells, it also promotes the anti-inflammatory function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Thus, CD28 serves both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles depending on the cell type and context in which it is expressed. CD28 signals are critical for allowing effector T cells to overcome Treg cell-mediated suppression to immunization (Id., citing Lyddane, C et al., J Immunol. (2006) 176: 3306-3310), but CD28 in another context prevents spontaneous autoimmunity by promoting Treg function (Id., citing Salomon B. et al., Immunity. 2000; 12:431-440).
CD28 supports T cell homeostasis and function in a variety of ways. CD28 signals support the expression of miR17-92 family members, which are critical for maximal IL-10 production by Treg cells (de Kouchkovsky, D et al., J Immunol. (2013) 191: 1594-1605). Thymocytes require simultaneous TCR and CD28 signals to upregulate Foxp3 and differentiate into Treg cells. CD28 is also necessary for the production of peripheral induced Treg cells. CD4+CD25− T cells required CD28 ligation to differentiate into functional Foxp3+Treg cells when activated with TGF-β.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to express a membrane bound form of CD80 on the membrane of the ENLIST™ of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO:110. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 110.
According to some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to express a membrane bound form of CD86 on the membrane of the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 60% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 70% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 80% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 95% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 96% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 97% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 98% to the protein of SEQ ID NO:111. According to some embodiments, the population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells may be engineered to comprise one or more proteins with a sequence identity of at least 99% to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 111.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is adapted for rapid in vitro evaluation using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects and cancer patients to examine inter-individual variability as well as normal to patient differences, thus avoiding animal experimentation.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is adapted to provide clinical benefit in the short term by the induction of strong anti-allogeneic vaccine responses, and, in the long term, to provide a long lived and cross reactive response to the endogenous unmodified host tumor. According to some embodiments, the immune response against the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprises a heteroclitic cross reaction between a peptide native to the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant and a peptide native to the tumor cells of a patient receiving the vaccine (See, e.g.,
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is derived from tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants genetically modified to comprise recombinant immunomodulatory signals that are expressed in therapeutic amounts. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is derived from a uniform starting material, such as a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant, wherein multiple discrete biologics are expressed in the starting material in either soluble or membrane bound form. According to some embodiments, expression and activity of the soluble and membrane bound forms are confirmed, in vitro, by flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte tumor assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. According to some embodiments, expression and activity of the soluble and membrane bound forms are confirmed, in vitro, by flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte tumor assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the vaccinated cancer patient against the allogeneic tumor cells used to immunize.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, each encoding a membrane bound or secreted signaling molecule. According to some embodiments, each membrane bound immunomodulatory molecule is adapted to deliver a therapeutic amount in sub-pharmacologic doses that is active in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to provide signaling predominantly at the time and place of antigen presentation. According to some embodiments, the membrane bound immunomodulatory molecules are adapted to decrease the probability of systemic side effects. According to some embodiments, the secreted immunomodulatory molecules are adapted to deliver local, not systemic, signals.
According to some aspects, the allogeneic vaccine comprises genetic material that is effective to genetically introduce one or more immunomodulatory molecules into a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. According to some embodiments, the genetic material can be introduced by viral transduction techniques and isolated by positive selection for the genetically introduced immune modulator. For example, according to some embodiments, the positive selection of the genetically introduced immune modulator molecule comprises selection using antibodies. According to some embodiments, the immunomodulatory molecules are diverse and complementary with respect to impact on key immune cell subsets such as dendritic cells, and lymphocyte sub-populations (e.g. T cells, Natural Killer cells, and T-regulatory cells). According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a variety of immunomodulatory molecules directed to a variety of immunomodulatory pathways on various immune cell subsets, wherein not all pathways will equally contribute to an immunogenic response in individual cancer patients. According to some embodiments, the immunomodulatory molecules genetically introduced into a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant are stably expressed.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the allogeneic tumor cell comprising a core of three stably expressed essential exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine further comprises one or more additional subsets of stably expressed exogenous immunomodulator molecules, designated as R groups (by analogy to those in a core chemical structure), with each subset comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, a subset R can comprise 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus one R subset comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules 4-IBBL, GM-CSF, OX40L, plus two R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus three R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus four R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus five R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus six R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus seven R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus eight R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus nine R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of the present disclosure comprises a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stably express at least the three essential stably expressed exogenous immunomoculatory molecules OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70), and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86 or both, plus ten R subsets comprising 3-25 immunomodulators.
Assessing Immunogenic Potential Mixed Lymphocyte Tumor Cell ReactivityAccording to some embodiments, the genetically introduced immunomodulators may be assessed for their immunogenic potential by a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction (MLTR). The MLTR assay comprises incubating mixed lymphocytes with tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants (or controls) for several days to allow the tumor cells of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant to elicit an immune response from the mixed lymphocytes in vitro. This method can provide a rapid in vitro method to assess mixed lymphocyte responses (such as cellular proliferation of lymphocytes, cellular subset differentiation of lymphocytes, cytokine release profile of lymphocytes, and tumor cell death) to tumor cells or lysates. This approach can enable comprehensive monitoring of cellular, humoral, or both, immunity responses to phenotypically modified transfected tumor cells using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The MLTR also can provide an alternative to murine tumor survival studies, and can result in selection of optimal tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants for anti-tumor response. A similar assay has been described by Hunter T B et al., (2007) Scandanavian J. Immunology 65, 479-486, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The MLTR was first described by Stjernsward J, et al. in 1970 (Clin Exp Immunol 6: 963-668, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) and was based on the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) method. Uchida A, et al. describe generation of specific and non-specific killer T cells using a MLTR (Int J. Canc (1988) 41: 651-656, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein). The MLTR is an accepted model of an immune response, as shown for example by Eini et al. (Biochemical Pharmacology Volume 98, Issue 1, 1 Nov. 2015, Pages 110-118, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein), which uses the MLTR assay to evaluate immune response modulation (e.g., elevation in proinflammatory cytokine release); Wang et al., (Eur J Immunol. 1995 May; 25(5):1163-7, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) which assess the effect of heat stable antigen on T-cell proliferation using a MLTR assay; and Xiu et al. (J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 May; 85(5):511-21. Epub 2007 Jan. 12, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein), which use an MLTR assay to determine the effect of superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-coated tumor cells on tumor-specific T cell response.
According to some embodiments, tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be tested for immunogenic potential by contacting transfected tumor cells with mixed lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, followed by measuring at least one of cellular proliferation, cellular subset differentiation, cytokine release profile, and tumor cell lysate.
According to some embodiments, mixed lymphocytes may be obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by a Ficoll-Paque gradient. Briefly, anticoagulant-treated blood may be diluted in the range of 1:2 to 1:4 with PBS/EDTA to reduce aggregation of erythrocytes. The diluted blood may then be layered above a Ficoll-Paque solution in a centrifuge tube, without mixing. The layered blood/Ficoll-Paque may be centrifuged for 40 minutes at 400×g between 18° and 20° C., without the use of the centrifuge brake, resulting in the formation of blood fractions comprising, from top to bottom, a first fraction comprising blood plasma; a second fraction comprising mononuclear cells; a third fraction comprising Ficoll-Paque media; and a fourth fraction comprising granulocytes and erythrocytes.
The fractions may be further processed to isolate specific fraction components. For example, to further process mononuclear cells, the second fraction comprising mononuclear cells may be carefully removed from the Ficoll-Paque gradient using a Pasteur pipet. Alternatively, the second fraction may be removed directly by puncturing the tube with a needle and directly withdrawing the second fraction. The second fraction may then be washed and centrifuged at 300×g, 18° and 20° C., three times with PBS/EDTA, discarding the supernatant after each round.
According to some embodiments, tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be co-cultured with the PBMCs comprising lymphocytes for seven days to allow for direct evaluation of activation of anti-tumor response in the presence of immunomodulators from the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants.
According to some embodiments, one parameter used for measuring activation of lymphocytes may be cellular proliferation. According to some embodiments, proliferation may be detected by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Briefly, approximately 5×103 tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells may be co-cultured with approximately 1×106 mixed lymphocytes in round bottomed 96-well plates. After three days of culture, cells may be pulsed with 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine for 18 hours. The cells may then be harvested onto filter mats, and 3H-thymidine incorporation may be measured using a scintillation counter. Proliferation of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants compared to non-transfected tumor cell controls may be measured. An increase, a decrease, or no change in proliferation relative to controls, are possible outcomes.
According to some embodiments, another parameter for measuring activation of lymphocytes may be the cytokine release profile. For example, the number of responsive T cells in the mixed lymphocyte population may be quantified by enzyme linked immunospot (ELISpot) analysis of IFN-gamma and/or IL-2 production by PBMCs. Briefly, PBMCs comprising mixed lymphocytes and a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be co-cultured between 3 and 7 days. Co-cultured cells may then be harvested and incubated on ELISpot plates pre-coated with anti-IFN-gamma and/or anti-IL-2 antibodies. After 20 hours, cells may be removed by washing 2 times in distilled water and two times in washing buffer. ELISpot plates may then be contacted with biotinylated anti-IFN-gamma and/or anti-IL-2 antibodies and streptavidin alkaline phosphatase in blocking buffer for 1-2 hours. After washing, plates may be contacted with alkaline phosphatase substrate until dark spot emerge. Plates may then be washed in tap water and air dried. Spots are then quantified manually or by plate reader and compared to non-transfected tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant control group.
According to some embodiments, another parameter for measuring activation of lymphocytes may be by quantifying cellular subset differentiation. For example, the differentiation of CD45+/CD3+ T-lymphocytes to CD45+/CD3+/CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes, CD45+/CD3+/CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and CD45+/CD3+/CD25+ activated T-lymphocytes may be quantified by flow cytometry analysis.
According to some embodiments, another parameter for measuring activation of lymphocytes may be by quantifying tumor cell cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity of tumor cells may be measured by any number of established methods. For example, according to some embodiments, an LDH-Cytotoxicity colorimetric assay kit (BioVision Cat. # K311-400) may be used to measure cytotoxicity of tumor cells by testing for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from damaged cells into the growth media. Briefly, 100 μl of media from each of the control group (comprising untransfected tumor cells), the experimental group (comprising immune modulator transfected tumor cells), and media alone may be pipetted into the wells of a 96 well plate. 100 μl of the LDH reaction mixture, comprising dye solution and catalyst solution, may then be added to the wells of the 96 well plate and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then the samples may be measured for light absorbance at 490-500 nm using a microliter plate reader.
Stimulation of Immune CellsAs described herein, the present disclosure provides an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, wherein the tumor cells are genetically engineered to stimulate one or more immune cells (e.g., one or more of T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes). The stimulation of the immune cells can enhance normal cellular functions, or initiate normal cell functions in an abnormal cell.
According to some embodiments, stimulating the T-lymphocytes comprises activating and/or expanding the T lymphocytes. According to some embodiments, stimulating the NK cells comprises activating and/or expanding the NK cells. According to some embodiments, stimulating the DCs comprises activating and/or expanding the DCs. According to some embodiments, stimulating the B lymphocytes comprises activating and/or expanding the B lymphocytes.
According to some embodiments, the disclosure provides an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens that are effective to stimulate immune killer cells. Immune killer cells that may be stimulated include, for example, cytolytic T cells (CD8+ cells), memory CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. According to one embodiment, the killer immune cells are Natural Killer (NK) cells. According to one embodiment, the NK cells are memory-like NK cells. According to one embodiment, the killer immune cells are CD8+ T-cells. According to one embodiment, the CD8+ T-cells are memory T cells. Accordingly, the present invention also provides populations of cells resulting from stimulation with the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein.
It is a feature of the present invention that, according to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines are effective to stimulate more than one type of immune killer cell at the same time, for example, more than one of cytolytic T cells (CD8+ cells), memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines are effective to stimulate both CD8+ T cells and NK cells.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine stimulates CD8+ T cells, where the expression of certain exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, compared to other exogenous stimulatory molecules, stimulate CD8+ T cells that kill more effectively than others.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine stimulates NK cells, where the expression of certain exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, compared to other exogenous stimulatory molecules, stimulate NK cells that kill more effectively than others.
According to some embodiments, “stimulating the immune killer cells” refers to expansion of the immune killer cell. According to some embodiments, “stimulating the immune killer cells” refers to activation of the immune killer cell. According to some embodiments, “stimulating the immune killer cells” refers to an increase in cytoxicity of the immune killer cell.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines as described herein are sufficient to stimulate a population of immune killer cells ex vivo. In other embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines as described herein are sufficient to stimulate a population of immune killer cells in vivo.
NK Cell Activation and Expansion
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to activate NK cells.
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to expand NK cells.
Degranulation/Cytotoxicity
The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct “natural killing” of cellular targets without prior sensitization.
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to activate and expand NK cells, such that the NK cells that are activated and expanded by the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein exhibit higher degranulation activity compared to control NK cells. For example, degranulation activity can be estimated through the determination of CD107a expression, for example by flow cytometry. CD107a surface expression correlates closely with degranulation and release of cytotoxic granules. Degranulation as measured by CD107a expression correlates to cytotoxic activity of an effector cell, such as an NK cell. The method of determining degranulation activity through the determination of CD107a expression is well known to a person skilled in the art. See, for example, Alter G, Malenfant J M, Altfeld M. CD107a as a functional marker for the identification of natural killer cell activity. J Immunol Methods. 2004; 294: 15-22, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells, obtained following ex vivo or in vivo stimulation with the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines of the invention, comprise at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80% or about 90% increased cytotoxicity, e.g. as measured by degranulation activity, compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 100% increased cytotoxicity compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 200% increased cytotoxicity compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 300% increased cytotoxicity compared to non-ex vivo expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 400% increased cytotoxicity compared to non-ex vivo expanded NK cells.
According to one embodiment the expanded and activated NK cells, obtained following ex vivo or in vivo stimulation with the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines of the invention, comprise at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80% or about 90% increased degranulation activity compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 100% increased degranulation activity compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 200% increased degranulation activity compared to non expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 300% increased degranulation activity compared to non-ex vivo expanded NK cells. According to one embodiment, the expanded and activated NK cells comprise at least about 400% increased degranulation activity compared to non-ex vivo expanded NK cells.
Markers of NK Cell Maturation and Activation
Human NK cells are phenotypically characterized by the expression of CD56 and the absence of CD3 and can be further subdivided into a CD56bright population and a CD56dim population. The CD56bright population produces immunoregulatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-10, and IL-13 (4). The CD56dim subset is the terminally differentiated successor of the CD56bright population and is primarily responsible for exerting cytolytic functions. However, CD56dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFNγ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15.
According to one embodiment, various markers of NK cell maturation and/or activation can be detected using, e.g. flow cytometric methods. For example, a classical marker of NK cells is the activating receptor FcγRIII, also called CD16.
The activation of NK cells leads to the release of cytotoxic granules containing perforin and various granzymes and to cytokine production, most prominently interferon-γ (IFNγ). In addition, the expression at the cell surface of death-inducing ligands belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, such as Fas ligand (FasL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also drives the activation of the caspase enzymatic cascade through the binding to the death receptors (DRs), namely, Fas, DR4 (TRAIL-RI), and DR5 (TRAIL-RII), on target cells.
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein upregulate at least one NK cell activating receptor (e.g., an activating receptor listed in Table 3) by at least about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 300% or more. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein upregulate at least one NK cell activating receptor by at least about 75%, i.e., at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 100%, at least about 110%, at least about 120%, at least about 130%, at least about 140%, at least about 150%, at least about 160%, at least about 170%, at least about 180%, at least about 190%, at least about 200%. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein upregulate at least one NK cell activating receptor by at least about 100%. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein upregulate at least one NK cell activating receptor by at least about 200%.
According to another embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein downregulate expression of at least one NK cell receptor, such as an inhibitory receptor or a chemokine receptor (e.g. CCR7). For example, certain NK cell inhibitory receptors are called KIRs (Killing Inhibitory Receptors or CD158). Non-limiting examples of inhibitory receptors are inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), GL183, KIR2DL 1, Lir-1, NKB1, and NKG2A.
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein downregulate at least one NK cell inhibitory receptor (e.g., an inhibitory receptor listed in Table 4 below) by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 110%, 120%, at least about 130%, about 140%, at least about 150%, at least about 160%, at least about 170%, at least about 180%, at least about 190%, at least about 200%, at least about 220%, at least about 230%, at least about 240%, at least about 250%, at least about 260%, at least about 270%, at least about 280%, at least about 290%, at least about 300% or more. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein downregulate at least one NK cell inhibitory receptor by at least about 75%. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein downregulate at least one NK cell inhibitory receptor by at least about 100%. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein downregulate at least one NK cell inhibitory receptor by at least about 200%.
The change in receptor expression can be calculated by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratios:
MFIdayX/MFIday0
where x is the number of days of expansion of the NK cell.
When the MFI for day X samples is higher than for day 0, the MFI ratio will be higher than 1, which indicates the relative extent of upregulation in that receptor. Thus, a MFI ratio of e.g. 1.5 would mean a 50% upregulation of a specific receptor. The calculation of MFI ratios is well known to persons skilled in the art.
Various NK cell activating or inhibitory receptors are shown below in Table 4. Bold type indicates family.
Abbreviations in Table 4: ACT, activation; BAT-3, HLA-B-associated transcript 3; H, human; HA, hemagglutinin; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; INHIB, inhibitory; KIR, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor; KLRG1, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1; LILR, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor; M, mouse; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MULT-1, mouse UL16-binding-like transcript-1; NCR, natural cytotoxicity receptor; NK, natural killer; PVR, polio virus receptor; RAE-1, retinoic acid early transcript-1.
CD8+ T Cell Activation and Expansion
According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to activate CD8+ T-cells. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to expand CD8+ T-cells. According to one embodiment, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to activate and expand CD8+ T-cells.
T cell activation and expansion can be measured by various assays as described herein. For example, T cell activities that may be measured include the induction of proliferation of T cells, the induction of signaling in T cells, the induction of expression of activation markers in T cells, the induction of cytokine secretion by T cells, and the cytotoxic activity of T cells. For example, in certain embodiments, CD8+ T cell activation is measured by a proliferation assay.
Cytokine Secretion
The activation of CD8+ T-cells by an allogeneic tumor cell vaccines of the invention may be assessed or measured by determining secretion of cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin-12 (IL-12) or interleukin 2 (IL-2). according to some embodiments, ELISA is used to determine cytokine secretion, for example secretion of gamma interferon (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin-12 (IL-12) or interleukin 2 (IL-2). The ELISPOT (enzyme-linked immunospot) technique may be used to detect T cells that secrete a given cytokine (e.g., gamma interferon (IFNγ)) in response to stimulation with the engineered tumor cells described herein. T cells are cultured with engineered tumor cells in wells which have been coated with anti-IFNγ antibodies. The secreted IFNγ is captured by the coated antibody and then revealed with a second antibody coupled to a chromogenic substrate. Thus, locally secreted cytokine molecules form spots, with each spot corresponding to one IFNγ-secreting cell. The number of spots allows one to determine the frequency of IFNγ-secreting cells in the analyzed sample. The ELISPOT assay has also been described for the detection of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and granzyme B-secreting lymphocytes (Klinman D, Nutman T. Current protocols in immunology. New York, N.Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1994. pp. 6.19.1-6.19.8, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein).
Flow cytometric analyses of intracellular cytokines may be used to measure the cytokine content in culture supernatants, but provides no information on the number of T cells that actually secrete the cytokine. When T cells are treated with inhibitors of secretion such as monensin or brefeldin A, they accumulate cytokines within their cytoplasm upon activation (e.g. with an engineered erythroid cell of the present invention). After fixation and permeabilization of the lymphocytes, intracellular cytokines can be quantified by cytometry. This technique allows the determination of the cytokines produced, the type of cells that produce these cytokines, and the quantity of cytokine produced per cell.
Cytotoxicity
The activation of CD8+ T-cells by an allogeneic tumor cell vaccines of the invention may be assessed by assaying the cytotoxic activity of the CD8+ T-cells.
The cytotoxic activity of T cells may be assessed by any suitable technique known to those of skill in the art. For example, a sample comprising T cells that have been exposed to the engineered erythroid cells according to the invention can be assayed for cytotoxic activity after an appropriate period of time, in a standard cytotoxic assay. Such assays may include, but are not limited to, the chromium release CTL assay and the Alamar Blue™ fluorescence assay known in the art.
Proliferation/Expansion
The ability of the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines of the invention to expand T cells can be evaluated using CFSE staining. To compare the initial rate of cell expansion, the cells are subject to CFSE staining to determine how well allogeneic tumor cell vaccines induced the proliferation of T cells. CFSE staining provides a much more quantitative endpoint and allows simultaneous phenotyping of the expanded cells. Every day after stimulation, an aliquot of cells is removed from each culture and analyzed by flow cytometry. CFSE staining makes cells highly fluorescent. Upon cell division, the fluorescence is halved and thus the more times a cell divides the less fluorescent it becomes. The ability of allogeneic tumor cell vaccines to induce T cell proliferation is quantitated by measuring the number of cells that divided once, twice, three times and so on. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccines that induce the greatest number of cell divisions at a particular time point is deemed as the most potent expander.
To determine how well these allogeneic tumor cell vaccines promote long-term growth of T cells, cell growth curves can be generated. These experiments are set up as the foregoing CFSE experiments, but no CFSE is used. Every 2-3 days of culture, T cells are removed from the respective cultures and counted using a Coulter counter which measures how many cells are present and the mean volume of the cells. The mean cell volume is the best predicator of when to restimulate the cells. In general, when T cells are properly stimulated they triple their cell volume. When this volume is reduced to more than about half of the initial blast, it may be necessary to restimulate the T cells to maintain a log linear expansion (Levine et al., 1996, Science 272:1939-1943; Levine et al., 1997, J. Immunol. 159:5921-5930). The time it takes each engineered erythroid cell to induce 20 population doublings is calculated. The relative differences of each allogeneic tumor cell vaccine to induce this level of T cell expansion is one criteria on which a particular allogeneic tumor cell vaccines is assessed.
In addition, the phenotypes of the cells expanded by each allogeneic tumor cell vaccine can be characterized to determine whether a particular subset is preferentially expanded. Prior to each restimulation, a phenotype analysis of the expanding T cell populations is performed to define the differentiation state of the expanded T cells using the CD27 and CD28 definitions proposed by Appay et al. (2002, Nature Med. 8, 379-385, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) and CCR7 definitions proposed by Sallusto et al. (1999, Nature 401:708-712, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein). Perforin and Granzyme B intracellular staining can be used to perform a gross measure to estimate cytolytic potential.
Apoptosis Markers
According to certain embodiments of the present invention, stimulation, activation, and expansion of T cells using the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines as described herein enhances expression of certain key molecules in T cells that protect against apoptosis or otherwise prolong survival in vivo or in vitro. Apoptosis usually results from induction of a specific signal in the T cell. Thus, the engineered tumor cells of the invention may provide for protecting a T cell from cell death resulting from stimulation of the T cell. Therefore, also included in the present invention is enhanced T cell growth by protection from premature death or from absence or depletion of recognized T cell growth markers, such as Bcl-xL, growth factors, cytokines, or lymphokines normally necessary for T cell survival, as well as from Fas or Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) cross-linking or by exposure to certain hormones or stress.
III. Methods of MakingVarious methods of making allogeneic tumor cell vaccines are contemplated by the present disclosure.
According to some embodiments, the disclosure features an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a population of proliferation incompetent tumor cells, comprising at least three stably expressed exogenous immunomodulatory molecule, produced by a process comprising providing an allogeneic parental tumor cell line; introducing an exogenous nucleic acid encoding the at least one exogenous immunomodulatory molecule into a tumor cell; generating tumor cell line variants by selecting for tumor cell clones that stably express an immunogenic amount of the exogenous immunomodulatory molecule; and selecting in a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction clonally derived cell line variants by one or more of the following parameters selected from cellular proliferation, cellular subset differentiation, cytokine release profile, and tumor cell lysis; wherein the selected clonally derived cell line variant is effective to stimulate activation of one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes. According to one embodiment, the tumor cells are rendered proliferation incompetent by irradiation. According to one embodiment, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises DNA or RNA. According to one embodiment, the introducing step comprises viral transduction. According to one embodiment, the introducing step comprises electroporation. According to one embodiment, the introducing step comprises utilizing one or more of liposome mediated transfer, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, a retroviral based vector, lipofection, and a lentiviral vector. According to one embodiment, the introducing step comprises introducing the exogenous nucleic acid by transfection of a lentiviral vector.
Lentiviral VectorsThe described invention provides nucleic acid constructs that encode two or more immunomodulators that can be expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. For example, the described invention provides expression vectors (e.g., DNA- or RNA-based vectors) containing nucleotide sequences that encode two or more immunomodulators. In addition, the described invention provides methods for making the vectors described herein, as well as methods for introducing the vectors into appropriate host cells for expression of the encoded polypeptides. In general, the methods provided herein include constructing nucleic acid sequences encoding two or more immunomodulators, and cloning the sequences into an expression vector. The expression vector can be introduced into host cells or incorporated into virus particles, either of which can be administered to a subject to, for example, treat cancer.
cDNA or DNA sequences encoding two or more immunomodulators can be obtained (and, if desired, modified) using conventional DNA cloning and mutagenesis methods, DNA amplification methods, and/or synthetic methods. In general, a sequence encoding two or more immunomodulators can be inserted into a cloning vector for genetic modification and replication purposes prior to expression. Each coding sequence can be operably linked to a regulatory element, such as a promoter, for purposes of expressing the encoded protein in suitable host cells in vitro and in vivo.
Expression vectors can be introduced into host cells for producing secreted immunomodulators. There are a variety of techniques available for introducing nucleic acids into viable cells. Techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use of liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, polymer-based systems, DEAE-dextran, viral transduction, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc. For in vivo gene transfer, a number of techniques and reagents may also be used, including liposomes; and natural polymer-based delivery vehicles, such as chitosan and gelatin; viral vectors are also suitable for in vivo transduction. In some situations it is desirable to provide a targeting agent, such as an antibody or ligand specific for a cell surface membrane protein. Where liposomes are employed, proteins which bind to a cell surface membrane protein associated with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake, e.g., capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type, antibodies for proteins which undergo internalization in cycling, proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half-life. The technique of receptor-mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3410-3414 (1990).
Where appropriate, gene delivery agents such as, e.g., integration sequences can also be employed. Numerous integration sequences are known in the art (see, e.g., Nunes-Duby etal., Nucleic Acids Res. 26:391-406, 1998; Sadwoski, J. Bacteriol., 165:341-357, 1986; Bestor, Cell, 122(3):322-325, 2005; Plasterk et al., TIG 15:326-332, 1999; Kootstra et al., Ann. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol., 43:413-439, 2003). These include recombinases and transposases. Examples include Cre (Sternberg and Hamilton, J. Mol. Biol., 150:467-486, 1981), lambda (Nash, Nature, 247, 543-545, 1974), FIp (Broach, et al., Cell, 29:227-234, 1982), R (Matsuzaki, et al., J. Bacteriology, 172:610-618, 1990), cpC31 (see, e.g., Groth etal., J. Mol. Biol. 335:667-678, 2004), sleeping beauty, transposases of the mariner family (Plasterk et al., supra), and components for integrating viruses such as AAV, retroviruses, and antiviruses having components that provide for virus integration such as the LTR sequences of retroviruses or lentivirus and the ITR sequences of AAV (Kootstra et al., Ann. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol., 43:413-439, 2003).
Cells may be cultured in vitro or genetically engineered, for example. Host cells can be obtained from normal or affected subjects, including healthy humans, cancer patients, private laboratory deposits, public culture collections such as the American Type Culture Collection, or from commercial suppliers.
Cells that can be used for production and secretion of two or more immunomodulators in vivo include, without limitation, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells, hepatocytes; blood cells such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, or granulocytes, various stem or progenitor cells, such as hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (e.g., as obtained from bone marrow), umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver, etc., and tumor cells (e.g., human tumor cells). The choice of cell type depends on the type of tumor or infectious disease being treated or prevented, and can be determined by one of skill in the art.
Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for post-translational processing and modification of proteins. A host cell may be chosen which modifies and processes the expressed gene products in a specific fashion similar to the way the recipient processes its heat shock proteins (hsps).
According to some embodiments, an expression construct as provided herein can be introduced into an antigenic cell. As used herein, antigenic cells can include preneoplastic cells that are infected with a cancer-causing infectious agent, such as a virus, but that are not yet neoplastic, or antigenic cells that have been exposed to a mutagen or cancer-causing agent, such as a DNA-damaging agent or radiation, for example. Other cells that can be used are preneoplastic cells that are in transition from a normal to a neoplastic form as characterized by morphology or physiological or biochemical function.
Typically, the cancer cells and preneoplastic cells used in the methods provided herein are of mammalian origin. According to some embodiments, cancer cells (e.g., human tumor cells) can be used in the methods described herein. Cell lines derived from a preneoplastic lesion, cancer tissue, or cancer cells also can be used. Cancer tissues, cancer cells, cells infected with a cancer-causing agent, other preneoplastic cells, and cell lines of human origin can be used. According to some embodiments, a cancer cell can be from an established tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant such as, without limitation, an established non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), bladder cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, sarcoma, breast carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, or colon carcinoma cell line.
Parent cell lines are described supra.
Further, according to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines provide for an adjuvant effect that further allows the immune system of a patient, when used in the various methods described herein, to be activated against a disease of interest.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic vectors can be used for expression of the two or more immunomodulators in the methods provided herein. Prokaryotic vectors include constructs based on E. coli sequences (see, e.g., Makrides, Microbiol Rev 1996, 60:512-538). Non-limiting examples of regulatory regions that can be used for expression in E. coli include lac, trp, 1pp, phoA, recA, tac, T3, T7 and lamda PL. Non-limiting examples of prokaryotic expression vectors may include the Agt vector series such as .lamda.gt11 (Huynh et al., in “DNA Cloning Techniques, Vol. I: A Practical Approach,” 1984, (D. Glover, ed.), pp. 49-78, IRL Press, Oxford), and the pET vector series (Studier et al., Methods Enzymol 1990, 185:60-89).
A variety of regulatory regions can be used for expression of the allogeneic tumor vaccines in mammalian host cells. For example, the SV40 early and late promoters, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, and the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) promoter can be used. Inducible promoters that may be useful in mammalian cells include, without limitation, promoters associated with the metallothionein II gene, mouse mammary tumor virus glucocorticoid responsive long terminal repeats (MMTV-LTR), the n-interferon gene, and the hsp70 gene (see, Williams et al., Cancer Res 1989, 49:2735-42; and Taylor et al., Mol Cell Biol 1990, 10:165-75). Heat shock promoters or stress promoters also may be advantageous for driving expression of the fusion proteins in recombinant host cells.
Animal regulatory regions that exhibit tissue specificity and have been utilized in transgenic animals also can be used in tumor cells of a particular tissue type: the elastase I gene control region that is active in pancreatic acinar cells (Swift et al., Cell 1984, 38:639-646; Ornitz et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1986, 50:399-409; and MacDonald, Hepatology 1987, 7:425-515); the insulin gene control region that is active in pancreatic beta cells (Hanahan, Nature 1985, 315:115-122), the immunoglobulin gene control region that is active in lymphoid cells (Grosschedl etal., Cell 1984, 38:647-658; Adames etal., Nature 1985, 318:533-538; and Alexander et al., Mol Cell Biol 1987, 7:1436-1444), the mouse mammary tumor virus control region that is active in testicular, breast, lymphoid and mast cells (Leder et al., Cell 1986, 45:485-495), the albumin gene control region that is active in liver (Pinkert et al., Genes Devel, 1987, 1:268-276), the alpha-fetoprotein gene control region that is active in liver (Krumlauf et al., Mol Cell Biol 1985, 5:1639-1648; and Hammer et al., Science 1987, 235:53-58); the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene control region that is active in liver (Kelsey et al., Genes Devel 1987, 1:161-171), the beta-globin gene control region that is active in myeloid cells (Mogram et al., Nature 1985, 315:338-340; and Kollias et al., Cell 1986, 46:89-94); the myelin basic protein gene control region that is active in oligodendrocyte cells in the brain (Readhead et al., Cell 1987, 48:703-712); the myosin light chain-2 gene control region that is active in skeletal muscle (Sani, Nature 1985, 314:283-286), and the gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control region that is active in the hypothalamus (Mason et al., Science 1986, 234:1372-1378).
An expression vector also can include transcription enhancer elements, such as those found in SV40 virus, Hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, immunoglobulin genes, metallothionein, and .beta.-actin (see, Bittner et al., Meth Enzymol 1987, 153:516-544; and Gorman, Curr Op Biotechnol 1990, 1:36-47). In addition, an expression vector can contain sequences that permit maintenance and replication of the vector in more than one type of host cell, or integration of the vector into the host chromosome. Such sequences include, without limitation, to replication origins, autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), centromere DNA, and telomere DNA.
In addition, an expression vector can contain one or more selectable or screenable marker genes for initially isolating, identifying, or tracking host cells that contain DNA encoding the immunogenic proteins as described herein. For long term, high yield production of gp96-Ig and T cell costimulatory fusion proteins, stable expression in mammalian cells can be useful. A number of selection systems can be used for mammalian cells. For example, the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell 1977, 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalski and Szybalski, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1962, 48:2026), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., Cell 1980, 22:817) genes can be employed in tk−, hgprf−, or aprf− cells, respectively. In addition, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980, 77:3567; O'Hare et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan and Berg, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78:2072); neomycin phosphotransferase (neo), which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colberre-Garapin et al., J Mol Biol 1981, 150:1); and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hyg), which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., Gene 1984, 30:147). Other selectable markers such as histidinol and Zeocin™ also can be used.
A number of viral-based expression systems also can be used with mammalian cells to produce the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines. Vectors using DNA virus backbones have been derived from simian virus 40 (SV40) (Hamer et al., Cell 1979, 17:725), adenovirus (Van Doren et al., Mol Cell Biol 1984, 4:1653), adeno-associated virus (McLaughlin et al., J Virol 1988, 62:1963), and bovine papillomas virus (Zinn et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79:4897). When an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the donor DNA sequence may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This fusion gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) can result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing heterologous products in infected hosts. (See, e.g., Logan and Shenk, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984, 81:3655-3659).
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) can infect many higher vertebrates, including man, and its DNA replicates as an episome. A number of shuttle vectors have been developed for recombinant gene expression, which exist as stable, multicopy (20-300 copies/cell) extrachromosomal elements in mammalian cells. Typically, these vectors contain a segment of BPV DNA (the entire genome or a 69% transforming fragment), a promoter with a broad host range, a polyadenylation signal, splice signals, a selectable marker, and “poisonless” plasmid sequences that allow the vector to be propagated in E. coli. Following construction and amplification in bacteria, the expression gene constructs are transfected into cultured mammalian cells by, for example, calcium phosphate coprecipitation. For those host cells that do not manifest a transformed phenotype, selection of transformants is achieved by use of a dominant selectable marker, such as histidinol and G418 resistance.
Alternatively, the vaccinia 7.5K promoter can be used. (See, e.g., Mackett et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79:7415-7419; Mackett et al., J Virol 1984, 49:857-864; and Panicali et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79:4927-4931.) In cases where a human host cell is used, vectors based on the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) origin (OriP) and EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1; a trans-acting replication factor) can be used. Such vectors can be used with a broad range of human host cells, e.g., EBO-pCD (Spickofsky et al., DNA Prot Eng Tech 1990, 2:14-18); pDR2 and .lamda.DR2 (available from Clontech Laboratories).
Allogeneic tumor cell vaccines also can be made with retrovirus-based expression systems. Retroviruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus, can be used since most of the viral gene sequence can be removed and replaced with exogenous coding sequence while the missing viral functions can be supplied in trans. In contrast to transfection, retroviruses can efficiently infect and transfer genes to a wide range of cell types including, for example, primary hematopoietic cells. Moreover, the host range for infection by a retroviral vector can be manipulated by the choice of envelope used for vector packaging.
For example, a retroviral vector can comprise a 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR), a 3′ LTR, a packaging signal, a bacterial origin of replication, and a selectable marker. The gp96-Ig fusion protein coding sequence, for example, can be inserted into a position between the 5′ LTR and 3′ LTR, such that transcription from the 5′ LTR promoter transcribes the cloned DNA. The 5′ LTR contains a promoter (e.g., an LTR promoter), an R region, a U5 region, and a primer binding site, in that order. Nucleotide sequences of these LTR elements are well known in the art. A heterologous promoter as well as multiple drug selection markers also can be included in the expression vector to facilitate selection of infected cells. See, McLauchlin et al., Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1990, 38:91-135; Morgenstern et al., Nucleic Acid Res 1990, 18:3587-3596; Choulika et al., J Virol 1996, 70:1792-1798; Boesen et al., Biotherapy 1994, 6:291-302; Salmons and Gunzberg, Human Gene Ther 1993, 4:129-141; and Grossman and Wilson, Curr Opin Genet Devel 1993, 3:110-114.
Any of the cloning and expression vectors described herein may be synthesized and assembled from known DNA sequences using techniques that are known in the art. The regulatory regions and enhancer elements can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. Some vectors and host cells may be obtained commercially. Non-limiting examples of useful vectors are described in Appendix 5 of Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1988, ed. Ausubel et al., Greene Publish. Assoc. & Wiley Interscience, which is incorporated herein by reference; and the catalogs of commercial suppliers such as Clontech Laboratories, Stratagene Inc., and Invitrogen, Inc.
Recombinant ImmunomodulatorsAccording to some embodiments, two or more immunomodulators may be cloned into two or more plasmid constructs for transfection (via, e.g., lipids, calcium phosphate, cationic polymers, DEAE-dextran, activated dendrimers, magnetic beads, electroporation, biolistic technology, microinjection, laserfection/optoinjection) or transduction (via, e.g., retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus) into cells of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants. According to some embodiments, recombinant DNA encoding each immune modulator protein may be cloned into a lentiviral vector plasmid for integration into the genome of cells of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants. According to some embodiments, recombinant DNA encoding the immune modulator protein may be cloned into a plasmid DNA construct encoding a selectable trait, such as an antibiotic resistance gene. According to some embodiments, recombinant DNA encoding the immune modulator protein may be cloned into a plasmid construct that is adapted to stably express each recombinant protein in the cells of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. According to some embodiments, the transfected or transduced tumor cells may be clonally expanded to achieve a cell line variant with a homogenous site of integration of the recombinant DNA encoding each immune modulator protein into the genome of the cells of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant.
Lentiviral ConstructsAccording to some embodiments, the DNA sequences coding for exogenous immunomodulatory molecules may be cloned into a lentiviral vector for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, the lentiviral system may comprise a lentiviral transfer plasmid encoding the two or more immune modulator sequences, packaging plasmids encoding the GAG, POL, TAT, and REV sequences, and an envelope plasmid encoding the ENV sequences. According to some embodiments, the lentiviral transfer plasmid uses a viral LTR promoter for gene expression. According to some embodiments, the lentiviral transfer plasmid uses a hybrid promoter, or other specialized promoter. According to some embodiments, the promoter of the lentiviral transfer plasmid is selected to express the two or more immune modulator sequences at a desired level relative to other immunomodulatory sequences. According to some embodiments, the relative level is measured on the level of transcription as mRNA transcripts. According to some embodiments, the relative level is measured on the level of translation as protein expression.
Multicistronic Plasmid ConstructsAccording to some embodiments, one or more immune modulator sequence may be cloned in a multicistronic vector for co-expression of one immune modulator with a second immune modulator or other recombinant sequence. According to some embodiments, an immune modulator sequence may be cloned into a plasmid comprising an IRES element to promote translation of two or more proteins from a single transcript. According to some embodiments, one or more immune modulator sequences is cloned into a multicistronic vector comprising sequences for a self cleaving 2A peptide to produce two or more exogenous immunomodulatory molecules from a single transcript.
Genetic Introduction of Exogenous Immunomodulatory MoleculesAccording to some embodiments, plasmid constructs comprising the recombinant immune modulator sequences may be transfected or transduced into tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants.
According to some embodiments, up to 25 immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 2, 22, 23, 24 or 25) may be cloned into 10 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, up to 25 immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) may be cloned into 11 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, up to 25 immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) may be cloned into 12 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 10 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 11 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 12 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 13 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 14 separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells. According to some embodiments, 14 or more immunomodulators (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) may be cloned into 14 or more separate vectors for transduction into mammalian cells.
According to some embodiments, the vector constructs further comprise one or more tags, as described herein.
Lentiviral SystemAccording to some embodiments, the lentiviral system may be employed where the transfer vector with immune modulator sequences, an envelope vector, and a packaging vector are each transfected into host cells for virus production. According to some embodiments, the lentiviral vectors may be transfected into 293T cells by any of calcium phosphate precipitation transfection, lipid based transfection, or electroporation, and incubated overnight. For embodiments where the immune modulator sequence may be accompanied by a fluorescence reporter, inspection of the 293T cells for florescence may be checked after overnight incubation. The culture medium of the 293T cells comprising virus particles may be harvested 2 or 3 times every 8-12 hours and centrifuged to sediment detached cells and debris. The culture medium may then be used directly, frozen or concentrated as needed.
Tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be grown to a confluency of about 70% under standard tissue culture conditions. The cells may then be treated with hexadimethrine bromide (to enhance transduction of cells) and lentiviral particles comprising recombinant constructs in fresh media, and incubated for 18-20 hours followed by a media change.
Lipid Based TransfectionAccording to some embodiments, cells of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be transfected with immune modulator sequences using a lipid based transfection method. According to some embodiments, established lipid based transfection reagents, such as LIPOFECTAMINE, may be used. Tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be grown to about 70-90% confluence in a tissue culture vessel. Appropriate amounts of Lipofectamine® and plasmid construct comprising the immune modulator sequences may be separately diluted in tissue culture media and briefly incubated at room temperature. The diluted Lipofectamine® and plasmid constructs in media may be mixed together and incubated briefly at room temperature. The plasmid LIPOFECTAMINE mixture may then be added to the cells of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants in the tissue culture vessel and incubated for 1-3 days under standard tissue culture conditions.
Selection of Expressing ClonesAccording to some embodiments, tumor cells of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant that have been transfected with immunmodulator sequences may be selected for various levels of expression.
According to some embodiments, the immunomodulator sequences may be accompanied by antibiotic resistance genes, which may be used to select for clones with stable integration of the recombinant DNA encoding the immunomodulator sequences. According to some embodiments, the immunomodulator sequences may be cloned into a plasmid construct comprising antibiotic resistance, such as the Neomycin/Kanamycin resistance gene. Transfected cells are treated with antibiotics according to the manufacturer's protocol for 1-2 weeks or more with daily media changes. At some point during antibiotic treatment, there is massive tumor cell death of all cells that have not stably integrated the antibiotic resistance gene, leaving behind small colonies of stably expressing clones. Each of the stably expressing clones may be picked, cultured in a separate tissue culture container, and tested for levels of immuno modulator expression by any established method, such as western blot, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy.
According to some embodiments, transfected tumor cells may be selected for high expression of the immunomodulators by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). According to some embodiments, immunomodulator sequences may be accompanied by one or more fluorescent proteins (e.g. GFP), which can be used to quantify expression of immunomodulator. For example, a bicistronic plasmid comprising an immunomodulator sequence connected to a GFP sequence via IRES sequence would result in both an immunomodulator and GFP protein translated from the same transcript. Thus, the GFP expression level would act as a proxy for the expression level of immunomodulator. Single cell suspensions of immunomodulator/GFP transfected tumor cells could be selected for the desired level of expression by FACS based on the fluorescence intensity. Any fluorescent protein may be used in this regard. For example, any of the following recombinant fluorescent proteins may be used: EBFP, ECFP, EGFP, YFP, mHoneydew, mBanana, mOrange, tdTomato, mTangerine, mStrawberry, mCherry, mGrape, mRasberry, mGrape2, mPlum.
Alternatively, the expression of the recombinant immunomodulator may be directly observed by fluorescent antibodies specific to each immunomodulator or specific to a tag engineered onto each immunomodulator. For example, according to some embodiments the extracellular region of an immunomodulator sequence may be fused with a FLAG tag or HA tag. Anti-FLAG or anti-HA antibodies may be used, along with a fluorophore attached to the primary antibody or a secondary antibody) to detect the expression of the immunomodulator on the surface of the transfected tumor cells. Tumor cells expressing the desired level of immunomodulator may be selected by FACS sorting and cultured separately.
Sequentially Add New Plasmid Constructs to the ClonesAccording to some embodiments, tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants that express one or more immune modulator sequence(s) are transfected with additional immunomodulators for stable expression in a sequential manner. By sequentially adding recombinant immunomodulators in successive fashion, cells of a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that express several immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses two immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses three immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses four immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses five immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses six immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses seven immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses eight immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses nine immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses ten immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses eleven immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twelve immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses thirteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses fourteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses fifteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses sixteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses seventeen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses eighteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses nineteen immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-one immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-two immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-three immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-four immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-five immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-six immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-seven immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-eight immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses twenty-nine immunomodulators simultaneously. According to some embodiments, a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may be created that expresses thirty immunomodulators simultaneously.
Variably Expressing ClonesAccording to one aspect of the disclosed invention, multiple recombinant immune modulator peptides may be expressed in a single clonally derived tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. According to some embodiments, the amount (or level) of each individual immune modulator expressed in each cell is the same as the level of expression of all other immune modulator peptides. According to some embodiments, however, the level of each individual immune modulator expressed in each cell is different from the level of expression of the other immunomodulators expressed in the cell. According to some embodiments, clonally derived tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants that express the same complement of immunomodulators stably express those immunomodulators in varying amounts relative to each other.
The relative amount of recombinant immune modulator expressed within each clonally derived tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant, and between tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants, can be measured on the level of transcription or translation. For example, the relative amount of recombinant immune modulator can be quantified by western blot, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and northern blot, among others.
According to some embodiments, the differences in the amount of expressed immunomodulators relative to one another may be a result of random integration into more or less transcriptionally active regions of the genome of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. According to some embodiments, the relative differences in the amount of expressed immune modulator may be achieved by elements engineered into the transfected or transduced DNA used to create the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant.
For example, according to some embodiments, the level of expression of the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules may be achieved on the transcriptional level by engineering stronger or weaker gene promoter sequences to control expression of the immune modulator gene. According to some embodiments, one or more of the following promoters may be used to control expression of immunomodulators: simian virus 40 early promoter (SV40), cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV), human Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC), human elongation factor 1 a promoter (EF1A), mouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoter (PGK), and chicken β-Actin promoter coupled with CMV early enhancer (CAGG).
According to some embodiments, the level of expression of the exogenous immunomodulatory molecules may be achieved on the translational level by engineering stronger or weaker Kozak consensus sequences around the start codon of the immune modulator transcript. According to some embodiments, the following nucleotide sequences may be provided to control immune modulator translation: GCCGCC(A/G)CCAUGG (SEQ ID NO: 15). According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 60% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 96% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation. According to some embodiments, a sequence that is at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15 may be provided to control immune modulator translation.
Non-viral approaches can also be employed for the introduction of a vector encoding one or more immunomodulatory molecules to a cell derived from a patient having a tumor or a tumor cell line or variant. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding an immunomodulatory molecule can be introduced into a cell by administering the nucleic acid molecule in the presence of lipofection (Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:7413, 1987; Ono et al., Neuroscience Letters 17:259, 1990; Brigham et al., Am. J. Med. Sci. 298:278, 1989; Staubinger et al., Methods in Enzymology 101:512, 1983), asialoorosomucoid-polylysine conjugation (Wu et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:14621, 1988; Wu et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 264:16985, 1989), or by micro-injection under surgical conditions (Wolff et al., Science 247:1465, 1990). Preferably the nucleic acids are administered in combination with a liposome and protamine.
Methods for accomplishing transfection in vitro include the use of calcium phosphate, DEAE dextran, electroporation, and protoplast fusion. Liposomes can also be potentially beneficial for delivery of DNA into a cell.
IV. Therapeutic CompositionsImmunogenic compositions of the invention, including allogeneic tumor cell vaccines, are useful as therapeutics and prophylactics for the treatment of specific types of cancers. Advantageously, these vaccines may be tailored to treat the cancers of particular individuals, by generating vaccines that target specific tumor antigens expressed on a tumor in a subject. Allogeneic vaccines of the invention typically contain inactivated tumor cells or cells expressing tumor antigens that have been genetically modified to express exogenous immunomodulatory molecules, as described herein. According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine may comprise an amount of a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprising two or more genes encoding immunomodulatory molecules. According to some embodiments, clones of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants that maximally express the immunomodulatory molecules are identified and selected. According to some embodiments, expression of the immunomodulatory molecules by populations of the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants is determined by flow cytometry. According to some embodiments, flow cytometry is used to gate on the maximally expressing population(s) of tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic amount is effective to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response to one or more tumor specific antigens. According to some embodiments, the immunogenic amount may be titrated to provide both safety and efficacy.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition further comprises an adjuvant.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant may comprise tumor cells derived from an established cell line. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprises tumor cells derived from a patient with cancer, wherein the tumor cells are derived from a solid tumor.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprises an immunogenic amount of a disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant. Examples of methods for physical disruption include, without limitation, sonication, cavitation, dehydration, ion depletion, or by toxicity from exposure to one or more salts.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×103 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprises at least 1×104 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×105 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×106 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×107 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×108 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the amount of the immunogenic composition can comprise at least 1×109 whole or disrupted tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant cells. According to some embodiments, the immunogenic amount can be a therapeutic amount.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic amount is effective (1) to stimulate an immune response that reduces tumor burden, comprising one or more of a cytotoxic T cell population, a natural killer cell population, antibodies, APCs, a T cell population, a B cell population, and a dendritic cell population; and (2) to improve a clinical outcome parameter selected from one or more of progression-free survival, disease-free survival, time to progression, time to distant metastasis, and overall survival of the subject, when compared to a suitable control.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition may be administered once per week, twice per week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once per month, once every two months, once every three months, once every four months, once every five months, once every six months, once every seven months, once every eight months, once every nine months, once every ten months, once every eleven months, or once a year. According to some embodiments, administration occurs in one day or over 2 days, 3 days, 4, days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8, days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, or more. According to some embodiments, administration may involve two or more administrations on the same day.
Combination TherapiesAccording to some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods that further comprise administering an additional agent to a subject. According to some embodiments, the invention pertains to co-administration and/or co-formulation.
According to some embodiments, administration of the immunogenic composition acts synergistically when co-administered with another agent and is administered at doses that are lower than the doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy.
According to some embodiments, inclusive of, without limitation, cancer applications, the present invention pertains to chemotherapeutic agents as additional agents. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (e.g., bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan); bryostatin; cally statin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); cryptophycins (e.g., cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB 1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall; dynemicin, including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomy sins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxy doxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as minoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK polysaccharide complex; razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., TAXOL paclitaxel (Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), ABRAXANE Cremophor-free, albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel, and TAXOTERE doxetaxel; chloranbucil; GEMZAR gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; NAVELBINE. vinorelbine; novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; irinotecan (Camptosar, CPT-11) (including the treatment regimen of irinotecan with 5-FU and leucovorin); topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; combretastatin; leucovorin (LV); oxaliplatin, including the oxaliplatin treatment regimen (FOLFOX); lapatinib (TYKERB); inhibitors of PKC-.alpha., Raf, H-Ras, EGFR (e.g., erlotinib (Tarceva)) and VEGF-A that reduce cell proliferation and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. In addition, the methods of treatment can further include the use of radiation.
Checkpoint Blockade/Blockage of Tumor ImmunosuppressionSome human tumors can be eliminated by a patient's immune system. For example, administration of a monoclonal antibody targeted to an immune “checkpoint” molecule can lead to complete response and tumor remission. A mode of action of such antibodies is through inhibition of an immune regulatory molecule that the tumors have co-opted as protection from an anti-tumor immune response. By inhibiting these “checkpoint” molecules (e.g., with an antagonistic antibody), a patient's CD8+ T cells may be allowed to proliferate and destroy tumor cells.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine composition further comprises one or more checkpoint inhibitors that may be effective to prevent premature termination of an effective immune response once such an immune response is initiated.
For example, administration of a monoclonal antibody targeted to by way of example, without limitation, CTLA-4 or PD-1 can lead to a complete response and tumor remission. The mode of action of such antibodies is through inhibition of CTLA-4 or PD-1 that the tumors have co-opted as protection from an anti-tumor immune response. By inhibiting these “checkpoint” molecules (e.g., with an antagonistic antibody), a patient's CD8+ T cells may be allowed to proliferate and destroy tumor cells.
Thus, the allogeneic vaccine compositions provided herein can be used in combination with one or more blocking antibodies targeted to an immune “checkpoint” molecule. For instance, according to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine compositions provided herein can be used in combination with one or more blocking antibodies targeted to a molecule such as CTLA-4 or PD-1. For example, the allogeneic vaccine compositions provided herein may be used in combination with an agent that blocks, reduces and/or inhibits PD-1 and PD-L1 or PD-L2 and/or the binding of PD-1 with PD-L1 or PD-L2 (by way of non-limiting example, one or more of nivolumab (ONO-4538/BMS-936558, MDX1106, OPDIVO, BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB), pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA, Merck), pidilizumab (CT-011, CURE TECH), MK-3475 (MERCK), BMS 936559 (BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB), MPDL328OA (ROCHE)). According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine compositions provided herein may be used in combination with an agent that blocks, reduces and/or inhibits the activity of CTLA-4 and/or the binding of CTLA-4 with one or more receptors (e.g. CD80, CD86, AP2M1, SHP-2, and PPP2R5A). For instance, according to some embodiments, the immune-modulating agent is an antibody such as, by way of non-limitation, ipilimumab (MDX-010, MDX-101, Yervoy, BMS) and/or tremelimumab (Pfizer). Blocking antibodies against these molecules can be obtained from, for example, Bristol Myers Squibb (New York, N.Y.), Merck (Kenilworth, N.J.), Medlmmune (Gaithersburg, Md.), and Pfizer (New York, N.Y.).
Further, the allogeneic immune compositions provided herein can be used in combination with one or more blocking antibodies targeted to an immune “checkpoint” molecule such as for example, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GALS, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160 (also referred to as BY55), CGEN-15049, CHK 1 and CHK2 kinases, A2aR, CEACAM (e.g., CEACAM-1, CEACAM-3 and/or CEACAM-5), GITR, GITRL, galectin-9, CD244, CD160, TIGIT, SIRPα, ICOS, CD172a, and TMIGD2 and various B-7 family ligands (including, but are not limited to, B7-1, B7-2, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6 and B7-H7).
Adjuvants
According to some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more additional substances which, because of their adjuvant nature, can act to stimulate the immune system to respond to the cancer antigens present on the inactivated tumor cell(s). Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, lipids, liposomes, inactivated bacteria which induce innate immunity (e.g., inactivated or attenuated Listeria monocytogenes), compositions which mediate innate immune activation via Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Retinoic acid inducible gene-based (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), and/or C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Examples of PAMPs include lipoproteins, lipopolypeptides, peptidoglycans, zymosan, lipopolysaccharide, neisserial porins, flagellin, profillin, galactoceramide, muramyl dipeptide. Peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, and lipoteichoic acids are cell wall components of Gram-positive. Lipopoly saccharides are expressed by most bacteria, with MPL being one example. Flagellin refers to the structural component of bacterial flagella that is secreted by pathogenic and commensal bacterial. a-Galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) is an activator of natural killer T (NKT) cells. Muramyl dipeptide is a bioactive peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria. This list is not meant to be limiting.
According to some embodiments, the treatment regimen may comprise a standard anti-tumor therapy (such as surgery, radiation therapy, a targeted therapy that precisely identifies and attacks cancer cells, a hormone therapy, or a combination thereof). According to some embodiments, the standard anti-tumor therapy is effective to treat the tumor while preserving any existing anti-tumor immune response. According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is not applied after chemotherapy. According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is applied after low-dose chemotherapy.
According to some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises two or more clonally derived tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants. According to some embodiments, the two or more tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants comprise the same complement of recombinant immunomodulators. According to some embodiments, the two or more tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants comprise different panels of recombinant immunomodulators.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are treated with an agent that prevents cell division prior to administration to a subject. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are irradiated. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants are treated with a chemical agent that prevents proliferation.
According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be administered parenterally. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be administered locally into a surgical excision cavity. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell variants may be administered by intradermal injection. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be administered by subcutaneous injection. According to some embodiments, the tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants may be administered by intramuscular injection.
V. Methods of TreatmentAccording to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to enhance immune activation of cells, to recognize and act against tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen in vivo without systemic inflammation; to reduce immunosuppression in a tumor microenvironment for tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen; to reduce tumor burden, or to increase cell death of tumor cells expressing the target tumor antigen. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines described herein are effective to induce immune activation without systemic inflammation. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine is effective to elicit an immune response that improves progression free survival, overall survival, or both relative to placebo controls.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine composition is administered to a subject diagnosed with cancer in combination with an agent that inhibits immunosuppressive molecules produced by tumor cells.
According to some embodiments, the described invention comprises an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine for an active immunotherapy that can be universally administered to all patients with a particular type of cancer. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine comprises a genetically modified allogeneic tumor-type specific cell, or a membrane lysate derived from modified allogeneic tumor-type specific cells, formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. According to some embodiments, the modified allogeneic tumor-type specific cells are derived from previously established cell lines.
According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is adapted to treat patients with minimal residual disease and a functional immune system, which includes recognition of self and response to non-self by innate immunity (resistance) and adaptive (specific) immunity comprising humoral immunity and cellular immunity). For example, according to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is adapted to treat a patient with minimal residual disease obtained shortly after a primary lesion is surgically removed. According to some embodiments, the allogeneic vaccine is adapted for subcutaneous administration of the vaccine. According to some embodiments, the dose and schedule for administering the allogeneic vaccine are determined by using immunologic responses to the vaccine as a guide for eventual enhancement of overall survival.
According to some embodiments, the disclosure features a method of inducing an immune response to a cancer in a subject comprising administering the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine described herein, wherein the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine is type-matched to the subject's cancer.
Tumor cell line or tumor cell line variants as provided herein can be incorporated into a composition for administration to a subject (e.g., a research animal or a mammal, such as a human, having a clinical condition such as cancer or an infection). For example, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant genetically engineered to stably express a core group of three immunomodulatory molecules wherein the core group of immunomodulator molecules is OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L); and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; can be administered to a subject for the treatment of cancer. In another example, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a tumor-type specific cell line variant is used to deliver a broad array of tumor antigens in the context of immunomodulatory signals sufficient to elicit an effective anti-tumor response as reflected in improved progression free survival, overall survival, or both relative to placebo controls, wherein the immunomodulatory signals comprised at least a core group of three immunomodulatory molecules wherein the core group of immunomodulator molecules is OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L); and optionally an additional number of immunomodulatory molecules comprising 3-25 immunomodulators (“R groups”) selected from those set forth in Table 2.
Thus, the described invention provides methods for treating clinical conditions such as cancer with the allogeneic tumor vaccines provided herein.
According to various embodiments, the described invention pertains to cancers and/or tumors; for example, the treatment or prevention of cancers and/or tumors. The phrase “cancers or tumors” refers to an uncontrolled growth of cells and/or abnormal increased cell survival and/or inhibition of apoptosis which interferes with the normal functioning of the bodily organs and systems. Included are benign and malignant cancers, polyps, hyperplasia, as well as dormant tumors or micrometastases. Also included are cells having abnormal proliferation that is not impeded by the immune system (e.g. virus infected cells). The cancer may be a primary cancer or a metastatic cancer. The primary cancer may be an area of cancer cells at an originating site that becomes clinically detectable, and may be a primary tumor. In contrast, the metastatic cancer may be the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part. The metastatic cancer may be caused by a cancer cell that acquires the ability to penetrate and infiltrate surrounding normal tissues in a local area, forming a new tumor, which may be a local metastasis. The cancer may also be caused by a cancer cell that acquires the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic and/or blood vessels, after which the cancer cell is able to circulate through the bloodstream (thereby being a circulating tumor cell) to other sites and tissues in the body. The cancer may be due to a process such as lymphatic or hematogeneous spread. The cancer may also be caused by a tumor cell that comes to rest at another site, re-penetrates through the vessel or walls, continues to multiply, and eventually forms another clinically detectable tumor. The cancer may be this new tumor, which may be a metastatic (or secondary) tumor.
The cancer may be caused by tumor cells that have metastasized, which may be a secondary or metastatic tumor. The cells of the tumor may be like those in the original tumor. As an example, if a breast cancer or colon cancer metastasizes to the liver, the secondary tumor, while present in the liver, is made up of abnormal breast or colon cells, not of abnormal liver cells. The tumor in the liver may thus be a metastatic breast cancer or a metastatic colon cancer, not liver cancer.
Illustrative cancers that may be treated include, but are not limited to, carcinomas, e.g. various subtypes, including, for example, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma), sarcomas (including, for example, bone and soft tissue), leukemias (including, for example, acute myeloid, acute lymphoblastic, chronic myeloid, chronic lymphocytic, and hairy cell), lymphomas and myelomas (including, for example, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, light chain, non-secretory, MGUS, and plasmacytomas), and central nervous system cancers (including, for example, brain (e.g. gliomas (e.g. astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma), meningioma, pituitary adenoma, and neuromas, and spinal cord tumors (e.g. meningiomas and neurofibroma).
According to certain embodiments, cancers/tumors that may be treated are those where the standard of care is no longer chemotherapy, since chemotherapy is known to interfere with immune responses, which are expected to occur during a successful vaccination protocol. Exemplary tumor types include tumor types treated with hormonal therapies such as prostate and breast cancers (e.g. Abiraterone® for prostate cancer and Tamoxifen® for breast cancer), tumor types treated with targeted therapies like antibodies (e.g. Rituxan® for B cell malignancies, Herceptin® for breast cancer), tumor types treated with kinase inhibitors such as GLEEVEC™ for chronic myelogenous leukemia and tumor types treated with other immune system sparing or enhancing modalities, such as checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses and CAR-T cells
Representative cancers and/or tumors of the present invention are described herein.
The present disclosure also provides compositions containing an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprising two or more stably expressed recombinant exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from a cytokine, a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone, an IgG superfamily member and a chemokine receptor. The present disclosure also provides compositions containing an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising two, three, four or more tumor cell lines or tumor cell line variants each comprising two or more stably expressed recombinant exogenous immunomodulatory molecules selected from a cytokine, a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone, an IgG superfamily member and a chemokine receptor.
The present disclosure also provides compositions containing an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising a tumor cell line or tumor cell line variant comprising two or more stably expressed recombinant membrane bound immunomodulatory molecules selected from those set forth in table 2, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as described herein, in combination with a physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include any of the well-known components useful for immunization. The carrier can facilitate or enhance an immune response to an antigen administered in a vaccine. The cell formulations can contain buffers to maintain a preferred pH range, salts or other components that present an antigen to an individual in a composition that stimulates an immune response to the antigen. The physiologically acceptable carrier also can contain one or more adjuvants that enhance the immune response to an antigen. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, suspending agents, or any other pharmacologically inert vehicles for delivering compounds to a subject. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be liquid or solid, and can be selected with the planned manner of administration in mind so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, and other pertinent transport and chemical properties, when combined with one or more therapeutic compounds and any other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, without limitation: water, saline solution, binding agents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose or dextrose and other sugars, gelatin, or calcium sulfate), lubricants (e.g., starch, polyethylene glycol, or sodium acetate), disintegrates (e.g., starch or sodium starch glycolate), and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). Compositions can be formulated for subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intradermal administration, or in any manner acceptable for immunization.
An “adjuvant” refers to a substance which, when added to an immunogenic agent such as a tumor cell expressing secreted vaccine protein, nonspecifically enhances or potentiates an immune response to the agent in the recipient host upon exposure to the mixture. Adjuvants can include, for example, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in oil emulsions, alum (aluminum salts), liposomes and microparticles, such as, polysytrene, starch, polyphosphazene and polylactide/polyglycosides.
Adjuvants can also include, for example, squalene mixtures (SAF-I), muramyl peptide, saponin derivatives, mycobacterium cell wall preparations, monophosphoryl lipid A, mycolic acid derivatives, nonionic block copolymer surfactants, Quil A, cholera toxin B subunit, polyphosphazene and derivatives, and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) such as those described by Takahashi et al., Nature 1990, 344:873-875. For veterinary use and for production of antibodies in animals, mitogenic components of Freund's adjuvant (both complete and incomplete) can be used. In humans, Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) is a useful adjuvant. Various appropriate adjuvants are well known in the art (see, for example, Warren and Chedid, CRC Critical Reviews in Immunology 1988, 8:83; and Allison and Byars, in Vaccines: New Approaches to Immunological Problems, 1992, Ellis, ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston). Additional adjuvants include, for example, bacille Calmett-Guerin (BCG), DETOX (containing cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium phlei (CWS) and monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota (MPL)), and the like (see, for example, Hoover et al., J Clin Oncol 1993, 11:390; and Woodlock et al., J Immunother 1999, 22:251-259).
According to some embodiments, an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine can be administered to a subject one or more times (e.g., once, twice, two to four times, three to five times, five to eight times, six to ten times, eight to 12 times, or more than 12 times). An allogeneic tumor cell vaccine as provided herein can be administered one or more times per day, one or more times per week, every other week, one or more times per month, once every two to three months, once every three to six months, or once every six to 12 months. An allogeneic tumor cell vaccine can be administered over any suitable period of time, such as a period from about 1 day to about 12 months. According to some embodiments, for example, the period of administration can be from about 1 day to 90 days; from about 1 day to 60 days; from about 1 day to 30 days; from about 1 day to 20 days; from about 1 day to 10 days; from about 1 day to 7 days. According to some embodiments, the period of administration can be from about 1 week to 50 weeks; from about 1 week to 50 weeks; from about 1 week to 40 weeks; from about 1 week to 30 weeks; from about 1 week to 24 weeks; from about 1 week to 20 weeks; from about 1 week to 16 weeks; from about 1 week to 12 weeks; from about 1 week to 8 weeks; from about 1 week to 4 weeks; from about 1 week to 3 weeks; from about 1 week to 2 weeks; from about 2 weeks to 3 weeks; from about 2 weeks to 4 weeks; from about 2 weeks to 6 weeks; from about 2 weeks to 8 weeks; from about 3 weeks to 8 weeks; from about 3 weeks to 12 weeks; or from about 4 weeks to 20 weeks.
According to some embodiments, after an initial dose (sometimes referred to as a “priming” dose) of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine has been administered and a maximal antigen-specific immune response has been achieved, one or more boosting doses can be administered. For example, a boosting dose can be administered about 10 to 30 days, about 15 to 35 days, about 20 to 40 days, about 25 to 45 days, or about 30 to 50 days after a priming dose.
According to some embodiments, the methods provided herein can be used for controlling solid tumor growth and/or metastasis. The methods can include administering an effective amount of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine as described herein to a subject in need thereof.
The vectors and methods provided herein can be useful for stimulating an immune response against a tumor. Such immune response is useful in treating or alleviating a sign or symptom associated with the tumor. A practitioner will appreciate that the methods described herein are to be used in concomitance with continuous clinical evaluations by a skilled practitioner (physician or veterinarian) to determine subsequent therapy. Such evaluations will aid and inform in evaluating whether to increase, reduce, or continue a particular treatment dose, mode of administration, etc.
The methods provided herein can thus be used to treat a tumor, including, for example, a cancer. The methods can be used, for example, to inhibit the growth of a tumor by preventing further tumor growth, by slowing tumor growth, or by causing tumor regression. Thus, the methods can be used, for example, to treat a cancer. It will be understood that the subject to which a compound is administered need not suffer from a specific traumatic state. Indeed, the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine described herein may be administered prophylactically, prior to development of symptoms (e.g., a patient in remission from cancer).
Anti-tumor and anti-cancer effects include, without limitation, modulation of tumor growth (e.g., tumor growth delay), tumor size, or metastasis, the reduction of toxicity and side effects associated with a particular anti-cancer agent, the amelioration or minimization of the clinical impairment or symptoms of cancer, extending the survival of the subject beyond that which would otherwise be expected in the absence of such treatment, and the prevention of tumor growth in an animal lacking tumor formation prior to administration, i.e., prophylactic administration.
Therapeutically effective amounts can be determined by, for example, starting at relatively low amounts and using step-wise increments with concurrent evaluation of beneficial effects. The methods provided herein thus can be used alone or in combination with other well-known tumor therapies, to treat a patient having a tumor. One skilled in the art will readily understand advantageous uses of the allogeneic tumor cell vaccines and methods provided herein, for example, in prolonging the life expectancy of a cancer patient and/or improving the quality of life of a cancer patient (e.g., a lung cancer patient).
According to some embodiments, a subject (i.e. a subject diagnosed with cancer) is treated by checkpoint inhibitor therapy prior to or concurrently with administration of the allogeneic vaccine composition. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a melanoma.
SubjectsThe methods described herein are intended for use with any subject that may experience the benefits of these methods. Thus, “subjects,” “patients,” and “individuals” (used interchangeably) include humans as well as non-human subjects, particularly domesticated animals.
According to some embodiments, the subject and/or animal is a mammal, e g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, rabbit, sheep, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, or baboon. In other embodiments, the subject and/or animal is a non-mammal, such, for example, a zebrafish. According to some embodiments, the subject and/or animal may comprise fluorescently-tagged cells (with e.g. GFP). According to some embodiments, the subject and/or animal is a transgenic animal comprising a fluorescent cell.
According to some embodiments, the subject and/or animal is a human According to some embodiments, the human is a pediatric human In other embodiments, the human is an adult human. In other embodiments, the human is a geriatric human In other embodiments, the human may be referred to as a patient.
According to certain embodiments, the human has an age in a range of from about 0 months to about 6 months old, from about 6 to about 12 months old, from about 6 to about 18 months old, from about 18 to about 36 months old, from about 1 to about 5 years old, from about 5 to about 10 years old, from about 10 to about 15 years old, from about 15 to about 20 years old, from about 20 to about 25 years old, from about 25 to about 30 years old, from about 30 to about 35 years old, from about 35 to about 40 years old, from about 40 to about 45 years old, from about 45 to about 50 years old, from about 50 to about 55 years old, from about 55 to about 60 years old, from about 60 to about 65 years old, from about 65 to about 70 years old, from about 70 to about 75 years old, from about 75 to about 80 years old, from about 80 to about 85 years old, from about 85 to about 90 years old, from about 90 to about 95 years old or from about 95 to about 100 years old.
According to other embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal, and therefore the invention pertains to veterinary use. According to a specific embodiment, the non-human animal is a household pet. According to another specific embodiment, the non-human animal is a livestock animal According to certain embodiments, the subject is a human cancer patient that cannot receive chemotherapy, e.g. the patient is unresponsive to chemotherapy or too ill to have a suitable therapeutic window for chemotherapy (e.g. experiencing too many dose- or regimen-limiting side effects). In certain embodiments, the subject is a human cancer patient having advanced and/or metastatic disease.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges which may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either both of those included limits are also included in the invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and described the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning.
The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application and each is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.
EXAMPLESThe following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
Example 1The Examples make use of, but are not limited to, the methods described hereinbelow.
Western BlottingBriefly, cells are lysed with cold lysis buffer and centrifuged to pellet cellular debris. Protein concentration of the supernatant is determined by a protein quantification assay (e.g., Bradford Protein Assay, Bio-Rad Laboratories). The lysate supernatant is then combined with an equal volume of 2×SDS sample buffer and boiled at 100° C. for 5 minutes. Equal amounts of protein in sample buffer are loaded into the wells of an SDS-PAGE gel along with molecular weight marker and electrophoresed for 1-2 hours at 100 V. Proteins are then transferred to a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane. The membrane is then blocked for 1 hour at room temperature using 5% non-fat dry milk in TBST blocking buffer. The membrane is then incubated with a 1:500 dilution of primary antibody in 5% non-fat dry milk in TBST blocking buffer, followed by three washes in 20 Mn Tris, Ph 7.5; 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 5 minutes. The membrane is then incubated with conjugated secondary antibody at a 1:2000 dilution in 5% non-fat dry milk in TBST blocking buffer for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by three washes in TBST for 5 minutes each. Images of the blot are obtained using dark room development techniques for chemiluminesence detection, or using image scanning techniques for colorimetric or fluorescent detection.
Real Time PCRReal-time PCR techniques may be performed as described to analyze expression level of mRNAs (Zhao Y. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 360 (2007) 205-211). Briefly, total RNA is extracted from cells using the Quiagen kit (Valencia Calif.), followed by first strand cDNA synthesis using random hexamer primers (Fermentas, Hanover Md.). Real-time PCR is performed on each sample using the Mx3000p Quantitative PCR system (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), for 40 cycles using validated gene specific RT-PCR primer sets for each gene of interest. Relative expression level of each transcript is corrected for that of the house keeping gene beta-actin as an internal control.
ImmunofluorescenceBriefly, adherent tumor cell line variant cells are fixed with 4% formaldehyde diluted in warm PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature. The fixative is aspirated and the cells washed three times with PBS for 5 minutes each. Cells are blocked in a 5% BSA blocking buffer for 60 minutes at room temperature. Blocking buffer is then aspirated and a solution of primary antibody (e.g. 1:100 dilution) is incubated with the cells overnight at 4° C. Cells are then rinsed three times with PBS for 5 minutes each, and subsequently incubated with a solution of fluorochrome conjugated secondary antibody (e.g. 1:1000 dilution) for 1-2 hours at room temperature. Cells are then washed three times with PBS for 5 minutes each and visualized by fluorescence microscopy.
Flow CytometryFlow Cytomtery analysis may be performed as described (Zhao Y. et al., Exp. Cell Res., 312, 2454 (2006)). Briefly, tumor cell line variant cells that are either treated with trypsin/EDTA or left untreated are collected by centrifugation and re-suspended in PBS. The cells are fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37° C. For extracellular staining with antibodies, cells are not permeabilized. For intracellular staining, cells are permeabilized by adding ice-cold 100% methanol to pre-chilled cells to a final concentration of 90% methanol and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Cells are immunostained by first resuspending cells in incubation buffer and adding dilutions of primary antibody. Cells are incubated with primary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by three washes with incubation buffer. Cells are then resuspended in incubation buffer with dilutions of conjugated secondary antibody for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by three washes in incubation buffer. Stained cells are then analyzed by flow cytometry.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)Briefly, a capture antibody, specific for a protein of interest, is coated onto the wells of a microplate. Samples, including a standard containing protein of interest, control specimens, and unknowns, are pipetted into wells of the microplate, where the protein antigen binds to the capture antibody. After washing 4 times, a detection antibody is added to the wells for one hour, binding to the immobilized protein captured during the first incubation. After removal of excess detection antibody and washing 4 times, a horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (secondary antibody or streptavidin) is added for 30 minutes to bind to the detection antibody. After washing 4 more times to remove the excess HRP conjugate, a substrate solution is added for 30 minutes in the dark to be converted by the enzyme to a detectable form (color signal). A stop solution is added to each well of the microplate and evaluated within 30 minutes of stopping the reaction. Intensity of the colored product may be directly proportional to the concentration of antigen present in the original specimen.
Human Mixed Lymphocyte Tumor Reaction (MLTR) TestingThe mixed lymphocyte tumor reaction (MLTR) is an all human, in vitro assay, designed to optimize lead candidates. In the MLTR, optimization is achieved through the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to engineered allogeneic tumor cells. The MLTR measures proliferation and differentiation by flow cytometry and mass cytometry (CyTOF), by cytotoxicity, measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and by cytokine profile. According to some embodiments, allogeneic cell pools expressing a single immunomodulatory protein are used in the MLTR. According to some embodiments, allogenic cell pools expressing one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more or five or more immunomodulatory proteins are used in the MLTR.
The basic MLTR one day procedure is carried out as follows:
A vial of PBMC (20 MN cells) is thawed. Cells are then washed in dPBS. PMBC cells are resuspended at 2.5×106 cell per ml in X-VIVO (-8 ml). The cells are characterized by flow cytometry to document the nature of the cell population.
Use in the MLTR is carried out as follows:
2.5×105 cell PBMC (100 μl of stock)
0.5×105 allogeneic cells (100 μl of stock), when used
0.5×105 allogeneic cell (100 μl of stock). These cells will be inactivated with Mitomycin C.
Positive control 50 μl of a 6× stock (anti-CD28/CD3)
Total volume 300 μl in a 96-well flat bottom-total volume of a 96-well is 360 μl.
Incubate for 4 days
100 μl is removed for cytokine analysis with Luminex
CyTOF is conducted on the remaining 200 μl.
Supernatants for Cytokine Profiling are removed after 1 day.
CyTOF has been previously described, for example in Bendall et al. (Science, Vol. 332, 6 May 2011) and Bendall and Nolan (Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 30 No. 7, July 2012), both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Human markers employed in CyTOF staining are shown below in Table 6.
The Luminex xMAP technology (formerly LabMAP, FlowMetrix) uses digital signal processing capable of classifying polystyrene beads (microspheres) dyed with distinct proportions of red and near-infrared fluorophores. These proportions define ‘spectral addresses’ for each bead population. As a result, up to one hundred different detection reactions can be carried out simultaneously on the various bead populations in very small sample volumes (Earley et al. Report from a Workshop on Multianalyte Microsphere Arrays. Cytometry 2002; 50:239-242; Oliver et al. Clin Chem 1998; 44(9):2057-2060; Eishal and McCoy, Methods 38(4): 317-323, April 2006, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein).
The Luminex Multiplex Assay is commercially available and is described on the world wide web at thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-assays-analysis/luminex-multiplex-assays.html, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
Mitomycin C Preparation of CellsMitomycin C is prepared from dry powder (2 mg per vial) using 400μ1 of DMSO (500× stock=5 mg/ml), dissolved completely and aliquoted into 25 ul volumes, and stored at −80C. 20 μl of 1 aliquot is used in 10 ml warmed C5 to yield 10 μg/ml final working solution. The solution is filter sterilized.
The solution can be used on resuspended cells or adherent cells in flasks.
Cells are incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes in the dark, then washed in warm C5 3 times. Cells are resuspended in 1 ml X-VIVO. 40 ul are counted into 200 ul on plate. The cells are resuspended at a final concentration of 1×106/ml in X-VIVO (serum free media, Lonza).
Example 2The described invention provides an approach for restoring immunologic balance in, for example, treating cancer, by targeting multiple immunomodulators with a single cellular platform. This approach enables the simultaneous modulation of multiple signals, and affords a spatially restricted site of action, important features that have limited traditional approaches for restoring immunologic balance.
According to one aspect of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line variant expressing five or more recombinant peptides may be generated for use as a tumor cell vaccine to treat a cancer. For example, a tumor cell line may be selected for modification, and lentiviral transfection of recombinant immune modulator sequences may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome. Example 3 below describes 7 lentiviral vectors (vector 1, vector 2, vector 3, vector 4, vector 5, vector 6 and vector 7) that may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome.
According to some embodiments, two recombinant immunomodulator proteins may be transfected simultaneously, followed by transfections of two more recombinant immunomodulator proteins simultaneously, followed by transfection of a single recombinant immunomodulator protein to achieve the total of five recombinant peptides for use as a tumor cell vaccine. According to some embodiments, two recombinant peptides may be transfected simultaneously, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide to achieve the total of five recombinant peptides for use as a tumor cell vaccine. According to some embodiments, a single recombinant peptide is transfected, followed by transfection of two recombinant peptides simultaneously, followed by transfection of two recombinant peptides simultaneously to achieve a total of five recombinant peptide for use as a tumor cell vaccine.
Example 3 below describes lentiviral vectors (vector 44, vector 97, vector 84, vector 29, vector 107, vector 116, vector 86, vector 18, vector 17, vector 98, vector 5, vector 30, vector 109, vector 3, vector 4, vector 106, vector 16, vector 83, vector 31, vector 12, vector 99, vector 121, vector 105, vector 32, vector 37, vector 22, vector 19, vector 20, vector 89, vector 21, vector 23, vector 108, vector 15, vector 124, vector 65, vector 64, vector 88, vector 96, vector 14, vector 119, vector 120, vector 45, vector 60, vector 59, vector 8, vector 128, vector 35, and vector 6) that may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome.
According to one embodiment, vector 44 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 29 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 18 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 17 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 5 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 16 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 99 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 15 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 14 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 45 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 6 comprises one or more TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more TNF family immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 44 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 29 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 18 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 17 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 5 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 16 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 99 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 15 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 14 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 45 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 6 comprises between 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-14 TNF family immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 97 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 84 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 107 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 98 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 30 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 83 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 121 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 119 comprises one or more Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more Ig family member immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 97 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 84 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 107 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 98 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 30 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 83 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 121 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 119 comprises between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-14 Ig family member immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 116 comprises one or more chemokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more chemokine immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 116 comprises between 3-14 chemokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-14 chemokine immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 109 comprises one or more growth factor immunomodulators.
According to one embodiment, vector 109 comprises between 3-14 growth factor immunomodulators.
According to one embodiment, vector 3 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 4 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 32 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 22 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 19 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 20 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 89 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 21 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 23 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 121 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 65 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 64 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 88 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 96 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 60 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 59 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 128 comprises one or more cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more cytokine immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 3 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 4 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 32 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 22 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 19 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 20 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 89 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 21 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 23 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 121 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 65 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 64 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 88 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 96 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 60 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 59 comprises between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 128 comprises between 3-14cytokine immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-14 cytokine immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 37 comprises one or more receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 124 comprises one or more receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 88 comprises one or more receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 8 comprises one or more receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more receptor immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 37 comprises between 3-14 receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 124 comprises between 3-14 receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 88 comprises between 3-14 receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 8 comprises between 3-14 receptor immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-14 receptor immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 86 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 106 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 107 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 31 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 12 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 105 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 108 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 120 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 35 comprises one or more other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the one or more other immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment, vector 86 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 106 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 107 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 31 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 12 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 105 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 108 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 120 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, vector 35 comprises between 3-25 other immunomodulators. According to one embodiment, the between 3-25 other immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2 or Table 3.
According to one embodiment of the disclosed invention, combinations of allogeneic cell pools, each expressing a single immunomodulatory protein, are used to model what a single cell expressing multiple immunomodulatory proteins might do (e.g. additivity, synergy, interference).
According to one aspect of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line variant expressing one, two three, four or five or more recombinant peptides may be generated for use as a tumor cell vaccine to treat skin cancer. For example, the SK-MEL2 human melanoma cell line (ATCC HTB-68) may be selected for modification, and lentiviral transfection of recombinant immune modulator sequences may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome.
According to one aspect of the disclosed invention, a tumor cell line variant expressing one, two three, four or five or more recombinant peptides may be generated for use as a tumor cell vaccine to treat a prostate cancer. For example, the DU-145 human prostate carcinoma cell line may be selected for modification, and lentiviral transfection of recombinant immune modulator sequences may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to some embodiments, two recombinant immunomodulator proteins may be transfected simultaneously, followed by transfections of two more recombinant immunomodulator proteins simultaneously, followed by transfection of a single recombinant immunomodulator protein to achieve the total of five recombinant peptides for use as a tumor cell vaccine. According to some embodiments, two recombinant peptides may be transfected simultaneously, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide, followed by transfection of a single recombinant peptide to achieve the total of five recombinant peptides for use as a tumor cell vaccine. According to some embodiments, a single recombinant peptide is transfected, followed by transfection of two recombinant peptides simultaneously, followed by transfection of two recombinant peptides simultaneously to achieve a total of five recombinant peptide for use as a tumor cell vaccine.
According to another aspect of the present invention, two or more tumor cell line variants expressing one or more recombinant peptides may be generated for use as a tumor cell vaccine to treat a prostate cancer. For example, the DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cell line may be selected for modification, and lentiviral transfection of recombinant immune modulator sequences may be used to stably integrate immunomodulators into the cell genome.
CD40L ImmunomodulatorThe CD40L immune modulator cDNA sequence may be cloned into the lentiviral transfer plasmid construct pLenti-puro (Addgene Cat. No. 39481) driven by a CMV promoter with puromycin selectable marker. The CD40L immune modulator cDNA sequence may be engineered to be non-cleavable, which ultimately keeps the translated CD40L protein in a membrane bound state (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 7). A human influenza hemagglutinin tag (HA tag) may be also cloned onto the extracellular portion of the CD40L sequences. The translated HA tag has the peptide sequence YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 28). Packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AddGene Cat. No. 12260) and envelope plasmid pLTR-RD114A (AddGene Cat. No. 17576) may also be selected for the lentiviral system.
Each of the lentiviral transfer plasmid, packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid may be transfected into log phase growth 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Cat. No. 11668027). Briefly, cells are seeded at 70% to 90% confluence. On the day of transfection, 12 μl of Lipofectamine reagent is diluted in 150 μl of serum free cell media. 5 μg of DNA for transfection is also diluted in 150 μl of serum free media. The diluted DNA is then added to the diluted Lipofectamine and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The total volume of the mixture is then added dropwise to the media of the seeded 293T cells while swirling. Cells are then incubated for one to three days at 37 degrees.
The 293T cell culture medium comprising virus particle is harvested 3 times every 8-12 hours and centrifuged to pellet detached cells and debris. The culture medium containing virus particles is used directly to infect the DU-145 cell line.
The DU-145 cell line is cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum to a confluency of about 70%. Hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma-Aldrich Cat No. H9268) is then combined with media containing virus particles to make a final concentration of 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. Culture media of the DU-145 cells is aspirated and replaced with media containing virus particles and 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. DU-145 cells are cultured for 18-20 hours followed by media change.
Infected DU-145 cells are then grown in media containing 1 μg/mL Puromycin (ThermoFisher Cat. No. A1113802) until cell die off begins after about a week. Multiple surviving colonies of transfected cells are picked for expansion and tested for CD40L expression by Western blot. The Western blot is probed with mouse monoclonal anti-HA primary antibodies (Abcam Cat. No. ab18181) and goat anti-mouse HRP (Abcam Cat. No. ab205719) secondary antibodies to quantify the relative amounts of recombinant CD40L expressed in each clonal line. The highest stably expressing DU-145 line is labeled DU145-Genl and selected for further manipulation.
TNF-alpha/GM-CSFThe DU145-Genl cells transfected to express CD40L are further transfected with a bi-cistronic lentiviral vector comprising TNF-alpha and GM-CSF sequences. Each of TNF-alpha cDNA and GM-CSF cDNA is first cloned into the pEF1α-IRES bicistronic mammalian expression vector (Clontech Cat. No. 631970) under the control of the human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) promoter. A variant of TNF-alpha that cannot be cleaved by TACE is used so that the translated protein remains in membrane bound form. The TNF-alpha sequence is provided with a FLAG tag sequence on the extracellular region of TNF-alpha for easy detection of translated protein. The FLAG tag peptide sequence is DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 29). GM-CSF sequences capable of forming soluble GM-CSF are used. The entirety of the pEFl promoter, TNF-alpha sequences, IRES sequences, and GM-CSF sequences is then cloned into the pLenti-puro (Addgene Cat. No. 39481) lentiviral vector (the original CMV promoter from the vector is removed during this process). Packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AddGene Cat. No. 12260) and envelope plasmid pLTR-RD114A (AddGene Cat. No. 17576) are also selected.
Each of the lentiviral transfer plasmid, packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid is transfected into log phase growth 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Cat. No. 11668027). Briefly, cells are seeded at 70% to 90% confluence. On the day of transfection, 12 μl of Lipofectamine reagent is diluted in 150 μl of serum free cell media. 5 μg of DNA for transfection is also diluted in 150 μl of serum free media. The diluted DNA is then added to the diluted Lipofectamine and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The total volume of the mixture is then added dropwise to the media of the seeded 293T cells while swirling. Cells are then incubated for one to three days at 37 degrees.
The 293T cell culture medium comprising virus particle is harvested 3 times every 8-12 hours and centrifuged to pellet detached cells and debris. The culture medium containing virus particles is used directly to infect the DU145-Gen1 cell line.
The DU145-Gen1 cell line is cultured to a confluency of about 70%. Hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma-Aldrich Cat No. H9268) is then combined with media containing virus particles to make a final concentration of 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. Culture media of the DU145-Gen1 cells is aspirated and replaced with media containing virus particles and 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. DU145-Genl cells are cultured for 18-20 hours followed by media change.
The transduced DU145-Gen1 cells are then selected for clones that stably express the recombinant immunomodulators. The selection process is performed by fluorescence activated cell sorting using the FLAG tag on the TNF-alpha to identify cells that have integrated the immunomodulators. Live cells are probed with mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG antibody (Sigma Aldrich F3040) and rabbit anti-mouse FITC conjugated secondary antibody (Sigma Aldrich ASB3701170) in PBS with blocking buffer. The highest expressing cells are sorted, isolated, and cultured for further processing. After sorting based on the presence of the FLAG tag, expression of soluble GM-CSF is confirmed by Western blot. Concentrated media of sorted cultured cells is resolved by SDS-PAGE and probed by Western blot with mouse anti-GM-CSF antibody (ThermoFisher Cat. No. 3092) and goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated secondary antibody. Cell lysate may also be resolved by SDS-PAGE and probed for FLAG tag to verify the presence of TNF. Cell cultures that express high levels of recombinant GM-CSF and TNF-alpha are designated DU145-Gen2 and selected for further processing.
Flt-3LThe DU145-Gen2 cells transfected to express CD40L, GM-CSF, and TNF are further transfected with a lentiviral vector comprising Flt-3L immune modulator sequences. The Flt-3L cDNA is cloned into a pEF1α-IRES bicistronic mammalian expression vector (Clontech Cat. No. 631970), along with GFP protein sequences to be used as a marker for integration and expression. The sequence of Flt-3L is translated into a membrane bound peptide, while the GFP remains cytoplasmic. The entirety of the pEF1 promoter, Flt-3L sequences, IRES sequences, and GFP sequences is then cloned into the pLenti-puro (Addgene Cat. No. 39481) lentiviral vector (the original CMV promoter from the vector is removed during this process). Packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AddGene Cat. No. 12260) and envelope plasmid pLTR-RD114A (AddGene Cat. No. 17576) are also selected.
Each of the lentiviral transfer plasmid, packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid is transfected into log phase growth 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Cat. No. 11668027). Briefly, cells are seeded at 70% to 90% confluence. On the day of transfection, 12 μl of Lipofectamine reagent is diluted in 150 μl of serum free cell media. 5 μg of DNA for transfection is also diluted in 150 μl of serum free media. The diluted DNA is then added to the diluted Lipofectamine and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The total volume of the mixture is then added dropwise to the media of the seeded 293T cells while swirling. Cells are then incubated for one to three days at 37 degrees.
The 293T cell culture medium comprising virus particle is harvested 3 times every 8-12 hours and centrifuged to pellet detached cells and debris. The culture medium containing virus particles is used directly to infect the DU145-Gen2 cell line.
The DU145-Gen2 cell line is cultured to a confluency of about 70%. Hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma-Aldrich Cat No. H9268) is then combined with media containing virus particles to make a final concentration of 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. Culture media of the DU145-Gen2 cells is aspirated and replaced with media containing virus particles and 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. DU145-Gen2 cells are cultured for 18-20 hours followed by media change.
The DU145-Gen2 cells are then selected for cells stably expressing the Flt-3L sequences using the GFP marker. The selection process is performed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using the GFP marker to identify cells that have integrated the immune modulator. The highest expressing cells are sorted, isolated, and cultured for further processing. After sorting based on the presence of the GFP marker, the expression of Flt-3L is confirmed by Western blot. Cultured cell lysates are resolved by SDS-PAGE and probed by Western blot with rabbit polyclonal anti-Flt-3L antibody (AbCam Cat. No. ab9688) and goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugated secondary antibody (AbCam Cat. No. ab205718). Cell cultures that express high levels of recombinant Flt-3L are designated DU145-Gen3 and are selected for further processing.
IgG Heavy ChainThe DU145-Gen3 cells transfected to express CD40L, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and Flt-3L are further transfected with a lentiviral vector comprising IgG 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), a membrane bound IgG1 heavy chain fragment. The IgG1 heavy chain cDNA is cloned into pEF1α-IRES bicistronic mammalian expression vector (Clontech Cat. No. 631970), along with RFP protein sequences to be used as a marker for integration and expression. The sequence of IgG1 heavy chain is translated into a membrane bound peptide, while the RFP remains cytoplasmic. The entirety of the pEF1 promoter, IgG1 heavy chain sequence, IRES sequence, and RFP sequence is then cloned into the pLenti-puro (Addgene Cat. No. 39481) lentiviral vector (the original CMV promoter from the vector is removed during this process). Packaging plasmid psPAX2 (AddGene Cat. No. 12260) and envelope plasmid pLTR-RD114A (AddGene Cat. No. 17576) are also selected.
Each of the lentiviral transfer plasmid, packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid is transfected into log phase growth 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (ThermoFisher Cat. No. 11668027). Briefly, cells are seeded at 70% to 90% confluence. On the day of transfection, 12 μl of Lipofectamine reagent is diluted in 150 μl of serum free cell media. 5 μg of DNA for transfection is also diluted in 150 μl of serum free media. The diluted DNA is then added to the diluted Lipofectamine and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The total volume of the mixture is then added dropwise to the media of the seeded 293T cells while swirling. Cells are then incubated for one to three days at 37 degrees.
The 293T cell culture medium comprising virus particle is harvested 3 times every 8-12 hours and centrifuged to pellet detached cells and debris. The culture medium containing virus particles is used directly to infect the DU145-Gen3 cell line.
The DU145-Gen3 cell line is cultured to a confluency of about 70%. Hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma-Aldrich Cat No. H9268) is then combined with media containing virus particles to make a final concentration of 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. Culture media of the DU145-Gen2 cells is aspirated and replaced with media containing virus particles and 8 μg/mL Hexadimethrine bromide. DU145-Gen3 cells are cultured for 18-20 hours followed by media change.
The DU145-Gen3 cells are then selected for cells stably expressing the IgG1 heavy chain sequences using the RFP marker. The selection process is performed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using the RFP marker to identify cells that have integrated the immune modulator. The highest expressing cells are sorted, isolated, and cultured for further processing. After sorting based on the presence of the RFP marker, the expression of IgG1 heavy chain is confirmed by Western blot. Cell cultures that express high levels of recombinant IgG1 heavy chain are designated DU145-Gen4 and are selected for further processing.
The DU145-Gen4 tumor cell line transfected to express CD40L, GM-CSF, TNF, Flt-3L, and IgG1 heavy chain is characterized by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting to confirm all recombinant immunomodulators are expressed by the cells and are in the right location (e.g. on the membrane of the cell).
Human Mixed Lymphocyte Tumor Reaction (MLTR) TestingThe DU145-Gen4 cells are tested for their immunomodulatory potential by primary and secondary MLTR assay against each of the other generations (i.e. DU145-Gen2 and DU145-Gen3) of modified cells and unmodified DU145 cells.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and from prostate cancer patients, and the blood cells separated using a Ficoll-Paque gradient. Anticoagulant-treated blood is diluted in the range of 1:2 to 1:4 with PBS/EDTA to reduce aggregation of erythrocytes. The diluted blood is then layered above a Ficoll-Paque solution in a centrifuge tube, without mixing. The layered blood/Ficoll-Paque is centrifuged for 40 minutes at 400×g between 18° and 20° C., without the use of the centrifuge brake, resulting in the formation of blood fractions. The fraction comprising mononuclear cells is selected for further processing.
Each of the cells from the transfected tumor cell line variants and from parental tumor cell line DU-145 (control) is co-cultured with PBMCs for seven days under standard tissue culture conditions, followed by evaluation for immune cell proliferation, immune cell differentiation, measured by flow cytometry and CyTOF, cytokine release profile, and cytoxicity, measured by LDH release assay.
Example 3Vectors as employed herein are described in detail as follows:
Vector 1. Immunomodulator: scFv-Anti-Biotin-G3hinge-mIgG1 (to Generate Surface IgG)
A schematic of the organization of vector 1, used for the immunomodulator scFv-anti-biotin-G3hinge-mIgG1 is shown in
When vector 1 is employed, anti-IgG is used for flow detection. A biotin+ fluorescent labelled oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) is used as a secondary detection method.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator scFv-anti-biotin-G3hinge-IgG1-Tm.
Type:
ImmunoglobulinAnnotation:
-
- H7 heavy chain leader
- Anti-biotin Variable Heavy chain (VH) allows for loading biotin labeled CpG
- Inter-domain disulfide linkage VH44 (G->C) and VL100 (G->C)
- IgG3 hinge to enhance FcγR interaction
- Linkage is standard
- IgG1 (CH2-CH3-Tm-Cyt) used for interaction with FcγR/FcRn and membrane anchoring
- T233A mutation to enhance FcRn and FcγR interaction
The sequences are shown as follows:
A schematic of the organization of vector 2, used for the immunomodulator full anti-biotin-G3hinge-mIgG1 is shown in
When vector 2 is employed, anti-IgG is used for flow detection. Biotin+ fluorescent labelled ODN is used as a secondary detection method.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator full anti-biotin-G3hinge-mIgG1 (using heavy chain/ires/light chain).
Type:
Membrane anchored Immunoglobulin
Annotation:
-
- H7 heavy chain leader
- IgG3 hinge to enhance FcγR interaction
- T233A mutation to enhance FcRn and FcγR interaction
- Anti-biotin Variable H allows for loading biotin labeled CpG
- CH1 (generic)
- LC Variable (human lambda variable)
- LC Constant Region 1 from Lambda (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0CG04)
- Interdomain disulfide linkage VH44 (G->C) and VL100 (G->C) (ref)
- Linkage is standard
- IgG1 (CH2-CH3-Tm-Cyt) for interaction with FcγR/FcRn and membrane anchoring
- L1 light chain leader (modified for IRES) MATDMRVPAQLLGLLLLWLSGARC (SEQ ID NO. 61)
The sequences are shown as follows:
Vector 3. Immunomodulator: sGM-CSF/Ires/mFLT3L
A schematic of the organization of vector 3, used for the immunomodulator sGM-CSF/ires/mFLT3L is shown in
When vector 3 is employed, anti-FLT3L is used for flow detection. The highest surface FLT3L expressor will have the highest secreted GM-CSF expression.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator sGM-CSF/ires/mFLT3L.
Type:
cytokine, growth and differentiation factor
Annotation:
wild-type sequence
The sequences are shown as follows:
Vector 4. Immunomodulator: sFLT3L/Ires/(FLT3 Signal-GM-CSF-Tm)
A schematic of the organization of vector 4, used for the immunomodulator sFLT3L/ires/(FLT3 signal-GM-CSF-Tm) is shown in
When vector 4 is employed, anti-GM-CSF is used for flow detection. The highest surface GMCSF expressor will have highest secreted FLT3L expression.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator sFLT3L/ires/(FLT3 signal-GM-CSF-Tm)
Type:
cytokine, growth and differentiation factor
Annotation:
wild-type sequence
The sequences are shown as follows:
Vector 5. Immunomodulator: mCD40L
A schematic of the organization of vector 5, used for the immunomodulator mCD40L is shown in
When Vector 5 is employed, anti-CD40L is used for flow detection.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator mCD40L.
Type:
TNF type II transmembrane protein
Annotation:
Mutations (UNDERLINED) introduced to make a non-cleavable version
The sequences are shown as follows:
Vector 6. Immunomodulator: mTNFalpha (TNFα)
A schematic of the organization of vector 6, used for the immunomodulator mTNFα is shown in
When vector 6 is employed, anti-TNFα is used for flow detection.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator mTNFα.
Type: TNF type II transmembrane protein
Annotation: Mutations were introduced to make a non-cleavable version.
Vector 7. Immunomodulator: mRANKL/Ires/FLT3 Signal-V5-scFV Anti-Biotin-Tm
A schematic of the organization of vector 7, used for the immunomodulator mRANKL/ires/FLT3 signal-V5-scFV anti-biotin-Tm is shown in
When vector 7 is employed, anti-RANKL is used for flow detection. Anti-VS mAb is used as a secondary detection method.
The following is a description of the immunomodulator mRANKL/ires/FLT3 signal-VS-scFV anti-biotin-Tm.
Type: TNF type II transmembrane protein
Annotation: wild-type sequence
Table 14 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 15 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 16 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 17 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 18 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 19 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 20 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 21, below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 22 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 23 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 24 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 25 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 26 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 27 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 28 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 29 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 30 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 31 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 32 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 33 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 34 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 35 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 36 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 37 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 38 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 39 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 40 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 41 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 42 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 43 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 44 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 45 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 46 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 47 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 48 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 49 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 50 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 51 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 52 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 53 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 54 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 55 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 56 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
Table 57 below, shows the vector component name, the corresponding nucleotide position, the full name of the component and a description.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 4 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 5 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 6 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 14 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 18 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 30 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 15 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 19 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 22 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 23 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 29 is used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2 and vector 3 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2 and vector 4 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2 and vector 5 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3 and vector 4 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3 and vector 5 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3 and vector 4 are used to stably integrate between 3-14 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3 and vector 5 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3, vector 4 and vector 5 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3, vector 4 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3, vector 4 and vector 5 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3, vector 4 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3, vector 5 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3, vector 4, vector 5 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 2, vector 3, vector 4, vector 5 and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 14 and vector 18 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 14 and vector 30 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 18 and vector 30 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 14, vector 18 and vector 30 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 15, vector 19, vector 22, vector 23 and vector 29 are used to stably integrate between 3-30 immunomodulators into the cell genome, wherein at least three immunomodulators are OX40L, CD27L and CD28L, optionally wherein additional immunomodulators are selected from R1-R44 in Table 3.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 44 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 97 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 84 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 29 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 107 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 116 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 86 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 18 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 17 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 98 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 5 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 30 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 109 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 3 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 4 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 106 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 16 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 83 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 31 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 12 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 99 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 121 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 105 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 32 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 37 is used to stably integrate between 3-25immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 22 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 19 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 20 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 89 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 21 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 23 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 108 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 15 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 124 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 65 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 64 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 88 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 96 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 14 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 119 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 120 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 45 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 60 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 59 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 8 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 128 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 35 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 6 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 immunomodulators into the cell genome.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 44, vector 29, vector 18, vector 17, vector 5, vector 16, vector 99, vector 15, vector 14, vector 45, and vector 6 are used to stably integrate between 3-14 TNF family immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, the 3-14 TNF family member immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 97, vector 84, vector 107, vector 98, vector 30, vector 83, vector 121, and vector 119 are used to stably integrate between 3-25 Ig family immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, the 3-25 Ig family member immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and vector 109 is used to stably integrate between 3-25 growth factor immunomodulators into the cell genome.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 3, vector 4, vector 32, vector 22, vector 19, vector 20, vector 89, vector 21, vector 23, vector 121, vector 65, vector 64, vector 88, vector 96, vector 60, vector 59, and vector 128 are used to stably integrate between 3-25 cytokine immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, the 3-25 cytokine immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 37, vector 124, vector 88, and vector 8 are used to stably integrate between 3-25 receptor immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, the 3-25 receptor immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2.
According to one embodiment, a tumor cell line is selected for modification, and one or more of vector 86, vector 106, vector 107, vector 31, vector 12, vector 105, vector 108, vector 120, and vector 35 are used to stably integrate between 3-25 other immunomodulators into the cell genome. According to one embodiment, the 3-25 other immunomodulators are selected from those listed in Table 2.
Example 4Experiments were carried out to demonstrate that the immunomodulators described herein, expressed on the melanoma tumor cell line SK-MEL2 differentially impact the proliferation and differentiation of human PBMCs.
-
- SK-MEL (Parental line) (“SK”)
- SK modified with Vector 2 only (“2”))
- SK modified with Vector 3 only (“3”)
- SK modified with Vector 4 only (4″)
- SK modified with Vector 5 only (5″)
- SK modified with Vector 6 only (6″
- SK modified with Vector 2 and Vector 3 (“2-3”)
- SK modified with Vector 3, Vector 4 and Vector 5 (“3-4-5”)
- SK modified with Vector 3, Vector 5 and Vector 6 (“3-5-6”)
- SK modified with Vector 3, Vector 4, Vector 5 and Vector 6 (“3-4-5-6”)
- SK modified with Vector 2, Vector 3, Vector 4, Vector 5 and Vector 6
Functional characterization of the allogeneic cell lines was performed using a primary MLTR assay, as described herein. The MLTR assay was set up with 250,000 freshly thawed PBMC and 50,000 of select engineered allogeneic cell lines. The following outputs were measured: 1) Proliferation is measured by flow on CFSE labeled PMBC; 2) Differentiation is measured by CyTOF on unlabeled PMBC; 3) Cytokine profiling is performed by Luminex.
Flow Cytometry Data“Allorecognition” is a term used to define immunological recognition of histoincompatible antigens between genetically disparate individuals within the same species. “Direct allorecognition” is a mechanism by which recipient T cells recognize determinants on MHC-molecule-peptide complexes displayed on the surface of transplanted cells without the requirement for antigen processing by recipient APCs. The direct response can most readily be demonstrated in vitro by the mixed lymphocyte reaction in which only direct allopresentation can occur
“Indirect allorecognition” refers to recognition of processed peptides of allogeneic histocompatibility antigens presented by self-MHC in a self-restricted manner. Indirect alloantigen presentation invariably results in alloresponses that are dominated by CD4+ T cells.
Approximately 10% of peripheral blood T cells bear a TCR capable of allorecognition of the allogeneic tumor type specific cells used for vaccination. This is called “direct allorecognition” and occurs early in the course of events post vaccination. Direct allorecognition targets a T cell mediated immune response against the allogeneic cells resulting in their death and release of tumor type specific neoantigens and shared normal antigens. These tumor neoantigens (and normal antigens) are taken up by host antigen presenting cells, processed and presented in the context of host HLA. This “indirect allorecognition” occurs late in the course of events post vaccination. The TCRs activated during indirect allorecognition are different from those involved earlier during direct allorecognition, but both processes occur in a local environment repeatedly exposed to allogeneic cells bearing high density immunomodulators (e.g. monthly vaccinations).
Epitope spreading is a process of expanding an immune response to include distinct but closely related T cell epitopes. This is generally described as a maturation of the immune response. The differential maturation of the immune response against tumor neoantigens versus self-antigens is driven by the fact that tolerance mechanisms are in place to differentially protect against immune responses against self-antigens. While self-tolerance can be broken, it is more difficult than the response against a tumor neoantigen.
Without being limited by theory, since all tumors of a given type share many antigens, the T-cell mediated response initially driven by indirect allorecognition of the immune response will cross react against the host tumor of the same type. According to some embodiments, since the tumor microenvironment may provide an insurmountable negative immunomodulatory hurdle, this approach may be used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in the setting of minimal residual disease after a debulking therapy (e.g. surgery, radiation or oncolytic viruses).
The experiments described herein use hPBMC Activation via Direct Allorecognition versus Pan-Stimulation. Primary human pan-T cells include CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as some gamma/delta T cell subsets. In Pan-Stimulation, non-target cells, i.e., monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, B cells, stem cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, granulocytes, or erythroid cells are labeled by using a cocktail of biotin-conjugated antibodies. T cells are isolated from peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MNCs) using the negative immunomagnetic separation technique without the use of columns. Cells are untouched by the separation process and ready for downstream usage. It was found that hPBMC activation via direct allorecognition display a fundamentally different response to tumor cells. Three key observations were made with regard to hPBMC activation by this method: 1) that ˜10% of hPBMC proliferate compared to −50% with anti-CD3/CD28 treatment; 2) it induces more cell divisions than anti-CD3/CD28 treatment; 3) it induces a more varied morphology.
CyTOF mass cytometry single-cell phenotype analysis of hPBMC response to SK melanoma cells with modification by expression of immunomodulatory factors is shown in
The data shown in
Luminex multiplex cytokine profiling of human PBMC responses to SK parent line and genetically modified SK lines is shown in
The described study provides a proof of concept that the complex combinatorial space of immunomodulators can be rapidly and efficiently assessed using an all human in vitro MLTR assay.
Example 5Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of the immunomodulators described herein, expressed on the tumor cell line SK-MEL2, on CD8+ T cell and NK cell activation and expansion.
The following allogenic cell lines are tested:
-
- SK-MEL (Parental line, used as control)
- SK modified with Vector 14, Vector 18 and Vector 30 (“14-18-30”)
- SK modified with Vector 15 only (“15”)
- SK modified with Vector 19 only (“19”)
- SK modified with Vector 22 only (“22”)
- SK modified with Vector 23 only (“23”)
- SK modified with Vector 29 (“29”)
Functional characterization of the allogeneic cell lines was performed using a primary MLTR assay, as described in Example 1. The following outputs were measured: 1) CD8+ T-cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry (
In a first set of experiments, it was found that CD8+ T cell stimulation can be specifically enhanced by “14-18-30.”
Further, when comparing the parental line and tumor cells modified with Vector 14, Vector 18 and Vector 30 (“14-18-30”) at culture day 9, in the parental line (“unmodified parental tumor line+hPBMC) healthy tumor cells and resting lymphocytes could be visualized, whereas in the tumor cells modified with Vector 14, Vector 18 and Vector 30 (“APX-14-18-30 vaccine candidate+hPBMC”), no living tumor cells were visualized, while activated CTL were seen.
In a further set of experiments, the effect of tumor cells modified with Vector 15, Vector 19, Vector 22, Vector 23 and Vector 29 on immune cell stimulation was determined. In particular, as shown in
CyTOF was carried out as described in Example 1. CyTOF mass cytometry single-cell phenotype analysis of hPBMC response to SK melanoma cells with modification by expression of immunomodulatory molecules (Vector 3 (“APX/3”), Vector 3 and Vector 4 (“APX/3-4); Vector 3, Vector 4, Vector 5 (“APX/3-4-5″) and Vector 3, Vector 4, Vector 6 (“APX/3-4-6”) is shown in
The data shown in
Six week old female in-bred SCID mice are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Hartford, Conn., USA). Animals are handled according to a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the facility. Mice are allowed to acclimate to animal housing.
A human tumor xenograft was established in NSG (NOD scid gamma mice (Jackson Laboratory). Human tumors were implanted on the flank of the NSG mice Human tumor cells were implanted on the flank of NGS (NOD scid gamma) mice and allowed to grow to 150 mm3. Mice were randomly divided into two groups, a control and a treated group, with 6 mice per group. The treated group was treated with expanded activated PBMCs comprising expanded activated serial killer cells activated by 14-18-30 expressing ENLIST™cells. On day 30 (t=0) mice in the control group were inoculated with vehicle only, and mice in the treated group were inoculated with 3×106 expanded activated PBMCs comprising expanded activated serial killer cells. Tumor size was measured by caliper over time after inoculation in both groups.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adopt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.
Claims
1. An allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising:
- (1) a population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the population comprising at least three stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both, for induction of one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells;
- wherein the subpopulations of PBMC cells comprise one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and
- (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
2. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 1, wherein
- (a) the population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens further comprises one or more additional stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44; or
- (b) the tumor cells are rendered proliferation-incompetent by irradiation; or
- (c) the tumor cell is derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of:
- melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, tongue cancer, larynx cancer, tonsil cancer, hypopharynx cancer, nasalpharynx cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and brain cancer; or
- (d) the population of live, proliferation-resistant tumor cells is derived from a biological sample derived from a subject; or
- (e) the population of live proliferation resistant tumor cells is derived from a tumor cell line; or
- (f) the immunostimulatory molecules are presented at the exterior surface of the genetically engineered tumor cells; or
- (g) induction of the T-lymphocytes comprises activation of the subpopulation of T lymphocytes, expansion of the T lymphocytes, or both; or
- (h) induction of the NK cells comprises activation of the subpopulation of NK cells, expansion of the subpopulation of NK cells or both; or
- (i) induction of the subpopulation of DCs comprises activation of the subpopulation of DCs, expansion of the subpopulation of DCs or both; or
- (j) induction of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes comprises activation of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes, expansion of the subpopulation of B lymphocytes or both.
3. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 1, wherein
- (a) the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL); or
- (b) the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of memory T cells; or
- (c) the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of regulatory T cells; or
- (d) the subpopulation of T lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of helper T cells; or
- (e) the subpopulation of B lymphocytes comprises a subpopulation of memory B cells.
4. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 1, wherein:
- (1) the vaccine enhances immune activation of cells effective to recognize and act against those tumor cells that comprise the target tumor antigen in vivo without systemic inflammation; or
- (2) the vaccine reduces immunosuppression in a tumor microenvironment for tumor cells comprising the target tumor antigen; or
- (3) the vaccine increases cell death of tumor cells expressing the target tumor antigen; or
- (4) the population of live, proliferation-resistant tumor cells elicits immune activation without systemic inflammation; or
- (5) the vaccine elicits an immune response that improves progression free survival, overall survival, or both relative to placebo controls.
5. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 2, wherein the melanoma tumor cell is characterized by expression of one or more of gp100, tyrosinase, Melan-A, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP-2-INT2), melanoma antigen-1 (MAGE-A1), NY-ESO-1, preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) CDK4 and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM-1).
6. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 2, wherein the colorectal cancer tumor cell is characterized by expression of one or more of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MAGE, HPV, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), EPCAM, PD-1, PD-L1, p53, and cell surface-associated mucin 1 (MUC1).
7. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 2, wherein the one or more additional stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44 is a cytokine, a TNF-family member, a secreted receptor, a chaperone, an IgG superfamily member and/or a chemokine receptor.
8. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine of claim 1, produced by a process comprising:
- providing an allogeneic parental tumor cell line comprising a population of live tumor cells;
- introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is OX40 Ligand (OX40L);
- introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is CD27 Ligand (CD70);
- introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a stably expressed immunomodulatory molecule, wherein the immunomodulatory molecule is CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both; wherein stable expression of OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising CD80, CD86, or both induces one or more subpopulations of PBMCs to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells;
- generating tumor cell line variants by selecting for tumor cell clones that stably express an immunogenic amount of the exogenous subset of the immunomodulatory molecules; and
- selecting in a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction clonally derived cell line variants by one or more of the following parameters selected from: cellular proliferation, cellular subset differentiation, cytokine release profile, and tumor cell lysis; wherein the selected clonally derived cell line variant is effective to stimulate activation of one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes.
9. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine produced by the process of claim 8, further comprising introducing into the population of live tumor cells an exogenous nucleic acid encoding one or more stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44.
10. The allogeneic tumor cell vaccine produced by the process of claim 8, wherein
- (a) the tumor cells are rendered proliferation incompetent by irradiation; or
- (b) the parental tumor cell line is from a melanoma or from a colorectal carcinoma; or
- (c) the exogenous nucleic acid comprises DNA or RNA; or
- (d) the introducing step comprises viral transduction; or
- (e) the introducing step comprises electroporation; or
- (f) the introducing step comprises utilizing one or more of: liposome mediated transfer, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, a retroviral based vector, lipofection, and a lentiviral vector; or
- (g) the introducing step comprises introducing the exogenous nucleic acid by transfection of a lentiviral vector.
11. A method of inducing an immune response to a cancer in a subject comprising:
- (a) administering to the subject parenterally or locally into a tumor an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine comprising (1) a population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens, the population comprising at least three stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules, wherein the at least three immunomodulatory molecules are OX40 Ligand (OX40L), CD27 Ligand (CD70) and CD28 Ligand (CD28L) comprising, wherein CD28 Ligand comprises CD80, CD86, or both, and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,
- (b) inducing one or more subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to proliferate in response to the expressed immunomodulatory molecules and to then enter an effector phase for killing of tumor cells; wherein the subpopulations of PBMC cells comprise one or more of T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs) or B lymphocytes; and wherein the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine is type-matched to the subject's cancer.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer is selected from melanoma or colorectal cancer.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject has an infectious viral disease with progression to a cancer.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising administering a checkpoint inhibitor to the subject.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the population of live, proliferation-incompetent genetically engineered tumor cells expressing one or more tumor specific antigens further comprises one or more additional stably expressed immunomodulatory molecules selected from R1-R44.
16. The method according to claim 11, wherein
- (a) the population of live, proliferation-resistant tumor cells is derived from a biological sample derived from a subject; or
- (b) the population of live proliferation resistant tumor cells is derived from a tumor cell line.
17-22. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 2, 2021
Publication Date: Mar 31, 2022
Applicant: ALLOPLEX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC. (Woburn, MA)
Inventor: Frank Borriello (Winchester, MA)
Application Number: 17/517,632
